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ALL TOO OFTEN, DEBATES ABOUT ENERGY POLICY IN THE UNITED STATES HAVE BEEN BLIND
TO THE HIGHLY RACIALIZED ENVIRON ENT IN WHICH BOTH GOVERN ENTAL POLICY AND ENVIRON ENTAL CATASTROPHE OCCUR! THESE DEBATES RENDER COMMUNITIES OF COLOR INVISIBLE, IGNORING THEIR HISTORICAL OPPRESSION AND EVERYDAY VULNERABILITY TO ENVIRON ENTAL DANGER! AYA

WILEY, DIRECTOR OF THE CENTER FOR SOCIAL INCLUSION, SU ER 2006, "#OVERCO ING STRUCTURAL RACIS ,$ RACE, POVERTY, AND THE ENVIRONMENT, VOL! 13, NO! 1, ONLINE% HTTP%//WWW!URBANHABITAT!ORG/NODE/&04'

Last winter, the ground never froze in Brooklyn, ew York! In "anuary, I was digging u# dandelions that had taken over $y yard and #re#aring new flower%eds! &li$ate 'hange is hitting 'lose to ho$e! (he ational )'eani' and *t$os#heri' *d$inistration + )**, has #redi'ted eight to 10 hurri'anes in the orth *tlanti' )'ean this season-a%out half.a.dozen of the$ e/#e'ted to %e at least a 'ategory three! 0atrina was a 'ategory three hurri'ane! 1o, ew York 'ould %e the ne/t ew )rleans! O() *+,(- ./,01*) .+1(-) 012)3 ./)14% 5+1* +166)(3 *7 7() .7008(,*9 .1( +166)( *7 1// -a'ross neigh%orhoods, a'ross 'ities, a'ross 'ountries! But we 'an sto# the tragedy of ew )rleans fro$ re#eating itself! We 'an even turn ew )rleans2

tragedy into an o##ortunity to understand %etter the hu$an lands'a#e that for so long has %een 375): 5,*+ *+) 67,37(783 3)):3 7; 41.,30! By understanding and addressing the ine3uities %rought on %y stru'tural ra'is$, we 'an and will i$#rove our environ$ent in every #ossi%le way, in'luding so'ially and e'ono$i'ally! )ften, when we talk a%out glo%al war$ing, issues of ra'ial ine3uity are left out! We fo'us on 4dirty5 energy, our govern$ent2s failure to regulate 'or#orate #olluting and relu'tan'e to 'reate in'entives for ./)1( 1(: 4)()51</) )()4-9 1/*)4(1*,=)3! We 'riti'ize our 'onsu$er 'ulture
with its insatia%le a##etite for 167s, and our #referen'e for su%ur%an living with its long 'o$$utes! *ll of these are, of 'ourse, i$#ortant fa'tors in 'reating and #er#etuating a 'li$ate 'risis that is finally %eing a'knowledged in the 6!1!, thanks to the hard work of environ$ental a'tivists! While no one 'an say for sure that glo%al war$ing 'aused hurri'ane 0atrina, the s'ien'e strongly suggests that stor$s are getting fier'er and $ore destru'tive %e'ause of 'ar%on e$issions! * 8urri'ane2s Eye 7iew of 9lo%al War$ing ew )rleans has given us an o##ortunity to understand and address the ra'ial 'auses and 'onse3uen'es of glo%al war$ing! (he <472)( /)=))3 14) 1 0)*16+74 ;74 1 5)12)(): 1(: ;41-0)(*): -7=)4(0)(* ! )ver the last four years alone, the 61 &ongress has aggressively 'ut the revenue sour'es that ena%le govern$ent at all levels to invest in 'o$$unities ! (a/ 'uts of over a trillion dollars for the wealthiest five #er'ent +annual in'o$e over :;00,000, has $eant severe 'ut%a'ks for disaster relief and a safety net!2 &onsider, for e/a$#le, <resident Bush2s #ro#osed :=0> $illion 'ut to the *r$y &or#s of Engineers %udget! * who##ing :=1!2 $illion of that $oney was ear$arked for hurri'ane and flood #revention in ew )rleans! 6nfortunately, su'h %udget 'uts have %e'o$e 'o$$on and are #art of a larger atta'k on federal res#onsi%ility for a so'ial safety net! <u%li' willingness to a''e#t *he notion of a s$all, li$ited federal govern$ent develo#ed in the histori'al 'onte/t of slavery! (he $ore #owerful slaveholding fa$ilies used these 'on'e#ts to o##ose a%olition! (he ?e#u%li'an <arty2s infa$ous 41outhern 1trategy5 of using ra'is$ to win the ideologi'al fight for 'or#orate #rerogatives and li$ited so'ial invest$ents %egan in earnest in 1@2>!A (he li$ited govern$ent, self.hel# ideology translated into the e/#li'it e/'lusion of Bla'k #eo#le fro$ the ew Beal so'ial safety net #oli'ies, like 1o'ial 1e'urity and une$#loy$ent %enefits! <ost.World War II govern$ent #oli'ies that 'reated and

#reserved ra'ially segregated white su%ur%s and the white $iddle 'lass, intentionally e/'luded *fri'an *$eri'ans in #arti'ular, and #eo#le of 'olor in general! +)ne of the $any

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'onse3uen'es of these #oli'ies has %een the environ$ental degradation %rought on %y an in'reased de#enden'y on auto$o%iles to 'o$$ute fro$ su%ur%s to Co% 'enters !) It is still the
'ase that #u%li' su##ort for so'ial safety net #rogra$s, like welfare, de'reases if the #er'eived %enefi'iaries of su'h #rogra$s are *fri'an *$eri'an!D ew )rleans +and the 6!1!, %y u$%ers In 1@=0, DA #er'ent of the ew )rleans $etro#olitan regional #o#ulation lived in the 'ity, was $u'h $ore ra'ially integrated, and had fewer neigh%orhoods of 'on'entrated #overty!6 By 2000, the 'ity had only ;6 #er'ent of the region2s #o#ulation-over two. thirds of whi'h was Bla'k=-indi'ating a loss of %oth Co%s and revenues for ew )rleans! In fa't, %etween 1@=0 and 2000, the 'ity saw a sho'king 2A #er'ent de'line in Co%s! ational and international studies show that fairer, $ore e3uita%le 'ountries and states have %etter environ$ental 3uality! Eairness and e3uality are $easured %y su'h indi'ators as in'o$e distri%ution, #oliti'al rights, 'ivil li%erties, level of edu'ation, and a''ess to health'are!> When we look at the $aCor stru'tural i$#edi$ents to i$#roving in'o$e distri%ution, #oliti'al rights, and other indi'ators of a vi%rant and healthy de$o'ra'y in the 6!1!, we have to look at the #oli'ies affe'ting 'o$$unities of 'olor!

When entire 'o$$unities of 'olor are $arginalized and e/'luded fro$ a region2s 'ivi' and #oliti'al life, they %e'o$e ,(=,3,</) *7 *+) 5+,*) .7008(,*,)3! Whites will fight tooth and nail against the lo'ation of a waste treat$ent fa'ility 74 1( ,(.,()41*74 ,( *+),4 75( (),-+<74+77:3, <8* 1..)6* *+),4 /7.1*,7( ,( *+) #,(=,3,</)$ 6774 (),-+<74+77:3 ! +)ne
e/a$#le of an environ$ental insult is the atte$#t to 'reate a landfill in the East ew )rleans wetlands, strongly o##osed %y the Bla'k and 7ietna$ese 'o$$unities who wish to re%uild their ho$es there!,@ (hese

#rivileged 'o$$unities are thus a%le to avoid the 3uestions raised %y their un%ridled 'onsu$eris$ and its effe't on the environ$ent!
)n the other hand, if the govern$ent works to redu'e #overty in ur%an 'o$$unities of 'olor, it has the effe't of 'reating $ore Co%s and redu'ing #overty in surrounding regions!10 When 'o$$unities of 'olor are a%le

to #arti'i#ate in 'ivi' and #oliti'al life, they are %etter a%le to attra't invest$ents to %uild and strengthen lo'al e'ono$ies and defend the$selves against environ$ental insults!
?a'ialized <overty and 9lo%al War$ing
*t a re'ent 'onferen'e on the ra'ial and so'io.e'ono$i' i$#li'ations of the re%uilding of the 9ulf &oast, Laurie Bavid, a 8ollywood #rodu'er and tireless anti.glo%al war$ing a'tivist, s#oke #assionately a%out the 'li$ate 'risis we fa'e and the i$#ortan'e of 6!1! leadershi# on 'ar%on e$issions redu'tion! When asked a%out the role of ra'ialized #overty in ew )rleans, Bavid res#onded that the reality of glo%al

we all have to 'are a%out 'li$ate 'hange! But we also need to have a %etter answer to the 3uestion of ra'e and #overty in glo%al war$ing!
war$ing was su'h that a lot of #eo#le will get hurt! Bavid is 'ertainly right, and (he floodwaters of Lake <on'hartrain washed away any illusions of a ra'ially e3uita%le so'iety! *lthough a%out 2> #er'ent of ew )rleans2 #o#ulation was #oor, there were $any $ore #oor *fri'an *$eri'ans +;D #er'ent, than #oor Whites +11!D #er'ent,!11 *nd of all 'ity dwellers, nearly one.third of all Bla'k households did not have a''ess to a 'ar while only 10 #er'ent of White households la'ked auto a''ess!1; While there were no eva'uation #lans for the #oor, the elderly, and the disa%led either, it was 'o$$on knowledge that the lowest ground in ew )rleans was o''u#ied %y 'o$$unities of 'olor, whi'h $ade u# nearly >0 #er'ent of the #o#ulation in these flooded neigh%orhoods!1A It is no wonder then that $ost of the fa'es in the 1u#erdo$e were Bla'k!

R1.,1/,>): 67=)4*9 68*3 *+) 6774 .7008(,*,)3 7; .7/74 1* *+) ;47(*/,()3 7; 784 514 5,*+ 784 6/1()*! (hey are, as <rofessor Lani 9uinier #oints out, our $iner2s 'anaries! (heir vulnera%ilities
shine a light on everyone2s vulnera%ilities and we should #ay 'areful attention to the$ when dealing with our #u%li' resour'es! 8ow do our 9ardens 9rowF (he environ$ental Custi'e 'o$$unity understands that ra'ial ine3uity is one of the %iggest %arriers to

healthy 'o$$unities and a healthy nation!1D ature is not %ound %y govern$ental Curisdi'tion! It $ay, however, %e influen'ed %y ra'e and #oliti'al #rivilege! 1o ,* ,3 86 *7 *+) 64,=,/)-):, *+) 4)3784.):, 1(: *+) ,(./8:):, *7 5742 5,*+ .7008(,*,)3 7; .7/74, 1(: (7* ?83* ;74 *+)0! I* 4)@8,4)3 ;8(:)43 *7 4)3784.) .7008(,*,)3 7; .7/74 ;74 .,=,. )(-1-)0)(*! I* 1/37 4)@8,4)3 83 *7 <8,/: 1 68</,. 5,// ;74 1 -7=)4(0)(* *+1* 5,// 3*4)(-*+)( *+) 37.,1/ 31;)*9 ()* ;74 784 073* =8/()41</) .7008(,*,)3 and rein in 'or#orate #rerogative!

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ENVIRON
ENTAL POLICY UNDER THE BUSH AD INISTRATION HAS ADE VERY CLEAR THE COMPLEXION OF PROTECTION! ENERGY POLICY ROUTINELY IGNORES THE DISPROPORTIONAL I PACTS OF ENVIRON ENTAL DANGERS ON CO UNITIES OF COLOR! A RENEWED FOCUS ON ENVIRON ENTAL AUSTICE UST CONTEST THE COLORBLIND ENVIRON ENTALIS OF THE STATUS BUO!

ROBERT D! BULLARD, DIRECTS THE ENVIRON ENTAL AUSTICE RESOURCE CENTER AT CLARC ATLANTA UNIVERSITY, 200& "THE ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE RESOURCE CENTER, ONDAY, DECE BER 1D, HTTP%//WWW!EARC!CAU!EDU/BULLARDAPEA!HT L' <ollution and dirty industries have followed the G#ath of least resistan'eG allowing $any </1.2 .7008(,*,)3 *7 <).70) )(=,47(0)(*1/ E31.4,;,.) >7()3 !E T+,3 ,3 not a $atter of ro'ket s'ien'e, %ut #oliti'al s'ien'e-a 3uestion of Gwho gets what, when, why, and how $u'hF G +6, ationally, *+4)) 78* 7; ;,=) A;4,.1( A0)4,.1(3 1(: L1*,(7 A0)4,.1(3 /,=) ,( .7008(,*,)3 5,*+ 1<1(:7(): *7F,. 513*) 3,*)3 +=,!
)ver >=0,000 of the 1!@ $illion +A6 #er'ent, housing units for the #oor, $ostly %la'k and 8is#ani', sit within a%out a $ile of fa'tories that re#orted to/i' e$issions to the Environ$ental <rote'tion *gen'y +>,! Hore than 600,000 students in Hassa'husetts, ew York, ew "ersey, Hi'higan and &alifornia were attending nearly 1,200 #u%li' s'hools, with largely *fri'an *$eri'ans and other 'hildren of 'olor, that are lo'ated within a half $ile of federal 1u#erfund or state.identified 'onta$inated sites +@,! Hore than 6> #er'ent of Bla'ks live within ;0 $iles of a 'oal.fired #ower #lant-the distan'e within whi'h the $a/i$u$ effe'ts of the s$okesta'k #lu$e are e/#e'ted to o''ur-'o$#ared with D6 #er'ent of white *$eri'ans +10,! 1low 9overn$ent ?es#onse

In the real world, 1// .7008(,*,)3 14) (7* .4)1*): )@81/! If a 'o$$unity ha##ens to %e #oor, </1.2, or a 'o$$unity of 'olor, it re'eives less #rote'tion than affluent white 'o$$unities! 9overn$ent s'ientists and 'ontra'tors have s#ent $illions of dollars 'reating *+)3) +)1/*+ 4,32 0)1384)3! ow that they have this latest study-and dozens of #revious studies-the 3uestion is what are they going to do with this infor$ationF In the #ast, govern$ent has %een slow to res#ond when the vi'ti$s are $ostly %la'k!
In 1@@2, after $ounting s'ientifi' eviden'e and $u'h #rodding fro$ environ$ental Custi'e advo'ates, the 6!1! Environ$ental <rote'tion *gen'y +E<*, #rodu'ed its own study, Environ$ental E3uityI ?edu'ing ?isks for *ll &o$$unities, finally a'knowledging the fa't that so$e #o#ulations shouldered greater environ$ental health risks than others! (he re#ort found G'lear differen'es %etween ra'ial grou#s in ter$s of disease and death ratesJ ra'ial $inority and low.in'o$e #o#ulations e/#erien'e higher than average e/#osures to sele'ted air #ollutants, hazardous waste fa'ilities, 'onta$inated fish and agri'ultural #esti'ides in the work#la'eJ and great o##ortunities e/ist for E<* and other govern$ent agen'ies to i$#rove 'o$$uni'ation a%out environ$ental #ro%le$s with $e$%ers of low.in'o$e and ra'ial $inority grou#s!G +11, *nd on Ee%ruary 11, 1@@A, environ$ental Custi'e rea'hed the White 8ouse when <resident Willia$ "! &linton signed E/e'utive )rder 12>@>, Eederal *'tions (o *ddress Environ$ental "usti'e in Hinority <o#ulations and Low.In'o$e <o#ulations! (he )rder $andated federal agen'ies to in'or#orate environ$ental Custi'e into all of their works and #rogra$s +12,! It is ironi' that environ$ental Custi'e at the 6!1! E<* was initiated under the 9eorge 8! Bush *d$inistration! 8owever, environ$ental Custi'e has faltered and 1// <8* <).70) ,(=,3,</) 1* *+) EPA 8(:)4 *+) G)74-) W! B83+ A:0,(,3*41*,7(! In a 200; re#ort, ot in Hy Ba'kyardI E/e'utive )rder 12,>@> and (itle 7I as (ools for *'hieving Environ$ental "usti'e, the 6!1! &o$$ission on &ivil ?ights 'on'luded that GHinority and low.in'o$e 'o$$unities are $ost often e/#osed to $ulti#le #ollutants and fro$ $ulti#le sour'es! ! ! ! (here is no #resu$#tion of adverse health risk fro$ $ulti#le e/#osures, and no

#oli'y on 'u$ulative risk assess$ent that 'onsiders the roles of so'ial, e'ono$i', and %ehavioral fa'tors when assessing risk!G +1;,

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* Har'h 200A E<* )ffi'e of Ins#e'tor 9eneral re#ort, E<* eeds to &onsistently I$#le$ent the Intent of the E/e'utive )rder on Environ$ental "usti'e, su$s u# the treat$ent of environ$ental Custi'e under the Bush

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*fter a de'ade, E<* Ghas not develo#ed a 'lear vision or a 'o$#rehensive strategi' #lan, and has not esta%lished values, goals, e/#e'tations, and #erfor$an'e $easure$entsG for integrating environ$ental Custi'e into its day.to.day o#erations +1A,!
ad$inistration! * "uly 200D 6!1! 9eneral *''ounta%ility )ffi'e re#ort, Environ$ental "usti'eI E<* 1hould Bevote Hore *ttention to Environ$ental "usti'e When Bevelo#ing &lean When Bevelo#ing &lean *ir ?ules, also 'riti'ized E<* for its handling of environ$ental Custi'e issues when drafting 'lean air rules +1D,! *nd this #ast "uly, the E<* was $et with a firestor$ of #u%li' resistan'e when it #ro#osed eli$inating ra'e and in'o$e fro$ its Environ$ental "usti'e 1trategi' <lan! (he #ro#osal was des'ri%ed as Ga giant ste# %a'kwardG and Ga road $a# for other federal agen'ies to do nothing!G +16,

)ne $ust ask 5+1* 578/: *+) -7=)4(0)(* 4)367(3) <) ,; *+) E=,.*,03E 7; )(=,47(0)(*1/ ,(?83*,.) 5)4) :,3647674*,7(1*)/9 5+,*) 1(: 1;;/8)(*G * 'ase in #oint is 'hildhood lead #oisoning,
a #reventa%le disease, that 'ontinues to %e the nu$%er one environ$ental health threat to 'hildren of 'olor in the 6nited 1tates, es#e'ially #oor 'hildren, 'hildren of 'olor, and 'hildren living in inner 'ities +1=,! 8aving four de'ades of lead studies and not a'ting on the$ is tanta$ount to environ$ental ra'is$! ?e$oving lead fro$ gasoline is hailed as a national environ$ental and health vi'tory! 8owever, allowing lead.#aint in older housing to #oison 'hildren is a national disgra'e! Bla'k 'hildren are five ti$es $ore likely than white 'hildren to have lead #oisoning +1>,! )ne in seven %la'k 'hildren living in older housing has elevated %lood lead levels +1@,! *%out 22 #er'ent of *fri'an *$eri'an 'hildren and 1; #er'ent of He/i'an *$eri'an 'hildren living in #re.1@A6 housing are lead #oisoned, 'o$#ared with 6 #er'ent of white 'hildren living in 'o$#ara%le ty#es of housing! )ver 2>!A #er'ent of all low.in'o$e *fri'an *$eri'an 'hildren are lead #oisoned 'o$#ared to @!> #er'ent of low.in'o$e white 'hildren! ?e'ent studies su##orted %y the ational Institute for Environ$ental 8ealth 1'ien'es suggest that a young #ersonKs lead %urden is linked to lower IL, lower high s'hool graduation rates and in'reased delin3uen'y +20,! Lead #oisoning 'auses a%out 2 to ; #oints of IL lost for ea'h 10 ugMdl lead level +21,!
Environ$ental "usti'e for *ll

(he environ$ental #rote'tion a##aratus is %roken and needs to %e fi/ed! (he environ$ental Custi'e $ove$ent has set 'lear goals of Gfi/ingG this %roken syste$, %y eli$inating une3ual enfor'e$ent of environ$ental and #u%li' health laws! Environ$ental Custi'e leaders have $ade a differen'e in
the lives of #eo#le and the #hysi'al environ$ent! (hey have assisted #u%li' de'ision $akers in identifying Gat riskG #o#ulations, to/i' Ghot s#ots,G resear'h ga#s, and a'tion $odels to 'orre't e/isting i$%alan'es and #revent future threats! Bla'ks and other i$#a'ted 'o$$unities are not waiting for the govern$ent or industry to get their a'ts together! W1,*,(- ;74 -7=)4(0)(* *7 4)367(: .1( <) 13 +1>14:783 13 *+) 67//8*,7( 74 *+4)1* ,*3)/;! We all witnessed this in the after$ath of 8urri'ane 0atrina! 9rassroots grou#s have taken the offensive to

ensure that govern$ent and industry do the right thing! (hey have for$ed their own environ$ental Custi'e $ove$ent to hold govern$ent and industry a''ounta%le! In the end, (7 .7008(,*9, </1.2 74 5+,*), 4,.+ 74 6774, 3+78/: <) )F673): *7 8(().)33149 )(=,47(0)(*1/ +)1/*+ 4,323! E(=,47(0)(*1/ ?83*,.) ,3 1 <13,. +801( 4,-+*!

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NOWHERE
ARE THE STRUCTURES OF ENVRION ENTAL RACIS ORE APPARENT THAN IN URBAN BROWNFIELDS H TOIIC CITY SPACES THAT HAVE BEEN ABANDONED BY INDUSTRY AND GOVERN ENT ALICE! THESE SITES POSE SIGNIFICANT HEALTH AND ENVIRON ENTAL RISCS TO RESIDENTS, CONTRIBUTE TO THE DEGENERATION OF CITY LIFE, AND PERFECTLY DE ONSTRATE AINSTREA A ERICAJS DISREGARD FOR CO UNITIES OF COLOR!

ROBERT D! B6LL*?B E(! *L!, DIRECTOR OF THE ENVIRON ENTAL AUSTICE RESOURCE CENTER AT CLARC ATLANTA UNIVERSITY, 200> "PAUL OHAI, PROFESSOR OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRON ENT, UNIVERSITY OF ICHIGAN, ANN ARBOR, ROBIN SAHA, AN ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF ENVIRON ENTAL STUDIES AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ONTANA, AND BEVERLY WRIGHT, DIRECTOR OF THE DEEP SOUTH CENTER FOR ENVIRON ENTAL AUSTICE AT DILLARD UNIVERSITY, #TOIIC WASTES AND RACE AT TWENTY% WHY RACE STILL ATTERS AFTER ALL THESE YEARS,$ 38 ENVIRONMENTAL LAW, 371, LEIIS' Bes#ite #rogress in resear'h, #lanning, and #oli'y, low.in'o$e and #eo#le of 'olor neigh%orhoods and their residents suffer fro$ greater environ$ental risks than the larger so'iety ! Eor e/a$#le, lead
#oisoning 'ontinues to %e the nu$%er.one environ$ental health threat to 'hildren in the 6nited 1tates, es#e'ially #oor 'hildren, 'hildren of 'olor, and 'hildren living in older housing in inner 'ities! n20 GBla'k 'hildren are five ti$es $ore likely than white 'hildren to have lead #oisoningG n21 and Gone in seven %la'k 'hildren living in older housing has elevated %lood lead levels!G n22 *%out 22N of *fri'an *$eri'an 'hildren and 1;N of He/i'an *$eri'an 'hildren living in #re.1@A6 housing suffer fro$ lead #oisoning, 'o$#ared with 6N of white 'hildren living in 'o$#ara%le ty#es of housing! n2; ?e'ent OP;=>Q studies suggest that a young #ersonKs lead %urden is linked to lower IL, lower high s'hool graduation rates, and in'reased delin3uen'y! n2A Lead #oisoning 'auses a%out two to three #oints of IL lost for ea'h 10 ugMdl lead level! n2D

(he nationKs environ$ental laws, regulations, and #oli'ies are not a##lied unifor$ly, resulting in so$e individuals, neigh%orhoods, and 'o$$unities %eing e/#osed to elevated health risks !
In 1@@2, staff writers fro$ (he ational Law "ournal un'overed glaring ine3uities in the way the federal E<* enfor'es its laws! n26 (he authors writeI

(here is a 41.,1/ :,=,:) in the way the 6!1! govern$ent 'leans u# *7F,. 513*) 3,*)3 and #unishes #olluters! White 'o$$unities see faster a'tion, %etter results and stiffer #enalties than 'o$$unities where %la'ks, 8is#ani's and other $inorities live ! (his une3ual #rote'tion often o''urs whether the 'o$$unity is wealthy or #oor! n2= (hese findings suggest that 8()@81/ 647*).*,7( ,3 6/1.,(- .7008(,*,)3 7; .7/74 1* 36).,1/ 4,32! (he ational Law "ournal study su##le$ents the findings of earlier studies and reinfor'es what $any grassroots leaders have %een saying all alongI na$ely , #eo#le of 'olor are differentially i$#a'ted %y industrial #ollution and they also 'an e/#e't different treat$ent fro$ the govern$ent! Environ$ental de'ision $aking o#erates at the Cun'ture of s'ien'e, e'ono$i's, #oliti's, s#e'ial interests, and ethi's! (he 3uestion of environ$ental Custi'e is not an'hored in a de%ate a%out
whether or not de'ision $akers should tinker with risk $anage$ent ! (he fra$ework seeks to #revent environ$ental threats %efore they o''ur! n2> (he 6!1! 9overn$ent *''ounta%ility )ffi'e +for$erly the 6!1! 9eneral *''ounting )ffi'e, esti$ates that

*+)4) 14) 86 *7 4&0,000 <475(;,)/:3 +1<1(:7(): 513*) 3,*)3) 3.1**)4): *+478-+78* *+) 84<1( /1(:3.16) ;470 N)5 Y742 *7 C1/,;74(,1 K 073* 7; 5+,.+ 14) /7.1*): ,( 74 ()14 /75 ,(.70), 5742,(- ./133, 1(: 6)76/) 7; .7/74 .7008(,*,)3 ! n2@ Hore than >=0,000 of the 1!@ $illion housing units for the #oor, who are $ostly $inorities, sit Gwithin a%out a $ile of fa'tories that re#orted to/i' e$issions to the Environ$ental <rote'tion *gen'y!G n;0

BROWNFIELDS AFF BAUDL 2013 Hore than 600,000 students in Hassa'husetts, ew York, ew "ersey, Hi'higan, and &alifornia attend nearly 1200 #u%li' s'hools . with OP;=@Q #o#ulations largely $ade u# of

>

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BAUDL 2013

1*& +6M1A,
*fri'an *$eri'ans and other 'hildren of 'olor . that are lo'ated within a half $ile of federal 1u#erfund or state.identified 'onta$inated sites! n;1 *n astounding G6> #er'ent of *fri'an *$eri'ans live
within ;0 $iles of a 'oal.fired #ower #lant . the distan'e within whi'h the $a/i$u$ effe'ts of the s$okesta'k #lu$e are e/#e'ted to o''urE . 'o$#ared with D6N of white *$eri'ans! n;2 In 1e#te$%er 200D, the *sso'iated <ress +*<, released results fro$ its analysis of an E<* resear'h #roCe't showing

*fri'an *$eri'ans are G=@ #er'ent $ore likely than whites to live in neigh%orhoods where industrial #ollution is sus#e'ted of #osing the greatest health danger !E n;; 6sing E<*Ks own data and
govern$ent s'ientists, the *< study, Hore Bla'ks Live with <ollution, revealed that Gin 1@ states, %la'ks were $ore than twi'e as likely as whites to live in neigh%orhoods where air #ollution see$s to #ose the greatest health danger !E n;A 8is#ani's and *sians also are $ore likely to %reathe dirty air in so$e regions of the 6nited 1tates! (he *< study found that residents of the at.risk neigh%orhoods were generally #oorer and less edu'ated, and une$#loy$ent rates in those distri'ts were nearly 20N higher than the national average!

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BAUDL 2013

1AC (L/14)
ENVIRON
ENTAL RACIS PRO OTES A SYSTE OF POWER THAT IGNORES, EICLUDES, AND EIPLOITS CO UNITIES OF COLOR, DO ESTICALLY AND INTERNATIONALLY! ADDRESSING THE INTERSECTION OF ENVIRON ENTAL EIPLOITATION AND SOCIAL AUSTICE IS CRITICAL TO CHALLENGING ODERN DAY COLONIALIS , WHICH POISONS THE WORLDS OST VULNERABLE CO UNITIES FOR THE LUIURY OF ITS OST PRIVILEGED!

ROBERT D! BULLARD, PH!D! ENVIRON ENTAL AUSTICE RESOURCE CENTER CLARC ATLANTA UNIVERSITY, 2002! "POVERTY, POLLUTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL RACISM: STRATEGIES FOR BUILDING HEALTHY AND SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITIES. HTTP://WWW.EJRC.CAU.EDU/POVPOLEJ.HTML . ] (he 6nited 1tates is the do$inant e'ono$i' and $ilitary for'e in the world today! (he *$eri'an e'ono$i' engine has generated $assive wealth, high standard of living, and 'onsu$eris$! (his growth $a'hine has also generated waste, #ollution, and e'ologi'al destru'tion! (he 6!1! has so$e of the %est environ$ental laws in the world! 8owever, in the real world, all 'o$$unities are not 'reated e3ual! Environ$ental regulations have not a'hieved unifor$ %enefits a'ross all seg$ents of so'iety! O2Q S70) .7008(,*,)3 14) 478*,()/9 67,37(): 5+,/) *+) -7=)4(0)(* /7723 *+) 7*+)4 519! <eo#le of 'olor around the world $ust 'ontend with dirty air and drinking water, and the lo'ation of no/ious fa'ilities su'h as $uni'i#al landfills, in'inerators, hazardous waste treat$ent, storage, and dis#osal fa'ilities owned %y #rivate industry, govern$ent, and even the $ilitary!O;Q (hese environ$ental #ro%le$s are e/a'er%ated %y ra'is$! Environ$ental ra'is$ refers to environ$ental #oli'y, #ra'ti'e, or dire'tive that differentially affe'ts or disadvantages +whether intended or unintended, individuals, grou#s, or 'o$$unities %ased on ra'e or 'olor! Environ$ental ra'is$ is reinfor'ed %y govern$ent, legal, e'ono$i', #oliti'al, and $ilitary institutions!
Environ$ental ra'is$ 'o$%ines with #u%li' #oli'ies and industry #ra'ti'es to #rovide %enefits for the 'ountries in the orth while shifting 'osts to 'ountries in the 1outh! OAQ Environ$ental ra'is$ is a for$ of institutionalized dis'ri$ination! Institutional dis'ri$ination is defined as Ga'tions or #ra'ti'es 'arried out %y $e$%ers of do$inant +ra'ial or ethni', grou#s that have differential and negative i$#a't on $e$%ers of su%ordinate +ra'ial and ethni', grou#s!G ODQ T+) U(,*): S*1*)3 ,3 -478(:): ,( 5+,*) 41.,30!

(he nation was founded on the #rin'i#les of Gfree landG +stolen fro$ ative *$eri'ans and He/i'ans,, Gfree la%orG +*fri'an slaves %rought to this land in 'hains,, and Gfree $enG +only white $en with #ro#erty had the right to vote,! Ero$ the outset, ra'is$ sha#ed the e'ono$i', #oliti'al and e'ologi'al lands'a#e of this new nation! Environ$ental ra'is$ %uttressed the )F6/7,*1*,7( 7; /1(:, 6)76/), 1(: *+) (1*841/ )(=,47(0)(*! It o#erates as an intra.nation #ower arrange$ent..es#e'ially where ethni' or ra'ial grou#s for$ a #oliti'al and
or nu$eri'al $inority! Eor e/a$#le, %la'ks in the 6!1! for$ %oth a #oliti'al and nu$eri'al ra'ial $inority! )n the other hand, %la'ks in 1outh *fri'a, under a#artheid, 'onstituted a #oliti'al $inority and nu$eri'al $aCority! *$eri'an and 1outh *fri'an a#artheid had devastating environ$ental i$#a'ts on %la'ks! O6Q

Environ$ental ra'is$ also o#erates in the international arena %etween nations and %etween transnational 'or#orations! In'reased glo%alization of the worldKs e'ono$y has #la'ed s#e'ial strains on the e'o.syste$s in $any #oor 'o$$unities and #oor nations inha%ited largely %y #eo#le of 'olor and indigenous #eo#les! (his is es#e'ially true for the glo%al resour'e e/tra'tion industry su'h as
oil, ti$%er, and $inerals! O=Q 9lo%alization $akes it easier for transnational 'or#orations and 'a#ital to flee to areas with the least environ$ental regulations, %est ta/ in'entives, 'hea#est la%or, and highest #rofit!

(he struggle of *fri'an *$eri'ans in or'o, Louisiana and the *fri'ans in the iger Belta are si$ilar in that %oth grou#s are negatively i$#a'ted %y 1hell )il refineries and unres#onsive govern$ents! (his s'enario is re#eated for Latinos in Wil$ington +&alifornia, and indigenous #eo#le in E'uador who $ust

10

BROWNFIELDS AFF

BAUDL 2013 'ontend with #ollution fro$ (e/a'o oil refineries! (he 'o$#anies $ay %e different, %ut the 'o$$unity 'o$#laints and 'on'erns are very si$ilar! L7.1/ 4)3,:)(*3 +1=) 3))( *+),4 1,4, 51*)4, 1(: /1(:

11

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1AC (M/14)
.7(*10,(1*):!
Hany near%y residents are Gtra##edG in their 'o$$unity %e'ause of inade3uate roads, #oorly #lanned e$ergen'y es'a#e routes, and faulty warning syste$s! (hey live in 'onstant fear of #lant e/#losions and a''idents! (he Bho#al tragedy is fresh in the $inds of $illions of #eo#le who live ne/t to 'he$i'al #lants! (he 1@>A #oison.gas leak at the Bho#al, India 6nion &ar%ide #lant killed thousands of #eo#le..$aking it the worldKs deadliest industrial a''ident! It is not a 'oin'iden'e that the only #la'e in the 6!1! where $ethyl iso'yanate +HI&, was $anufa'tured was at a 6nion &ar%ide #lant in in #redo$inately *fri'an *$eri'an Institute, West 7irginia! O>Q In 1@>D, a gas leak fro$ the Institute 6nion &ar%ide #lant sent 1;D residents to the hos#ital!

Institutional ra'is$ has allowed #eo#le of 'olor 'o$$unities to )F,3* 13 .7/7(,)3, areas that for$ de#endent +and une3ual, relationshi#s to the :70,(1(* 5+,*) 37.,)*9 74 E 7*+)4 C78(*49E with regard to their so'ial, e'ono$i', legal, and environ$ental ad$inistration! Writing $ore than three
de'ades ago, &ar$i'hael and 8a$ilton, in their work Bla'k <ower, offered the GinternalG 'olonial $odel to e/#lain ra'ial ine3uality, #oliti'al e/#loitation, and so'ial isolation of *fri'an *$eri'ans! &ar$i'hael and 8a$ilton writeI (he e'ono$i' relationshi# of *$eri'aKs %la'k 'o$$unities ! ! ! refle'ts their 'olonial status! (he #oliti'al #ower e/er'ised over those 'o$$unities go hand in glove with the e'ono$i' de#rivation e/#erien'ed %y the %la'k 'itizens! 8istori'ally, 'olonies have e/isted for the sole #ur#ose of enri'hing, in one for$ or another, the G'olonizerGJ the 'onse3uen'e is to $aintain the e'ono$i' de#enden'y of the G'olonized!G O@Q

Institutional ra'is$ reinfor'es internal 'olonialis$! 9overn$ent institutions %uttress this syste$ of do$ination! Institutional ra'is$ defends, #rote'ts, and enhan'es the so'ial advantages and #rivileges of ri'h nations! Whether %y design or %enign negle't, 'o$$unities of 'olor +ranging fro$ the ur%an ghettos and %arrios to rural G#overty #o'ketsG to e'ono$i'ally i$#overished ative *$eri'an reservations and develo#ing nations, fa'e so$e of the worst environ$ental #ro%le$s! (he $ost #olluted 'o$$unities are also the 'o$$unities with 'ru$%ling infrastru'ture, e'ono$i' disinvest$ent,
deteriorating housing, inade3uate s'hools, 'hroni' une$#loy$ent, high #overty, and overloaded health 'are syste$s!

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1AC (D/14)
THUS, WE ARE RESOLVED THAT% THE UNITED STATES
FEDERAL GOVERN ENT SHOULD SUBSTANTIALLY INCREASE INCENTIVES FOR BRIGHTFIELDS PROAECTS, PROVIDING TAI CREDITS FOR CLEAN UP AND ALTERNATIVE ENERGY DEVELOP ENT ON FEDERALLY DESIGNATED BROWNFIELD SITES!

1;

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1AC (10/14)
BRIGHTFIELDS
ARE THE BEST WAY TO RECLAI URBAN BROWNFIELDS! THE PROAECT GENERATES CO UNITY DEVELOP ENT, URBAN BEAUTIFICATION, AND A SUSTAINABLE SOLUTION TO A ERICAJS ENERGY NEEDS!

AOHN H)10*L, U!S! ENVIRON ENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, 200; " BROC!TON BRIGHTFIELDS: INNOVATIVE GREEN POWER MAR!ETING PILOT," HTTP%//WWW!EPA!GOV/SWERRI S//DOCS/IWG/BROCCTONBRIGHTFIELDSFINAL!PDF'
Honetizing the environ$ental %enefits of various #roCe'ts has %een a long.standing environ$ental 'hallenge! (he innovative finan'ing and growth 'on'e#ts #ro#osed %y this #ilot seek to #rovide a 'arrot to en'ourage the $arket to su##ort long.ter$ 'ontra'ts for ?E&s, there%y $onetizing the$ for #ur#oses of su##orting finan'ing and revenue fore'asts! (he s#e'ifi' innovative ele$ents in'lude the use of e/'ess 'ash flows to fund 'a#a'ity e/#ansions and #rovide rights to the asso'iated in'reases in ?E& out#ut to 'usto$ers that enter into long.ter$ 'ontra'ts! In addition, Brightfields are *+)03)/=)3 1( ,((7=1*,=) 83) 7; </,-+*): <475(;,)/:3 that $ight not

otherwise %e redevelo#ed %e'ause of their li$ited reuse #otential! BE EEI(1 (he #roCe't will develo# a 'lean energy sour'e on an a%andoned industrial #ro#erty with few other develo#$ent o#tions, and no develo#$ent o#tions as sustaina%ly desira%le as the Brightfield +no e$issions, noise or traffi',! Eurther, %eautifi'ation efforts on the site #eri$eter will transfor$ a %lighted #ro#erty into a 'o$$unity asset! (his $odel will ena%le Bro'kton to e/#and its #roCe't %y reinvesting in generation assets! (here are even greater %enefits *7 *+) 3*1*) 1(: EPA in that Bro'kton2s e/#erien'e will hel# to grow the $arket for renewa%le energy while 'reating a re#li'a%le $odel for other 'o$$unities! 9rowth of the green #ower $arket has 'lear environ$ental and #u%li' health %enefits for all stakeholders!

1A

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1AC (11/14)
AND,
AN ENVIRON ENTAL AUSTICE OVE ENT AGAINST BROWNFIELDS CONTESTS THE RACIALIZED DIVISION OF SPACE THAT PREDO INATES A ERICAN POLITICS AT HO E AND INTERNATIONAL POLITICS ABROAD! IT EIPOSES THE STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE THAT PASSES FOR PROGRESS AND OFFERS THOSE WHO HAVE BEEN FORGOTTEN BY GLOBALIZATION AN OPPORTUNITY TO RECLAI THE CITY!

ARC

D! B"ELL* B, VISITING FULBRIGHT SCHOLAR, CITY AND REGIONAL PLANNING, CARDIFF UNIVERSITY, U!C!, 200D "#BROWNFIELDS, GLOBALISATION, AND THE LIVABLE CITY$, HTTP%//WWW!CEG!LU!SE/NG /HT L/PAPERS/PAPERNBAELLAND!PDF ' What lessons $ight these stories fro$ &anada offer for geogra#hers and #oli'y.$akersF Eirst, that the dyna$i' for'es sha#ing the glo%al e'ono$y are #rodu'ing a highly uneven for$ of geogra#hi'al develo#$ent and that is $anifest in the "anus.fa'ed s#a'es of for$er %rownfields! &ities and regions that are the losers in the glo%alisation ga$e, end u# with 1 /14-) ,(=)(*74,)3 7; =1.1(*, :)4)/,.* 3,*)3 5,*+ /,**/) :)01(: ;74 4):)=)/760)(*! A 0142)*3K7(/9 37/8*,7( 5,// :7 /,**/) ;74 *+73) 4)-,7(3 *+1* 14) *+) 014-,(1/,>): <9 .16,*1/ 3+,;*3! C/)14/9, 370) 4)-,7(3 5,// ()): +)/6 ,( 07=,(- ;74514: 1(: 5,// +1=) *7 .+1//)(-) *+) :70,(1(* ()7K/,<)41/ 6141:,-0 5+,.+ +13 :75(/71:): 4)367(3,<,/,*9
;470 +,-+)4 /)=)/3 7; -7=)4(0)(* to lower levels without #roviding ade3uate resour'es!

&ities and regions that are the winners of the glo%al e'ono$i' ga$e, have the #otential to easily transfor$ their inventor of %rownfields into liva%le, vi%rant, e'ologi'ally %enefi'ial hu$an settle$ents! By 'hallenging and dire'ting the #otential energy for %rownfields redevelo#$ent to %e $ore Cust, e'ologi'ally sustaina%le, and liva%le, 13 V1(.78=)4 +13 :7(), *+) 5,(()43 .1( .+1(-) *+) 61**)4(3 ,0673): <9 -/7<1/,>1*,7(! 1e'ond, su''essful
%rownfields redevelo#$ent #roCe't that in'or#orate the %est ur%an design, so'ial e3uity, and environ$ental sustaina%ility #erha#s 'an %e used to sha#e #oli'ies elsewhere in order to #ro$ote %etter #la'es to live! We $ust re$e$%er, as geogra#her Boreen Hassey re$inds us, that the 4glo%al5 is #rodu'ed 4lo'ally!5 (hat is, the 'ontours of the glo%al e'ono$y are sha#ed in s#e'ifi' lo'alities su'h as 7an'ouver!

(hus, %y sha#ing the #ro'esses of ur%anisation in those lo'alities, we $ight give sha#e to the for$s or ur%anis$ that are e/#orted around the glo%e ! 7an'ouver has already %e'o$e a $odel
for ur%an #lanning and design! Its $odels of integrating non.$arket housing into #rivate se'tor s'he$es, its high standards of ur%an design in'luding #u%li' waterfronts, generous #ark #rovision, slender towers on street.hugging #latfor$s, have %een e$ulated in 'ities fro$ 1an Eran'is'o to (oronto +<ri'e 200;,! (he

'hallenge re$ains, how to %ridge the ga# %etween the winners and losers in the glo%alization ga$e and to 'ontinue 'ontesting the for'es that would 'reate the "anus.fa'es s#a'es of glo%alization!

1D

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1AC (12/14)
FINALLY,
ENVIRON ENTAL AUSTICE DOES NOT EICLUSIVELY CONCERN INORITIES IN THE CITY, BUT AFFECTS US ALL! THE GROWING INEBUALITY BETWEEN AFFLUENT WHITE CO UNITIES AND I POVERISHED CO UNITIES OF COLOR H AND THE ENVIRON ENTAL CARNAGE IT FUELS H IS CREATING A GLOBAL SYSTE OF DESTRUCTION THAT PUTS ALL LIFE ON EARTH AT RISC! ONLY AN INVIGORATED POLITICS THAT CONTESTS THE STATUS BUOJS DISTRIBUTION OF POLLUTION AND PRIORITIZES ENVIRON ENTAL AUSTICE CAN STAVE OFF INEVITABLE EITINCTION!

BUNYAN B?Y* (, PROFESSOR IN THE SCHOOL OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRON ENT, AND AN ADAUNCT PROFESSOR IN THE CENTER FOR AFROK A ERICAN AND AFRICAN STUDIES AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ICHIGAN, 1@@D, "ENVIRON ENTAL AUSTICE% ISSUES, POLICIES, AND SOLUTIONS, P! 20DK212'
*lthough the #ost.World War II e'ono$y was designed when environ$ental 'onsideration was not a #ro%le$, today this is no longer the 'aseJ we $ust %e 'on'erned enough a%out environ$ental #rote'tion to $ake it a #art of our e'ono$i' design! (oday, te$#oral and s#atial relations of #ollution have drasti'ally 'hanged within the last 100 years or so! * hundred years ago we #olluted a s$all s#atial area and it took the earth a short ti$e to heal itself! (oday we #ollute large areas of the earth R as eviden'ed %y the international #ro%le$s of a'id rain, the de#letion of the ozone layer, glo%al war$ing, nu'lear $eltdowns, and the diffi'ulties in the safe storage of s#ent fuels fro$ nu'lear #ower #lants! <erha#s we have e$%arked u#on

an era of #ollution so to/i' and #ersistent that it will take the earth in so$e areas thousands of years to heal itself!
(o 'urtail environ$ental #ollutants, we $ust %uild new institutions to #revent wides#read destru'tion fro$ #ollutants that know no geo#oliti'al %oundaries! We need to do this %e'ause #ollutants are not res#e'tful of international %oundariesJ it does little good if one 'ountry #ra'ti'es sound environ$ental #rote'tion while its neigh%ors fail to do so! &ountries of the world are intri'ately linked together in ways not 'lear D0 years agoJ they find the$selves vi'ti$s of environ$ental destru'tion even though the 'auses

of that destru'tion originated in another #art of the world! *'id rain, glo%al war$ing, de#letion of the ozone layer, nu'lear a''idents like the one at &herno%yl, $ake all 'ountries vulnera%le to environ$ental destru'tion!
(he 'oo#erative relations forged after World War II are now o%solete! ew 'oo#erative relations need to %e agreed u#on R 'oo#erative relations that show that #ollution #revention and s#e'ies #reservation are inse#ara%ly linked to ).7(70,. :)=)/760)(* 1(: 384=,=1/ 7; 6/1()* )14*+! E'ono$i' develo#$ent is linked to #ollution #revention even though the $arket fails to in'lude the true 'ost of #ollution in its #ri'ing of #rodu'ts and servi'esJ it fails to #la'e a value on the destru'tion of #lant and ani$al s#e'ies! (o date, $ost industrialized nations, the high #olluters, have had an in'entive to #ollute %e'ause they did not in'ur the 'ost of #rodu'ing goods and servi'es in a non#olluting $anner! (he world will have to #ay for the true 'ost of #rodu'tion and to #ra'ti'e #rudent stewardshi# of our natural resour'es if we are to sustain ourselves on this #lanet! We 'annot e/#e't (hird World 'ountries to #arti'i#ate in de%t.for.nature swa#s as a $eans for saving the rainforest or as a $eans for the redu'tion of greenhouse gases, while a 'onsidera%le a$ount of su'h gases 'o$e fro$ industrial nations and fro$ fossil fuel 'onsu$#tion! Like disease, #o#ulation growth is #oliti'ally, e'ono$i'ally, and stru'turally deter$ined! Bue to inade3uate in'o$e $aintenan'e #rogra$s and so'ial se'urity, fa$ilies in develo#ing 'ountries are $ore a#t to have large fa$ilies not only to ensure the survival of 'hildren within the first five years, %ut to work the fields and 'are for the elderly! *s develo#$ent in'reases, so do edu'ation, health, and %irth 'ontrol! In his 'ha#ter, Buttel states that e'ologi'al develo#$ent and su%stantial de%t forgiveness would %e $ore signifi'ant in alleviating (hird World environ$ental degradation +or #o#ulation #ro%le$s, than ratifi'ation of any 6 &EB %iodiversity or forest 'onventions! Be'ause #o#ulation 'ontrol #rogra$s fail to address the stru'tural 'hara'teristi's of #overty, su'h #rogra$s for develo#ing 'ountries have %een for the $ost #art dis$al failures! 9rowth and develo#$ent along e'ologi'al lines have a %etter 'han'e of 'ontrolling #o#ulation growth in develo#ing 'ountries than the %est #o#ulation 'ontrol #rogra$s to date! *lthough #o#ulation 'ontrol is i$#ortant, we often fo'us a 'onsidera%le

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1AC (13/14)
a$ount of our attention on #o#ulation #ro%le$s of develo#ing 'ountries! Yet there are $ore #eo#le #er s3uare $ile in Western Euro#e than in $ost develo#ing 'ountries! 4Buring hisMher lifeti$e an *$eri'an 'hild 'auses ;D ti$es the environ$ental da$age of an Indian 'hild and 2>0 ti$es that of a 8aitian 'hild +Boggs, 1@@;I 1,! (he addi'tion to 'onsu$eris$ of highly industrialized 'ountries has to %e seen as a $aCor 'ul#rit, and thus $ust %e %alan'ed against the %enefits of #o#ulation 'ontrol in (hird World 'ountries!

Worldwide environ$ental #rote'tion is only one #art of the 'o$#le/ #ro%le$s we fa'e today! We 'annot ignore world #overtyJ it is intri'ately linked to environ$ental #rote'tion !
If this is the 'ase, then how do we deal with world #overtyF 8ow do we %ring a%out lasting #ea'e in the worldF &learly we 'an no longer afford a 1outh *fri'a as it was on'e organized, or ethni' 'leansing %y 1er%ian nationalists! (hese ty#es of 'onfli'ts %ankru#t us $orally and destroy our 'onne'tedness with one another as a world 'o$$unity! Yet, we $ay %e headed on a 'ourse where the #oliti'ally indu'ed fa$ine, #overty, and 'haos of 1o$alia today will %e'o$e 'o$$on#la'e and world #ea'e $ore diffi'ult, #arti'ularly if the Euro#ean &o$$on Harket, "a#an, and the 6nited 1tates trade #ri$arily a$ong the$selves, leaving (hird World 'ountries to fend for the$selves! 9rowing #overty will lead only to $ore world dise3uili%riu$ to wars and fa$ine R as 'ountries %e'o$e $ore aggressive and 'ross international %orders for resour'es to ward off wides#read hunger and ra$#ant une$#loy$ent! (o ta'kle these #ro%le$s re3uires a 3uantu$ lea# in glo%al 'oo#eration and 'o$$it$ent of the highest $agnitudeJ it re3uires develo#$ent of an international ta/, levied through the 6nited nations or so$e other international %ody, so that the world 'o$$unity 'an %e'o$e $ore involved in hel#ing to deal with issues of environ$ental #rote'tion, #overty, and #ea'e! 1in'e the $arket syste$ has %een %old and fle/i%le enough to $eet 'hanging 'onditions, so too $ust #u%li' institutions! (hey $ust, indeed, %e a%le to res#ond to the ra#id 'hanges that rever%erate

throughout the world! If they fail to 'hange, then we will surely 0))* *+) ;1*) 7; *+) :,(73184! (he 1oviet 6nion gave u# a syste$ that was unworka%le in e/'hange for another one! *lthough
it has not %een easy, individual 'ountries of the for$er 1oviet 6nion have the #otential of ree$erging looking very different and stronger! )r they 'ould e$erge looking very different and weaker! (hey 'ould %e'o$e so'ieties that are %oth so'ially and environ$entally destru'tive or they 'an %e'o$e so'ieties where #eo#le have de'ent Co%s, #la'es to live, edu'ational o##ortunities for all 'itizens, and sustaina%le so'ial stru'tures that are safe and nurturing! *lthough orth *$eri'ans are e/#erien'ing e'ono$i' and so'ial dis'o$forts, we too will have to 'hange, or we $ay find ourselves engulfed %y #oliti'al and e'ono$i' for'es %eyond our 'ontrol! In 1@@A, the out.swee#ing of Be$o'rats fro$ national offi'es $ay %e sy$#to$ati' of dee#er and $ore funda$ental #ro%le$s! If the $ean.s#irited %ehavior that 'hara'terized the 1@@A ele'tion is 'arried over into the governan'e of the 'ountry, this $ay only fan the fla$es of dis'ontent! We $ay %e e$%arking u#on a long struggle over ideology, 'ulture, and the very heart and soul of the 'ountry! But

des#ite all the #oliti'al tur$oil, we $ust take risks and try out new ideas R ideas never drea$ed of %efore and ideas we thought were i$#ossi%le to i$#le$ent ! (o i$#le$ent these ideas we $ust over'o$e institutional inertia in order to enhan'e intentional 'hange! We need to give u# tradition and 4%usiness as usual!5 (o view the future as a 'hallenge and as an o##ortunity to $ake the world a %etter #la'e, we $ust %e willing to take #oliti'al and e'ono$i' risks!
(he 3uestion is not growth, %ut what kind of growth, and where it will take #la'e! Eor e/a$#le, we 'an $aintain 'urrent levels of #rodu'tivity or %e'o$e even $ore #rodu'tive if we far$ organi'ally! Be'ause of ideologi'al 'onfli'ts, it is hard for us to view the &u%an e/#erien'e with an unCaundi'ed eyeJ %ut we ask you to #la'e #oliti'al differen'es aside and #ay attention to the lyri's of organi' far$ing and not to the $usi' of &o$$unis$! In other words, we $ust get %eyond #oliti'al differen'es and ideologi'al 'onfli'tsJ we $ust find su''ess stories of healing the #lanet no $atter where they e/ist R %e they in &o$$unist or non. &o$$unist 'ountries, develo#ed or underdevelo#ed 'ountries! We $ust as'ertain what lessons 'an %e learned fro$ the$, and e/a$ine how they would %enefit the world 'o$$unity! In $ost instan'es, we will have to 'hart a new 'ourse! &ontinued use of 'ertain te'hnologies and 'he$i'als that are

in'o$#ati%le with the e'osyste$ will take us down the road of no return! We are already witnessing the 'atastro#hi' destru'tion of our environ$ent and dis#ro#ortionate i$#a'ts of environ$ental insults on 'o$$unities of 'olor and low.in'o$e grou#s! If su'h destru'tion
'ontinues, it will undou%tedly deal har$ful %lows to our so'ial, e'ono$i', and #oliti'al institutions!

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*s a nation, we find ourselves in a house divided, where the 'leavages %etween the ra'es ar) in fa't getting worse! We find ourselves in a house divided where the ga# %etween the ri'h and the #oor has in'reased! We
find ourselves in a house divided where the ga# %etween the young and the old has widened! Buring the 1@>0s, there were few visions of healing the 'ountry! In the 1@@0s, des#ite the 'atastro#hi' e'ono$i' and environ$ental results of the 1@>0s, and des#ite the 'onservative takeover of %oth houses of &ongress, we $ust look for gli$$ers of ho#e! We $ust stand %y what we think is right and defend our #osition with #assion! *nd at ti$es we need to slow down and refle't and do a lot of soul sear'hing in order to redire't ourselves, if need %e! We $ust 'hart out a new 'ourse of defining who we are as a #eo#le, %y redefining our relationshi# with govern$ent, with nature, with one another, and where we want to %e as a nation! We need to find a way of e/#ressing this definition of ourselves to one another! 6ndenia%ly we are a nation of different ethni' grou#s and ra'es, and of $ulti#le interest grou#s, and if we 'annot live in #ea'e and in har$ony with ourselves and with nature it %odes o$inously for future world relations!

Be'ause e'ono$i' institutions are %ased u#on the growth #aradig$ of e/tra'ting and #ro'essing natural resour'es, we will surely #erish if we use the$ to foul the glo%al nest! But it does not have to %e this way! *lthough sound environ$ental #oli'ies 'an %e 'o$#ati%le with
good %usiness #ra'ti'es and 3uality of life, we $ay have to Cettison the $oral argu$ent of environ$ental #rote'tion in favor of the self.interest argu$ent, there%y de$onstrating that the survival of %usiness enter#rises is intri'ately tied to good stewardshi# of natural resour'es and environ$ental #rote'tion! (oo often we forget that short.sightedness 'an #ro#el us down a narrow #ath , where we are una%le to see the long.ter$ effe'ts of our a'tions! (he ideas and #oli'ies dis'ussed in this %ook are ways of getting ourselves %a'k on tra'k! (he ideas #resented here will ho#efully #rovide su%stantive $aterial for dis'ourse! (hese #oli'ies are not 'arved in stone, nor are they $eant to %e for every 'ity, su%ur%, or rural area! Huni'i#alities or rural areas should have fle/i%ility in dealing with their site.s#e'ifi' #ro%le$s! Yet 5) ()): *7 )F*)(: 784 .7(.)4( 1<78* /7.1/ 383*1,(1<,/,*9 <)97(: -)767/,*,.1/ <78(:14,)3, %e'ause du$#ing in (hird World 'ountries or in the at$os#here today will surely haunt the world to$orrow! Ideas #resented here $ay irritate so$e and dis$ay others, %ut we need to $ake so$e drasti' 'hanges in our lifestyles and institutions in order to foster environ$ental Custi'e! Hany of the #oli'y ideas $entioned in this %ook have %een around for so$e ti$e, %ut they have not %een i$#le$ented! T+) 3*48--/) ;74 )(=,47(0)(*1/ ?83*,.) )0)4-,(- ;470 *+) 6)76/) 7; .7/74

1(: /75K,(.70) .7008(,*,)3 019 647=,:) *+) ().)33149 67/,*,.1/ ,068/3) *7 012) *+)3) 67/,.,)3 1 4)1/,*9! E(=,47(0)(*1/ ?83*,.) 647=,:)3 76674*8(,*,)3 ;74 *+73) 073* 1;;).*): <9 )(=,47(0)(*1/ :)-41:1*,7( 1(: 67=)4*9 *7 012) 67/,.,)3 *7 31=) (7* 7(/9 *+)03)/=)3 ;470 :,;;)4)(*,1/ ,061.* 7; )(=,47(0)(*1/ +1>14:3, <8* *7 31=) *+73) 4)367(3,</) ;74 *+) /,7(J3 3+14) 7; *+) 6/1()*J3 :)3*48.*,7( ! (his struggle e$erging fro$ the
environ$ental e/#erien'e of o##ressed #eo#le %rings forth a new 'ons'iousness R a new 'ons'iousness sha#ed %y i$$ediate de$ands for 'ertainty and solution! It is a struggle to $ake a true 'onne'tion %etween hu$anity and nature! (his struggle to resolve environ$ental #ro%le$s $ay for'e the nation to alter its #rioritiesJ it $ay for'e the nation to address issues of environ$ental Custi'e and, %y doing so, it $ay ulti$ately result in a 'leaner and healthier environ$ent for all of us! *lthough we $ay never eli$inate all to/i' $aterials fro$ the #rodu'tion 'y'le, we should at least have that as a goal!

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I PACT% GARBAGE HU
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EIPOSE BOTH THE RACIALIZED POLITICS OF SPACE IN A ERICA AND ALSO THE EITENT TO WHICH AINSTREA ENVIRON ENTALIS RELIES ON A PHILOSOPHY OF COLOR BLINDNESS THAT DA NS ANY HOPE FOR ENVIRON ENTAL AUSTICE FOR INORITY CO UNITIES! THE CONSEBUENCE OF THIS CO BINATION IS THE DIVISION OF THE BODY POLITIC INTO A PRIVELEGED WHITE POPULATION AND A COLORED GARBAGE POPULATION TO BE DISPOSED OF OR ABANDONED AUST LICE THE INDUSTRIAL WASTE THAT BLIGHTS THE CITY!

CHARLES W! HILL1, PROFESSOR OF PHILOSOPHY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, CHICAGO, 2001 O#FACES OF ENVIRON ENTAL RACIS % CONFRONTING ISSUES OF GLOBAL AUSTICE (2ND ED!,), P! M4KMD'
)nly with a $ore realisti' sense of this $oral and #oliti'al history, then, and with a 'orres#ondingly $odified 'on'e#tual a##aratus, 'an one ho#e to understand the #ro%le$ of waste dis#osal and why it 'ould %e 4#oliti'al !5 (he fun'tioning of the state, the stru'ture of s#a'e, the histori' stig$atization of %la'ks within

the white #oliti'al 'o$$unity, the resulting #artitioned ethi', all need to %e taken into a''ount in understanding the distri%ution of #ollution 'osts! What should we do with trashF It de#ends on who the 4we5 are! If the #olity is ra'ial , and #oliti'al #ower signifi'antly ra'ialized, then there will %e a white 4we5 whose 'olle'tive rationality and $oral grou# #sy'hology differ fro$ the %la'k $inority and who have differential #ower over the$! Eor this white #o#ulation, the full $e$%ers of the #olity, %la'ks the$selves have histori'ally %een so looked down on that #</1.2 *413+$ +13 <))( ./73) *7 6/)7(13*,. ! 4W+,*) *413+$ ,3 1( 1:07(,*,7(, 1 .18*,7(149 )6,*+)* ;74 *+73) 5+,*) 6)76/) 5+7 :7 (7*, 37 *7 36)12, /,=) 86 *7 *+) 4)367(3,<,/,*,)3 7; 5+,*)()33, 1(: *+83 /73) *+),4 ;8// 3*1*83! B/1.2 *413+, <9 .7(*413*, ,3 4):8(:1(*, <).183) #</1.2$ 1/4)1:9 +13 *+) .7((7*1*,7(3 7; *413+,()33! S7 ;470 *+,3 6)436).*,=), </1.23 14) (7* 614* 7; *+) #5)$ 5+7 14) ;1.,(- *+) )(=,47(0)(*1/ 647</)0 7; 5+1* *7 :7 5,*+ 784 4);83)! R1*+)4, there is a sense in whi'h </1.23 *+)03)/=)3 14) 1( )(=,47(0)(*1/ 647</)0, 5+,.+ #5)$ ;8// +801(3 (*+1* ,3, *+) 5+,*) 6768/1*,7() +1=) *7 :)1/ 5,*+!
In his definitive history of "i$ &row, Leon Litwa'k des'ri%es the growing alar$ in the #osthellu$ 1outh a%out the 4dark $ena'e5 of freed and in'reasingly assertive %la'ksI (he very language e$#loyed to des'ri%e the growing egro $ena'e suggested that the #ro%le$ %e treated like any other e#ide$i' or virus threatening the health and se'urity of the 'o$$unity! (o assess the results of e$an'i#ation was to raise the s#e'ter of %la'ks 4ino'ulated with the virus of e3uality!5 (o talk a%out %la'k #oliti'al #arti'i#ation was to talk a%out 4the 'an'er on the %ody.#oliti' whi'h, if not 'ured, will $ake of it a 'ar'ass!5 (o 'onsider the so'ial danger #osed %y %la'ks was to 'onte$#late the need to avoid and redu'e 'onta$ination, to dilute the %la'k #oison in the %ody of the 1outh +as *tlanta2s 'hief health offi'er e/#ressed it, to the #oint where it lost its to/i'ity! ! ! ! If %la'k #eo#le had %e'o$e a sour'e of so'ial danger and 'onta$ination, the need to 'ontrol, 'ontain, and 3uarantine the$ in every 'on'eiva%le fashion 'ould no longer %e 3uestioned!2> 7arious solutions were 'onsidered for dealing with this threat to the white %ody #oliti'! In the i$$ediate #ost. E$an'i#ation #eriod, ho#es had %een entertained that %la'ks would solve the #ro%le$ the$selves %y si$#ly dying offI 4(he notion that %la'k 1outherners, no longer 'onfined to the #aternalisti' 'ustody of slavery and doo$ed to 'o$#ete with whites, were destined for ra'ial e/tin'tion enCoyed i$$ense #o#ularity in the late nineteenth 'entury!52@ But unfortunately, the 1>>0 'ensus showed their nu$%ers to %e in'reasing, so these Barwinian ho#es had to %e a%andoned! *n e/ter$inist #rogra$ to assist un'oo#erative nature had su##ort in so$e 3uarters %ut was dee$ed so$ewhat on the e/tre$ist side! &olonization, si$#ly #urging %la'ks fro$ the %ody #oliti', was a $ore res#e'ta%le a##roa'h and had %een 'onsidered at different ti$es %y (ho$as "efferson and *%raha$ Lin'oln! But there were #ra'ti'al diffi'ulties of organization, 'ost, suita%le destination, and #ossi%le %la'k unwillingness to go! In the end, Litwa'k #oints out, 4$ost white 1outherners settled on 'ontain$ent-not edu'ation or even gradual u#lift %ut su%$ission and #er$anent su%ordination, what one white

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frankly des'ri%ed as S%a'k into slavery, without the na$e!2 4;0 1hare'ro##ing, 'onvi't la%or, de%t #eonage, and a%ove all the for$al introdu'tion of "i$ &row, legal segregation, 'an %e seen as different ways of 'arrying out this #rogra$! 1egregation %y law is the 'learest $anifestation of the #hysi'al 'ontrol of the s#a'e of an inferior grou#, a grou# e/'luded fro$ full $e$%ershi# in the #olity, a grou# that $ust %e $orally, #oliti'ally, and #hysi'ally 'ontained! *nd su'h 4'ontain$ent5 would %e'o$e the #oli'y in the orth also! In their a''ount of what they 'all 4*$eri'an a#artheid,5 Bouglas Hassey and an'y Benton argue that %efore 1@00, 4%la'ks and whites were relatively integrated in %oth northern and southern 'ities!5 But all this would 'hange with "i$ &row and $ass %la'k $igration fro$ the 1outh! (hrough 4a series of self.'ons'ious a'tions and #ur#oseful institutional arrange$ents that 'ontinue today,!! ! a'tions and #ra'ti'es that had the #assive a''e#tan'e, if not the a'tive su##ort, of $ost whites in the 6nited 1tates,5 %la'ks were deli%erately denied entry to white neigh%orhoods! By 'ontrast, new Euro#ean i$$igrants for$ed at worst 4ethni' en'laves5 rather than ghettoes! (hese en'laves were never ho$ogeneous, were not #arti'ularly isolated, and unlike 4#er$anent5 %la'k ghettoes, were 4a fleeting, transitory stage in the #ro'ess of i$$igrant assi$ilation!5 (hus they were all eventually 4s#atially assi$ilated!5 Eor %la'ks, on the other hand, the ra'ial 'ontra't would ins'ri%e-through neigh%orhood asso'iations, real.estate dealers, redlining, restri'tive 'ovenants, and $o% violen'e when ne'essary-a geogra#hy of aversion that would ulti$ately $ake %la'ks 4the $ost s#atially isolated #o#ulation in 6!1! history!5;1 R1.), then, ,3 *+) <13,. 74-1(,>,(- 361*,1/ 64,(.,6/) 7; *+) )F*)(:): <7:9 7; *+) 67/,*9 ! Eanon #oints out that 4&ons'iousness of the %ody ! ! ! is a third.#erson 'ons'iousness!5;2 1i$ilarly, 9ail Weiss has devised the 'on'e#t of 4inter'or#oreality5 to signify the $ulti#le, refle/ive interrelations %etween our %odies, our #er'e#tions of our %odies, and the re'i#ro'al sha#ing of those #er'e#tions %y seeing ourselves through the #er'e#tions of othersI 4(o des'ri%e e$%odi$ent as inter'or#oreality is to e$#hasize that the e/#erien'e of %eing e$%odied is never a #rivate affair, %ut is always already $ediated %y our 'ontinual intera'tions with other hu$an and nonhu$an %odies!5 )ur 4%ody i$ages5 are thus 4'onstru'ted through a series of 'or#oreal e/'hanges that take #la'e %oth within and outside of s#e'ifi' %odies!5;; *##lying this 'on'e#t to #oliti'al theory, one 'ould say that the white $e$%ers of the %ody #oliti' 'ontinually e/'hange their whiteness with ea'h other, re'ognizing ea'h others2 %odies in the light of their full $e$%ershi# in the #olity, and so re'i#ro'ally 'reating that #olity! *s white, as a full 'itizen, one2s %ody $irrors the larger %ody! )ne walks with 'onfiden'e in the knowledge that one2s 'itizenshi# will %e re'ognized, sin'e it is written on one2s %ody-it is one2s %ody! *nd the i$age of the white %ody #oliti' is then e/tended through relations of e3ual inter'or#oreal re'ognition throughout a whitened s#a'e! (here is a $a'ro.%ody, the 'olle'tive white %ody, sustained %y intersu%Ce'tive, artifi'ial, 4'ontra'tual5 agree$ent %etween the full hu$ans, whose s#a'e is the lo'us of the %ody #oliti' #ro#er! *nd it is re'ognized as a##ro#riate, through relations of une3ual 'or#oreal e/'hange, that the %la'k %ody-in a sense the 4nonhu$an %ody5-%e e/'luded fro$ the $a'ro.%ody! 1,(3*4)10 )(=,47(0)(*1/,30 ,3 *+83 *+) )(=,47(0)(*1/,30 1664764,1*) *7 this %ody-the nor$ative %ody, *+) 5+,*) <7:9! 1in'e white s#a'e has %een histori'ally #rivileged, white

environ$entalists 'an #la'e their e$#hases on #reservation and 'onservation, slogans a##ro#riate for those whose s#a'es have %enefited fro$ full in'or#oration into the white $a'ro%ody! If the role of the sovereign, as 4soul5 +8o%%es, of the %ody #oliti', is to $aintain the %ody2s health, then the role of the white sovereign is to ensure the health of the white %ody ! Eor a state founded on the ra'ial 'ontra't, this will $ean the differential allo'ation of resour'es to the 'reation and #rote'tion of white s#a'es! *nd histori'ally, *+) 3*1*) +13 in fa't 01:) <7*+ 361.) 1(: 41.), *+478-+ :)014.1*,(- <9 /15 *+) 6768/1*,7(3 .7:): 13 41.)3 , through enfor'ing segregation, and *+478-+ :,=)4-)(* *4)1*0)(* 7; *+) 4)36).*,=) :,=,:): 361.)3 ! Bes$ond 0ing, an English
#oliti'al s'ientist, #oints out the disingenuousness of a $ainstrea$ 6!1! #oliti'al theory that 4little a'knowledges5 the o%vious fa't that the federal govern$ent 4'onstituted a #owerful institution u#holding arrange$ents #rivileging Whites and dis'ri$inating against Bla'ks! 5;A (he ra'ial state a'ts on %ehalf of the white 'itizenry, #ouring resour'es into the #rivileged white s#a'ess'hools, infrastru'ture, Co% 'reation, highways, $ortgage assistan'e, #oli'e #rote'tion-sin'e they are our s#a'es, the s#a'es that we, the full 'itizens of the #olity, inha%it! 1o there is no 'o$$on s#a'e, as in the $ythi'al ra'eless so'ial 'ontra't! ?ather, *+)4) 14) 784 361.)3 1(: *+),4 361.)3! But even their s#a'es are in a sense ours-they are the s#a'es we 'on'ede to the$, insofar as +short of outright e/#ulsion, they have to o''u#y so$e s#a'e! )riginally, it is e/#li'it, then, that %la'ks do not have free

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BROWNFIELDS AFF BAUDL 2013 range over the to#ogra#hy of the %ody #oliti'! ?ather, they are restri'ted to se'ond.'lass s#a'es, as %efitting their se'ond.'lass, su%#erson statusI N,--)4*75(, D142*75(, B47(>)=,//), *+) </1.2 <)/*, *+) -+)**7, *+) ,(()4 .,*9 , in housing
arrange$entsJ and, when they are allowed to enter the #u%li' white s#a'e, the %a'k of the %us, the seats in the %al'ony, the 'rowded 'ar at the end of the train! T+)3) 361.)3 <).70) ,:)(*,;,): 13 </1.2 361.)3,

1(: 14) :)47-1*): 13 38.+, 3,-(1/,(- *+),4 (70(.746741*,7( ,( *+) 4)36).*1</) ;/)3+ 7; *+) 5+,*) <7:9 67/,*,.! 0ing des'ri%es howI
<rior to the end of segregation, the 6nited 1tates was su%nationally a divided #olity! (wo #oliti'al syste$s, $irroring two so'ieties, the one de$o'rati' and the other oligar'hi', e/isted side %y side! ! ! ! 1egregation was an arrange$ent where%y Bla'k *$eri'ans, as a $inority, were syste$ati'ally treated in a se#arate, %ut 'onstitutionally san'tioned way! *s the **&< o%served, they were treated 4al$ost as le#ers!5;D *nd this le#rous flesh, the %oundary of #oliti'al, $oral, and s#atial e/'lusion fro$ the %ody #oliti' #ro#er, $arks the li$its of the sovereign2s full res#onsi%ilities! *s derogated s#a'e, inha%ited %y %eings of lesser worth, it is a ne'essary fun'tionalist s#a'e analogous to the %ody #arts %elow the %elt, the ones we kee# hidden! 1in'e the nor$ative %ody is the white %ody, the %la'k %ody, or the unavoida%le %la'k #arts of the white %ody-its waste #rodu'ts, its e/'reta-need to %e ke#t out of white sight! White s#a'e needs to %e $aintained in its 'hara'ter as white and #reserved fro$ 'onta$ination %y the ever. threatening dark s#a'e-evil, shitty, savage, su%#roletananized! )n the 'olle'tive white $a'ro.%ody, these s#a'es are literally %lots on the lands'a#e that we have to tolerate %ut that $ust not %e allowed to tres#ass %eyond their %orders! (he #oliti's of ra'ial s#a'e then re3uires that the line %e drawn, the %oundaries not 'rossed! (hese s#a'es $ust stay in their #la'e! (he ra'ial 'ontra't is in #art an agree$ent to $aintain 'ertain s#atial relations, a 'ertain s#atial regi$e, the in'arnation of the white %ody #oliti', the #hysi'al $anifestation of the white Leviathan! In this revised 'on'e#tual fra$ework, then, it %e'o$es unsur#rising that the 6nited &hur'h of &hrist2s &o$$ission for ?a'ial "usti'e found in the first national study on the to#i' +1@>=,I R1.) ,3 #*+) 3,(-/) 073* ,0674*1(* ;1.*74 +i!e!, $ore i$#ortant than in'o$e, ho$e ownershi# rate, and #ro#erty values, ,( *+) /7.1*,7( 7; 1<1(:7(): *7F,. 513*) 3,*)3!5;6 1o$e %la'k residents of these areas feel 4We don2t have the 'o$#le/ion for #rote'tion!5;= * national investigation +1@@2, %y the ational Law "ournal of Enviro$nental <rote'tion *gen'y 'leanu# efforts 'on'luded 4that the average fine i$#osed on #olluters in white areas was D06 #er'ent higher than the average fine i$#osed in $inority 'o$$unities5 and that 4'leanu# took longer in $inority 'o$$unities, even though the efforts were often less intensive than those #erfor$ed in white neigh%orhoods!5;>

Hainstrea$ white environ$entalists are #er'eived as 'aring $ore a%out #arks and owls than #eo#le of 'olor!;@
4Institutional resistan'e to #roviding infor$ation Oon environ$ental issuesQ is likely to %e greater for grou#s su'h as ra'ial $inorities!5 In general, 4<u%li' offi'ials and #rivate industry have, in $any 'ases, res#onded to the IHBY

O ot in Hy Bla'k YardQ #heno$enon using the S<IBBY2 #rin'i#le, S<la'e in Bla'ks2 Ba'k Yards!2 4A1 In effe't, then, *+)3) 361.)3 .1( <) 54,**)( 7;; <).183) *+)3) 6)76/) .1( <) 54,**)( 7;;! (he devalued s#a'e intera'ts with its devalued inha%itants! (hey are 4outside5 the %oundaries of e$#athy, not like us, not an e3ually valued %ody in the inter'or#oreal 'o$$unity that is the 'olle'tive
white %ody! *s Bill Lawson #oints out in 'ha#ter ;, 4Living for the &ityI 6r%an 6nited 1tates and Environ$ental "usti'e5 +#! A1,I 4O?Qa'ial and s#atial differen'e $arks i$#ortant differen'es that $ust %e given weight in our $oral deli%eration!! ! ! Environ$entalists have a natural 'on'e#tion of #ollution as a negative nor$! If a

#la'e is thought to %e already #olluted %y ra'ial identifiers, we need to 'ontain the #ollution %y kee#ing it in that area!5 1in'e these are already waste s#a'es, it is only a##ro#riate that the waste #rodu'ts of industrialization should %e dire'ted toward the$! Like seeks like-*+47515193 7( 1 *+4751519 6768/1*,7(, :806,(- 7( *+) 5+,*) <7:9J3 :8063,*) ! 1o the 4environ$ent5 is not the sa$e for these distin't and s#atially segregated 'o$$unities! Bla'k relations to nature have always %een $ediated %y white #ower, the sinews and tendons running through the white %ody! (he 'o$%ination of environ$ental with so'ial Custi'e 'on'erns -so strange and radi'al fro$ the

22

BROWNFIELDS AFF

BAUDL 2013 #oint of view of traditional white environ$entalis$-then is si$#ly a re'ognition of this fa't! C7(3)4=1*,7( .1((7* +1=) *+) 310) 4)37(1(.) ;74 *+) 41.,1//9 :,31:=1(*1-):, 3,(.) *+)9 14) 1* *+) 133 )(: 7; *+) <7:9 67/,*,. 1(: 51(* *+),4 361.) 86-41:):! Eor %la'ks, the 4environ$ent5 is the +in #art, white.'reated environ$ent, where the waste #rodu'ts of white s#a'e are du$#ed and the 'osts of white industry e/ternalized! Insofar as the $ainstrea$ environ$entalist fra$ing of issues rests on the ra'eless %ody of the 'olorless so'ial 'ontra't, it will 'ontinue to $ystify and o%fus'ate these ra'ial realities! #E(=,47(0)(*1/,30$ ;74 </1.23 +13 *7 0)1( (7* 0)4)/9 .+1//)(-,(- *+) 61**)4(3 7; 513*) :,36731/, <8* 1/37, ,( );;).*, *+),4 75( 3*1*83 13 *+) 41.,1/,>): 4);83), *+) </1.2 *413+, 7; *+) 5+,*) <7:9 67/,*,.

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SOLVENCY EITENSIONS
TAI INCENTIVES HAVE
ORE E PIRICALLY RESULTED IN INVEST ENT IN BROWNFIELD SITES, BUT ONEY IS NEEDED!

?)BE

BE?9E? 200D "FARAH, #BROWNFIELDS PROGRA S AND TAI INCENTIVES ARE STI ULATING THE REDVELOP ENT OF BROWNFIELDS PROPERTIES IN NORTH CAROLINA AND SOUTH CAROLINA,$ SOUTHEASTERN ENVIRON ENTAL LAW AOURNAL, SOUTHEASTERN ENVIRON ENTAL LAW AOURNAL, VOL! 13, P! 11D, SPRING, L/N'

federal ta/ in'entives for site 'leanu#s would de'rease federal ta/ revenues %y a##ro/i$ately : ;00 $illion annually, (M4 %ut the ta/ in'entive $ay si$ultaneously leverage as $u'h as : ;!A %illion in #rivate invest$ent and return a##ro/i$ately >,000 %rownfields sites to #rodu'tive use! n>D In Hay 200D, the E<* re#orted that *+) 7=)41// 647-410 has leveraged $ore than : = %illion in #u%li' and #rivate invest$ent, has hel#ed to 'reate $ore than ;1,000 Co%s, and has resulted in the assess$ent of $ore than D,100 #ro#erties ! n>6 (he E<*
(he federal govern$ent esti$ated that e/#e'ts that the de$and for %rownfields grants will in'rease in the future! n>=

D)36,*) *+)3) 38..)33)3, %etween 2000 and 200;, ;8(:,(- ;74 *+) B475(;,)/:3 P47-410 :).4)13): <9 O0P! n>> In res#onse, &ongress #assed a %ill in 200A that in'luded a #rovision to #ro$ote
%rownfields redevelo#$ents and e/#lore innovative funding strategies! n>@ In one of the %ill #rovisions, &ongress authorized : D $illion for ea'h fis'al year fro$ 200A to 200> n@0 to #rovide for G%rightfields,G whi'h are %rownfields i$#le$enting solar energy te'hnologies! n@1 T+) ;8*84) 38..)33 7; *+) B475(;,)/:3

P47-410 5,// /,2)/9 :)6)(: 7( ;84*+)4 /)-,3/1*,=) 1(: ;,(1(.,1/ 386674*! TAI INCENTIVES CEY TO BROWNFIELD REDEVELOP
ENT

BARTSCH 1 (CHARLES, SENIOR POLICY ANALYST NORTHEASTK IDWEST INSTITUTE, #FINANCING BROWNFIELD CLEANUP AND REDEVELOP ENT,$ ONLINE% HTTP%//WWW!NE W!ORG/BROWNFIN!HT ) By attra'ting invest$ent and #roviding a 'ash.flow 'ushion for 'o$#anies, federal ta/ in'entives 'ould hel# #ro$ote %rownfield redevelo#$ent! Like histori' reha%ilitation ta/ 'redits, ,n'entives fo'used on environ$ental 'leanu# and site reuse would hel# level the e'ono$i' #laying field %etween old %rownfield sites and new greenfield lo'ations ! (o li$it their 'osts, ta/ in'entives 'ould %e targeted in various ways-to e'ono$i'ally distressed areas with de$onstrated #otential for #rodu'tive reuse, to or#han sites, or to #u%li'ly.owned sites! Law$akers are develo#ing draft legislation for two ta/.in'entive a##roa'hes! Environ$ental re$ediation ta/ 'redits 'ould offset a variety of 'osts, su'h as site 'hara'terization and 'leanu#! *fter the ortheast.Hidwest &ongressional &oalitionKs Be'e$%er 1@@A foru$ in <itts%urgh, ?e#! Willia$
&oyne +B.<*, develo#ed a draft #ro#osal to authorize an environ$ental re$ediation 'redit e3ual to =D #er'ent of the 'osts for 'arrying out a 'leanu# #lan that has %een a##roved either %y the 6!1! Environ$ental <rote'tion *gen'y +E<*, or another designated %ody +i!e!, a state agen'y ad$inistering a voluntary 'leanu# #rogra$! ?e#! &oyne, who intends to introdu'e legislation soon,

this 'redit to sites with Ga strong likelihood of redevelo#$entG and that would likely re$ain dor$ant without the finan'ing assistan'e ! 1ite re$ediation a'tivities 'ould %e'o$e eligi%le for so$e for$ of ta/.e/e$#t industrial develo#$ent %ond +IBB, finan'ing! 1u'h a ta/ in'entive has the effe'tive result of lowering the 'ost of 'a#ital needed to 'arry out a #roCe't! Environ$ental re$ediation a'tivities-site 'hara'terization, 'leanu#, and #re#aration a'tivities -for$ an integral #art of $any
would target

$anufa'turing #roCe'ts, whi'h are a''e#ta%le s$all.issue IBB a'tivities!

?e#! &oyne also is 'ir'ulating a draft #ro#osal to 'larify the use of so. 'alled G3ualified redevelo#$ent %ondsG +one ty#e of IBB issuan'e, to s#e'ifi'ally #er$it their use for environ$ental re$ediation, in'luding Gthe 'learing and #re#aration for develo#$ent of landG a'3uired %y a unit of govern$ent! )n'e federal statutes re'ognize site re$ediation a'tivities as eligi%le uses, states 'ould $ake %rownfield #roCe'ts a #riority within their own IBB volu$e allo'ation #ro'edures

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A2% GENTRIFICATION (1/2)

REVITALIZATION DOES NOT HURT NEIGHBORHOOD RESIDENTS ANY WORSE THAN DECAY! AACOB L 7I9B)?, FACULTY RSCH FELLOW, NATJL BUREAU OF ECONO IC RESEARCH, 2006 "#DOES URBAN DECAY HAR THE POORG$ HTTP%//TRINITY!AAS!DUCE!EDU/QAVIGDOR/DUDHTP!PDF' 8ouseholds 'ould %e har$ed %y revitalization if asso'iated #ri'e in'reases e/'eed their willingness.to.#ay! Eurther eviden'e e/#loiting the longitudinal nature of the *81 reveals that su'h #ri'e in'reases are not the nor$! )n average, #ri'e es'alation in revitalizing neigh%orhoods is roughly e3uivalent to

the rate of a##re'iation o%served in de'lining neigh%orhoods! (his suggests that fa'tors other than neigh%orhood 3uality trends #lay a do$inant role in deter$ining rent in'reases fa'ed %y households in low.3uality neigh%orhoods! (o %e sure, eviden'e suggests that rent in'reases e/'eed household willingness.to.#ay in so$e revitalizing areas, %ut this ty#e of rent in'rease is no $ore likely to o''ur in revitalizing areas than in sta%le or de'lining ones! (he ter$ 4gentrifi'ation5 has negative, even alar$ing, 'onnotations in so$e ur%an areas! (he eviden'e #rovided here suggests that those who fear neigh%orhood revitalization have $ade a %asi' error of attri%ution, %y asso'iating it with #ri'e in'reases that a##ear $ore strongly linked to other, al%eit not fully identified, $arket for'es!
REVITALIZATION TRADES OFF WITH OTHER EIPENSES AND DOESNJT FORCE RESIDENTS OUT! AACOB L 7I9B)?, FACULTY RSCH FELLOW, NATJL BUREAU OF ECONO IC RESEARCH, 2006 "#DOES URBAN DECAY HAR THE POORG$ HTTP%//TRINITY!AAS!DUCE!EDU/QAVIGDOR/DUDHTP!PDF' *llowing de$and and su##ly to vary! When housing de$and and su##ly vary, 'hanges in

neigh%orhood 3uality $ay also %ring a%out 'hanges in neigh%orhood 'a#a'ity! In'reases in 3uality, %y raising #ri'es, lead households to 'onsu$e less housing and #rodu'ers to su##ly $ore! &onversely, redu'tions in 3uality, whi'h lower #ri'es, will lead towards in'reases in #er.household 'onsu$#tion of housing and lower su##ly! &hanges in neigh%orhood 3uality should thus 'ovary #ositively with #o#ulation growth! NO
CORRELATION BETWEEN CHANGE IN NEIGHBORHOOD BUALITY AND PRICE INCREASES, REVITALIZATION CAN ONLY BE BETTER THAN DECAY! AACOB L 7I9B)?, FACULTY RSCH FELLOW, NATJL BUREAU OF ECONO IC RESEARCH, 2006 "#DOES URBAN DECAY HAR THE POORG$ HTTP%//TRINITY!AAS!DUCE!EDU/QAVIGDOR/DUDHTP!PDF'

&onventional wisdo$ suggests that ur%an revitalization 'an har$ the #oor, #ri$arily %y raising rents! It has also %een argued that ur%an de'line har$s the #oor %y redu'ing Co% o##ortunities, the 3uality of lo'al
#u%li' servi'es, and other neigh%orhood a$enities! (his see$ing 'ontradi'tion 'an %e e/#lained in a $odel in'or#orating $oving 'osts and neigh%orhood 3uality 'hange suffi'iently large to 'hange the rank.ordering of neigh%orhoods! Bata fro$ the *$eri'an 8ousing 1urvey are used to esti$ate a dis'rete 'hoi'e

$odel identifying households2 willingness.to.#ay for neigh%orhood 3uality, using very %asi' #ro/ies for 3uality! (hese willingness.to.#ay esti$ates are then 'o$#ared to the a'tual #ri'e 'hanges that a''o$#any o%served 'hanges in neigh%orhood 3uality! (he results suggest that the 'orrelation %etween neigh%orhood 3uality 'hange and #ri'e 'hanges is a'tually 3uite low, 'onsistent with the theoreti'al notion that e3uili%riu$ #ri'e differentials are deter$ined %y the household with the least valuation for 3uality! (he results i$#ly that, in general, neigh%orhood revitalization is $ore favora%le than neigh%orhood de'line

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A2% GENTRIFICATION (2/2)

ENVIRON ENTAL AUSTICE OVE ENTS INCLUDE THE CO UNITY IN THE DECISION ACING PROCESS, WHICH SOLVES GENTRIFICATION! B* T8*E, H&&)?HI&0 200= (SPENCER AND ELEANOR, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF ECONO ICS, GEORGIA STATE U AND RSCH ASSISTANT, AAN M, #HAZARDOUS WASTER RENEWABLE RESOURCES AND CONSERVATION% LAND USER DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECTS$, HTTP%//YOSE ITE!EPA!GOV/EE/EPA/EED!NSF/WPNU BERNEW/200LK02G OPENDOCU ENT)

(he literature suggests several fa'tors that $ight $ini$ize the #ro%a%ility of any gentrifi'ation o''urring or $itigate its effe'ts! Eirst, given the i$#ortan'e of aestheti' a$enities, reuse #roCe'ts that fit the e/isting 'hara'ter of the 'o$$unity are less likely to trigger gentrifi'ation! &onsistent with this #oint, the E"*& +2006, re#ort on unintended 'onse3uen'es stresses the i$#ortan'e of 'o$$unity involve$ent in #lanning reuse #roCe'ts! EVEN
IF GENTRIFICATION OCCURS, IT HAS AN EITRE ELY S ALL EFFECT CO PARED TO ENVIRON ENTAL HAZARD ZONES! B* T8*E, H&&)?HI&0 200L (SPENCER AND ELEANOR, ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF ECONO ICS, GEORGIA STATE U AND RSCH ASSISTANT, AAN M, #HAZARDOUS WASTER RENEWABLE RESOURCES AND CONSERVATION% LAND USER DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECTS$, HTTP%//YOSE ITE!EPA!GOV/EE/EPA/EED!NSF/WPNU BERNEW/200LK02G OPENDOCU ENT)

If gentrifi'ation o''urs, its geogra#hi' e/tent is likely to %e very lo'al! 9lass +1@6A, and Tukin +1@>=, stress that gentrified neigh%orhoods 'an e/ist side.%y.side with deteriorating ones! Host hedoni' #ri'e studies of 1u#erfund sites have fo'used on very lo'al areas, with effe'ts e/tending to 2 $iles or so at $ost! 1tudies with the $ost fle/i%le fun'tional for$s +using rings around a L6L6 or s#lines, for e/a$#le, find the strongest effe'ts within a%out a $ile +e!g! Ihlanfeldt and (aylor 200A, H'&luskey and ?ausser 200;,! With res#e't to de$ogra#hi's, Banzhaf and Walsh find that in'o$e res#onses to (?I sites are still #resent one.half $ile away, %ut weaker than one. 3uarter $ile! (he 'leanu# and reuse of s$aller L6L6s, su'h as %rownfields, are likely to have even $ore lo'al effe'ts!

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A2% DISADS
CREATING
EBUITABLE SOLUTIONS TO ENVIRON ENTAL HAR REBUIRES ACING THE CO IT ENT TO EBUALITY OUR FIRST PRIORITY H ONLY BY PLACING THE RISCS THAT DISADVANTAGED CO UNITIES ARE EIPOSED TO AT THE CENTER OF OUR I PACT CALCULUS CAN WE ADDRESS THE DISE POWERING NATURE OF ODERN SOCIETY! AND CIRBY 1DD4 ( ELINA AND ANDREW, PROFESSOR OF SOCIAL SCIENCES, ARIZONA STATE U, AND ASSOCIATE DEAN FOR ACADE IC AFFAIRS, AUCCLAND, #FINDING FAIRNESS IN A ERICASS CITIESG THE SEARCH FOR ENVIRON ENTAL EBUITY IN EVERYDAY LIFE$, AOURNAL OF SOCIAL ISSUES, VOL! &0, NO! 3, 1DD4, PP!

LAITURI

121K13D ASTOR) We have argued that any 'onsideration of green Custi'e 'annot %e li$ited solely to wilde$ess areasJ it $ust in'lude too the issue of natural resour'es as they are $anifested within our ur%an areas! Indeed, a growing voi'e within *$eri'an 'ities sees the ine3uita%le distri%ution of these resour'es as yet another di$ension of ine3uality within so'iety! &lass and ethni'ity already deter$ine a great deal of our o##ortunitiesJ there is $ounting e$#iri'al eviden'e that #overty and 'olor are fre3uently asso'iated with a #oor 3uality of life and #oor a''ess to a healthy environ$ent! While $any of us have o%served these ine3uities, su'h o%servations have %een slow to infiltrate the #lanning #ro'ess and the #oliti'al real$! (his is %e'ause we have de#ended u#on $odels of rationality, in %oth the analysis of risk and the deter$ination of environ$ental i$#a'ts, that are in'a#a%le of in'or#orating issues of e3uity! It is for this reason that we argued for the 'reation of new a##roa'hes, ones that are 'ongruent with the needs and views of the residents the$selves! We have shown, in the dis'ussion of the Environ$ental E3uity *ssess$ent, that it is #ossi%le to generate for$al $ethodologies that allow us to in'or#orate a %roader s#e'tru$ of issues, ranging fro$ 'o$$unity views on risk through to a %road range of e'ono$i' i$#a'ts and #ossi%le ty#es of 'o$#ensation! )ur ne'essarily %rief'ase study of (u'son #rovides a sket'h of how su'h an EE* 'an %e develo#ed! Eor #sy'hologists, this analysis offers one %asi' insight, na$ely the i$#ortan'e of understanding the 'olle'tive dis'ourse of risk in a 'o$$unity and the need to #la'e this dis'ourse within the 'onte/ts %oth of e3uity and the environ$ental 3uality of life ! While individual 'onstru'tions of the natural world and hazards are not without interest, these are always #art of larger 'urrents of o#inion, di'tated %y 'or#orations, gove$$ents and the residents the$selves ! In the #ast these 'olle'tive values have re'eived less attention than those of the individual-and in dis'i#lines like e/#eri$ental e'ono$i's, the 'onstru'tion of the individualKs risk 'al'ulus re$ains #ara$ount! 8ere, we have e$#hasized that the deter$ination of e3uity with regard to the natural world $ust #ay attention to the ways in whi'h the 'olle'tive 'ons'iousness is forged, if #ast e/#erien'es of #ollution and a #oor 3uality of life are to %e re'tified and avoided in the future!

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A2% DISADS
A
CO IT ENT TO ENVIRON ENTAL AUSTICE EANS NOT RELYING ON OLD DECISION ACING ODELS LICE UTILITARIANIS AND ECONO IC COSTKBENEFIT ANALYSIS H THESE ODELS ARE THE SELVES RESPONSIBLE FOR THE CONDITION OF THE CITY AND INEVITABLY DEISREGARD THOSE WHO ARE OST AFFECTED BY ENVIRON ENTAL DEGRADATION!

WE

2001 (PETER S!, PROFESSOR OF PHILOSOPHY AND LEGAL STUDIES AT SANGA ON STATE UNIVERSITY AND ADAUNCT PROFESSOR OF EDICAL HU ANITIES AT SOUTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF EDICINE, , FACES OF ENVIRON ENTAL RACIS % CONFRONTING ISSUES OF GLOBAL AUSTICE (2ND ED!,), P! O3KOL)

6tilitarians 'onsider the interests of all individuals e3ually, and advo'ate #ursuing 'ourses of a'tion that #ro$ise to #rodu'e results 'ontaining the greatest +net, su$ of good! 8owever, irres#e'tive of how 4good5 is defined, #ro%le$s with utilitarian a''ounts of Custi'e are $any and notorious! 6tilitarianis$ suffers in #art %e'ause its dire't interest is e/'lusively in the su$ total of good, and in the future! 1in'e the su$ of good is all that 'ounts in utilitarianis$, *here is no guarantee that the good of so$e will not %e sa'rifi'ed for the greater good of others! Ea$ous #eo#le 'ould re'eive +Custifia%ly a''ording to utilitarians, #arti'ularly harsh senten'es for 'ri$inal a'tivity to effe't general deterren'e! Even when fa$e results fro$ honest #ursuits, a fa$ous felon2s senten'e is likely to attra't $ore attention than senten'es in other 'ases of si$ilar 'ri$inal a'tivity! Be'ause #otential 'ri$inals are $ore likely to res#ond to senten'es in su'h 'ases, harsh #unish$ent is Custified for utilitarian reasons on grounds that are unrelated to the 'ri$e! 6tilitarianis$ suffers in 'ases like this not only fro$ its e/'lusive attention to the su$ total of good, %ut also

fro$ its e/'lusive #reo''u#ation with future 'onse3uen'es, whi'h $akes the relevan'e of #ast 'ondu't indire'*! (his affe'ts not only retri%ution, %ut also re'i#ro'ity and gratitude, whi'h utilitarians endorse only to #rodu'e the greatest su$ of future %enefits! (he dire't relevan'e of #ast agree$ents and %enefits, whi'h 'o$$on sense assu$es, disa##ears in utilitarianis$ ! 1o does dire't a##li'ation of the #rin'i#le of
&o$$ensurate Burdens and Benefits! (he $erits of the utilitarian reCe'tion of 'o$$on sense $orality need not %e assessed, however, %e'ause

utilitarianis$ see$s i$#ossi%le to #ut into #ra'ti'e! 6tilitarian su##ort for any #arti'ular 'on'lusion is under$ined %y the ina%ility of anyone a'tually to #erfor$ the kinds of 'al'ulations that utilitarians #rofess to use! Whether the good is identified with ha##iness or #referen'e. satisfa'tion, the two leading 'ontenders at the $o$ent, utilitarians announ'e the 'on'lusions of their 'al'ulations without ever %eing a%le to show the 'al'ulation itself!
When I was in s'hool, $ath tea'hers sus#e'ted that students who 'ould never show their work were 'o#ying answers fro$ other students! I sus#e't si$ilarly that utilitarians, whose 4'al'ulations5 often su##ort 'on'lusions that others rea'h %y re'ourse to #rin'i#les of gratitude, retri%utive Custi'e, 'o$$ensuration %etween %urdens and %enefits, and so forth, rea'h 'on'lusions on grounds of intuitions influen'ed #redo$inantly %y these very #rin'i#les! 6tilitarians $ay 'lai$ that, 'ontrary to su#erfi'ial a##earan'es, these #rin'i#les are the$selves su##orted %y utilitarian 'al'ulations! But, again, no one has #rodu'ed a relevant 'al'ulation! 1o$e #rin'i#les see$ #ri$a fa'ie o##osed to utilitarianis$, su'h as the one #res'ri%ing s#e'ial soli'itude of #arents for their own 'hildren! It would see$ that in 'old 'li$ates $ore good would %e #rodu'ed if #eo#le %ought winter 'oats for needy 'hildren, instead of s#e'ial dress 'oats and ski attire for their own 'hildren! But utilitarians defend the #rin'i#le of s#e'ial #arental 'on'ern! (hey de'lare this #rin'i#le 'onsistent with utilitarianis$ %y a##eal to entirely untested, unsu%stantiated assu$#tions a%out 'ounterfa'tuals! It is a kind of 4"ust 1o5 story that e/#lains how good is $a/i$ized %y adheren'e to 'urrent standards! (here is no 'al'ulation at all! *nother indi'ation that utilitarians 'annot #erfor$ the 'al'ulations they #rofess to rely u#on 'on'erns #rin'i#les whose worth is in genuine dis#ute! 6tilitarians offer no 'al'ulations that hel# to settle the $atter! Eor e/a$#le, $any #eo#le wonder today whether or not #atriotis$ is a worthy $oral #rin'i#le! Betailed utilitarian 'al'ulations #lay no #art in the dis'ussion!

2>

BROWNFIELDS AFF

BAUDL 2013 (hese are so$e of the reasons why utilitarianis$ #rovides no hel# to those de'iding whether or not dis#ro#ortionate e/#osure of #oor #eo#le to to/i' wastes is Cust!
Eree Harket *##roa'h (o/i' wastes, a %urden, 'ould %e #la'ed where residents a''e#t the$ in return for $onetary #ay$ent, a %enefit! 1in'e $arket transa'tions often satisfa'torily 'o$$ensurate %urdens and %enefits, this a##roa'h $ay see$ to honor the #rin'i#le of 'o$$ensuration %etween %urdens and %enefits! 6nlike $any $arket transa'tions, however, whole 'o$$unities, a'ting as 'or#orate %odies, would have to 'ontra't with those seeking to %ury wastes! )therwise, any single individual in the 'o$$unity 'ould veto the transa'tion, resulting in the i$#asse attending li%ertarian a##roa'hes!= &o$$unities 'ould re'eive $oney to i$#rove su'h #u%li' fa'ilities as s'hools, #arks, and hos#itals, in addition to o%taining ta/ revenues and Co%s that result ordinarily fro$ %usiness e/#ansion! (he $aCor #ro%le$ with this free $arket a##roa'h is that it fails to a''ord e3ual 'onsideration to everyone2s interests! Where %asi' or vital goods and servi'es are at issue, we usually think e3ual 'onsideration of interests re3uires a$eliorating ine3ualities of distri%ution that $arkets tend to #rodu'e! Eor e/a$#le, one reason, although not the only reason, for #u%li' edu'ation is to #rovide every 'hild with the %asi' intelle'tual tools ne'essary for su''ess in our so'iety! * #urely free $arket a##roa'h, %y 'ontrast, would result in e/'ellent edu'ation for 'hildren of wealthy #arents and little or no edu'ation for 'hildren of the nation2s #oorest residents! )##ortunities for 'hildren of #oor #arents would %e so inferior that we would say the 'hildren2s interests had not %een given e3ual 'onsideration! (he reasoning is si$ilar where vital goods are 'on'erned! (he 6nited 1tates has the Hedi'aid #rogra$ for #oor #eo#le to su##le$ent $arket transa'tions in health 'are #re'isely %e'ause e3ual 'onsideration of interests re3uires that everyone %e given a''ess to health 'are! (he 1@@A health 'are de%ate in the 6nited 1tates was, ostensi%ly, a%out how to a'hieve universal 'overage, not a%out whether or not Custi'e re3uired su'h 'overage! With the e/'e#tion of 1outh *fri'a, every other industrialized 'ountry already has universal 'overage for health 'are! Where vital needs are 'on'erned, $arkets are su##le$ented or avoided in order to give e3ual 'onsideration to everyone2s interests! *nother e/a$#le 'on'erns $ilitary servi'e in ti$e of war! (he 6nited 1tates has e$#loyed 'ons'ri#tion during the &ivil War, %oth world wars, the 0orean War, and the war in 7ietna$! When the national interest re3uires #la'ing $any #eo#le in $ortal danger, it is 'onsidered Cust that e/#osure %e largely unrelated to in'o$e and $arket transa'tions! (he 6nited 1tates does not 'urrently #rovide genuine e3uality in edu'ation or health 'are, nor did universal 'ons'ri#tion +of $ales, #ut all $en at e3ual risk in ti$e of war! In all three areas, advantage a''rues to those with greater in'o$e and wealth! +Buring the &ivil War, #aying for a su%stitute was legal in $any 'ases!, I$#erfe'tion in #ra'ti'e, however, should not o%s'ure general agree$ent in theory that Custi'e re3uires e3ual 'onsideration of interests, and that su'h e3ual 'onsideration re3uires reCe'ting #urely free $arket a##roa'hes where %asi' or vital needs are 'on'erned! (o/i' su%stan'es affe't %asi' and vital interests! Lead, arseni', and 'ad$iu$ in the vi'inity of 'hildren2s ho$es 'an result in $ental retardation of the 'hildren! avaho teens e/#osed to radiation fro$ uraniu$ $ine tailings have seventeen ti$es the national average of re#rodu'tive organ 'an'er! Environ$ental <rote'tion *gen'y +E<*, offi'ials esti$ate that to/i' air #ollution in areas of 1outh &hi'ago in'rease 'an'er risks one hundred to one thousand ti$es! <ollution fro$ )tis *ir Eor'e %ase in Hassa'husetts is asso'iated with alar$ing in'reases in 'an'er rates! on.8odgkin2s Ly$#ho$a is related to living near stone, 'lay, and glass industry fa'ilities, and leuke$ia is related to living near 'he$i'al and #etroleu$ #lants!12 In general, 'an'er rates are higher in the 6nited 1tates near industries that use to/i' su%stan'es and dis'ard the$ near%y!1; In su$, the #la'e$ent of to/i' wastes affe'ts %asi' and vital interests Cust as do edu'ation, health 'are, and warti$e $ilitary servi'e! E/e$#tion fro$ $arket de'isions is re3uired to avoid unCust i$#ositions on the #oor, and to res#e't #eo#le2s interests e3ually! * 'hild dying of 'an'er re'eives little %enefit fro$ the 'o$$unity2s new swi$$ing #ool!

&ost.Benefit *nalysis +&B*, &B* is an e'ono$ist2s version of utilitarianis$, where the su$ to %e $a/i$ized is so'iety2s wealth, as $easured in $onetary units, instead of ha##iness or #referen'e satisfa'tion! 1o'iety2s wealth is
'o$#uted %y noting +and esti$ating where ne'essary, what #eo#le are willing to #ay for goods and servi'es! (he $ore #eo#le are willing to #ay for what e/ists in so'iety, the %etter off so'iety is, a''ording to &B*! CBA will 'hara'teristi'ally re3uire #la'e$ent of to/i' wastes near #oor #eo#le! 1u'h #la'e$ent usually lowers land values +what #eo#le are willing to #ay for #ro#erty,! Land that is already 'hea#, where #oor #eo#le live, will not lose as $u'h value as land that is 'urrently e/#ensive , where wealthier #eo#le live, so a s$aller loss of so'ial wealth attends #la'e$ent of to/i' wastes near #oor #eo#le! (his is

Cust the o##osite of what the <rin'i#le of &o$$ensurate Burdens and Benefits re3uires! (he use of &B* also violates e3ual 'onsideration of interests, o#erating $u'h like free $arket a##roa'hes! Where a vital 'on'ern is at issue, e3ual 'onsideration of interests re3uires that #eo#le %e 'onsidered irres#e'tive of in'o$e! (he #la'e$ent of to/i' wastes affe'ts vital interests! Yet &B* would have #oor #eo#le e/#osed dis#ro#ortionately to su'h wastes!2A In su$, li%ertarianis$, utilitarianis$, free $arket distri%ution, and 'ost.%enefit analysis are inade3uate #rin'i#les and $ethodologies to guide the Cust distri%ution of to/i' wastes!

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BAUDL 2013

A2% RUSSIA DA (1/3)

1! NONKUNIBUE! HIGH OIL PRICES OVERHEAT RUSSIAJS ECONO COLLAPSE IN THE STATUS BUO
Y AND

WILL CAUSE
IRRORS$,

CALUGA AND NIZHNY, STAFF WRITERS FOR THE ECONOMIST, J0M "#S OCE AND FEBRUARY 2M, ACCESSED HTTP%//WWW!ECONO IST!CO /WORLD/EUROPE/DISPLAYSTORY!CF G STORYNIDT10LO&120'

&/2O/0M,

(he share of oil and gas in ?ussiaKs 9B< has in'reased, a''ording to the Institute of E'ono$i' *nalysis, fro$ 12!=N in 1@@@ to ;1!6N in 200=! atural resour'es a''ount for >0N of e/#orts! Like a #owerful drug, oil

$oney has $asked the #ain 'aused to the ?ussian e'ono$y %y the 0re$lin! But the disease re$ains!
(o a##re'iate the i$#a't oil #ri'es have on the e'ono$y, 'o$#are real 9B< growth of a%out =N with growth $easured in international #ri'es! In dollar ter$s, says ?ory Ha'Ear3uhar of 9old$an 1a'hs, ?ussiaKs e'ono$y has grown on average %y 2=N a year, the fastest of any %ig e'ono$y sin'e 2000! (he flow of #etrodollars is fanning a $assive 'onsu$#tion %oo$, $aking ?ussia the si/th.%iggest $arket in Euro#e! Bis#osa%le in'o$es +and retail trade, have %een growing twi'e as fast as 9B<! (he #ro%le$, says <eter *ven, the head of *lfa Bank, is that ?ussia has failed to 'onvert the oil sti$ulus into do$esti' #rodu'tion! I$#orts are growing $u'h faster than $anufa'turing! (he ra#id real a##re'iation of the rou%le is hurting ?ussiaKs #rodu'ers, and $any goods are of #oor 3uality! (his is why *lgeria says it wants to return 1D $ilitary Cets it #ur'hased fro$ ?ussia! <rodu'tivity re$ains far %elow that of $ost develo#ed 'ountries! In the first years after the 1@@> 'risis, la%our and 'a#ital effi'ien'y went u# %y D!>N a year! But that growth was driven %y using s#are 'a#a'ity left fro$ 1oviet ti$es! 1ustaining it will re3uire $ore invest$ent! Heanwhile the e'ono$y, una%le to digest the $oney generated %y the oil.and.gas %oo$, is 'learly overheating! Inflation $oved into dou%le digits in late 200=, #ushed u# %y, a$ong other things, a huge inflow of 'a#ital attra'ted %y swelling reserves and the strong rou%le! 6nlike oil revenues, whi'h 'an %e #artially 'hannelled into the sta%ilisation fund, this $oney 'annot easily %e a%sor%ed!

2! NO LINC! CHINA, INDIA, AND DRIVERS OF OIL PRICES

THE

IDDLE

EAST HAVE REPLACED

THE

US

AS THE

AIN

SHENC J0M " ARC, #E ERGING ARCET OIL USE EICEEDS US AS PRICES RISE$, APRIL 21, HTTP%//WWW!BLOO BERG!CO /APPS/NEWSG PIDT20O0110DUSIDTACPWND3!N0&GUREFERTHO E, ACCESSED O/2&/0M' (raffi' Ca$s in BeiCing and hu$$ing air 'onditioners in Bu%ai are re#la'ing 6!1! highways and su%ur%s as the driver of glo%al oil #ri'es! &hina, India, ?ussia and the Hiddle East for the first ti$e will 'onsu$e $ore 'rude oil than the 6!1!, %urning 20!6= $illion %arrels a day this year, an in'rease of A!A #er'ent, a''ording to the International Energy
*gen'y in <aris! 6!1! de$and will 'ontra't 2 #er'ent to 20!;> $illion %arrels daily, the IE* says!

E'ono$i' growth of $ore than > #er'ent in &hina and India, 'ou#led with in'reasing 'ar ownershi# a$ong the 'ountriesK 'o$%ined #o#ulations of 2!AD %illion #eo#le, will $ore than 'o$#ensate for falling 6!1! de$and! )il use worldwide will in'rease 2 #er'ent this year %e'ause of growth in e$erging $arkets, the <aris.%ased IE* says!
UUBoes the 6!1! $atter any$oreFKK said Hike Wittner, head of oil resear'h at 1o'iete 9enerale 1* in London! UU8as the 6!1! $attered for the last few yearsF It is de%ata%le! *s far as the oil $arket is 'on'erned, de$and

growth is going to %e 'ontinued to %e driven %y &hina and the Hiddle East!KK

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BAUDL 2013

A2% RUSSIA DA (2/3)

3! TURN! HIGH OIL PRICES LEAD HAR RUSSIAJS ECONO Y
TO

CORRUPTION

AND

INFLATION THAT ULTI

ATELY

ATTHEWS J0M "OWEN, HTTP%//WWW!NEWSWEEC!CO

#ECONO Y OF CLAY$, /ID/14&MLL, ACCESSED O/2&/0M'

AY

1L,

But in truth, the ?ussian e'ono$y as a whole is an edifi'e with feet of 'lay! (he %ling and glitter of the 'a#ital o%s'ures a harsh realityI the ar'hite'ture of ?ussiaKs e'ono$y is no $ore solid than that of an inflata%le 'hildrenKs 'astle at fairground, with energy and 'o$$odity #ri'es the wind that kee#s it inflated! Yes, the ?ussian e'ono$y has %een growing fast! But little of that growth has s#illed over into the real ?ussian e'ono$y! ?ather, the %oo$ has, in $any ways, held %a'k ?ussiaKs non.'o$$odities e'ono$y fro$ growingI ra$#ant inflation, s#iraling real.estate #ri'es and higher la%or 'osts, %ureau'rati' 'orru#tion, e/#ensive 'redit and %ad governan'e have 'o$%ined to stifle the 'o$#etitiveness of $any ?ussian %usinesses! G?ussiaKs $a'roe'ono$i' #erfor$an'e has %een stellar,G says e'ono$i' analyst *nders *slund! GBut ?ussiaKs oil sur#lus is so huge that it hides flaws in e'ono$i' #oli'yJ the longer oil #ri'es re$ain high, the worse e'ono$i' #oli'y will %e'o$e! Boo$s %reed 'o$#la'en'y and 'orru#tion!G 4! TURN! HIGH OIL PRICES PREVENT REFOR ANTONOV J01 " ARE WORSE FOR RUSSIAJS ECONO TESTS$, DECE BER , ACCESSED O/2O/0M'

AND

ICHAIL, # ONEY HTTP%//WWW!CDI!ORG/RUSSIA/AOHNSON/&O1MKM!CF

2M,

(hese are $ostly Cust e$otions! Ero$ the strategi'al #oint of view, it is high #ri'es that are dangerous for ?ussia! Like 'hea# foreign loans, they rela/ the govern$ent! (here a##ears a te$#tationI not to 'hange anything, Cust distri%uting dollars and everyone is ha##y! (he $ost i$#ortant e'ono$i' refor$s of the #ast years took #la'e in ?ussia in su'h #eriods, when oil #ri'es were low . 1@>D, 1@@1, 1@@>!

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BAUDL 2013

A2% RUSSIA DA (3/3)

&! AGGRESSION TURN A! HIGH OIL PRICES LEAD TO AGGRESSIVE RUSSIAN FOREIGN POLICY SZRO AND BRUGATO, A ERICAN ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE, J0M "CHARLIE AND THO AS, #LIBUID COURAGE$, FEBRUARY 22, ACCESSED &/21/0M, HTTP%//WWW!A ERICAN!CO /ARCHIVE/200M/FEBRUARYK02K0M/LIBUIDKCOURAGE'
)f 'ourse, oil #ri'es are not the sole deter$inant of ?ussian foreign #oli'yI Hos'ow $ight have a'ted less aggressively if a $ore Western.friendly leader had %een in 'harge! But an in'rease in oil #ri'es has freed

<utin fro$ various international 'onstraints and enhan'ed his leverage a%road in several ways! )il revenue has let ?ussia erase its de%t to international lending organizations! By 2006, it had entirely #aid off its International Honetary Eund o%ligations, whi'h totaled :16!> %illion in 1@@@! ?ussia no longer needs Western 'ash-and therefore Western friendshi#-to kee# its e'ono$y afloat! ew oil funds have also $ade ?ussia less de#endent on neigh%oring trading #artners, whi'h has allowed Hos'ow to use trade 'utoffs as a #oliti'al tool! In ove$%er 200D, ?ussia %anned i$#orts of <olish $eatJ in "anuary 2006, it 'ut off #ur'hases of 6krainian $eat and dairy #rodu'tsJ and later that year it %lo'kaded 9eorgia2s e'ono$y al$ost entirely! *ll three of these 'ountries-through their #ro.Western
foreign #oli'y orientations-had offended Hos'ow!

With its vast oil wealth, ?ussia 'an now #ur'hase the $ilitary tools needed to %uttress an aggressive foreign #oli'y! Between 2001 and 200=, its defense s#ending grew fro$ :=!; %illion to :;1 %illion,
an in'rease of $ore than A00 #er'ent! ?ussian #ilots %arely flew 20 hours a $onth in 1@@@J that nu$%er in'reased to as $any as =0 hours a $onth %y 200;! In )'to%er 200;, ?ussia o#ened its first new %ase in &entral *sia sin'e the end of the &old War! In 200D.2006, ?ussia re'eived over a dozen I&BHs, two strategi' %o$%ers, 1D fighters, 1D satellites, A> (.@0 tanks, over 2D0 *<&s, and =,D00 vehi'les! ?ussia is #lanning for an a$%itious $ilitary %uildu# through 201DI 60 Iskander $issiles, over 1,000 new and $odernized air'raft, five nu'lear.#owered su%$arines, 6@ 11.2= strategi' nu'lear $issiles-the list goes on! (hree new satellites laun'hed in "anuary give ?ussia2s 9lonass syste$, an alternative to the 6!1! 9lo%al <ositioning 1yste$, 'overage of >; #er'ent of the glo%e! <utin des'ri%ed the s'o#e of these #lans in )'to%er 200=I 4)ur #lans aren2t Cust %ig, they are grandiose, and they are #erfe'tly doa%le!5 )il wealth has si$#ly given ?ussia2s elites a $ore 'onfident outlook, e$%oldening the$ to a't $ore assertively a%road! ?ussian foreign $inister 1ergei Lavrov has stated that 4it would %e right to say that we view our role in glo%al energy su##ly as a $eans for ensuring our foreign #oli'y inde#enden'e!5
B!

AGGRESSIVE RUSSIAN FOREIGN POLICY SPARCS CONFLICT IN GEORGIA THAT ESCALATES INTO WORLD WAR THE WEEC DAILY J0M "#COULD ABCHAZIA SPARC A WORLD WARG$, AY M, HTTP%//WWW!THEWEECDAILY!CO /NEWSNOPINION/WORLDNNEWSNOPINION/40DO2/C OULDNABCHAZIANSPARCNANWORLDNWAR!HT L, ACCESSED &/21/0M' With or without for$al *() $e$%ershi#, said *nne *##le%au$ in Slate, 4the West will have to 'o$e u# with a $aCor res#onse5 if ?ussia invades 9eorgia! 9eorgia is 4an e$erging de$o'ra'y5 with troo#s in Ira3, and it has 4$any i$#li'it assuran'es of se'urity5 fro$ the 6!1! and *()! (his is worriso$e! World War I had a si$ilarly o%s'ure start, and trou%le in *%khazia 'ould 4%e'o$e the starting #oint of a larger war!5
It 'ertainly 'ould, said *le/ander 9olts in The Moscow Times, %ut not %e'ause ?ussia or 9eorgia a'tually wants 4this 'onfli't to es'alate toward a $ilitary 'onfli't!5 Both sides have #oliti'al and strategi' reasons to

#rovoke the other, %ut they are #laying a dangerous ga$e of %rinks$anshi#! (he two sides2 4aggressive5 #osturing 'ould shar#ly es'alate out of 'ontrol, like at the start of World War I, and that 'ould have 4tragi' 'onse3uen'es for the entire world!5

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BAUDL 2013

NEG STUFFS

;;

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BAUDL 2013

GENTRIFICATION TURN (1/2)

THE AFF
LEADS TO ENVIRONMENTAL GENTRIFICATION ! CLEANUP AND REVIATLIZATION LEAD TO HIGHER PROPERTY VALUES AND FORCE PEOPLE OUT OF THEIR CO UNITIES!

H! SPENCER B* T8*E * B P! WALSH W*L18 FELLOW, RESOURCES FOR THE FUTURER DEPART ENT OF ECONO ICS AND INSTITUTE FOR BEHAVIORAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO, 2004 (#TESTING FOR ENVIRON ENTAL GENTRIFICATION% IGRATORY RESPONSES TO CHANGES IN ENVIRON ENTAL BUALITY, #2004 AERE WORCSHOP) (here is also a se'ond, $ore su%tle, #oli'y i$#li'ation! In this environ$ent , the %ulk of the %enefits of a #oli'y that su''essfully 'leans u# dirtier neigh%orhoods where the #oor live $ay a'tually %e 'a#tured %y ri'her households! *s the neigh%orhood a$enity i$#roves, wealthier households $ove in, driving u# rents! If the #oor do not own their ho$es, landlords would 'a#ture the 'a#ital a##re'iation of the lo'al housing, while the #oor #ay higher rents! (his Genviron$ental gentrifi'ation,G as 'oined %y 1ieg et al! +200A,, $ay a'tually $ore than offset the dire't gain of the environ$ental i$#rove$ent, so that the original residents are a'tually worse off! 1u'h out'o$es have %een de$onstrated in si$ulation
$odels of air 3uality i$#rove$ents in Los *ngeles +1ieg et al! 200A, and in'reases in #rote'tion of o#en s#a'e in ?aleigh, & +Walsh 200;,

&)HH6

I(Y ?E7I(*LIT*(I) <?)"E&(1 LI0E (8E *EEI?H*(I7E ) LY 9E (?IEY (8E EI98B)?8))B1 (8EY )1(E 1IBLY 1E?7E, E6?(8E? E (?E &8I 9 E 7I?) HE (*L I "61(I&E!

?I&8*?B H))?E SOUTHWEST NETWORC FOR ENVIRON ENTAL AND ECONO IC AUSTICE OF THE EPA 2006 (HTTP%//WWW!SCRIBD!CO /DOC/1O1101O/ENVIRON ENTALK PROTECTIONKAGENCYKREDEVREVITALRECO D2L0O) (he lo'al i$#a't of gentrifi'ation, dis#la'e$ent and e3uity loss is of 'riti'al 'on'ern to environ$ental Custi'e 'o$$unities and their advo'ates! E"*& also is 'on'erned a%out *he i$#li'ations of lo'al de'isions that have a #redi'ta%le, negative effe't on environ$ental Custi'e 'o$$unities nationwide! Harket for'es a##ear to %e the #ri$ary drivers of this #heno$enon! 1#urred %y lo'al govern$ent atte$#ts to re'lai$ underutilized and dereli't #ro#erties for #rodu'tive uses, residents and %usinesses who on'e a%andoned the ur%an 'ore to the #oor and undere$#loyed now seek to return fro$ the su%ur%s! By taking advantage of federal #oli'ies and #rogra$s,
$uni'i#alities, ur%an #lanners and develo#ers are a''o$#lishing $u'h of this largely %enefi'ial 4revitalization!5 8owever, fro$ the #ers#e'tive of gentrified and otherwise dis#la'ed residents and s$all

%usinesses, it a##ears that the revitalization of their 'ities is %eing %uilt on the %a'k of the very 'itizens who suffered, in.#la'e, through the ti$es of a%andon$ent and disinvest$ent! While
these 'itizens are an/ious to see their neigh%orhoods revitalized, they want to %e a%le to 'ontinue living in their neigh%orhoods and #arti'i#ate in that revitalization ! In addition to fa'ing tre$endous dis#la'e$ent

#ressure, *fri'an *$eri'ans and other #eo#le of 'olor also fa'e diffi'ult 'hallenges in o%taining new housing within the sa$e 'o$$unity +or elsewhere, after dis#la'e$ent! Eor e/a$#le, when these #o#ulations are dis#la'ed they $ust often #ay a dis#ro#ortionately high #er'entage of in'o$e for housing! Horeover, they suffer the loss of i$#ortant 'o$$unity 'ulture!

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GENTRIFICATION TURN (2/2)

GENTRIFICATION
PRO OTES COLONIALIS IN THE CITY! DISE POWER INDIGENOUS RESIDENTS!

NEW

AFFLUENT POPULATIONS

S92741 4 +L I Ea'ulty of 1'ien'e, &harles 6niversity in <rague, <ragueI Brownfield Gentrificaion in Amsterdam, htt#IMMwe%!inter!nl!netMusersM<aul!(reanorMgentrifi'ation!ht$l, (he ethi's of gentrifi'ation are #ri$arily a%out dis#la'e$ent, %ut also a%out the ty#e of 'o$$unity whi'h is %eing 'reated! *$sterda$Ks new su%ur% of I"%urg was la%elled a Kyu# ghettoK %efore a
single house was %uilt! (here is no dis#la'e$ent, e/'e#t of fish, sin'e it is all on new artifi'ial islands! (here are no dire'tly adCoining areas, and only one %ridge to the 'ity 'entre! *lthough it is not a Kgated 'o$$unityK, it will have si$ilar so'ial 'hara'teristi's! (he #eo#le who $ove to I"%urg will %e relatively young, with tertiary edu'ation, and it will %e a KwhiteK en'lave in *$sterda$, where a%out half the #o#ulation is fro$ i$$igrant $inorities! (here is eviden'e fro$ ele'toral geogra#hy, that su'h en'laves vote for the right, as you would e/#e't! Long.ter$ $ove$ent of u##er.in'o$e $igrants into an area . as on the south Eren'h 'oastal resorts . 'reates right.wing strongholds! In the Hay 2002 general ele'tions, si$ilar effe'ts a##eared in But'h ele'toral geogra#hyI the Kwhite.flightK su%ur%s around *$sterda$ and ?otterda$ were strongholds of the ra'ist LiCst <i$ Eortuyn! I"%urg will al$ost 'ertainly %e su'h a right.wing su%ur%! (he 3uestion is, should su'h #la'es e/ist at allF *nd, to return to the dis#la'e$ent issue, is it not even worse to 'reate the$, %y dis#la'ing other #eo#leF In other words, Kwhite.flightK su%ur%s are an indi'ation of the end result of the gentrifi'ation #ro'essI right.wing u##er.$iddle.'lass 'on'entrations! In fa't right.wing

attitudes see$ to %e inherent in gentrifi'ation ! (he gentrifiers are usually aware of their own status, es#e'ially the #ioneers of the first #haseI they have 'ons'ious attitudes of Kur%an 'olonisationK! (hey see the$selves as %etter than the indigenous #o#ulation . %e'ause they are %etter edu'ated, $ore so'ially a'tive, $ore 'ulturally aware! (here $ay %e a 'ons'ious atte$#t to Ku#gradeK the #o#ulation, and that idea is finding its way into offi'ial #oli'y! <ro.gentrifi'ation attitudes are usually 'o$%ined with #ro.workfare attitudes! (he logi' is to view the #oor as an inferior grou#, who $ust give u# their ho$es to the ri'h . and then work for the$ in $enial Co%s! (his underlying $entality is in itself an ethi'al o%Ce'tion to gentrifi'ation!

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BROWNFIELDS AFF

BAUDL 2013

RUSSIA DISAD (1/2)

A! UNIBUENESS! OIL PRICES ARE HIGH AND RISING IN THE STATUS BUO AGENCE FRANCE PRESSE J0M "#OIL PRICES TO DOUBLE BY 2012$, APRIL 24, HTTP%//WWW!BREITBART!CO /ARTICLE!PHPG IDT0M04241D0433!04DYOCA4USHOWNARTICLET1'
ACC

O/23/0M,

(he #ri'e of oil is likely to hit 1D0 dollars +&anadian, 61, a %arrel %y 2010 and soar to 22D dollars a %arrel %y 2012 as su##ly %e'o$es in'reasingly tight, a &anadian %ank said (hursday!
(he &IB& re#ort says the International Energy *gen'yKs 'urrent oil #rodu'tion esti$ates overstate su##ly %y a%out nine #er'ent, sin'e it wrongly 'ounts natural gas li3uids .. whi'h are not via%le for trans#ortation fuel .. in its nu$%ers! *nalyst "eff ?u%in in his re#ort noted a''elerating de#letion rates in $any of the worldKs largest and $ost $ature oil fields! 8e esti$ates oil #rodu'tion will hardly grow at all, with average daily #rodu'tion %etween

now and 2012 rising %y %arely a $illion %arrels #er day!

GWhether we have already seen the #eak in world oil #rodu'tion re$ains to %e seen, %ut it is in'reasingly 'lear that the outlook for oil su##ly signals a #eriod of un#re'edented s'ar'ity,G said ?u%in!

GBes#ite the re'ent re'ord Cu$# in oil #ri'es, oil #ri'es will 'ontinue to rise steadily over the ne/t five years, al$ost dou%ling fro$ 'urrent levels!G B! LINCS! 1! ALTERNATIVE ENERGY REDUCES DE OF OILKPRODUCING NATIONS LONG

AND

FOR OIL

AND

UNDER

INES THE

ECONO

IES

UIR, PETROLEU ENGINEER, AND ALHAAAI, ENERGY ECONO IST, J0L "GAVIN AND AF, #NEED FOR A BALANCING ACT$, FEBRUARY 2O, ACCESSED &/12/0M HTTP%//WWW! EES!CO /POSTEDARTICLES/OPED/V&0N0DK&OD01!HT '

(hus, Western #osturing over redu'ing the de$and for oil 'ould 'ause $aCor oil e/#orters to rea't in a variety of ways, $ost of whi'h would e/a'er%ate rather than hel# the glo%al energy situation ! Even in a s'enario where Western 'ountries su''essfully re#la'ed their de$and for oil fro$ alternative indigenous energy

sour'es, they would still have to live on the sa$e #lanet as for$er $aCor oil.e/#orting 'ountries whose fragile so'ieties would then %e fa'ed with the additional e'ono$i' strain of the loss of their $ain 'urrent sour'e of revenue! Energy inde#enden'e for 'urrent oil.i$#orters $ay 'arry a high $oral #ri'e! If a shar# de'line in oil revenues leads to insta%ility in the oil #rodu'ing areas, the West will not %e a%le to turn a %lind eye to su'h 'onfli'ts! In the age of glo%alization, these 'ountries are e'ono$i' and #oliti'al #artners of the West! <oliti'al insta%ility that results fro$ de'lining oil revenues $ust %e added as a #otential 'ost of oil inde#enden'e! In addition, it is un'lear what will ha##en to the
world $onetary syste$ without the trade in oil and the asso'iated re'y'ling of #etrodollars! * 'hange to a world where $ost industrial 'ountries de#end on their own do$esti' energy resour'es would re3uire a $aCor 'hange in the world2s finan'ial and $onetary syste$! 1u'h a 'hange will %ring its own 'hallenges and diffi'ulties to all, in'luding the industrial 'ountries!

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BROWNFIELDS AFF

BAUDL 2013

RUSSIA DISAD (2/2)

2! A SUSTAINED REDUCTION IN OIL PRICES WOULD CRASH THE RUSSIAN ECONO
ITYAYEV, RIA NOVOSTI ECONO IC CO ENTATOR, J0M EDVEDEVJS ECONO IC CHALLENGES$, HTTP%//EN!RIAN!RU/ANALYSIS/200M0&0L/10OM0&OO3!HT L' Y

"OLEG,

AY

#PRESIDENT L,

6nder a #essi$isti' s'enario, the stagnation of the 6!1! e'ono$y would last two years and s#read to Euro#e, %ringing oil #ri'es down! 8owever, the ?ussian govern$entKs e'ono$i' advisers #oint to long.ter$

$a'roe'ono$i' sta%ility in ?ussia, referring $ainly to Gsafety %agsG 'reated $ostly with e/#ort revenues, nota%ly the &entral BankKs international reserves and the reserve and national welfare funds! But if oil #ri'es #lu$$et, although this is highly unlikely, these safety %ags will suffi'e only for a year or two! *fter that, the ru%le will start losing weight, along with #eo#leKs real in'o$es! Worse still, ?ussiaKs $anufa'turing se'tor will lose 'ontra'ts %e'ause invest$ent #rogra$s will %e 'urtailed due to a fall in e/#ort revenues! In this event, the ?ussian e'ono$y will first overheat and then its growth will al$ost 'o$e to a standstill! C! I THO
PACT!

RUSSIAN ECONO

IC

DECLINE CAUSES NUCLEAR WAR

PSON JDD "AI , #THREATS TO THE GLOBAL ECONO Y$, ARCH/APRIL, HTTP%//WWW!THETRU PET!CO /INDEI!PHPGPAGETARTICLEUIDTD&2, ACCESSED

&/14/0M' 4*t no ti$e sin'e the 'ivil war of 1@1>.20 has ?ussia %een 'loser to %loody 'onfli't than it is today,5 and that 4if internal war does strike ?ussia, e'ono$i' deterioration will %e a #ri$e 'ause!5 *s an indi'ator of ?ussia2s #resent finan'ial 'ondition, the Ee%ruary 6 E'ono$ist states that
(he arti'le also says, 4Western %ankers say they would rather eat nu'lear waste than lend to ?ussia in its 'urrent state!5 Eoreign *ffairs 'on'ludes, 4Host alar$ing is the real #ossi%ility that the violent disintegration

of ?ussia 'ould lead to loss of 'ontrol over its nu'lear arsenal! o nu'lear state has ever fallen vi'ti$ to 'ivil war, %ut even without a 'lear #re'edent the gri$ 'onse3uen'es 'an %e foreseen! ?ussia retains so$e 20,000 nu'lear wea#ons and the raw $aterial for tens of thousands $ore, in s'ores of sites s'attered throughout the 'ountryV! 4If war eru#ts, however, Hos'ow2s already weak gri# on nu'lear sites will sla'ken, $aking wea#ons and su##lies availa%le to a wide range of anti.*$eri'an grou#s and states! 1u'h dis#ersal of nu'lear wea#ons re#resents the greatest #hysi'al threat *$eri'a now fa'es! *nd it is hard to think of anything that would in'rease this threat $ore than the 'haos that would follow a ?ussian 'ivil war!5

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BAUDL 2013

RUSSIA DA A2% NONKUNIBUE

1! AFFIR
ATIVE

EVIDENCE IS NOT RELEVANT

THE CALUGA

AND NIZHNY EVIDENCE SAYS NOTHING ABOUT INFLATION CAUSING AN ECONO IC COLLAPSE IN THE SHORTK OR LONGKTER ! IT DOES NOT NONKUNIBUE OUR I PACT!

2! ECONO IC GROWTH AND POLITICAL STABILITY WILL CONTINUE IN RUSSIA CVINT, CHAIR OF THE DEPART ENT OF FINANCIAL STRATEGY AT THE OSCOW SCHOOL OF ECONO ICS J0M "VLADI IR, #RUSSIAJS SURGING ECONO Y$, AANUARY M, ACC &/24/0M, HTTP%//WWW!RUSSIABLOG!ORG/200M/01/FORBESNRUSSIASNSURGINGNECONO Y!PHP' With the fir$ %elief that, es#e'ially in ?ussia, #ast is #rologue, the first and $ost i$#ortant e'ono$i' trend of 200= was that nationKs 'ontinued #oliti'al and e'ono$i' sta%ility! (his has $ade #ossi%le, and will 'ontinue to ena%le, relia%le fore'asts of e'ono$i' trends, and has attra'ted a great deal of foreign invest$ent in ?ussia! 1u'h an ongoing #ro'ess has also 'aused ?ussian entre#reneurs to $aintain and in'rease their do$esti' invest$ents, rather than invest a%road, as they did %efore! Horeover, it has resulted in Co% 'reation and sti$ulated e'ono$i' growth, whi'h is now a##roa'hing >N! Whi'h indi'ators are #roving the in'reasing sta%ility and #redi'ta%ility of the ?ussian e'ono$yF Eirst, thereKs the un#re'edented rate of growth of foreign invest$ent, whi'h surged %y a fa'tor of 2!D in 200=! one of the worldKs 1D leading national e'ono$ies 'an 'o$#ete with this a'hieve$ent! 1o$e :100 %illion was invested in ?ussia fro$ a%road over the last 12 $onths, an all.ti$e re'ord for any e$erging $arket 'ountry and a $ilestone of great histori'al and #sy'hologi'al signifi'an'e for ?ussian %usiness

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BROWNFIELDS AFF 1! THE DA STILL LINCS OUR CAREY J03

BAUDL 2013

RUSSIA DA A2% NO LINC (OTHER COUNTRIES)

EVIDENCE SAYS THAT EVEN S ALL DECREASES IN DE AND CAN CAUSE A BIG DROP IN OIL PRICES! THE US IS STILL THE WORLDJS LARGEST CONSU ER OF OIL, AND IF IT WERE ABLE TO OFFSET A LARGE PERCENTAGE OF ITS OIL USE, THAT WOULD DRASTICALLY AFFECT GLOBAL PRICES!

2! PREFER OUR EVIDENCE OUR CAREY

AND OUR LONG UIR AND ALHAAAI EVIDENCE SPECIFICALLY DISCUSS THE CONSEBUENCES OF THE US SUBSTANTIALLY INCREASING ITS ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES! THE AFFIR ATIVEJS EVIDENCE ONLY ASSU ES A ODEST REDUCTION IN US DE AND DUE TO RECESSION, NOT THE DRA ATIC DECREASE THAT WOULD OCCUR IF THE US HAD A VIABLE ALTERNATIVE TO OIL! ODEL

3! OTHER COUNTRIES, INCLUDING CHINA, WILL TECHNOLOGY

US ALTERNATIVE ENERGY

PODESTA, STERN, AND BATTON, CENTER FOR A ERICAN PROGRESS, J0L "#CAPTURING THE ENERGY OPPORTUNITY$, NOVE BER 2L, ACCESSED O/2&/0M, HTTP%//WWW!A ERICANPROGRESS!ORG/ISSUES/200L/11/ENERGYNCHAPTER!HT L' *$eri'an a'tion will s#ur develo#ing world a'tion in two se#arate ways! Eirst, the #oli'y 'hanges needed to 'ut 'ar%on e$issions in the 6nited 1tates are Co%.#rodu'ing and growth. generating a'tions! )ther 'ountries will e$ulate the$, Cust as &hina, ?ussia, Brazil, and other 'ountries have ado#ted %uilding energy 'odes and a##lian'e effi'ien'y standards %ased on 6!1! $odels! 1e'ond, the te'hnologies needed to #ro$ote low.'ar%on e'ono$ies are in'reasingly #rodu'ed and sold in a glo%al $arket! When *$eri'a %uys 'o$#a't fluores'ent la$#s, $ost of the$ are $ade in &hina, so &hina auto$ati'ally develo#s the $anufa'turing te'hnology to use the$ do$esti'ally! When *$eri'a re3uires that 'o$#uters and (7s %e'o$e $ore effi'ient, it affe'ts the $arket in India and *fri'a! *nd 'onversely, when *$eri'a lags in effi'ien'y or renewa%le energy te'hnology, either the rest of the world also lags or else other develo#ed 'ountries gra% the $arket and 'ontrol the e/#ort sales to the develo#ing world!

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BROWNFIELDS AFF

BAUDL 2013

RUSSIA DA A2% INFLATION TURN

1! NO I
PACT ATIVE HAS NO EVIDENCE THAT CORRUPTION OR INFLATION WILL LEAD TO ECONO IC DECLINE, WHICH IS A CRITICAL INTERNAL LINC TO OUR SCENARIO! THIS TURN CANNOT ACCESS OUR NUCLEAR WAR I PACT!

THE AFFIR

2! NONKUNIBUE CROSSKAPPLY
OUR SUTELA J0M EVIDENCE THAT SAYS INFLATION WILL NOT CONTINUE IN THE STATUS BUO! EVEN IF THE AFFIR ATIVE WINS THAT THEIR PLAN STOPS RUSSIAN INFLATION, THEY GAIN NO UNIBUE ADVANTAGE FRO THIS BECAUSE INFLATION IS GOING TO STOP ANYWAY! ONETARY

3! NO LINCK US GIL
AN

POLICY, NOT OIL PRICES, CAUSES RUSSIAN INFLATION

AY 14, O/2&/0M'

V0M " ARTIN, #THE FED CAN HELP RUSSIA LOWER ITS INFLATION$, HTTP%//WWW!THE OSCOWTI ES!CO /ARTICLE/102M/42/3O2L2L!HT , ACC

But it is 'lear that the #ro%le$ with inflation is dee#er and $ore wides#read! Ero$ &hina to 1audi *ra%ia, the 'o$$on 'ause see$s to %e the a%undan'e of li3uidity e$anating #ri$arily fro$ Washington, as the Eederal ?eserve o#ens the s#igot to 'ushion the e'ono$y.wide i$#a't of the #ri'e 'olla#se in the key 6!1! housing $arket! With the dollar still fulfilling the role of the key reserve 'urren'y, it is hard for other 'ountries to es'a#e the fallout, and ?ussia is 'ertainly no e/'e#tion! In these 'ir'u$stan'es, what 'an %e doneF (he o#tions are li$ited and none of the$ 'o$es without serious side effe'ts!

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BAUDL 2013

RUSSIA DA A2% REFOR

1! NO I
PACT

TURN

THE AFFIR

ATIVEJS EVIDENCE ONLY SAYS THAT HIGH OIL PRICES ARE ONE BARRIER TO REFOR ! THAT DOESNJT PROVE THAT REFOR WILL OCCUR IF OIL PRICES DECLINE OR THAT THOSE REFOR S WILL BE BENEFICIAL! PACT

2! THE DA I THE AFFIR

SHORTKCIRCUITS THE TURN

ATIVEJS STORY IS THAT AN ECONO IC DECLINE WOULD FORCE THE RUSSIAN GOVERN ENT TO REFOR ! BUT OUR THO PSON JDD EVIDENCE SAYS ECONO IC DECLINE WOULD LEAD TO POLITICAL INSTABILITY, CIVIL WAR, AND ULTI ATELY NUCLEAR WAR! THE AFFIR ATIVE CONCEDES THIS POINT, WHICH EANS THAT THE RUSSIAN GOVERN ENT WOULD DISINTEGRATE BEFORE IT HAD A CHANCE TO REFOR AS A RESULT OF ECONO IC DECLINE!

3! TI

FRA E FAVORS REFOR

THE

NEGATIVEK ECONO

IC

DECLINE

UST

PRECEDE POLITICAL

SIGOV,

FOR ER RUSSIAN AOURNALIST, J0M " ICE, # EDVEDEVJS LACC OF INDEPENDENCE IS NO AOCE$, ARCH D, HTTP%//WWW!TOLEDOBLADE!CO /APPS/PBCS!DLL/ARTICLEG AIDT/200M030D/COLU NIST2&/M030D033D, ACCESSED &/2O/0M'

)#ti$ists in the West are saying that the de#enden'e of ?ussiaKs overheating e'ono$y on oil and natural gas e/#orts 'ould under$ine it in the future if the world e'ono$y di#s into a re'ession and energy #ri'es fall! (hat $ay %e true! But that s'enario is not going to ha##en to$orrow! (he situation in ?ussia will have to get $u'h worse e'ono$i'ally %efore it 'an get %etter #oliti'ally!

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BROWNFIELDS AFF

BAUDL 2013

RUSSIA DA A2% AGGRESSION TURN

1! ITJS TOO LATEK RUSSIA IS ALREADY ACTING AGGRESSIVELY TOWARDS GEORGIA CIVIL GEORGIA J0M "#RUSSIA TACES VPROVOCATIVE STEPSJ WITH GEORGIA$, HTTP%//WWW!CIVIL!GE/ENG/ARTICLE!PHPGIDT1LLM0, ACCESSED O/2&/0M'
AY

L,

GIn re'ent days and weeks, the ?ussian govern$ent has taken what we would 'all #rovo'ative a'tions whi'h have in'reased tensions with 9eorgia,G White 8ouse s#okeswo$an Bana <erino told re#orters! G(hese ste#s have signifi'antly and unne'essarily heightened tensions in the region,G she said! 9eorgia has tried to reassert 'ontrol over *%khazia and 1outh )ssetia sin'e they %roke away in the early 1@@0s! ?ussia has said its troo# in'reases were ai$ed at 'ountering an atta'k #lanned %y 9eorgia on *%khazia and it denied the drone shootdown! <erino urged the ?ussian govern$ent to reiterate its 'o$$it$ent to 9eorgiaKs territorial %orders and sovereignty, reverse the troo# $ove$ents and G'ease fro$ further #rovo'ation! GIn 'onta'ts with %oth the ?ussian and 9eorgian govern$ents at the highest levels, the 6nited 1tates has fir$ly reiterated our su##ort for 9eorgiaKs territorial integrity and strongly urged ?ussia to de.es'alate and reverse its $easures,G she said! (he 6nited 1tates and Western allies have sus#e'ted ?ussia of trying to #unish 9eorgia .. a s$all &au'asus 'ountry on ?ussiaKs southern %order .. for its atte$#t to Coin the *() allian'e whi'h Washington su##orts! 2! THE AFFIR THEIR SZRO
ATIVEJS

STORY IS SELFKCONTRADICTORY

AND BRUGATO EVIDENCE CLAI S THAT RUSSIA CAN BE ORE AGGRESSIVE WHEN COUNTRIES LICE THE US DEPEND ON THE FOR OIL AND CANJT ACT AGAINST THE , BUT THE WEEC DAILY EVIDENCE CLAI S THAT THE US WOULD INTERVENE IN A CONFLICT BETWEEN RUSSIA AND GEORGIA! EITHER RUSSIA WONJT INVADE GEORGIA FOR FEAR OF US RETALIATION OR THE US WONJT GET INVOLVED FOR FEAR OF LOSING ACCESS TO RUSSIAN OILK EITHER WAY, THEREJS NO WORLD WAR I PACT! PACTS

3! OUR I EVEN

OUTWEIGH

IF THE AFFIR ATIVE WINS THIS TURN, THE ORIGINAL NUCLEAR WAR I PACT OUTWEIGHS IT! YOU ARE FORCED TO CHOOSE BETWEEN A WORLD WITH HIGH OIL PRICES, WHERE THERE IS A RISC OF WORLD WAR BUT NO INDICATION THAT THIS WOULD GO NUCLEAR, OR A WORLD WITH LOW OIL PRICES, WHERE RUSSIA DISINTEGRATES INTO CIVIL WAR AND NUCLEAR WAR IS INEVITABLE! YOU UST VOTE NEGATIVE TO AVERT THE RISC OF CATASTROPHIC NUCLEAR WAR!

A2