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W>SOXBKR, MOF[R L 0>O>GBSPHLG %>DD>AF. BFL GB QL P>JL AFL KGBDLSLD FPQO>=FS>KG> MOFPRPQS> F PQS>O>I>XQS> 'BSOBG> R BLPKF F %BO@BDLSFKF, QB KGFELSLD PR=FSLQ> P> AORDFJ K>OLAFJ>, SGBO>J> F HRIQRO>J> LSLD QI> HOLW KBHLIFHL PQLQFK> DLAFK> LA (8DBADH<FG8, LAKLPKL FWDLK> FW KGFELSB Q>A>XKGB ALJLSFKB 8M>KGLIPHB MLQHO>G 15. PQLIGBZ>, R FPQL SOFGBJB H>A> GB W> O>[RK FPQFE QFE ?BF E8L8F 64GB?<6BFR, HO>IG> #BOAFK>KA> LA 0>O>DLK> F HO>IGF@B &W>?BIB LA >PQFIIB, 9BKLSIG>KFK (OFPQLCBO (LIRJ?L :LQHOFS>L MRQ W> &KAFGR;, > RPQS>OF ALX>L AL L?>I> +LSLD 0SFGBQ>, LAKLPKL AJBOFHB. +FGB KFJ>IL PIR[>GKL XQL GB R MLPSBQF F W>ES>IF PSLGLG K>GKLSFGLG HKGFWF Saraje#o: A Biograph$ ((5F5>9JC: B=C;F5:=>5, BRV?LLH, 0>O>GBSL, 2006.) RDIBAKF >JBOF[HF EFPQLOF[>O /L?BOQ '. !LKF> K>WS>L PSLD AO>DLD MOFG>QBIG> (BJ>I> B>H>OXFZ> :KBRJLOKFJ FPQO>=FS>[BJ; F HLIBDLJ HLGF LQHOFS> KLSB, KBMLWK>QB PSGBQLSB MOLXILPQF. 2MO>SL W>PIRDLJ MOLC. B>H>OXFZ>, R =BIGF W> MOBAPQ>SIG>KGBJ MOBLPQ>IFE QO>DLS> ?LP>KPHFE 'BSOBG>-0BC>OA> R LHSFOR `*GBPB@> HRIQROB BLPKB F %BO@BDLSFKB R ARPQOFGF MOFGB 10 DLAFK> (1996.) L?G>SIGBK GB MOSF @GBILSFQF OBMOFKQ HKGFDB KBH>A>XKGBD K>AO>?FK> 'BSOBGPHB LMZFKB R 0>O>GBSR AO. *LOFQW> )BSVG> Sefardi " Bo ni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`0>?OBa FW BLPQLK> (0A!) ALDLSLOBKB PR F ALMOBJIGBKB R BLPKR F %BO@BDLSFKR QLKB HKGFD> HLGB PR A>OLS>KB C>HRIQBQFJ>, RKFSBOWFQBQFJ> F G>SKFJ ?F?IFLQBH>J> XFOLJ WBJIGB, MOF [BJR JLO>J MLPB?KL MLJBKRQF F "K@FHILMBAFGR K> BKDIBPHLJ GBWFHR World Book R 23 QLJ> FW 1995. DLAFKB. (>L F JKLDL MRQ> MOFGB F H>PKFGB, K>X (BJL PB KFGB RPQOR[>S>L A> P> DORMLJ MOBA>KFE PQRABK>Q> MOFES>Q>, L?O>YRGB, M> [>H F CFWF[HF LQMOBJ> LSB AO>DL@GBKB HKGFDB PSFJ> LKFJ> W> HLGB PJL R GBPBK 1996. DLAFKB W>GBAKF[HF LAIR[FIF A> RMRQFJL LSR ALK>@FGR. ,K PB FPHOBKL O>ALS>L XQL PR QB HKGFDB K>I>WFIB [FQ>L@B F R LKFJ JGBPQFJ> L HLGFJ> OFGBQHL [RGBJL, MLMRQ J>KGFE DO>APHFE ?F?IFLQBH> FIF CO>KGBS>[HFE P>JLPQ>K>, HLG> PQ>JBKL [RS>GR HRIQROKL M>JZBKGB F ARELSKLPQ LSB WBJIGB. ;FKF JF PB A> GB QL ?FL KGBDLS QO>GKF W>A>Q>H c A> PMOFGB[F R?FG>KGB M>JZBKG> F O>W>O>KG> HRIQROKFE W>P>A> BLPKB F %BO@BDLSFKB, QB A>, RW MLJLZ HLIBD> ?F?IFLQBH>O> XFOLJ PSFGBQ> F AORDFE BKQRWFG>PQ> H>H>S GB F P>J ?FL, L?KLSF KBPQ>IR DO>YR LKLD> XQL PR, W>ES>IGRGRZF F KGBDLSLJ K>MLOR, PQOR[KG>@F FW @FGBILD PSFGBQ> ABCFKFO>IF R KLSBJ?OR 1994. K> PHRMR MLA
10

&+ *"*,/&A*: MOLC. AO. ("*A) BA(A/8&:

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`0LOLPa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`*BQLALILDFG> WK>KPQSBKLD O>A>a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oJ GB WK>L OBZF A> JR GB GBAFKF JLQFS ?FL A> MOBA QFJ P>SOBJBKFJ ?>O?>OFJ> PM>PF LA RKFXQBKG> HKGFDB F AORDB QO>DLSB ARELSKLD F J>QBOFG>IKLD MLPQLG>KG> P> LSFE MOLPQLO> ?BW L?WFO> K> JLDRZB MLPIGBAF@B ML KGBD> P>JLD. 2 QFJ SOBJBKFJ> PJL RAOR=FIF PK>DB P> AORDFJ HLIBD>J> R *FKFPQ>OPQSR L?O>WLS>KG>, K>RHB, HRIQROB F PMLOQ> 3I>AB /BMR?IFHB, > H>PKFGB F #BABO>@FGB BLPKB F %BO@BDLSFKB, DAGB GB AO. (BJ>I B>H>OXFZ PHLOL ASFGB F ML DLAFKB (G>KR>O 1994. c J>G 1996.) ?FL MLJLZKFH JFKFPQO> W> K>RHR F L?I>PQ SFPLHLD L?O>WLS>KG>. 1LHLJ O>Q> F MLPIFGB KGBD> AO. B>H>OXFZ GB MLH>W>L FWS>KOBAKR BKBODFGR K> L[RS>KGR F L?KLSF O>WLOBKFE K>R[KFE OBPROP> R K>XLG WBJIGF. & R AL?> K>G=BXZFE DO>K>QFO>KG> 0>O>GBS>, WK>L GB MOLJFXIGBKL ?O>KFQF PSLGB SFWFGB R =RPQOFJ O>PMO>S>J> K> HLIBDFGR *FKFPQ>OPQS> L QLJB H>HL ZBJL PB XQL GB JLDRZB ?O=B SO>QFQF R WK>KPQSBKR ?RARZKLPQ, HLG> K>J GB ?FI> Q>HL
11

& 0) 6B>O?LLH c 3LI 2 (2006)

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o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
12

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GBWF@FJ>. 2 JLJBKQR MOBRWFJ>KG> ,PQ>SXQFK> GB P>PQLG>I> LA ASB SBZB GBAFKF@B: A) 2 !B>=4BCA :CB8I PR PB K>I>WFIB JLKLDO>CFGB F W?FOHB PQRAFG> FW L?I>PQF K>RH> L HKGF=BSKLPQF F IFKDSFPQFHB, ABI> FW IBMB HKGF=BSKLPQF, QB FPQLOFGB F FPQLOFGB RJBQKLPQF, AR=> F HO>Z> XQ>JM>K> ABI> c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
24

2004. DLAFKB SBZ GB FJ>I> SFXB POBZB. +> HLKHROPR, HLGF PB LAKLPFL K> H>Q>ILXHR L?O>AR MOFS>QKFE ?F?IFLQBH>OPHFE W?FOHF LA K>OL[FQB SOBAKLPQF F S>=KLPQF, K>X> RPQ>KLS> GB AL?FI> WK>[>GKR CFK>KPFGPHR MLQMLOR.3 -OBJ> LAOBA?>J> HLKHROP>, MOBASFYBKL SOBJB W> BIBHQOLKPHR H>Q>ILXHR L?O>AR GB ?FIL LA 15. G>KR>O> AL 31. LHQL?O> 2005. DLAFKB, >IF P L?WFOLJ K> QL A> GB R JBYRSOBJBKR R BF?IFLQB@F ALXIL AL MOLJBKB PLCQSBO>, JLO>L PB PIR=?BKL W>QO>=FQF KLSF OLH BIBHQOLKPHB L?O>AB.4 +>FJB, W>JBK> FKQBDO>IKLD O>[RK>OPHLD PFPQBJ> GB MOLQBHI> P> KFWLJ KB ?>X J>IFE QBEKF[HFE MOL?IBJ>. ,SB KBA>ZB PR FWJBYR LPQ>ILD MOLRWOLHLS>IB F KBL[BHFS>KL H>XKGBKGB BIBHQOLKPHB H>Q>ILDFW>@FGB ALHRJBK>Q> FW ,PQ>SXQFKB 0BKQYBOYF. +> POBZR, HRO>QLOFG BF?IFLQBH>OPHLD PQOR[KLD HLIBDFGRJ> GB RS>=FL K>XR JLI?R F MLH>WRGRZF SFPLHF PQBMBK O>WRJBS>KG> F AL?OLK>JBOKLPQF, W> KLSF HO>GKGF OLH L?O>AB GB LAOBAFL A>K 30. GRK 2006. DLAFKB.

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25

& 0) 6B>O?LLH c 3LI 2 (2006)

7LIQ>K B>A>

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`&BI=8FG =87AB: I=8AQ4A=4a LA BF<C4 DE438ABI<P4 (R HLJB JL=BJL RMLWK>QF =FSLQ DO>Y>K> GBAKLD J>ILD MOFJLOPHLD JBPQ> R !>IJ>@FGF), QB MLWK>QL BMPHL ABIL ` H7<G4a R XBPQ MBS>KG> LA WK>[>GKLD >RQLO> FW AL?> OBKBP>KPB, #4E>4 #4EH?<P4 . 22 -BQ DLAFK> H>PKFGB, 1906. MLWK>QF POMPHF MFP>@ F HLJBAFLDO>C BE4A<F?4I $HN<P GB FWA>L HLJ>A R [BQFOF ABI> P> K>PILSLJ `)I8Ga.23 0ILSBK>[HF MFP>@ FE4A !F4I8E #8N>B GB 1911. DLAFKB L?G>SFL W?FOHR KLSBI>, HLG> KLPF K>PILS `2EA4 F@EGa.24 (LK>[KL, R 1918. DLAFKF 3BIGHL -BQOLSFZ GB W>IGR?IGBKFHB IBMB HKGF=BSKLPQF MLA>OFL W?FOHLJ PSLGFE PQFELS> `$4 CE4:Ha.25 $LPMLAFK &XQS>K 0BKQYBOYF GB SBLJ> OBSKLPKL P>HRMIG>L ABI> F FW L?I>PQF IFKDSFPQFHB. 'BA>K LA O>QFQBQ> FW KGBDLSB LPQ>SXQFKB,

28

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`&E<?BM< M4 F<AG4>FH FECF>B:4 =8M<>4a MLQF[B FW 1889. DLAFKB LA MOLCBPLO> -BOB 9LOYBSFZ> (R QLJ RA=?BKFHR K>GSFXB MOLPQLO> GB ?FIL MLPSBZBKL M>AB=FJ> ?BW MOBAILD>).26 +>HLK SFXB LA [BQSOQ SBH>, 1915. DLAFKB R EOS>QPHFJ HKGF=>O>J> JLD>L PB HRMFQF `HEI4GF>< CE4IBC<Fa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

K> POMPHLJ, EOS>QPHLJ, PILSBK>[HLJ F J>HBALKPHLJ GBWFHR [FKB P>PQ>SKF ABL SBZ MLPQLGBZFE >HQRBIKFE K>@FLK>IKFE CLKALS> BF?IFLQBHB. +FGB PMLOKL, A> ZB LSF `KLSFQBQFa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`)LO>KQ "QSBX` (")1" B1() R BRAFJMBXQF F MOF AORDFJ SFPLHLXHLIPHFJ @BKQOFJ> *>Y>OPHB. 0S>HL FWA>KGB, RSOXQBKL R BIBHQOLKPHF H>Q>ILD 7BJ>IGPHB ?F?IFLQBHB W> PQO>KB GBWFHB, K> PSLG K>[FK MOBAPQ>SIG> GBA>K KLSFQBQ, GBA>K PSB=F FWSLO FKCLOJ>@FG> W> FPQO>=FS>[B. &>HL PR KBH> ABI> K>PQ>I> GLX R 5&5 FIF ML[BQHLJ 55 SBH>, QF `PQ>OF KLSFQBQFa R P>AO=FKPHLJ PJFPIR JLDR ?FQF AO>DL@BKF, GBO PSFJ> K>J> AL[>O>S>GR ARE K>R[KFE F >RQLOPHFE ALPQFDKRZ> O>KFGFE BMLE>. &PHOBKL D>GFJL SBIFHR K>AR, A> ZB K>HLK H>Q>ILXHB L?O>AB ,PQS>XQFKB R MOBAPQLGB ZFJ DLAFK>J>, LS> SOBAK> FWA>KG> W>FPQ> AL?FQF LADLS>O>GRZF MR?IF@FQBQ KB P>JL R PQOR[KFJ HORDLSFJ>, KBDL F JBYR MOFM>A KF@FJ> POMPHB, EOS>QPHB F PILSBK>[HB K>OLAKLPQF, =FQBIG> *>Y>OPHB. 2SBOBKF PJL A> ZB PSF HLOFPKF@F c F PQOR[KG>@F F I>F@F c ?FQF ?LD>QFGF R KLSFJ P>WK>KGFJ>, PQOR[KFJ FKCLOJ>@FG>J> F KBW>?LO>SKFJ BPQBQPHFJ AL=FSIG>GFJ>.
29

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30

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-"1/,3&:, 3BIGHL: $4 CE4:H : >A=<:4 FG<;BI4, 1904-1912. c 7BJRK ; BBLDO>A ; ->K[BSL : +>MOBA>H, 1918. 9,/9"3&:, -BO> .: &E<?BM< M4 F<AG4>FH FECF>B:4 =8M<>4, 1. : B C4783<@4 58M CE87?B:4. c BBLDO>A : 8Q>JM>OFG> (O>IGBSFKB 0O?FGB, 1889. B/,7, &S>K c B,/A+&:, !. (MOFOBAFL): HEI4GF>< CE4IBC<F 7E4. II4A4 BEBM4. c 7>DOB? : +>HI>A> (O. EOS.-PI>S.-A>IJ. WBJ>IGPHB SI>AB, 1915. 1"/7&+ -nI (PWBOH.): )M8E5-;BEIWG AL8?IG4A XF GWEF4?:[ @4:L4E 4=>]4> FMW@WE4. c 7LJ?LO : BnFQP 3-O H{KVSKVLJAnG>, 1918. "IBHQOLKPHF H>Q>ILD 7BJ>IGPHB ?F?IFLQBHB W> PQO>KB GBWFHB K> FKQBOKBQR GB ALPQRM>K MRQBJ PIBABZBD IFKH>: EQQM://LM>@.LFH.ER/JLKDRW/FKABU.GPM?M>DB=PB>O@E (LOFPKF@FJ> PQLGB K> O>PMLI>D>KGR RMRQPQS> K> J>Y>OPHLJ F BKDIBPHLJ GBWFHR. ,A HLQOIG>GRZFE MLIG> QOB?> FW>?O>QF )]F;MGN` (QG. MOBAJBQK> LAOBAKF@>, BKDIBPHF: (I6>97H <958=B;), F R KGR QOB?> RMFP>QF (N9BH;MaF;M=-<5;M5H^?, FIF PHO>ZBKL (N9BH;MaF;M=. +>HLK QLD>, ILDF[HLJ RMLQOB?LJ LPQ>IFE MLIG> (R ARER ?LLI-LMBO>QLO>) JLDR PB PQS>O>QF F PIL=BK> MFQ>KG>.

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33

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0>JF ML[B@F PB=R R A>IBHR MOLXILPQ, PHLOL AL $RQBK?BOD>. -LWK>QL GB A> PR MOS> AGBI> XQ>JM>K> R BLPKF (R $LO>=AR 15291531. DLAFKB) ?FIB QOF HKGFDB OBIFDFLWKLD P>AO=>G>. (>L ML[BQK> DLAFK> XQ>JM>OPQS> R BLPKF F %BO@BDLSFKF PJ>QO> PB 1866, H>A> GB R 0>O>GBSR ML[BI> O>AFQF 0LCOLKFGBS> MB[>QKG>. ,P>J DLAFK> H>PKFGB LQSLOBK> GB F XQ>JM>OFG> R *LPQ>OR, Q>HL A> GB AL ALI>PH> ARPQOL-2D>OPHB XQ>JM>KL RHRMKL 50 HKGFD> F ?OLXRO> R MLJBKRQFJ XQ>JM>OFG>J>. -LAPGBZ>JL, PSB AL Q>A> PR ?LP>KPHF MFP@F, > K>OL[FQL CO>KGBS@F, PSLG> AGBI> XQ>JM>IF R &Q>IFGF, !>IJ>@FGF, %OS>QPHLG FIF *>Y>OPHLG. 2 >RPQOL-RD>OPHLJ MBOFLAR FWA>S>XQSL AL=FSIG>S> MO>SF J>IF ?RJ QB GB W>?FIGB=BKL RHRMKL 1.600 FWA>QFE K>PILS>. 2 MBOFLAR FWJBYR AS> O>Q> FWA>QL GB LHL 2.000 HKGFD> F ?OLXRO>. 7?FOKF MLA>@F DLSLOB A> GB R BF% AL 1945. DLAFKB FWA>QL RHRMKL LHL 3.650 HKGFD>. 2 MOSLG DLAFKF K>HLK !ORDLD PSGBQPHLD O>Q> (1946) R BF% GB FWA>Q 171 K>PILS, > MOSF WK>QKFGF MLO>PQ FWA>S>[HB AGBI>QKLPQF ?FIGB=F PB 1949, H>A> PR FWA>QB 283 HKGFDB F Q> PB ?OLGH> W>AO=>S> R K>OBAKFE KBHLIFHL DLAFK>. 1L GB F SOFGBJB LPKFS>KG> SFXB FWA>S>[HFE MOBARWBZ>: `0SGBQILPQa (1945), `0BIG>[H> HKGFD>a (1948, HLG> LA 1951. MLPQ>GB `+>OLAK> MOLPSGBQ>a), `3BPBIFK *>PIBX>a (1950), `!=BMK> HKGFD>a (1953). -L ?OLGR K>PILS> MOBAKG>[F `0SGBQILPQa, XQL KB [RAF >HL PB WK> MLA>Q>H A> GB W>AR=BK> F W> FWA>S>KGB RA=?BKFH>.
34

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SBLJ> J>IFJ ?OLGBJ KLSFE K>PILS> FIF PR PB MLQMRKL RD>PFIB. 2 KLSLK>PQ>IF MO>WKF MOLPQLO RPH>[R KLSF FDO>[F, > MLPB?KL HKGF=>OF HLGF PB ?>SB F FWA>S>XQSLJ c `8>EFKM>XFZa, `BRV?LLHa, `BLP>KPH> OFGB[a, `3OFGBJBa, `0BGQ>OFG>a, `2KFSBOPFQV -OBPPa, `%>JFALSFZa F AO. &M>H, SBZFK> HKGFD> PB HLJFPFLKL MOLA>GB. -OSF MLSLIG>K SGBQ>O W> FWA>S>[HR AGBI>QKLPQ MREKRL GB FW 0LOLXBSB CLKA>@FGB, LA>HIB GB PQFW>I> WK>[>GK> MLAOXH> FWA>S>[FJ>, >IF F HKGF=>OFJ> (`BRV?LLHa, `&KQBOIF?BOa). (>PKFGB PB Q> MLJLZ MOBLOFGBKQFO>I> K> >RQLOB (FPMI>Q> >RQLOPHFE ELKLO>O>). 2 KBHLIFHL MLPIGBAKGFE DLAFK> GB QR RILDR, F QL R PIF[KLJ AFG>EOLKFGPHLJ O>PMLOBAR QB=FXQ> (MOSL K> FWA>S>[B, > LKA> >RQLOB) R #BABO>@FGF BF% MOBRWBIL OBPLOKL JFKFPQ>OPQSL LPKFS>KGBJ #LKA>@FGB W> FWA>S>XQSL. 1L GB SBLJ> S>=K> MLAOXH> FWA>S>[FJ>, K>OL[FQL R PFQR>@FGF H>HS> GB K>X> c R LSLG L?I>PQF AO=>SB KFDAGB KBJ>, > H>A PB MLG>SF (-!3!) KFGB AL?OL. &M>H, KF QL KFGB MLJLDIL A> PB L?BW?FGBAF HLKQFKRFO>K O>WSLG MLGBAFKFE KLSFGFE FWA>S>[HFE HRZ> FIF ?>OBJ KGFELS LMPQ>K>H (FIRPQO>QFS>K MOFJGBO PR PRA?FKB `)GFIG>K>a F `BLP>KPHB HKGFDBa). &PQLSOBJBKL, QOBKA QWS. HFLPH-FWA>S>XQS> R MOSF MI>K FW?>@RGB KBHB KLSB FWA>S>[B, H>L XQL PR ` FSFQ>Pa 0>O>GBSL ([>H 60 K>PILS> R ASFGB MLPIGBAKGB DLAFKB) F `+BW>SFPKB KLSFKBa B>KG> )RH>. 0SB K>MOFGBA MLJBKRQL KFJ>IL KB MLJ>=B SBZ MOFIF[KL KBO>WSFGBKLJ QO=FXQR HKGFD> R BF%, W>QFJ KB ML?LIGX>S> KF KBW>SFA>K MLIL=>G ?F?IFLQB[HB JOB=B (KBJ> LOD>KFWLS>KLD LQHRM> KLSFE HKGFD>) XQL RKLPF ALA>QKR ALWR KBFWSGBPKLPQF R MLPILS>KGB FWA>S>[HFE CFOJF. ,S>G JLJBK>Q GB MLQOB?KL MLPB?KL FPQ>HKRQF GBO K> MLIL=>G ?E.

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c R MBOFLAR 1992-1994. MOLPGB[KL PB, ?>OBJ R CBABO>IKLJ AFGBIR BF%, FWA>S>IL 300-400 K>PILS>, A> ?F 1995. ?FI> 573 KLS> K>PILS>, > DLAFKR H>PKFGB 843. &WA>S>XQSL PB SBZ 1997. SO>Z> R KLOJ>IR c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
35

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c XQ>JM>OPQSL, > A> PB FWA>S>[H> MOLCBPFG> PSBAB P>JL K> BHLKLJPHR H>QBDLOFGR. +BOFGBQHL OB@BKWFG> MLPQ>GB CLOJ>IKLPQ, `P>JL M>MFOa HLGF QOB?> MOFIL=FQF RW W>EQGBS W> LPIL?>Y>KGR LA MLOBW> F LK> KFHLD> KB L?>SBWRGB KF K> HLGF K>[FK. /B@BKWFG> PB KB PJFGB PES>Q>QF H>L MRHF >AJFKFPQO>QFSKF MOFSGBP>H FWA>S>XQSR KBDL H>L FKPQFQRQ HLGF MLJ>=B F >RQLOR F FWA>S>[R F, R K>GHO>ZBJ, MO>SLSOBJBKL SBOFCFHRGB SOFGBAKLPQ AGBI>. 7K>[F, Q> PB L@GBK> A>GB K> ORHLMFP XQL WK> ?FQF AO>DL@GBKL R K>PQLG>KGR A> LAXQ>JM>K> HKGFD> ?RAB K> >ABHS>QKLJ KFSLR. *KLDB PB MR?IFH>@FGB

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36

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MLPB?KL FPQF[B LMRP GBAKLD >RQLO> c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v: @XAB M Q8F>X ;<FGBE<8: %GGB !"Z38>. ,AH>W. )FPQV *>P>OVHLSV PMLIB[KLPQF. -O>E> 1996. ?O. 4. PQO. 25. PQO. 25. )CB@8A<64 &EI8 :<@A4M<=8 H )4E4=8IH <M74A4 CE<?<>B@ CEBF?4I8 50-:B7<NA=<68 (1879.-1929.). 0>O>GBSL, !O=>SK> XQ>JM>OFG>, 1929.

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0I>SBKPHLG ?F?IFLQB@F F !O>DRQFK> -OLE>PHR, HLGF GB R ?F?IFLQB@F ?FL W>MLPIBK W> SOFGBJB !ORDLD PSGBQPHLD O>Q>. ,?LGF@> PR PB FKQBKWFSKL MLPSBZFS>IF GRDLPI>SBKPHL c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3A "(, 'FBv: @XAB M Q8F>X ;<FGBE<8: %GGB !"Z38>. ,AH>W. )FPQV *>P>OVHLSV PMLIB[KLPQF. -O>E> 1996. ?O. 4. PQO. 25. PQO. 25. +9@7, F9F8=B5B8 (1864. c 1920.). 0QRAFO>L K> A)2 R -O>DR F R *~K@EBKR. B>SFL PB F @OHSBKFJ PIFH>OPQSLJ, O>AFL GB LIQ>OKB PIFHB W> [BXHB F ?>S>OPHB @OHSB. ,A 1896. M> AL PJOQF O>AF H>L MOLCBPLO @OQ>KG> R 0>O>GBSR. +> *FIBKFGPHLG FWIL=?F R BRAFJMBXQF 1896. K>DO>YBK GB W> PIFHB P> ?LP>KPHFJ JLQFSFJ>. +GBDLSB QBHPQLSB F FIRPQO>@FGB L?G>SIGFS>KB PR R KFWR [BXHFE F ?LP>KPHFE [>PLMFP>. 2 FWA>KGR ;BXH> >H>ABJFG> 1905. FWI>WF KGBDLS `0LRMFP EFPQLO. > RJ>I. M>JnQBH S MLIQ. LHOBPR PI>KPHtJa. ARQLO GB MOSLD 1ROFPQF[HLD SLAF[> HOLW BF% K> [BXHLJ GBWFHR, HLGF GB L?G>SIGBK R -O>DR 1907. &WI>D>L R ;BXHLG, ARPQOFGF, *>Y>OPHLG, +GBJ>[HLG, BLPKF, FQA. -OBJFKRL GB 1.7.1920. R 0>O>GBSR. 3") , #BOAFK>KA: B<5?<B:E49F>4 :E4O4 B BBFA< < H8E68:BI<A< 1488 U 1918. 0>O>GBSL, +>OLAK> F RKFSBOWFQBQPH> ?F?IFLQBH> BF%, 1991. 3") , #BOAFK>KA: B<5?<B:E49<=4 CEA8 GBE8 1800-1912. BQFKGB, BKQO>IK> K>OLAK> ?F?IFLQBH> 0/ OKB $LOB 9ROYB OKLGBSFZ, 1991. 3A "(, 'FBv: DE4:HG<A &EB;4F>4. &KCLOJ>[Kv ?RIIBQFK +nOLAKv HKFELSKV S -O>WB. -O>E>, [. 17/1993. PQO. 17. *A/(,3f, BLERPI>S>: )?BI4AF>W >A<;BIA4 4 ?<G8E4GHE4 5_I4?X H:BF?WI<8 I 90. ?8G86;. &K: )GH7<4 B4?64A<64 BB;8@B-)?BI464 3&. )5BEAZ> C"ZFC I># M8 ,I. @8M<AWEB7AZ;B 54?>4A<FG<6>X;B FL@CBM<4, BOKL 25.-27. 4. 2005, BOKL 2006 (S QFPHR). 39

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40

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QFPRZIGBZ> [BXHL-EOS>QPHFE IFQBO>OKFE LAKLP> R JBYRPL?KFJ MOFGBSLAFJ>a). ARQLO H>Q>ILD> F FWIL=?B !RX>K (>OM>QPH. -O>E>, 2002. ,A ?F?IFLDO>CFG> P> LMZB PI>SBKPHLJ MOL?IBJ>QFHLJ GBA>K LA WK>[>GKFGFE MOLGBH>Q> MOBAPQ>SIG> SOIL FP@OMKL AGBIL 28F>BF?BI8AF>X CEW68 B =4ML68, 7 =<AW6; 4 >H?GH"8 F?BI4AF>_6; AWEB7# B7 EB>H 1760: 5<B:E49<6>B-5<5?<B:E49F>_ F?BIAZ> (`;BELPILS>[HF O>ALSF L GBWFHR, EFPQLOFGF F HRIQROF PI>SBKPHFE K>OLA> LA DLAFKB 1760: ?FLDO>CPHL-?F?IFLDO>CPHF OGB[KFHa). 0>PQ>SFIF *FI>K (RA>IH>, 7A>KBH 8FJB[BH F HLIBHQFS. -O>E>, 1972. 0I>SBKPH> ?F?IFLQBH> L?G>SFI> GB F KFW MBOPLK>IKFE ?F?IFLDO>CFG> PI>SFPQ> HLGF PR PB R PSLJ O>AR MLPSBZFS>IF F POMPHLEOS>QPHLJ DLSLOKLJ MLAOR[GR. & K>O>SKL, KFW ?F?IFLDO>CFG> R HLGFJ> PB MOBWBKQFO> CLKA 0I>SBKPHB ?F?IFLQBHB. *BYR KGFJ> PB FPQF[B B<5?<B:E49<8 5<5?<B:E49<Z M 9BA7H )?BI4AF>X >A<;BIAL I-,. (`BF?IFLDO>CFG> ?F?IFLDO>CFG> FW CLKA> 0I>SBKPHB ?F?IFLQBHBa). 0>PQ>SFIB: 7AB?H> />@ECKHLSn, *F@E>BI> BEnHLSn. -O>E>, 1987.-1988. IN@C469B9 5?H=JBCGH=. 0I>SBKPH> ?F?IFLQBHB OBALSKL LOD>KFWFO> PQOR[KB FWIL=?B HLGB MOBAPQ>SIG>GR ?FQ>K K>[FK H>HL MOBWBKQ>@FGB CLKALS> ?F?IFLQBHB Q>HL F RMLWLO>S>KG> K> HLKHOBQKB PI>SFPQF[HB QBJB. ,A 1992. AL A>K>P 0I>SBKPH> ?F?IFLQBH> GB R PSLGFJ FWIL=?BKFJ MOLPQLOFJ> FIF R MOLPQLOFJ> +>OLAKB ?F?IFLQBHB ;BXHB /BMR?IFHB LOD>KFWFO>I> MBQ QBJ>QPHFE FWIL=?F MLPSBZBKFE BLPKF F %BO@BDLSFKF.

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-OS> LA KGFE GB FW 1993. DLAFKB, FWIL=?> K>WS>K> BBFA4 4 H8E68:BI<A4, ;<FGBE<6>X M8@ EIEBCL (`BLPK> F %BO@BDLSFK>, BSOLMPH> WBJIG>a, +>OLAK> ?F?IFLQBH> ;BXHB /BMR?IFHB. ARQLOF FWIL=?B 0>X> 0HBKABOFG>, *FI>A> +BAS>ALSn). &WIL=?> GB FJ>I> W> @FIG A> MOR=F LPKLSKB FKCLOJ>@FGB FW EFPQLOFGB F HRIQROB WBJIGB. &KQBOBP F OB>H@FGB HLGB GB FW>WS>I> A>IBHL PR MOBS>WFI>WFIF RL?F[>GBKF MR?IF@FQBQ HLGF FJ>GR FWIL=?B R +>OLAKLG ?F?IFLQB@F. 2 LHQL?OR 1995. DLAFKB, 0I>SBKPH> ?F?IFLQBH> LOD>KFWFO>I> GB FWIL=?R BBFA<464 19921995. (+>OLAK> ?F?IFLQBH> ;BXHB /BMR?IFHB. ARQLO FWIL=?B AAFK )GR@>). &WIL=?> GB ?FI> MOFMOBJIGBK> R LHSFOR HRIQROKB J>KFCBPQ>@FGB `*GBPB@ BLPKB F %BO@BDLSFKB R ;BXHLG /BMR?IF@Fa, MLA MLHOLSFQBIGPQSLJ MOBAPGBAKFH> 3n@I>S> %>SBI>. &WIL=?> FW 1999. DLAFKB c BBFA4 4 H8E68:BI<A4 I Q8F>_6; CE4@8A86; (`BLPK> F %BO@BDLSFK> R [BXHFJ FWSLOFJ>a, 0I>SBKPH> ?F?IFLQBH>. ARQLO FWIL=?B A. )GR@>) MOBAPQ>SIG>I> GB FW?LO [BXHFE FWSLO> L BF% FW CLKA> 0I>SBKPHB ?F?IFLQBHB > L?O>YFS>I> GB O>WAL?IGB LA AORDB MLILSFKB 19. PQ. AL 1939. DLAFKB. &WIL=?> FW 2004. MLA K>WFSLJ BBFA<4>4 CB D4LGBAF>X @ZEBIX 7B;B7 (`BLPKF>@> K>HLK !>VQLKPHLD JFOLSKLD PMLO>WRJ>a, 0I>SBKPH> ?F?IFLQBH>. ARQLO FWIL=?B A. )GR@>) K> HLGLG GB MOBAPQ>SIGBK FW?LO AGBI> FW CLKA> 0I>SBKPHB ?F?IFLQBHB K>PQ>IFE R BF% F R FKLWBJPQSR K>HLK 1995. FW>WS>I> GB Q>HL AL?OB OB>H@FGB, A> PJL LAIR[FIF A>
11

MOFDLALJ ABPBQB L?IGBQKF@B !>VQLK> LOD>KFWFO>JL SBIFHR OBMOBWBKQ>QFSKR FWIL=?R BBFA<4>4 CB D4LGBAF>X @ZEBIX 7B;B7 1995-2005. (`BLPKF@> K>HLK !>VQLKPHLD JFOLSKLD PMLO>WRJ>: 1995-2005.a, +>OLAK> ?F?IFLQBH> ;BXHB /BMR?IFHB. ARQLOF FWIL=?B A. )GR@>, )BGI> 7>EFO>DFZ F BLERPI>S> *>OHLSn). ,SLJ FWIL=?LJ GB ?F?IFLQBH> =BIGBI> RMLWLOFQF K> ?LD>QPQSL PSLGFE CLKALS> F RGBAKL MOBAPQ>SFQF FW?LO LKLD K>G?FQKFGBD XQL GB L?G>SIGBKL R MLPIGBAKGFE ABPBQ DLAFK>. +> FWIL=?F GB MOBAPQ>SIGBKL F ?F?IFLCFIPHL FWA>KGB `;BXHL-?LP>KPHF OGB[KFHa >RQLOF@B )BGIB 7>EFO>DFZ.11 ,PFJ K>?OLG>KFE FWIL=?F, 0I>SBKPH> ?F?IFLQBH> LOD>KFWFO>I> GB F SFXB FWIL=?F MLPSBZBKFE GR=KLPI>SBKPHFJ MOLPQLOFJ> FIF QBJ>QPHF Q>HL CLOJRIFO>KFE A> GB K> KGFJ> ?FI> W>PQRMIGBK> F ?LPKF>@>. +MO.: )?BI4AF>_ =<; I8 FG4E_6; Q8F>_6; GHE<FG<6>_6; CE#IB76Z6; 4 68FGBC<F86; (`0I>SBKPHF GRD R PQ>OFJ [BXHFJ QROFPQF[HFJ SLAF[FJ> F MRQLMFPFJ>a. 0I>SBKPH> ?F?IFLQBH>, 1997. ARQLO FWIL=?B A. )GR@>.). -OBAPQ>SIGBKF PR [BXHF QROFPQF[HF SLAF[F F MRQLMFPF ML GR=KLPI>SBKPHFJ WBJIG>J> LA ML[BQ>H> [BXHLD QROFWJ> R 19. PQ. AL 1939. DLAFKB. &IF: 28F>W ;<FGBE<6>W F?4I<FG<>4 I ?8G86; 1990 U 2002 (`;BXH> EFPQLOFGPH> PI>SFPQFH> R DLAFK>J> 1990. c 2002.a. 0I>SBKPH> ?F?IFLQBH>, 2002. ARQLO FWIL=?B *>OQ> %O>?nHLSn.). FIG FWIL=?B GB ?FL A> PB RMLWLOF K> DI>SKB OBWRIQ>QB FPQO>=FS>[HFE O>ALS> [BXHFE EFPQLOF[>O> FW QLD O>WAL?IG> MRKLD SBIFHFE MOLJGBK> (O>PM>A PLSGBQPHLD ?ILH>, O>PM>A 'RDLPI>SFGB, O>PM>A ;BELPILS>[HB, FQA.).

)BGI> 7>EFO>DFZ, OLYBK> 1972. R 0>O>GBSR. $O>CF[HF AFW>GK >MPLISFO>I> R -O>DR. ,SL ?F?IFLCFIPHL FWA>KGB 28N>B U 5BF4AF>B: E=8QA<>4 RO>YBKL H>L J>DFPQ>OPHF O>A F LAXQ>JM>KL R QOF MOFJGBOH>, P>AO=F OFGB[F HLGB PB FPQL FWDLS>O>GR R [BXHLJ F ?LP>KPHLJ GBWFHR >IF FJ>GR O>WIF[FQ> WK>[BKG>. -OFJGBOF PR MLMO>ZBKF MFHQLDO>JFJ>. 2W OGB[KFH ?FIL GB FWIL=BKL XBPQ MI>H>Q> (70 U 100 @J) P> FW>?O>KFJ MOFJGBOFJ>.

42

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DLS>[HFJ JLQFSFJ>. 2 QR HLIBH@FGR JL=BJL RO>[RK>QF F CLQLDO>CFGB KGBDLSLD JI>YBD ?O>Q>, '>OLPI>S> BORKBO>-!SLBnH>, HLGF GB @FHIRPLJ CLQLDO>CFG> LSGBHLSGB[FL P>JL FWSOX>S>KGB P>O>GBSPHLD >QBKQ>Q> F ALD>Y>GB HLGF PR KBMLPOBAKL RPIFGBAFIF.

B=6@=C;F5:=>9 6CGB=579 I (@5J9BG?C> 6=6@=CH97=


'BAK> LA DI>SKFE W>A>Z> ?F?IFLQBHB GB HLKQFKRFO>K> >HSFWF@FG> ?F?IFLDO>CFG>. 0I>SBKPH> ?F?IFLQBH> R PSLJ CLKAR FJ> SBIFHF ?OLG H>HL ?F?IFLDO>CFG> ?LP>KPHLEBO@BDLS>[HFE JLKLDO>CPHFE F PBOFGPHFE MR?IFH>@FG>, Q>HL F MBOPLK>IKFE ?F?IFLDO>CFG> c LA LKFE PQ>OFGFE c MLMRQ *>QHLSFZBSB `BF?IFLDO>CFGB ?LP>KPHFE CO>KGBS>@>a FW 1896. DLAFKB, M> PSB AL K>GKLSFGFE `MLPQA>VQLKPHFEa FWA>KG>. 2W ?F?IFLDO>CFGB FW BLPKB, ?F?IFLQBH> MLPGBARGB F KFW AO>DL@GBKFE ?F?IFLDO>CFG> P> O>ALSFJ> L BLPKF MOFGB PSBD> FW ;BXHB, >IF F FW 0ILS>[HB, +GBJ>[HB FQA. ,A KLSFGFE O>ALS> SOIL AO>DL@FGBK> GB ?F?IFLDO>CFG> `;BXHF F PILS>[HF PQOR[KF O>ALSF L GRDLFPQL[KLG "SOLMF: ?F?IFLDO>CFG> W> DLAFKB 1991-2000a.27

25

26 27

D4:@4E DBEBIF>W. BOKL, 0MLIB[KLPQ MBnQBI GF=Kv@E 0ILS>KC, 1999. 28N< I BBFA 4 H8E68:BI<A . VIB7 7B CEB5?8@4G<>L F I_5 EBIBH 5<5?<B:E49<Z. 0BPQ>SFI 7ABK>H 2%"/"( > HLIBHQFS. -O>E>, "QKLILDF@H }PQ>S A3 ;/, 2000. %)A3A;(A, *FI>K c ,OIvHLSn, '>K> c 8QBJ?BO>, -BQO: A?9BAF #H6;4 U &4"Z3 1900. &4I<?BA BBFAL 4 H8E68:BI<AL A4 FI GBIX I_FG4I . -O>E>, ,?B@Kv ACJ, 2002. %)A!(l, )>AFPI>S: BBF8AF>W BGWM>4 I 19. 4 20. FGB?8GZ. BOKL, *>P>OVHLS> RKFSBOWFQ> S BOK>, *BWFKnOLAKv MLIFQLILDF@H }PQ>S, 2005. 1"' %*A+, *FOLPI>S c %/A!";+l, ->SBI c 8"01f(, *FOLPI>S: H<FGBE<6>X FBHI<F?BFG< EBMC47H H:BF?WI<8. -O>E> 1996. D =<AL <;BF?BI4AF>_6; M8@Z. *FOLPI>S 8BPQnH c *FOLPI>S 1BG@EJ>K c )R?LJvO> %>SIvHLSn c )>AFPI>S %I>AHV c '>K -BIFHnK. -O>E>, )FALSt KLSFKV, 1998., 2. FWA. 2001. !>HIB, OFGB[ GB L O>WAL?IGR R HLGBJ PR ;BPF F BLP>K@F =FSGBIF R FPQLG AO=>SF c R ARPQOL-2D>OPHLG JLK>OEFGF. -OBJ> MLMFPR PQ>KLSKFXQS> LA 10.10.1910. R BF% =FSF 7.045 PQ>KLSKFH> [BXHB K>@FLK>IKLPQF. 28F>X 4 F?BI8AF>X B75BEAX CEW68 B =<;BI_6;B7AZ EIEBC : B<5?<B:E49<8 M4 ?XG4 1991-2000. 0BPQ>SFI )>AFPI>S %I>AH > HLIBHQFS. BOKL, *>P>OVHLS> RKFSBOWFQ> S BOK>, 2003. 47

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+>HLK FW?FG>KG> O>Q> R BF%, KGBKF JKLDL?OLGKF DO>Y>KF K>XIF PR RQL[FXQB R ;BXHLG /BMR?IF@F. A F LMZBKFQL, ?OLG IGRAF HLGF PR R QLJ MBOFLAR ALXIF R ;BELPILS>[HR, LAKLPKL ;BXHR, F FW LPQ>IFE OBMR?IFH> ?FSXB 'RDLPI>SFGB GB WK>[>G>K. BF?IFLQBH>OH> 0I>SBKPHB ?F?IFLQBHB, DLPMLY> BLERPI>S> *>OHLSn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
28

SBIFH> >H@FG> LOD>KFWFO>K> GB HO>GBJ 1993. DLAFKB MLA K>WFSLJ `(KGFDB W> BLPKRa. AH@FGR PR LOD>KFWFO>IF #LKA>@FG> )FALSFE KLSFK>, +>OLAK> ?F?IFLQBH> ;/, %BIPFKXHL DO>Y>KPHL RAOR=BKGB, )FQBO>OKB KLSFKB, (>OILS RKFSBOWFQBQ, AH>ABJFGB K>RH> ;/, 2AOR=BKGB MFP>@> F -"+ HIR?. &W> FJBK> LSFE FKPQFQR@FG> PQ>G>L GB OBA HLKHOBQKFE IGRAF. 2W &DLO> BI>=BSFZ>, !RX>K> (>OM>QPHLD F 3LGQu@E> B>Iv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

29 30

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*A/(,3f, BLERPI>S>: )?BI4AF>W >A<;BIA4. &KCLOJ>[Kv ?RIIBQFK +nOLAKv HKFELSKV S -O>WB. -O>E>, [. 7/1993. PQO. 10. c *A/(,3f BLERPI>S>: "<=8C4 E<=8Q @4G8EA=8: =8M<>4 (;InKBH RMLWLO)RGv@v L?VS>QBIB ?S>It 'RDLPInSFB =FGv@v S ;/ K> JL=KLPQ SMCG[BH HKFE S PO?L@ELOS>QXQFK>, PILSFKXQFK> > J>HBALKXQFK> S 0(). *LPQLSF, [. 27. 4. BvGK> 1994. !A<;L CEB BBFAH: )5ZE>4 >A<; 5H78 CEB5Z;4G B7 13.9. 7B 28.9. I $WEB7AZ >A<;BIA . &KCLOJ>[Kv ?RIIBQFK +nOLAKv HKFELSKV S -O>WB. -O>E>, 11-12/93. PQO. 18. ->JnQKvH MvPBJKF@QSv 2KFSBOWFQ> (>OILS>, A*2 c HKFELSK>, *RPBRJ (LJBKPHtEL -BBOLS, 0QnQKv =FALSPHt JRWBRJ, +nOLAKv QB@EKF@Ht JRWBRJ, 0QnQKv S>A. HKFELSK> ;BPHt BRA>GLSF@B, 0ILS>KPHn HKFELSK> MBF +(, BLQ>KF@H }PQ>S ;A3, 38 %1 ->OAR?F@B, %FPQLOF@H }PQ>S ;A3, (KFEHRMB@QSv #FXBO, +>HI>A>QBIPQSv 0SL?LA>, ;BPHn ?F?IF@Hn PMLIB[KLPQ, +nOLAKv HKFELSK> ;/, +nOLAKv D>IBOFB S -O>WB, ,OFBKQnIKv }PQ>S\ 3. %>SBI, ". (>KQCOHLSn, !. %LAOLSn, (. *FILQ>, 7. (>MOnILSn, . ;LOKBG, &. ;LOKBGLSn, #. (L=vH, 7.

48

BLPKF>@> R 0I>SBKPHLG ?F?IFLQB@F R -O>DR

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32 33

29 30 34

'>KvH, . -OLRW>, '. (KFQILSn, B. )>RCOLSn, 3. 0O?, 3. +BRJ>KK, /. -BI>O, . 1FDOFA, #. ->SIv[BH, '. 0QOnKPH, 7. 2O?>K, A. 3O?LSn F AO. %A3")(,3f, 7RW>K>: !A<;L CEB BBFAH. &KCLOJ>[Kv ?RIIBQFK +nOLAKv HKFELSKV S -O>WB. -O>E>, [. 13/1993. PQO. 6. 0> ## (>OILSLD RKFS, BLERPI>S>: "<=8C4 E<=8Q @4G8EA=8: =8M<>4 (;InKBH RMLWLOyRGv@v L?VS>QBIB ?S>It 'RDLPInSFB =FGv@v S ;/ K> JL=KLPQ SMCG[BH HKFE S PO?L@ELOS>QXQFK>, PILSFKXQFK> > J>HBALKXQFK> S 0(). *LPQLSF, [. 27. 4. BvGK> 1994. !A<;L CEB BBFAH: )5ZE>4 >A<; 5H78 CEB5Z;4G B7 13.9. 7B 28.9. I $WEB7AZ >A<;BIA . &KCLOJ>[Kv ?RIIBQFK +nOLAKv HKFELSKV S -O>WB. -O>E>, 11-12/93. PQO. 18. ->JnQKvH MvPBJKF@QSv,BOWFQBQ> MLPI>K> GB FWJBYR LPQ>ILD DLQLSL MLQMRK> HLIBH@FG> G?4FA<>4 08@4?=F>B: @HM8=4. &W ARMIFH>QKLD CLKA> 0I>SBKPHB ?F?IFLQBHB LA JLKLDO>CPHFE MR?IFH>@FG> KMO.: (8:?8@8AG 9^E 74F HHF4E8A-(8:<@8AG8E HA7 9^E 74F (8:<@8AG BBFA<46>8A 78E >\A<:?<6;-CE8HFF<F6;8A AE@88. BBOIFK, 1796. c $. 1ELBJJBI: G8F6;<6;G?<6;, CB?<G<F6;8 HA7 GBCB:E49<F6;-FG4G<FG<F6;8 B8F6;E8<5HA: 78F ,<?4=8G BBFA<8A 74F <FG 74F 8<:8AG?<6;8 BBFA<8A, A85FG G^E><F6; CEB4G8A, 78E H8EM8:BI<A4 HA7 (4F6<8A. 4FBK, 1867. c '. /LPHFBTF@W: )G^7<8A ^58E BBFA<8A HA7 7<8 H8EM8:BI<A4. )BFMWFD, 4FBK, 1868. c A. 0@ETBFDBO-)BO@EBKCBIA: BBFA<8A, 74F "4A7 HA7 F8<A8 B8JB;A8E. 4FBK, 1878. c 3. (I>FZ: $BP@EF@EQB BLPKFBKP. )BFMWFD, 1885. c '. 1BBXQvH: H8E68:BIF>X B5EWM>L. 1BB?F[, 1889. c /. )LM>XFZ: B<;4P < B<;4P>4 >E4=<A4, 7>DOB?, 1890. c A6G4 BBFA48. 7>DOB?, 1892. c %. /BKKBO: DHE6; BBFA<8A HA7 7<8 H8E68:BI<A4. BBOIFK, 1896. c ". *RI>?AFZ: 08?8AB 5HF8A=8, 7>DOB?, 1898. c ". *RI>?AFZ: $4 B54?< BBFA8, 7>DOB?, 1900. c #. (>QWBO: G8B?B:<F6;8E F^;E8E 7HE6; BBFA<8A HA7 7<8 H8EM8:BI<A4, 1903. c FE4 GE:B #4EG<P ()CB@8A >A=<:4). 0>O>GBSL, 1906. c A. %>KDF: @<IBG < B5<Q4=< #HF?<@4A4 H BBFA< < H8E68:BI<A<, 0>O>GBSL, 1907. c 0. #. (BJRO> c 0. :LOLSFZ: )8E5B>EB4G<F6;8 D<6;GHA: 5BFA<F6;8E #BF?<@F 4HF 78@ .,II., .,III. HA7 .I.. 4;E;HA78EG. 0>O>GBSL, 1912. c FQA. -LQMRK> FIF DLQLSL MLQMRK> HLIBH@FG> MLPI>K> GB KMO. LA PBOFGPHFE MR?IFH>@FG>: BBF4AF>< CE<=4G8?= c &E<?BM< M4 >A=<38IABFG, =8M<>, <FGBE<=H < 9B?>?BE, FQA. 49

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1BHPQLSF FW 1992. PR ?OLGKF, >IF KFPR RSOXQBKF GBO PB SBZFKLJ LAKLPB K> RKFXQ>S>KGB ?F?IFLQBH> K> MLAOR[GR BF%. 1BHPQLSF FW O>WAL?IG> LA 1993. AL 1995. PR HLKPQORHQFSKF F K>PQ>IF R =BIGF A> PB ABCFKFO> MOL?IBJ F HLKHOBQKL MLJLDKB. *BYR LKFJ> HLGF PB FWG>XKG>S>GR F DLSLOB L L?KLSF +2B BF% PR KMO. Q>A>XKGF MOBAPGBAKFH ;BXHB /BMR?IFHB 3n@I>S %>SBI, MOBAPGBAKFH ;BXHB >H>ABJFGB K>RH> /RALIC 7>EO>AKvH, AFOBHQLO +>OLAKB ?F?IFLQBHB R -O>DR 3LGQ>@E B>IvH, OBHQLO (>OILSLD RKFSBOWFQBQ> />AFJ ->ILRX, MOBAPGBAKFH ;BXHLD -"+ HIR?> 'FBv 0QOnKPH, H>L F MOBAPQ>SKF@F ?OLGKFE AORDFE FKPQFQR@FG>, QB K>O>SKL F JKLDF HKGF=BSKF@F, JBYR HLGFJ> PR F Q>HL PI>SK> FJBK> H>L XQL GB 'LPBC 8HSLOB@H. &>HL LS> ?F?IFLDO>CFG> KFGB FP@OMK>, SOIL GB FIRPQO>QFSK>. ,A 65 ?F?IFLDO>CPHB GBAFKF@B, 38 FE GB ?FIL MLPSBZBKL >H@FGF `(KGFDB W> BLPKRa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c R SBWF P MLWFSLJ 2+"0 A; GBA>K GB L >H@FGF P>HRMIG>KG> ERJ>KFQ>OKB MLJLZF W> BF% (LAGBZB F KLS@>) HLGR GB LOD>KFWFO>I> +>OLAK> ?F?IFLQBH> ;/; GBA>K QBHPQ DLSLOF L MLHRX>GR &DLO> BI>=BSFZ> FW %BIPFKHF FQWBKP_APPBJ?IV F AFOBHQLO> +>OLAKB ?F?IFLQBHB ;/ 3LGQ>@E> B>IvH> A> RPMLPQ>SB HLKQ>HQB P MOBAPQ>SKF@FJ> SBIFHFE PSGBQPHFE ?F?IFLQBH> R SBWF ALDLSLO> L L?KLSF +2B; GBA>K QBHPQ PR O>WJFXIG>KG> [BXHB HKGF=BSKF@B L P>O>GBSPHLG ?F?IFLQB@F; GBA>K GB MLPSBZBK AB?>QF `(OFW> R ?FSXLG 'RDLPI>SFGF F K>X> LADLSLOKLPQa LAO=>KLG R +>OLAKLG ?F?IFLQB@F ;/; GBA>K DLSLOF L QLJB A> GB AFOBHQLO +2B BF% MLPGBQFL +>OLAKR ?F?IFLQBHR ;/; F MLPIGBAKG> ?F?IFLDO>CPH> GBAFKF@> HLG> FQBH>HL W>PIR=RGB A> ?RAB RSOXQBK> GB MOFGBSLA 'BODLSFZBSB MOF[B `BF?IFLQBH>a. +,3,1+f, "S>: *_78A CB@B6< BBFA 4 H8E68:BI<A . &KCLOJ>[Kv ?RIIBQFK +nOLAKv HKFELSKV S -O>WB. -O>E>, [. 4/1993. P. 12. *A/(,3f, BLERPI>S>: )?BI4AF>W >A<;BIA4. &KCLOJ>[Kv ?RIIBQFK +nOLAKv HKFELSKV S -O>WB. -O>E>, [. 7/1993. P. 10. +"!3=!,3f, *FI>A>: )?BIB > CB=8GZ I_FG4IL BBFA4 4 H8E68:BI<A4, ;<FGBE<6>X M8@Y EIEBCL. &KCLOJ>[Kv ?RIIBQFK +nOLAKv HKFELSKV S -O>WB. -O>E>, 10/93. P. 15. &B@B6 C"< B5ABI >A<;BIAL I )4E4=8IH. &KCLOJ>[Kv ?RIIBQFK +nOLAKv HKFELSKV S -O>WB. -O>E>, [. 10/1993. P. 16-17. &E4;4 >H?GHEAZ (-LWSnKH> K> SPQ>SR BLPK> > %BO@BDLSFK>, EFPQLOF@Ht WBJ> "SOLMV). !L?O SB[BO. -O>E>, 16.7.1993. BBFA4 4 H8E68:BI<A4 (( W>EnGBKv SPQ>SV). *LO>SPHLPIBWPH ABK. ,PQO>S>, 16.7.1993. 04 >H?GHEBH 4 CBMAWAZ@ (&KCLOJ>@B L SPQ>S> BLPK> > %BO@BDLSFK>, EFPQLOF@Ht WBJ> "SOLMV). )FALSn ABJLHO>@FB. -O>E>, 21.7.1993. !78 / 6B (( SPQ>S> BLPK> > %BO@BDLSFK>, EFPQLOF@Ht WBJ> "SOLMV). %LPMLAnBPHt KLSFKV. -O>E>, 28.7.1993. &E43F>X I_FG4IL (2MLWLOK>Kv K> SPQ>SR BLPK> > %BO@BDLSFK>, EFPQLOF@Ht WBJ> "SOLMV). 1BIBDO>C. -O>E>, 10.8.1993. 50

BLPKF>@> R 0I>SBKPHLG ?F?IFLQB@F R -O>DR

!A<;L CEB BBFAH: )5ZE>4 >A<; 5H78 CEB5Z;4G B7 13.9. 7B 28.9. I $WEB7AZ >A<;BIA . &KCLOJ>[Kv ?RIIBQFK +nOLAKv HKFELSKV S -O>WB. -O>E>, 11-12/93. P. 18. !A<;L CEB BBFAH: B5ABI4 $WEB7AZ 4 HA<I8EM<GAZ >A<;BIAL I )4E4=8IH (,AMLS>AF [BPH@E PMFPLS>QBIC K> SWSR %BIPFKPHtEL L?[>KPHtEL PEOLJn=A>Kv, 2(, +(, ,?@B PMFPLS>QBIC, +>A>@B )FALS@E KLSFK > )FQBOnOKv@E KLSFK c #O. (L=vH, 3I. 0S>QL?, 'FBv (O>QL@ESvI.). )FQBOnOKv KLSFKV. -O>E>, [. 36/1993. %A3"), 3n@I>S: S!A<;L CEB BBFAHT. )FQBOnOKv KLSFKV. -O>E>, [. 39/1993. %A3"), 3n@I>S: S!A<;L CEB BBFAHT. &KCLOJ>[Kv ?RIIBQFK +nOLAKv HKFELSKV S -O>WB. -O>E>, [. 13/1993. P. 5. %A3")(,3f, 7RW>K>: !A<;L CEB BBFAH. &KCLOJ>[Kv ?RIIBQFK +nOLAKv HKFELSKV S -O>WB. -O>E>, [. 13/1993. P. 6. 0 G<F>BIX >BA98E8A68 I $WEB7AZ >A<;BIA I &E4M8 7A8 28.9.1993, I MWI E8QA_ 78A F5ZE>L S!A<;L CEB BBFAHT. &KCLOJ>[Kv ?RIIBQFK +nOLAKv HKFELSKV S -O>WB. -O>E>, [. 13/1993. P. 7. %5ABI<G 6;EW@ 8IEBCF>X;B 7H6;4 (;InKBH MBFMLJvK>Gv@v ML=nO +nOLAKv > RKFSBOWFQKv HKFELSKV S 0>O>GBSR 25. POMK> 1992., MBF K>J= ?VIV WKF[BKV SXB@EKV HKFEV RIL=BKt S K>AWBJKv@E ABMLWFQnBv@E, P @vIBJ MBF?Iv=FQ MOLGBHQ (KFEV MOL BLPKR G>HL PLR[nPQ BSOLMPHtEL MOLGBHQR L?KLSV HKFELSKV S 0>O>GBSR.). -On@B. -O>E>, 9.9.1993. !A<3AZ CB@B6 (&KCLOJ>@B L W>EnGBKv MOLGBHQR (KFEV MOL BLPKR). 1BIBDO>C, -O>E>, 14.9.1993. 04Q4?4 4>68 !A<;L CEB BBFAH (&KCLOJ>@B L P?vO@B HKF=Kv@E A>OC [BPH@E HKFELSBK > HRIQROKv@E FKPQFQR@v K> MLAMLOR L?KLSV HKFELSKV S 0>O>GBSR S +nOLAKv HKFELSK> S -O>WB.). ;BPH ABKvH. -O>E>, 14.9.1993. !A<;L CEB BBFAH (&KCLOJ>@B L W>EnGBKv >H@B (KFEV MOL BLPKR). /RAt MOnSL, 14.9. 1993. !A<;L CEB BBFAH (7B W>E>GLS>@vEL SB[BO> H MOLGBHQR (KFEV MOL BLPKR S +nOLAKv HKFELSK> S -O>WB). )FALSt KLSFKV. -O>E>, 15.9.1993. )5ZE>4 >A<; CEB >A<;BIAH I )4E4=8IH (&KCLOJ>@B L P?vO@B HKFE > GBGvJ MLPInKv). *I>An COLKQ> AKBP. -O>E>, 15.9.1993. )2("8, '>K: ,W?>4 4 >A<;L (0ILRMBH '>K> )RHBXB MBF?IF=RGB PI>SKLPQKv W>EnGBKv >H@B (KFEV MOL BLPKR > K>SLWRGB MLIBJF@HLR LQnWHR XFOXv MI>QKLPQF, `G>HLR JL@ Jn SWKBXBKn JVXIBKH>, ABKK> HORQ> HLKCOLKQLS>Kn PB PJOQv Q>@E, HQBBv R= PF KBMBB[QLR KFHAV KF@\a). )FALSt KLSFKV. -O>E>, 17.9.1993. A?<5< I CB7B5 >A<;? (kS>E> K>A >H@v (KFEV MOL BLPKR). )FALSn ABJLHO>@FB, 18.9.1993. &B7Z? A4 AWIE4GH 3<IBG4 (-BBAPBA> ;BPHtEL @BKQO> -"+ HIR?R LAMLSvAn )FALSJ KLSFKnJ K> LQnWHR, @L PLRAv L SWK>JR >H@B (KFEV MOL BLPKR). )FALSt KLSFKV. -O>E>, 20.9.1993. ,FG4A8 )4E4=8IF>W >A<;BIA4 M CBC8?4? ((KFEV MOL BLPKR). 1BIBDO>C, -O>E>, 20.9.1993. ,LGIB"<G MW6;LGAX 5B7L ((KFEV MOL BLPKR c S >KHBQ> )FALS@E KLSFK LAMLSvAn -BQO B>OQ|K>H). )FALSt KLSFKV. -O>E>, 21.9.1993. 8NG 8K<FGH=8 FB?<74E<G4 ((KFEV MOL BLPKR c S >KHBQ> )FALS@E KLSFK LAMLSvAn ->SBI 1FDOFA). )FALSt KLSFKV. -O>E>, 22.9.1993. I @L C4G"Z@8 > I<AZ>#@ ((KFEV MOL BLPKR c S >KHBQ> )FALS@E KLSFK LAMLSvAn MBBAPBA> A3 ;/ /RALIC 7>EO>AKvH). )FALSt KLSFKV. -O>E>, 23.9.1993. !A<3AZ CB@B6 (&KCLOJ>@B HB P?vO@B (KFEV MOL BLPKR). 1BIBDO>C, 14.9.1993. !7L3 ;B"Z >A<;L, H@ZE4=Z ?<7X ((KFEV MOL BLPKR c S >KHBQ> )FALS@E KLSFK LAMLSvAn M>Kv "S> (>KQCOHLSn). )FALSt KLSFKV. -O>E>, 25.9.1993. 51

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+3 A8=FBH GL M?4GX Q4FL ((KFEV MOL BLPKR c S >KHBQ> )FALS@E KLSFK LAMLSvAn OBHQLO 2( />AFJ ->ILRX). )FALSt KLSFKV. -O>E>, 27.9.1993. DB5EX F@LF?L 4 7B5E_ EBMH@ ((KFEV MOL BLPKR c S >KHBQ> )FALS@E KLSFK LAMLSvAn BBAFQBI +( 3LGQ>@E B>IvH). )FALSt KLSFKV. -O>E>, 28.9.1993. )?4IAW @<AH?BFG 4 A8F?4IAW C"ZGB@ABFG (3 PLRSFPILPQF P >H@v (KFEV MOL BLPKR MBFMLJvKn >RQLO [InKHR 'FBv XQ>MnKBH PLR[>PK KBRQ>XBK PQ>S +nOLAKv HKFELSKV S -O>WB > GBGv EFPQLOFF, HQBOn P>En >= AL AL?V SInAV (>OI> &3. 2MLWLOyRGB K> RPQ>SBKv +>A>@B MOL Wn@EO>KR +(.). 1BIBDO>C. -O>E>, 28.9.1993. !A<;L CEB BBFAH ((B P?vO@B HKFE MOL L?KLSR 0>O>GBSPHt HKFELSKV). 0SL?LAKt PILSL. -O>E>, 29.9.1993. &B >A<;W6; CEB BBFAH F5ZE>4 C8A M ((LIBJ 15.000 PS>WHC HKFE RSnA>Gv )FALSt KLSFKV G>HL SQ>=BH P?vOHV (KFEV MOL BLPKR, K> HQBOLR Jn K>SnW>Q MBK>=Kv P?vOH> MOL KnHRM MOLPQBBAHC K> ABWFKCBH@F SLAV, HOBSKv@E ABOFSnQC > MBFHOSBH.). )FALSt KLSFKV. -O>E>, 29.9.1993. !A<;L CEB BBFAH (2). (-BvPM>SHV >RQLOC 'FBvEL 'RPQ>, ,Q>H>O> E>ILRMHV, -BBJVPI> 3BSBOHV, !RX>K> 1LJnXH> c K> >MBI H FKQBIBHQRnICJ L FKQBIBHQRnIKv MLAMLOR W ,@EOFAR). )FQBOnOKv KLSFKV. -O>E>, [. 37/1993. !A<;L CEB BBFAH (3). (+> >MBI H FKQBIBHQRnICJ c 'LPBC XHSLOB@H). )FQBOnOKv KLSFKV. -O>E>, [. 38/1993. !A<;L CEB BBFAH (4). (-LPBIPQSv 3n@I>S> %>SI>). )FQBOnOKv KLSFKV. -O>E>, [. 39/1993. !A<;L CEB BBFAH (5). (!RX>K 0QO>ynH: #<?_ BGQ8 5<F>HC8). )FQBOnOKv KLSFKV. -O>E>, [. 40/1993. (A+1U/(,3f, "S>: )4E4=8IF>W >A<;BIA4 A8AZ =8A FL@5B? (, }ILWB HKFELSBK G>HL WMOLPQBBAHLS>QBIC FKCLOJ>@v > MO>JBKC HB SWA>InKv). )FQBOnOKv KLSFKV. -O>E>, [. 40/1993. !A<;L CEB BBFAH (6). (MBBAPBA> ;BPHtEL @BKQO> *BWFKnOLAKvEL -"+ HIR?R 'FBv 0QOnKPH. ->SBI (LSnB. AKQLKvK -BFA>I.). )FQBOnOKv KLSFKV. -O>E>, [. 41/1993. !A<;L CEB BBFAH (( >HQFSFQnJ MOL L?KLSR HKFELSKV S 0>O>GBSR B>O?LO> ,PS>IALSn). 1S>O. -O>E>, [. 3738/1993. !A<;L CEB 5H7BH6ABFG (XtCOBA>HQLO )FQBOnOKv@E KLSFK 3I>AFJvO (>OIvH FKCLOJRGB L P?vO@B (KFEV MOL BLPKR). *I>A PS>Q, [. 40/1993. S!E<M8 I 5_I4?X H:BF?4I<< 4 A4N8 MB7CBI 7ABFGT (BBPBA> S W>PBA>@v PvKF +(. !RX>K (>OM>QPH, &DLO BI>=BSFZ, />AFJ XM>[BH). &KCLOJ>[Kv ?RIIBQFK +nOLAKv HKFELSKV S -O>WB. -O>E>, [. 15/1993. P. 11. !A<;L CEB BBFAH ((OnQHn FKCLOJ>@B > CLQL W QFPHLSt ?BPBAV H MLJL@F MOL L?KLSR HKFELSKV S 0>O>GBSR, MLBnA>Kt S +nOLAKv HKFELSK> S -O>WB PMLIR P >H@v (KFEV MOL BLPKR). BIBPH. -O>E>, 29.9.1993. !A<;L CEB BBFAH (;InKBH L P?vO@B HKFE MOL P>O>GBSPHLR HKFELSKR, K> GBGv= LOD>KFW>@F PB SWK>JK> MLAvIBI> +nOLAKv HKFELSK> S -O>WB). ;QBKnB. -O>E>, [. 10/1993. !A<;L CEB BBFAH (;InKBH L P?vO@B HKFE MOL P>O>GBSPHLR HKFELSKR, K> GBGv= LOD>KFW>@F PB SWK>JK> MLAvIBI> +nOLAKv HKFELSK> S -O>WB). ;BPH WnM>P, [. 20, 26.10.1993. !A<;L CEB BBFAH (7 ALMFPR %BIPFKPHtEL L?[>KPHtEL PEOLJn=A>Kv). ;BPH WnM>P, [. 20/1993. !A<;L CEB BBFAH (, MOC?>ER > SPIBA@v@E @BIt >H@B ?VIF KLSFKnBF FKCLOJLSnKv K> QFPHLSt HLKCBOBK@F S +nOLAKv HKFELSK> ;/ AKB 23.3.1994 > HRIQROKvJ SB[BOBJ S 7O@>AILSt H>MIF (IBJBKQFK>, HQBO RPMLBnA>IF %BIPFKPHt L?[>KPHt PEOLJn=A>Kv, +>A>@B )FALS@E KLSFK, $47468 28F>X G8?8I<M8, *_@ EC<68AGEH@ 4 $WEB7AZ >A<;BIA4 I &E4M8, 5L?4 4>68 !A<;L CEB BLPKR W>HLK[BK>). &KCLOJ>[Kv ?RIIBQFK +nOLAKv HKFELSKV S -O>WB. -O>E>, [. 6/1994. P. 16. BA)i(, 3LGQ>@E: #8M<AWEB7AZ B75BEAW >B@<F8 CEB B5ABIH $WEB7AZ 4 +A<I8EM<GAZ >A<;BIAL BBFAL 4 H8E68:BI<AL I )4E4=8IH. +$E)C%, &4"Z3, 30.-31. 5"8MA4 1994. &KCLOJ>[Kv ?RIIBQFK +nOLAKv HKFELSKV S -O>WB. -O>E>, [. 9-10/1994. PQO. 30-31. 52

BLPKF>@> R 0I>SBKPHLG ?F?IFLQB@F R -O>DR

% )4E4=8IH I &E4M8 (-BBA?>=Kt LWKnJBKv L PBQHnKv KnOLAKv@E HKFELSBK H LQnWHnJ MLJL@F HKFELSK> S 0>O>GBSR, HLK>KtJ S +nOLAKv HKFELSK> S -O>WB). /RAt MOnSL. -O>E>, 23.11.1994. *A/(,3f, BLERPI>S>: "<=8C4 E<=8Q @4G8EA=8: =8M<>4 (;InKBH RMLWLOyRGv@v L?VS>QBIB ?S>It 'RDLPInSFB =FGv@v S ;/ K> JL=KLPQ SMCG[BH HKFE S PO?L@ELOS>QXQFK>, PILSFKXQFK> > J>HBALKXQFK> S 0(). *LPQLSF, [. 27. 4. BvGK> 1994. )8G>WAZ 8KC8EG# (S -O>WB. , SVJBWBKv MLGJR BLPKF>H> > L JL=KLPQB@E > CLOJnJ MLJL@F MBF ?RALR@v L?KLS> HKFELSKV S 0>O>GBSR). 7BJ>A>IPHt KLSFKV. -O>E>, 26.11.1994. !A<;L CEB )4E4=8IB (7MOnS> L JBWFKnOLAKv P@ECW@B BUMBOQC S +( S -O>WB H LQnWHnJ FABKQFCFH>@B ?LPBKPHt IFQBO>QROV > JL=KLPQBJ MLJL@F MBF L?KLS> WKF[BKt HKFELSKV S 0>O>GBSR). 0SL?LAKt PILSL, 28.11.1994. &B@B6 >A<;BIA I )4E4=8IH (( GBAKnKv WnPQRM@C BSOLMPH@E HKFELSBK S +(;/). kPQB@H ABKvH. kPQv K>A )>?BJ, 26.11.1994. , &E4M8 F8 =87AW B @8M<AWEB7AZ CB@B6< >A<;BIAW@ I )4E4=8IH. (( GBAKnKv WnPQRM@C HKFELSBK L LQnWHn@E ?LPBKPHt IFQBO>QROV > HKFELSK> S 0>O>GBSR). ;BPH ABKvH. -O>E>, 26.11.1994. %5ABI8AZ 9BA7H F4E4=8IF>X HA<I8EF<GAZ >A<;BIAL (7MOnS> L GBAKnKv WnPQRM@C HKFELSBK OCWK@E WBJv S +(;/ H LQnWHnJ ABCFKLSnKv ?LPKF>H > L JL=KLPQB@E MLJL@F MBF L?KLS> WKF[BKt HKFELSKV S 0>O>GBSR). )FALSt KLSFKV. -O>E>, 28.11.1994. &EB BBFAH 7A8NA<6; 7AZ =8 7#?83<GX < M46;BIWAZ 7H6;BIAZ6; 4 >H?GHEAZ6; ;B7ABG, GIE7Z "87<G8? $WEB7AAZ >A<;BIAL I &E4M8 (/LWELSLO P BBAFQBIBJ +( S -O>WB AO. 3. BnIvHBJ L WnHI>AKv@E SPIBA@v@E PBQHnKv PS>QLS@E BUMBOQC H LQnWHnJ ?LPBKPHt IFQBO>QROV K> PHILKHR ILyPHtEL OLHR). 7+ +,3&+6. -O>E>, 6.2.1995. )B?<74E<G4 F >A<;BIAZ>L )4E4=8I4 (...*nILHAL W KnP SX>H Sv, =B S 0>O>GBSR =FGB MBF?F=K> 150 HKFELSKvHC, HQBBv WAB, PMLIR PB PSJF OLAFK>JF... c 3WS> W 2+"0 ,...). &KCLOJ>[Kv ?RIIBQFK +nOLAKv HKFELSKV S -O>WB. -O>E>, [. 6/1995. P. 17. )B?<74E<GL J<G; G;8 "<5E4E<4AF <A )4E4=8IB. &KCLOJ>[Kv ?RIIBQFK +nOLAKv HKFELSKV S -O>WB. -O>E>, [. 6/1995. P. 18. 04;E4A<QAZ AWING IL (-BF MBvIB=FQLPQF *>Pv@B BLPKV > %BO@BDLSFKV S ;BPHt OBMR?IF@B K>SXQvSFI +nOLAKv HKFELSKR SB AKB@E 7. >= 14. BvGBK 95 BBAFQBI +nOLAKv > RKFSBOWFQKv HKFELSKV S 0>O>GBSR M>K "KBP (RGRKA=FZ). &KCLOJ>[Kv ?RIIBQFK +nOLAKv HKFELSKV S -O>WB. -O>E>, [. 18/1995. P. 21. )'2 A, AAFK: BBFA<4>4 1992 U 1995. )4E4=8IF>X >4EL4G<7L, 9BGB:E49<8 !8@4?4 H473<P4. &KCLOJ>[Kv ?RIIBQFK +nOLAKv HKFELSKV S -O>WB. -O>E>, [. 18/1995. P. 22. FBGB:E49<8 B BBFA I $WEB7AZ >A<;BIA (( W>EnGBKv SPQ>SV BBFA<4>4 1992 U 1995. )4E4=8IF>X >4EL4G<7L, 9BGB:E49<8 !8@4?4 H473<P4 S +nOLAKv HKFELSK>). )FALSt KLSFKV. -O>E>, 10.10.1995. 7 SPQ>SKv@E PvKv ((OnQHn WMOnS> L SPQ>S> BBFA<4>4 1992 U 1995. )4E4=8IF>X >4EL4G<7L, 9BGB:E49<8 !8@4?4 H473<P4). ;BPH QABKvH.-O>E>, 13.10.1995. '"/$,3&:, *FIGBKHL: !A<;BIA4 (MBBHI>A !RX>K (>OM>QPH). )FQBOnOKv KLSFKV. -O>E>, [. 35/1995.

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55

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4. $5GHC>5B>9 85 G9 C69N6>98= G@C6C85B DF=GHID GHFIRB=A =B:CFA57=>5A5


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57

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61

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A>GB ,ABIGBKGR O>WJBKB +B0 O>AF PI>KG> FKLPQO>KFJ ?F?IFLQBH>J>, QOBZF PB MLHI>KG> BF?IFLQB@F DO>A> BBLDO>A>, > [BQSOQF PB R @BILPQF X>IGB +>OLAKLG F RKFSBOWFQBQPHLG ?F?IFLQB@F R B>KG>IR@F (R A>IGBJ QBHPQR +2B B>KG>IRH>). 0I>KGB L?>SBWKLD MOFJBOH> FWJBYR +B0 F ?>KG>IR[HB ?F?IFLQBHB QO>G>IL GB PSB AL `,AIRHB L MOBRPJBO>S>KGR L?>SBWKLD MOFJBOH>a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c 1998. DLAFKB BF?IFLQBH> *>QF@B POMPHB F 'RDLPILSBKPHF ?F?IFLDO>CPHL-FKCLOJ>@FGPHF FKPQFQRQ, > 2001. DLAFKB F +>OLAK> ?F?IFLQBH> 0O?FGB F 2KFSBOWFQBQPH> ?F?IFLQBH> `0SBQLW>O *>OHLSFZa, K>MRXQ>GR PQ>OR SBOWFGR MOLDO>J> ,B&00 K> 3A5 MI>QCLOJF, F RW P>O>AKGF P> &72*-LJ FW *>OF?LO>, FKPQ>IFO>GR ,B&00 MOLDO>JPHR LMOBJR P> A)-%A PBOSBOFJ>. BFI> GB QL ML[BQK> C>W> W> CLOJFO>KGB RW>G>JKLD H>Q>ILD>, PM>G>KGBJ K> FPQLG MI>QCLOJF ILH>IKFE H>Q>ILD> LSB [BQFOF ?F?IFLQBHB R 0O?FGF. +> A>K 17. CB?OR>O> 2003. DLAFKB, RPMLPQ>SIGBK GB PFPQBJ RW>G>JKB H>Q>ILDFW>@FGB R 0O?FGF, H>L MOS> C>W> OB>IFW>@FGB MOLGBHQ> `3FOQRBIK> ?F?IFLQBH> 0O?FGBa, Q>HL XQL GB &72* CLOJFO>L RW>G>JKF H>Q>ILD F FKPQ>IFO>L PLCQSBOPHF JLARI RW>G>JKB H>Q>ILDFW>@FGB, MLOBA SBZ MLPQLGBZFE.
62

#LOJFO>KGB RW>G>JKLD H>Q>ILD> GB L?>SIGBKL L?GBAFKG>S>KGBJ BIBHQOLKPHFE H>Q>ILXHFE ?>W> BF?IFLQBHB *>QF@B POMPHB, +>OLAKB ?F?IFLQBHB 0O?FGB, 2KFSBOWFQBQPHB ?F?IFLQBHB `0SBQLW>O *>OHLSFZa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`,?RH> MOBA>S>[> W> HLKQFKRFO>KL PQOR[KL L?O>WLS>KGBa, H>L ABL MOLGBHQ> `*OB=> QOBKFKD @BKQ>O> W> HLKQFKRFO>KL PQOR[KL L?O>WLS>KGBa. +> LSLJ HROPR, ML MOSF MRQ MLPIB O>Q> F K> GBAKLJ LA MOLPQLO> KBH>A>XKGB 'RDLPI>SFGB, W>GBAKL PR R[BPQSLS>IF ?F?IFLQBH>OF FW 0ILSBKFGB, %OS>QPHB, BLPKB F %BO@BDLSFKB, 0O?FGB F OKB $LOB. -LPIB QLD>, LPKLS>K GB F ,?O>WLSKF @BKQ>O R +>OLAKLG ?F?IFLQB@F 0O?FGB, > CFK>KPFO>KF PR F HROPBSF W> ?F?IFLQBH>OB R 0O?FGF, K>X ALJ>ZF MOLGBH>Q `8HLI> BF?IFLQBH>+a F L?RH> PQOR[KG>H> +B0 K> O>WIF[FQFJ HROPBSFJ> R BRAFJMBXQF, )LKALKR, -O>DR. 0SB QL GB ?FL ABL SBIFHLD MOLGBHQ> `*OB=> @BKQ>O> W> HLKQFKRFO>KL PQOR[KL L?O>WLS>KGB R 'RDLFPQL[KLG "SOLMFa HLGF GB CFK>KPFO>L #LKA W> LQSLOBKL AORXQSL. ,A 5. AL 8. AB@BJ?O> 2001. DLAFKB, R +>OLAKLG ?F?IFLQB@F 0O?FGB LAO=>K GB `!ORDF

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PHRM ?F?IFLQBH>O> ?>IH>KPHFE WBJ>IG>a P> QBJLJ `0>O>AKG>, L?O>WLS>KGB, HS>IFQBQa, F K> QLJ PHRMR PR R[BPQSLS>IB HLIBDB FW @BILD OBDFLK>. BFI> GB QL KLS> MOFIFH> A> PB K> FPQLJ JBPQR PRPOBQKR F L PQOR[KFJ MFQ>KGFJ> O>WDLS>O>GR ABPBQFKB ?F?IFLQBH>O> P> MOLPQLO> KBH>A>XKGB 'RDLPI>SFGB. 2 0LCFGF, KLSBJ?O> 2002. DLAFKB, AFOBHQLOF K>@FLK>IKFE ?F?IFLQBH> 'RDLFPQL[KB "SOLMB MLQMFP>IF PR RDLSLO L P>O>AKGF K>@FLK>IKFE ?F?IFLQBH> OBDFLK> (JBYR MLQMFPFKF@FJ> PR 0O?FG> F OK> $LO>, BLPK> F %BO@BDLSFK>, *>HBALKFG>, BRD>OPH>, AI?>KFG>, $O[H>, 1ROPH>, /RJRKFG>). 1LJ MOFIFHLJ GB ALDLSLOBKL A> PB PIF[KF P>PQ>K@F LAO=>S>GR PS>HB DLAFKB R LHSFOR XFOB LOD>KFW>@FGB ( "+) c (LKCBOBK@FGB AFOBHQLO> K>@FLK>IKFE ?F?IFLQBH> "SOLMB), > MLHOBKRQB PR F FKF@FG>QFSB W> LPKFS>KGB B>IH>KPHB ?F?IFLQB[HB >PL@FG>@FGB F W> FWO>AR `B>IH>KPHB ?F?IFLDO>CFGB 1985-2002a. 2 +>OLAKLG ?F?IFLQB@F 0O?FGB PR DLPQLS>IF MOBA>S>[F FW +>OLAKB FK RKFSBOWFQBQKB HKGF=KF@B R )GR?IG>KF P> QBJ>J> `/BQOLPMBHQFSK> HLKSBOWFG> H>Q>ILD>a F `"SOLMPHF MOLGBHQF W> ?F?IFLQBHBa (2002. DLAFKB), H>L F `*BOBKGB RPMBXKLPQF O>A> ?F?IFLQBH>a F `"S>IR>@FG> F PQ>QFPQF[HF MLH>W>QBIGFa(2003. DLAFKB), F K> KBHB LA QFE HROPBS> ALI>WFIB PR F HLIBDB FW BLPKB F %BO@BDLSFKB F %OS>QPHB. 2 7>DOB?R GB 2002. DLAFKB, R LOD>KFW>@FGF $BQB &KPQFQRQ> F #O>K@RPHLD HRIQROKLD @BKQO>, LAO=>K PHRM `+>OLAKB ?F?IFLQBHB R 21. SBHRa. +> PHRMR GB R[BPQSLS>IL 14 ?F?IFLQBH>O> FW 0O?FGB c ?FL GB QL MOSF MLPIBO>QKF ALI>W>H ?F?IFLQBH>O> FW 0O?FGB K> KBHF PQOR[KF PHRM R %OS>QPHLG. BFI> GB QL, Q>HLYB, F MOFIFH> A> PB PRPOBQKR F O>WJBKB FPHRPQS> F P> MOFPRQKFJ HLIBD>J> FW BLPKB F %BO@BDLSFKB, *>HBALKFGB, 0ILSBKFGB, %OS>QPHB. ,A 24. AL 27. PBMQBJ?O> 2003. DLAFKB R +>OLAKLG ?F?IFLQB@F 0O?FGB GB LAO=>K *BYRK>OLAKF

K>R[KF PHRM `&KQBIBHQR>IK> PIL?LA> F P>SOBJBKB ?F?IFLQBHBa K> HLJB R[BPQSRGR ?F?IFLQBH>OF FW 17 WBJ>IG>, RHIGR[RGRZF F HLIBDB FW BLPKB F %BO@BDLSFKB, %OS>QPHB, *>HBALKFGB, 0ILSBKFGB... -OLGBH>Q BF?IFLAVPPBV, `2K>MOBYBKGB QO=FXQ> HKGFDB 0O?FGB F OKB $LOBa , W>ML[BQ 2003. DLAFKB, LOD>KFWLS>K F CFK>KPFO>K LA %LI>KAPHLD JFKFPQ>OPQS> W> FKLPQO>KB MLPILSB, *FKFPQ>OPQS> W> HRIQROR /BMR?IFHB 0O?FGB F GLX KBHLIFHL KBSI>AFKFE LOD>KFW>@FG>, > HLLOAFKFO>K LA +>OLAKB ?F?IFLQBHB 0O?FGB, MLAO>WRJBS> F PQ>IKR P>O>AGR P> FWA>S>[FJ>, HKGF=>O>J>, AFPQOF?RQBOFJ> F ?F?IFLQBH>J> R %OS>QPHLG F BLPKF F %BO@BDLSFKF. ,A 8. AL 10. LHQL?O> 2004. DLAFKB, R +>OLAKLG ?F?IFLQB@F 0O?FGB GB LAO=>K *BYRK>OLAKF PHRM `"HLKLJPH> RILD> ?F?IFLQBH> R P>SOBJBKLJ AORXQSRa K> HLJB R[BPQSRGR F HLIBDB FW BLPKB F %BO@BDLSFKB, *>HBALKFGB... -OBDIBALJ JBYRK>OLAKB P>O>AKGB +>OLAKB ?F?IFLQBHB 0O?FGB R MBOFLAR LA 2002. AL 2005. DLAFKB, ALI>WFJL AL MLA>Q>H> L MLGBAFK>[KFJ PIR=?BKFJ MRQLS>KGFJ> PQOR[KG>H> +>OLAKB ?F?IFLQBHB 0O?FGB R KLSLK>PQ>IB PRPBAKB WBJIGB, H>L F L PQOR[KFJ MLPBQ>J> HLIBD> FW QFE WBJ>IG> +>OLAKLG ?F?IFLQB@F. 1B PR PIR=?BKB MLPBQB LPQS>OFS>KB P> @FIGBJ RPMLPQ>SIG>KG> P>O>AKGB, BARH>@FGB, O>WJBKB FPHRPQ>S> F OBX>S>KG> PQOR[KFE MFQ>KG>. 2 LSLJ MBOFLAR PQOR[KG>@F +B0 PR R 30 K>SO>Q> FXIF R PIR=?BKB MLPBQB ?F?IFLQBH>J> R BLPKF F %BO@BDLSFKF, %OS>QPHLG, *>HBALKFGF F 0ILSBKFGF, > ?F?IFLQBH>OF FW LSFE WBJ>IG> PR 38 MRQ> MLPBQFIF +B0. ,A 9. AL 11. KLSBJ?OR 2004. DLAFKB 30 ?F?IFLQBH>O> FW 0O?FGB, RHIGR[RGRZF MBQ FW +B0, ?LO>SF K> (LKCBOBK@FGF ,B&00 2004 R 0ILSBKFGF. +> ,B&00 HLKCBOBK@FGF 2005, LAO=>KLG LA 8.
63

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AL 11. KLSBJ?O> 2005. DLAFKB R 0ILSBKFGF, MOFPRQKL GB 30 ?F?IFLQBH>O> FW 0O?FGB, > JBYR KGFJ> ABPBQ FW +B0. -OSB MLO>QKB HLKQ>HQB R O>WJBKF MR?IFH>@FG>, F QL PLMPQSBKFE FWA>KG>, +>OLAK> ?F?IFLQBH> 0O?FGB GB RPMLPQ>SFI> 1998. DLAFKB P> 0ILSBKPHLJ >H>ABJFGLJ WK>KLPQF FK RJBQKLPQF R )GR?IG>KF. -LQLJ PB, 1999. DLAFKB, RJBPQL KBH>A>XKGBD L?>SBWKLD MOFJBOH>, RPMLPQ>SIG> O>WJBK> P> +>OLAKLJ F RKFSBOWFQBQPHLJ ?F?IFLQBHLJ `(IFJBKQ ,EOFAPHFa R 0HLMIGR (R A>IGBJ QBHPQR +2B 0HLMIGB). 1B DLAFKB HLIBDB FW +2B 0HLMIGB ALPQ>SIG>GR +B0 PMFPHLSB K>GMLQOB?KFGFE HKGFD> L?G>SIGBKFE R 0O?FGF, MOSBKPQSBKL H>MFQ>IKFE FWA>KG> FW L?I>PQF AORXQSBKFE K>RH> F RKFSBOWFQBQPHFE RA=?BKFH>. 1B HKGFDB PB FWAS>G>GR FW L?>SBWKLD MOFJBOH> A>QLD ,ABIGBKGR O>WJBKB +B0 F X>IGR PHLMPHLG ?F?IFLQB@F R O>WJBKR. 2 MBOFLAR LA 1999. AL 2005. DLAFKB +B0 GB R +2B 0HLMIGB MLPI>I> 1.510 HKGFD> F HLKQFKRFO>KL X>IGB 19 K>PILS> MBOFLAFHB, > FW +2B 0HLMIGB GB AL?FI> 1.101 HKGFDR F AL?FG> 30 K>PILS> MBOFLAFHB. 0MLO>WRJ L P>O>AKGF FWJBYR +B0 F +2B 0HLMIGB MLQMFP>K GB 27. >SDRPQ> 2003. DLAFKB. -LQLJ PR R LHQL?OR 2000. DLAFKB, ASB HLIBDFKF@B FW ,ABIGBKG> O>WJBKB +>OLAKB FK RKFSBOWFQBQKB HKGF=KF@B R )GR?IG>KF (R A>IGBJ QBHPQR +2( )GR?IG>K>) MLPBQFIB +>OLAKR ?F?IFLQBHR 0O?FGB, F ALDLSLOBKF PR MOFK@FMF O>WJBKB MR?IFH>@FG> FWJBYR LSB ASB ?F?IFLQBHB. 2 MBOFLAR 2001. AL 2005. DLAFKB +B0 GB R +2( )GR?IG>K> MLPI>I> 554 HKGFDB F HLKQFKRFO>KL X>IGB 4 K>PILS> MBOFLAFHB, > LA +2( GB R O>WJBKR AL?FI> 227 HKGFD> F OBALSKL AL?FG> 26 K>PILS> MBOFLAFHB. 0MLO>WRJ L P>O>AKGF FWJBYR +B0 F +2( )GR?IG>K> MLQMFP>K GB 26. J>G> 2005. DLAFKB.
64

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`-OLPSGBQ>a)

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72

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$5G@CJ: Dobro!a bi#anja : Kiki& amim obom


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$5G@CJ: Digi!alna %birka fo!ografija Had`i&a


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$5G@CJ: Saraje#o na !arim porodi'nim fo!ografijama


D5HIA: AB@BJ?>O 2005. c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1. AG A5;5N=B : >OEFQBHQRO> F DO>YBSFK>OPQSL / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH AIBHP>KA>O ,MPBKF@>. c 2001, ?O. 1- . c BBLDO>A : &WL1BE A.L.L., 2001- (BBLDO>A : F@BOL). c 28 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.>DJ>D>WFK.@L.VR/ &00+ 1451-3684 = A$ J>D>WFK 2. A#E'ICA$ C<5A69F C: CCAA9F79 &9FGD97H=J9 AJ E>J -BOPMB@QFSB : J>D>WFKB LC QEB AJBOF@>K E>J?BO LC LJJBO@B FK 0BO?F> >KA *LKQBKBDOL. c 3LI. 1, [2001]- . c BBIDO>AB (3I>GHLSFZBS> 30/&&&/10) : AJBOF@>K E>J?BO LC LJJBO@B FK 0BO?F> >KA *LKQBKBDOL, [2001]- (BBIDO>AB : -LIFQFH>). c 30 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.>J@E>J.VR/FKABU.>PM. c *BPB[KL 3. A$A / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH &S>K> @FSHLS 0Q>J?LIFZ. c $LA. 1, ?O. 1 (1986)- . c BBLDO>A (*>HBALKPH> 29) : -LIFQFH> +BTPM>MBOP & *>D>WFKBP, 1986(BBLDO>A : -LIFQFH>). c 30 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.MLIFQFH>.@L.VR/@VO/OR?OFH>.>PMO=370.EQJ. c *BPB[KL &00+ 0352-9517 = AK> (BBLDO>A) 126 4. ANALI P-a1*+# "a'0(/!/a 0 B!+#-a 0 : 5G@>6D6N?: N2D@A:D J2 AC2G?6 : 5CFKEG6?6 ?2F<6 / 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< :@5C28 "C=:M. O G@5. 1, 3C. 1 (1953)- . O B6@8C25 : #C2G?: 72<F=E6E, 1953- (B6@8C25 : 0:8@;2 KE2>A2). O 24 @J !LPQRMKL K>: EQQM://TTT.FRP.?D.>@.VR/AK>IF/A20051/>K>IF.EQJ. c !SLJBPB[KL &00+ 0003-2565 = A?2=: #C2G?@8 72<F=E6E2 F B6@8C25F 5. A$$*A" '9DCFH / %BJLC>OJ DOLRM. c 19??- . c 3OX>@ : %BJLC>OJ DOLRM, 1995([BBLDO>A] : -R?IFHRJ). c 30 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.EBJLC>OJ.@LJ/!BPHQLM!BC>RIQ .>PMU?1>?&!=3510&AIF>P=EBJLC>OJ&)>K D=PO-0--)>QK . c $LAFXKGB. 6. A&%""I$E# A98=7IA 9H A9G7I@5D=IA : [>PLMFP -LAOR=KF@B 0OMPHLD IBH>OPHLD AORXQS> R )BPHLS@R / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH 9LOYB BHFZ. c 1984, ?O. 4- . c )BPHLS>@ (0SBQLW>O> *>OHLSFZ> 116) : -LAOR=KF@> 0OMPHLD IBH>OPHLD AORXQS>, 1984- ()B?>KB : $O>CLHLILO). c 29 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.PIAIBPHLS>@.LOD.VR/@>PLMFP.EQJ. c +>PQ>S>H MR?IFH>@FGB: 7?LOKFH O>ALS> c -LAOR=KF@>

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0OMPHLD IBH>OPHLD AORXQS> R )BPHLS@R = &00+ 0351-6512 &00+ 0352-4825 = AMLIIFKBJ JBAF@RJ BQ ABP@RI>MFRJ 7. A'AC( : > AtISFAtHF *>DV>OPnD H{WtIBQF CLIVzO>Q> / CBIBI P PWBOHBPWQ 3>GA> $>?LO. c 1. tSC., 1. PW. (2001)- . c 1LQLSL 0BIL (7I>QF?LOPH> 4) : $O>CF H> O>AKG> `)LDLPa, 2001-. c 29 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.>O>@P.LOD.VR . c 1OLJBPB[KL &00+ 1451-1762 = AO>@P 8. A'HE : [>PLMFP W> CFILWLCFGR = AO@EB : GLROK>I LC MEFILPLMEV / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH *FOHL AZFJLSFZ. c $LA. 1, +L. 1 (2004)- . c +LSF 0>A (0QBS>K> *RPFZ> 24) : #FILWLCPHF C>HRIQBQ, ,APBH W> CFILWLCFGR, 2004- (+LSF 0>A : $O>CLJBAFG>). c 24 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.CC.KP.>@.VR/BIMR?/>OEB/FKABU.EQJ. c !S> MRQ> DLAFXKGB &00+ 1820-0958 = AOEB (+LSF 0>A) 9. ARHEOGRAFSKI ,-%(+3% : J3@C?:< C25@G2 AC96@8C27D<@8 @56B6H2 !2C@5?6 3:3=:@E6<6 &C3:;6 = *BI>KDBP >O@EBLDO>MEFNRBP : OB@RBFI AB QO>S>RU AB !tM>OQBJBKQ >O@EtLDO>MEFNRB AB I> BF?IFLQEsNRB K>QFLK>IB AB 0BO?FB / 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< &C6E6? (8C:N:M. O 1979, 3C. 1- . O B6@8C25 (&<6C=:M6G2 1) : !2C@5?2 3:3=:@E6<2 &C3:;6, 1979(B6@8C25 : !2C@5?2 3:3=:@E6<2 &C3:;6). c 24 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.K?P.?D.>@.VR/MR?IF@>QFLKP/MR?IF @>QFLK.MEM?FA=6798 &00+ 0351-2819 = AC96@8C27D<: AC:=@J: 10. A'CHI+E C: CB7C@C;M / "AFQLO FK EFBC 3I>AFJFO 3. B>IQFZ. c 3LI. 3, ?O. 1 (1995)- . c 0OBJPH> (>JBKF@> (&KPQFQRQPHF MRQ 4) : &KPQFQRQB LC ,K@LILDV, 1995- (+LSF 0>A : AIBU "UMOBPP). c 31 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.LKH.KP.>@.VR/AO@EFSB/FPPRBP.EQJ !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.ALFPBO?F>.K?P.?D.>@.VR/'LROK>I. >PMU?&! . c 1OLJBPB[KL. c 1BHPQ K> BKDIBPHLJ GBWFHR. c +>PQ>S>H MR?IFH>@FGB: ,KHLILXHF >OEFS = &00+ 0354-2351 &00+ 0354-7310 = AO@EFSB LC LK@LILDV 11. A'CHI+E( C: ;5GHFC9BH9FC<9D5HC@C;M : QOLJBPB[KF [>PLMFP W> HIFKF[H> F ?>WF[K> FPQO>=FS>KG> AFDBPQFSKLD PFPQBJ> F GBQOB= >

NR>OQBOIV 'LROK>I ABSLQBA QL @IFKF@>I >KA ?>PF@ 0QRAFBP LC AFDBPQFSB 1O>@Q >KA )FSBO / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF = "AFQLO-FK- EFBC 3LGFPI>S +. -BOFXFZ. c 3LI. 11, +L 1/2 (G>KR>OV/GRKB 1992)- . c BBLDO>A (!=LOA=> 3>XFLKDQLK> 19) : 0OMPHL IBH>OPHL AORXQSL, $>PQOLBKQBOLILXH> PBH@FG>, 1992- (+LSF BBLDO>A : ;RDRO> MOFKQ). c 28 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.DBL@FQFBP.@LJ/D>PQOLVR/. c 1OLJBPB[KL. c 1BHPQ K> BKDIBPHLJ GBWFHR. c +>PQ>S>H MR?IFH>@FGB: $>PQOLBKQBOLEBM>QLILXHF >OEFS = &00+ 0352-0825 &00+ 0354-2440 = AO@EFSBP LC D>PQOLBKQBOLEBM>QLILDV 12. A()'%$%#I A : >PQOLKLJPHF J>D>WFK / ROBAKFH AIBHP>KA>O 7LOHFZ. c 2003, ?O. 1- . c +LSF 0>A (3I>AFHB :FOFZ> 31) : $O>CF[HF PQRAFL `0MOBJLa, 2003- (+LSF 0>A : )FQL PQRAFL). c 28 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.>PQOLKLJFG>.@L.VR. c *BPB[KL &00+ 1451-6152 = APQOLKLJFG> 13. A*)% C;@5G= / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH *FILJFO !FJFQOFGBSFZ. c $LA. 1, ?O. 1 (2002). c BBLDO>A (*>OX>I> BFOGRWLS> 3/&) : +LSF HOLS, 2002- (BBLDO>A : BLO?>). c 37 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.>RQL-LDI>PF.@L.VR/. c !SLKBABIGKL. c -OL?KF ?OLG FW>X>L >SDRPQ> 2002. DLAFKB &00+ 1451-3293 = ARQL LDI>PF 14. AC)A 5;F=7I@HIF59 (9F6=75 / "AFQLO-FKEFBC = DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH !O>DRQFK 9RHFZ. c 3LI. 1, +L. 1 (1996)- . c ;>[>H ( >O> !RX>K> 34) : 2KFSBOPFQV LC (O>DRGBS>@, #>@RIQV LC ADOLKLJV, 1996(7OBKG>KFK : BRARZKLPQ). c 23 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.>C@.HD.>@.VR/>@Q>POMPHF.EQJ. c 1BHPQ K> BKDIBPHLJ GBWFHR. &00+ 0354-9542 = A@Q> >DOF@RIQRO>B 0BO?F@> 15. AC)A A98=75 #98=5B59 : K>R[KF [>PLMFP *BAF@FKPHLD C>HRIQBQ> 2KFSBOWFQBQ> F -LAOR=KF@B 0OMPHLD IBH>OPHLD AORXQS> R +FXR= QEB 0@FBKQFCF@ 'LROK>I LC QEB #>@RIQV LC *BAF@FKB, 2KFSBOPFQV LC +FX >KA !BM>OQJBKQ LC QEB 0BO?F>K 0L@FBQV LC +FX / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH />ALPI>S @FSFZ. c $LA. 1, ?O. 1 (1962)- . c +FX (BO>ZB 127

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24.

25.

!LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.IFPQ?>IH>K.@L.VR/. c !KBSKL &00+ 1451-5032 = B>IH>K (BBLDO>A) BG %::=79 : BBIDO>AB BRPFKBPP *>D>WFKB A-7 / "AFQLO-FK- EFBC +BSBK> ->GLSFZ. c 2004 (L@QL?BO)- . c BBIDO>AB ((LP>K[FZBS SBK>@ 4) : *>OFDLIA -R?IFPEFKD )QA., 2004(BBIDO>AB : -R?IFHRJ). c 30 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.J>OFDLIAMOBPP.@LJ. c *BPB[KL &00+ 1820-3124 = B$ ,CCF@B BE" GI9GH : BBIDO>AB SFPFQLOP_ J>D>WFKB / BAFQLO-FK-@EFBC />QH> -BQOLSFZ. c 2001, TFKQBO/PMOFKD- . c BBLDO>A (+RXFZBS> 21) : -LKQ : 1ROFPQF[H> >DBK@FG> BBLDO>A>, 2001(BBLDO>A : 1FMLDO>CF@ MIRP). c 29 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.?BIDO>ABQLROFPJ.LOD.VR. c 1OLJBPB[KL &00+ 1451-6446 = BBI $RBPQ BEOGRAD ,0/ / FC65?:< !252 #6EC@G:M. c !@G2 D6C:;2, 3C. 1 (?@G6>32C 2003)- . c B6@8C25 (!FK:M6G2 21) : JK# B6@8C25 AFE, 2003- (B6@8C25 : B@C32). c 30 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.?BLDO>AMRQ.LOD.VR/ &00+ 1451-6829 = B6@8C25 AFE BEOGRADSKE %(0./-+1a*! *+1%*! / [:J52;6 : FC6LF;6 :=2? :=@GF<]. c G@5. 1, 3C. 1-24 (1.&-16.5&& 1866). c B6@8C25 : :=2? :=@GF<, 1866 (B6@8C25 : DC12G?2 KE2>A2C:;2). c 37 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.AFDFQ>I.K?P.?D.>@.VR/?BLDO>APH BFIRPQOLS>KB KLSFKB BE3!I =B:CFA5HCF : SLAF[ HOLW BB[ / ROBAKFH +BK>A 0QBS>KLSFZ. c 2004, ?O. 1- . c BBLDO>A (7J>G 'LSFK> 9) : -OBARWBZB W> 4"B J>OHBQFKD BBLDO>A, 2004- (+LSF 0>A : 0QLGHLS). c 16 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.?B@HF-FKCLOJ>QLO.>Q &00+ 1452-0567 = BB[HF FKCLOJ>QLO BIBLIOGRAFIJA S-b%&!. ,G2?:N?6 AF3=:<24:;6 = BF?IFLDO>CFG> 0O?FGB. 7S>KF[KB MR?IFH>@FGB / 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< &C6E6? (8C:N:M. c 2003- . c B6@8C25 (&<6C=:M6G2 1) : !2C@5?2 3:3=:@E6<2 &C3:;6, 2004(B6@8C25 : ,F9C2). c 30 @J

128

"IBHQOLKPH> FWA>KG> MBOFLAFHB R 0O?FGF ALPQRMK> MOBHL DH5B>B: >4G4?B:4 +B0

D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.K?P.?D.>@.VR/M>DBP/>OQF@IB.MEM ?FA=7446. c G@5:KH6. c D6=@> ?2DE2G2< AF3=:<24:;6: BF?IFLDO>CFG> WS>KF[KFE MR?IFH>@FG> 0/'. (KGFDB. 0BOFGPHB MR?IFH>@FGB = &00+ 0354-4761 &00+ 1820-0060 = B:3=:@8C27:;2 &C3:;6. ,G2?:N?6 AF3=:<24:;6 26. BIBLIOGRAFIJA S-b%&!. @?@8C27D<6 AF3=:<24:;6 [E=6<EC@?D<: :JG@C] = BF?IFLDO>CFG> 0O?FGB. *LKLDO>CPHB MR?IFH>@FGB / 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< &C6E6? (8C:N:M. c ,KIFKB FWA. c E=6<EC@?D<: N2D@A:D. c 2005, 3C. 1 (;2?F2C/763CF2C/>2CE)- . c B6@8C25 (&<6C=:M6G2 1) : !2C@5?2 3:3=:@E6<2 &C3:;6, 2005I?E6C?6E AC6EC21:G2N. c !2N:? 5@DEFA2 ((%L): EQQM://TTT.K?P.?D.>@.VR/M>DBP/>OQF@IB.MEM ?FA=7379. c 'C@>6D6N?@. c !2D=. D2 ?2D=. 6<C2?2. c IJG@C @A:D2? 52?2 15.07.2005. c !2DE2G2< AF3=:<24:;6: B:3=:@8C27:;2 &C3:;6. @?@8C27D<6 AF3=:<24:;6 = &00+ 1451-5091 &00+ 1452-1555 = B:3=:@8C27:;2 &C3:;6. @?@8C27D<6 AF3=:<24:;6 (,KIFKB) 27. BIBLIOGRAFIJA S-b%&!. @?@8C27D<6 AF3=:<24:;6. #C6G@5: [E=6<EC@?D<: :JG@C] = BF?IFLDO>CFG> 0O?FGB. *LKLDO>CPHB MR?IFH>@FGB. -OBSLAF / 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< &C6E6? (8C:N:M. c ,KIFKB FWA. c E=6<EC@?D<: N2D@A:D. c 2003- . c B6@8C25 (&<6C=:M6G2 1) : !2C@5?2 3:3=:@E6<2 &C3:;6, 2003- I?E6C?6E AC6EC21:G2N. c !2N:? 5@DEFA2 ((%L): EQQM://TTT.K?P.?D.>@.VR/M>DBP/>OQF@IB.MEM ?FA=7390. c G@5:KH6. c DCF82N:;6 A@G6J2?6 D6C:;D<6 AF3=:<24:;6: B:3=:@8C27:;2 &C3:;6. #C6G@5: (-E2>A2?@ :J5.) = &00+ 1820-0087 &00+ 1452-1628 = B:3=:@8C27:;2 &C3:;6. @?@8C27D<6 AF3=:<24:;6. #C6G@5: (,KIFKB) 28. BIBLIOGRAFIJA S-b%&!. !6<H:1?2 8C2L2 = BF?IFLDO>CFG> 0O?FGB. +BHKGF=K> DO>Y> / 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< &C6E6? (8C:N:M. c 2003- . c B6@8C25 (&<6C=:M6G2 1) : !2C@5?2 3:3=:@E6<2 &C3:;6, 2004- (B6@8C25 : ,F9C2). c 30 @J

!LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.K?P.?D.>@.VR/M>DBP/>OQF@IB.MEM ?FA=7449. c G@5:KH6. &00+ 1820-0079 = B:3=:@8C27:;2 &C3:;6. !6<H:1?2 8C2L2 29. BIBLIOGRAFIJA S-b%&!. &6C:;D<6 AF3=:<24:;6 [E=6<EC@?D<: :JG@C] = BF?IFLDO>CFG> 0O?FGB. 0BOFGPHB MR?IFH>@FGB / 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< &C6E6? (8C:N:M. c ,KIFKB FWA. c E=6<EC@?D<: N2D@A:D. c 2005- . c B6@8C25 (&<6C=:M6G2 1) : !2C@5?2 3:3=:@E6<2 &C3:;6, 2006- I?E6C?6E AC6EC21:G2N. c !2N:? 5@DEFA2 ((%L): EQQM://TTT.K?P.?D.>@.VR/M>DBP/>OQF@IB.MEM ?FA=7513 . c G@5:KH6. c !2DE2G2< AF3=:<24:;6: B:3=:@8C27:;2 &C3:;6. &6C:;D<6 AF3=:<24:;6 (-E2>A2?@ :J5.) = &00+ 1820-0052 &00+ 1452-1792 = B:3=:@8C27:;2 &C3:;6. &6C:;D<6 AF3=:<24:;6 (,KIFKB) 30. BIBLIOGRAFIJA S-b%&!. &6C:;D<6 AF3=:<24:;6. ,G2?:N?6 AF3=:<24:;6 [E=6<EC@?D<: :JG@C] = BF?IFLDO>CFG> 0O?FGB. 0BOFGPHB MR?IFH>@FGB 7S>KF[KB MR?IFH>@FGB / 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< &C6E6? (8C:N:M. c ,KIFKB FWA. c E=6<EC@?D<: N2D@A:D. c 2005- . c B6@8C25 (&<6C=:M6G2 1) : !2C@5?2 3:3=:@E6<2 &C3:;6, 2006- I?E6C?6E AC6EC21:G2N. c !2N:? 5@DEFA2 ((%L): EQQM://TTT.K?P.?D.>@.VR/M>DBP/>OQF@IB.MEM ?FA=7877 . c G@5:KH6. c DCF82N:;6 A@G6J2?6 D6C:;D<6 AF3=:<24:;6: B:3=:@8C27:;2 &C3:;6. ,G2?:N?6 AF3=:<24:;6 (-E2>A2?@ :J5.) = &00+ 1820-0060 &00+ 1452-2055 = B:3=:@8C27:;2 &C3:;6. &6C:;D<6 AF3=:<24:;6. ,G2?:N?6 AF3=:<24:;6 (,KIFKB) 31. BIBLIOGRAFIJA S-b%&!. 0=2?4: : AC:=@J: F D6C:;D<:> AF3=:<24:;2>2. &6C:;2 A, DCFKEG6?6 ?2F<6 [E=6<EC@?D<: :JG@C] / 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< &C6E6? (8C:N:M. c ,KIFKB FWA. c E=6<EC@?D<: N2D@A:D. c 2003, 3C. 1/4- . c B6@8C25 (&<6C=:M6G2 1) : !2C@5?2 3:3=:@E6<2 &C3:;6, 2005I?E6C?6E AC6EC21:G2N. c !2N:? 5@DEFA2 ((%L): EQQM://TTT.K?P.?D.>@.VR/M>DBP/>OQF@IB.MEM ?FA=8867 . c 'C@>6D6N?@. c !2D=. D2

129

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32.

33.

34.

35.

?2D=. 6<C2?2. c IJG@C @A:D2? 52?2 15.11.2005. c [2005(2003)]. c D6=@> ?2DE2G2< AF3=:<24:;6: BF?IFLDO>CFG> 'RDLPI>SFGB. ;I>K@F F MOFILWF R PBOFGPHFJ MR?IFH>@FG>J>. 0BOFG> A: !ORXQSBKB K>RHB = &00+ 0352-5899 &00+ 1820-1504 = B:3=:@8C27:;2 &C3:;6. 0=2?4: : AC:=@J: F D6C:;D<:> AF3=:<24:;2>2. &6C:;2 A. DCFKEG6?6 ?2F<6 (,KIFKB) BI")E$ / BBLDO>APHF !BIQ> )FCB #>PEFLK 4BBH ; ROBAKFH &S>K />ALG[FZ. c 2002, ?O. 0 (22.4.)- . c BBLDO>A (29. KLSBJ?O> 55/&) : [*LAKF PQRAFL IF@H], 2002- ([BBLDO>A] : 1FMLDO>CF@ MIRP). c 30 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.CP-@IF@H.@LJ. c &WI>WF MLSLALJ +BABIGB JLAB (MOLIBZB F GBPBK). BI")E$ G 17 : DI>PFIL $ 17 &KPQFQRQ> / ROBYRGB *FOLPFKH> !FKHFZ. c $LA. 1, ?O. 1 (2000)-DLA. 5, ?O. [62/63] (2005). c BBLDO>A ((KBW *FE>FILS> 10) : $ 17 &KPQFQRQ, 2000-2005 (BBLDO>A : )F?O>). c 30 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.FKPQFQRQBPMF.LOD/J>FK.>PMU?CFA= 19. c !>IGB: "PMF ?FIQBK = &00+ 1452-3191 &00+ 1451-1835 = BFIQBK $ 17 BILTEN .0 .'! ,-a'.! / )C9@G?: DF5 &C3:;6 ; 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< DC28:K2 &=:;6AN6G:M. c 1993, 3C. 1- . c B6@8C25 (BF=6G2C G@;G@56 :K:M2 37/&&&) : &KQBOJBU, 1993- (B6@8C25 : &KQBOJBU). c 20 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.MOSFPRA.@LJ. c D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.MOSFPRA.LOD.VR &00+ 0354-4109 = B:=E6? DF5D<6 AC2<D6 )C9@G?@8 DF52 &C3:;6 BI%)ECH$%"%G. =B AB=A5@ HIG65B8FM : GLROK>I CLO &JMOLSBJBKQ LC AKFJ>I %RP?>KAOV = BFLQBEKLILDFG> R PQL[>OPQSR : [>PLMFP W> RK>MOBYBKGB PQL[>OPQS> / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH 7I>QF@> ->SILSPHF. c 3LI. 16, +L 1/2 (2000)- . c BBLDO>A-7BJRK : &KPQFQRQ W> PQL[>OPQSL, 2000- (BBLDO>A : *I>ALPQ ?FOL). c 24 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.FPQL@>O.?D.>@.VR/@>PLMFP.EQJ. !SLJBPB[KL. c 1BHPQ K> BKDIBPHLJ F POMPHLJ GBWFHR. c +>PQ>S>H MR?IFH>@FGB: BFLQBEKLILDFG> R PQL[>OPQSR = &00+ 03536289 &00+ 1450-9156 = BFLQB@EKLILDV FK AKFJ>I %RP?>KAOV

36. B"IC / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH 3BPBIFK 0FJLKLSFZ ; LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH *>OFG> *FIFZ. c 1996, ?O. 1 (16. PBMQBJ?>O)- . c BBLDO>A (*>P>OFHLS> 5) : BIF@ MOBPP, 1996(BBLDO>A : BIF@ MOFKQ). c 35 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.?IF@.@L.VR/. c !KBSKL &00+ 0354-9283 = BIF@ (BBLDO>A) 37. B%$*( : K>X GBAFKF [>PLMFP L FDO>J> W> HLKWLIB / DI>SKF ROBAKFH *FIG>K )>HFZ. c $LA. 1, ?O. 1 (2000)- . c BBLDO>A : .A.7.&. -OBPP, 2000- (BBL[FK : "CBHQ 1). c 29 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://?LKRP.@L.VR 38. BO'BA / 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< 065@>:C -@K<:M. c G@5. 81, 3C. 254 (11. D6AE6>32C 2003)- . c B6@8C25 ('C8 !:<@=6 #2K:M2 7) : #@D=@G?: <=F3 `B@C32a, 2003- (B6@8C25 : B@C32). c 55 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.?LO?>.@L.VR/. c D?6G?@. c ( 2005. 8@5:?: :J=2J: F DE2C@> 7@C>2EF @5 4. ;2?F2C2 5@ 6-9. ;2?F2C2 3C@;6G: 1-2+3/6; :>2 A2FJF F :J=216HF 5@ 15/16. ;2?F2C2, @5 <252 :J=2J: D2 ?@G@> ?F>6C24:;@> 3C@;2 (3C.1-16) 2 AC6FJ:>2 DE2CF ?F>2C24:;F 8@5:KE2 (8@5. 83); ?2D=@G @DE2;6 :DE: B@C32 D E:> KE@ ;6 D=@G@ % F ?2D=@GF =2E:?:4@>, E6<DE ;6 =2E:?:4@>. c !2DE2G2< AF3=:<24:;6: +LS> ?LO?> = &00+ 1451-5105 &00+ 1451-6608 = B@C32 (B6@8C25D<@ :J5. 2003) 39. B'A+% / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH $>?OFBI> 3FKHLSFZ. c 2002, ?O. 1- . c +LSF 0>A (!FJFQOFG> ASO>JLSFZ> 8) : LILO *BAF> &KQBOK>QFLK>I, 2002- (0R?LQF@> : /LQLDO>CFH>). c 28 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.PSBQ.@L.VR/?PQ>QB=2&FWA>KGB= 25. c !SLKBABIGKL. c -L IF@BK@F %BFKOF@E B>RBO 7BFQP@EOFCQSBOI>D ($ &00+ 1451-3366 = BO>SL (0OMPHL FWA.) 40. BRANI^ : N2D@A:D J2 AC2G?F E6@C:;F : AC2<DF A5G@<2ED<6 <@>@C6 &C3:;6 / 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< !656B<@ J@G2?N6G:M. c !.&. 8@5. 1, 3C. 1 (;2?F2C/>2CE 1991)- . c B6@8C25 (D6N2?D<2 13/&&) : A5G@<2ED<2 <@>@C2 &C3:;6, 1991(B6@8C25 : '@? A=FD). c 24 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.>ASLH>QPH>HLJLO>.@L.VR. c 'C@>6D6N?@. c "5 1997. <2@ ?2DE2G2< FC2NF?2G2;F 8@5:KE6

130

"IBHQOLKPH> FWA>KG> MBOFLAFHB R 0O?FGF ALPQRMK> MOBHL DH5B>B: >4G4?B:4 +B0

41.

42.

43.

44.

45.

BC2?:N2(1887.). c !2DE2G2< AF3=:<24:;6: A5G@<2EFC2 (B6@8C25) = &00+ 0350-0875 &00+ 0353-9644 = BC2?:N B*""E)I$ / A@>AtJFB PBO?B ABP 0@FBK@BP BQ ABP AOQP. I>PPB ABP 0@FBK@BP J>QEBJ>QFNRBP BQ K>QROBIIBP, 0@FBK@BP J>QEBJ>QFNRBP ; OtA>@QBRO BLDLIGR? 0Q>KHLSFZ. c 1957, QLJ 20, KL. 3- . c BBLDO>A ((KBW *FE>FILS> 35) : A@>AtJFB PBO?B ABP 0@FBK@BP BQ ABP AOQP, 1957(BBLDO>A : -OBPP BUMOBPP). c 24 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://BJFP.J>QEP.>ABI>FAB.BAR.>R/GLROK>I P/B0A+2/FKABU.EQJI . c 1BHPQ K> BKDIBPHLJ GBWFHR. c +>PQ>S>H MR?IFH>@FGB: BRIIBQFK c A@>AtJFB PBO?B ABP 0@FBK@BP BQ ABP AOQP. I>PPB ABP 0@FBK@BP J>QEBJ>QFNRBP BQ K>QROBIIBP &00+ 0561-7332 = BRIIBQFK c A@>AtJFB PBO?B ABP 0@FBK@BP BQ ABP AOQP. I>PPB ABP P@FBK@BP J>QEBJ>QFNRBP BQ K>QROBIIBP. 0@FBK@BP J>QEBJ>QFNRBP +E$3A$ E : MOSF POMPHF J>D>WFK L HRIQROF SBK[>KG> / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH $LOA>K> 'L[FZ. c $LA. 1, ?O. 1 (IBQL 2001). c BBLDO>A (*>GHB 'BSOLPFJB 45) : -OBPP @IR?, 2001- (BBLDO>A : -LIFQFH>). c 28 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.SBK@>KGB.@LJ/ &00+ 1451-1010 = 3BK[>KGB VESTI / 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< ,@C2? J6C6>:M. c G@5. 1, 3C. 1-3C. 15 (118.@<E@32C 1941);8@5. 1, 3C. 1 (1944)-8@5. 8, 3C. 246 (1949);8@5. 9, 3C. 248 (1952)- . c (1:46 ($F36 &E@;2?@G:M2 5) : [)6DE:], 1941;1944-1949;1952- ((1:46 : I?AC:?E). c 30 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.SBPQF.@L.VR/. c !656B?@. c &2 AC:=@8@>: (1:N<: 6<@=@8 &00+ 0350-5014 = )6DE: ((1:46) VE^ER$ E *+1+./% / 8=2G?: FC65?:< 2?@;=@ 2H@ )F<@E:M ; @58@G@C?: FC65?:< .FC@ B:=3:;2. c G@5. 1, 3C. 1 (1. @<E@32C 1953)- . c B6@8C25 ('C8 !:<@=6 #2K:M2 7) : K@>A2?:;2 `!@G@DE:a, 1953(B6@8C25 : B@C32). c 39 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.KLSLPQF.@L.VR/. c D?6G?@ &00+ 0350-4999 = )6N6CH6 ?@G@DE: +I+A : JBPB[KF IFPQ W> WAO>S F ARD =FSLQ / S.A. DI>SKLD F LADLSLOKLD ROBAKFH>

46.

47.

48.

49.

50.

'>DLA> -I>SXFZ. c $LA. 1, ?O. 1 (CB?OR>O 1991)- . c BBLDO>A (*>HBALKPH> 29) : -LIFQFH> J>D>WFKF, 1991- (BBLDO>A : -LIFQFH> A!). c 30 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.MLIFQFH>.@L.VR/SFS>/. c *BPB[KL &00+ 0354-0332 = 3FS> (BBLDO>A) +I$% : [>PLMFP W> SFKLDO>A>OPQSL, SFK>OPQSL, HRIQROR GBI> F MFZ> / DI>SKF ROBAKFH +FHLI> '>K[FZ. c 2002, ?O. 1 (G>KR>O/J>OQ)- . c BBLDO>A (@>OH> *>OFKLSFZ> 25) : 1B>DO>C, 2002- (BBLDO>A : F@BOL/1B>DO>C). c 28 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.@>PLMFPSFKL.@L.VR/. c 1OLJBPB[KL &00+ 1451-1614 = 3FKL (BBLDO>A) +%DI3 / 2KFSBOWFQBQ R BBLDO>AR ... c 2005 (LHQL?>O)- . c BBLDO>A (B>IH>KPH> 4/&&&) : 0>SBW PQRABK>Q> BBLDO>A>, 2005(BBLDO>A : 4BPQBOK> LJRKF@>WFLKB). c 21 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.SLAF@HOLW?R.@LJ/. c !ORD>[FGB MLSBW>KB PBOFGPHB MR?IFH>@FGB: 3LAF[ c 2KFSBOWFQBQ R BBLDO>AR (,KIFKB) = &00+ 1452-2608. c !ORD>[FGB MLSBW>KB PBOFGPHB MR?IFH>@FGB: 3LAF[ c 2KFSBOWFQBQ R BBLDO>AR ( !-/,* FWA.) = &00+ 14522594 &00+ 1452-2128 = 3LAF[ c 2KFSBOWFQBQ R BBLDO>AR (]Q>JM>KL FWA.) +% +%DI$A : SLGSLY>KPHF KBABIGKF IFPQ / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH *FE>GIL />J>[. c $LA. 1, ?O. 1 (1999)- . c +LSF 0>A ()>WB +>K F > 43) : 1ODLDO>C, 1999-. c &IRPQO. ; 45 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.SLGKBI.@L.VR/ . c +BABIGKL +% +%1A$(!A GJ5OH5F5 : KBABIGKFH : IFPQ W> J>IB LDI>PB F OBHI>JB / LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH ,ID> +>Y. c $LA. 1, ?O. 1 (18. AB@BJ?>O 1996)- . c 0R?LQF@> ((LOWL 15/30) : #ILO>, 1996- (BBLDO>A : BLO?>). c 39 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.PS>PQ>O>.@L.VR/. c +BABIGKL &00+ 1451-0022 = 3LGSLY>KPH> PS>XQ>O> VOJNOSANITETSKI ,-!#(! : N2D@A:D =6<2C2 : 72C>246FE2 )@;D<6 &C3:;6 : CC?6 G@C6 / 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< )=25:>:C '25:M. c G@5. 1, 3C. 1 (D6AE6>32C 1944)- . c B6@8C25 (CC?@EC2GD<2 11) : &2?:E6ED<2 131

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51.

52.

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54.

55.

FAC2G2 G- )J, 1944- (B6@8C25 : )@;?2 KE2>A2C:;2). c 29 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://PB>O@E.BMKBQ.@LJ/AFOB@Q.>PM?A?=> ME&GFA=%22336%22&P@LMB=PFQB . c DG@>6D6N?@. c '6<DE ?2 DCAD<@> (=2E.) : 6?8=6D<@> ;6J:<F &00+ 0042-8450 = )@;?@D2?:E6ED<: AC68=65 +% $%)EH$I3!I ;@5GB=? : PQOR[KF F K>R[KF [>PLMFP 3LGPHB 0O?FGB F OKB $LOB / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH 0QBS>K 'LPFCLSFZ. c $LA. 1, ?O. 1 (1953)- . c BBLDO>A (B>IH>KPH> 53) : $BKBO>IXQ>? 3LGPHB 0O?FGB F OKB $LOB : 3LGKLFWA>S>[HF W>SLA, 1953(BBLDO>A : 3LGK> XQ>JM>OFG>). c 24 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.SG.VR/MR?IFH>@FGB/QBEKF@HF<DI>PK FH.EQJ. c !SLJBPB[KL &00+ 0042-8469 = 3LGKLQBEKF[HF DI>PKFH +%- : [>PLMFP W> PQRABKQB / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH "OLI &IFG>WLSFZ. c 2004, ?O. 1 (KLSBJ?>O)- . c BBLDO>A (#O>K@RPH> 25) : 2AOR=BKGB #LHRP, 2004- (0R?LQF@> : /LQLDO>CFH>). c 28 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.SLU-J>D>WFK.@LJ &00+ 1452-0281 = 3LU (BBLDO>A) VRAWSKE / 8=2G?: FC65?:< )F<2K:? "3C25@G:M ; @58@G@C?: FC65?:< &=2L2?2 )6B<@G:M. c 2003, 3C. 292 (6.3.)- . c )C2H6 (&E672?2 #CG@G6?N2?@8 3) : )C2HD<6, 2003()C2H6 : )C2HD<6). c 30 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.SO>KGPHB.@L.VR. c !656B?@. c !2DE2G2< AF3=:<24:;6: !@G:?6 GC2HD<6 &00+ 1820-1229 = )C2HD<6 +'E"E ;IA9 : [>PLMFP W> >RQLJL?FIFW>J, JLQL@FHIFW>J F K>RQFHR / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH 7LO>K @FSHLS. c $LA. 1, ?O. 1 (1993)- . c +LSF 0>A (&DKG>Q> ->SI>P> 6/&&) : A--OBPP *LQLO -R?IFPEFKD, 1993- (0R?LQF@> : /LQLDO>CFH>). c 30 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.SOBIBDRJB.@L.VR/. c *BPB[KL &00+ 0354-4966 = 3OBIB DRJB +'E#E / DI>SKF ROBAKFH !O>DLIGR? @>OHLSFZ ; LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH #FIFM ]S>OJ. c $LA. 1, ?O. 1 (29. LHQL?>O 1990)- . c BBLDO>A (*FX>OPH> 12-14) : 3OBJB, 1990(0R?LQF@> : /LQLDO>CFH>). c 28 @J

56.

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!LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.SOBJB.@LJ/. c +BABIGKL &00+ 0353-8028 = 3OBJB (BBLDO>A) GE$E'% : [>PLMFP W> CBJFKFPQF[HR QBLOFGR / DI>SK> ROBAKF@> BFIG>K> !LG[FKLSFZ-+BXFZ. c 2002, ?O. 1- . c BBLDO>A ('LSB &IFZ> 165) : @BKPHB PQRAFGB F HLJRKFH>@FG>- BKQ>O W> =BKPHB PQRAFGB, 2002- (BBLDO>A : (>HQRP MOFKQ). c 23 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://WBKPHBPQRAFB.BAR.VR . c 1OLJBPB[KL. c +>PQ>S>H MR?IFH>@FGB: @BKPHB PQRAFGB = &00+ 0354-6942 &00+ 1451-2203 = $BKBOL GE'%$)%"%GI A = $BOLKQLILDV : [>PLMFP $BOLKQLILXHLD AORXQS> 0O?FGB / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH *I>ABK !>SFALSFZ. c 1993- . c BBLDO>A ((OCPH> 7) : $BOLKQLILXHL AORXQSL 0O?FGB, 1993(BBLDO>A : 3*!). c 24 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.DAP.LOD.VR/0OMPHF/0OMPHF-R?IFH>@FGB.EQJ . c +>PQ>S>H MR?IFH>@FGB: $BOLKQLILXHF W?LOKFH = &00+ 0351-2886 &00+ 0354-4155 = $BOLKQLILDFG> GLAS &a1*+./% / @58@G@C?: FC65?:< IG2? 0@C3:M. c 1998, 3C. 1 (25/26 2AC:=)- . c B6@8C25 (#@C6N<2 15) : G=2D, 1998- (B6@8C25 : G=2D). c 39 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.DI>PG>SKLPQF.@L.VR/. c D?6G?@ (D6> ?656B6). c BC@;6G: 1-5/1998 @J?2N6?: <2@ A:=@E 3C@;6G:. c !2DE2G2< AF3=:<24:;6: !@G: 3=:4 = &00+ 1450-7205 &00+ 1450-7218 = G=2D ;2G?@DE: G"A($I! / *FKFPQ>OPQSL MLIGLMOFSOBAB, XRJ>OPQS> F SLALMOFSOBAB /BMR?IFHB 0O?FGB ; ROBAKFH '>PK> 0QLG>KLSFZ. c ]Q>JM>KL FWA. c $LA. 1, ?O. 1 (J>OQ 2005)- . c BBLDO>A (+BJ>KGFK> 22-26) : *FKFPQ>OPQSL MLIGLMOFSOBAB, XRJ>OPQS> F SLALMOFSOBAB /BMR?IFHB 0O?FGB, 2005- (BBLDO>A : -LIFQFH>). c 29 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.JFKMLIG.PO.DLS.VR . c *BPB[KL. c !ORD>[FGB MLSBW>KB PBOFGPHB MR?IFH>@FGB: $I>PKFH c *FKFPQ>OPQSL MLIGLMOFSOBAB, XRJ>OPQS> F SLALMOFSOBAB /BMR?IFHB 0O?FGB (,KIFKB) = &00+ 1452-1490 &00+ 1452-1482 = $I>PKFH c *FKFPQ>OPQSL MLIGLMOFSOBAB, XRJ>OPQS> F SLALMOFSOBAB /BMR?IFHB 0O?FGB (]Q>JM>KL FWA.)

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60. GLASNIK I*`!2!-.'! '+)+-! S-b%&! : =:DE I?16H6CD<6 <@>@C6 &C3:;6 / 8=2G?: FC65?:< :=2? )F<@G:M. c G@5. 1, 3C. 1 (5646>32C 2005)- . c B6@8C25 (K?6J2 :=@K2 9) : I?16H6CD<2 <@>@C2 &C3:;6, 2005(B6@8C25 : #@=:E:<2 ?@G:?6 : >282J:?:). c 47 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.FKDHLJLO>.LOD.VR . c 'C@>6D6N?@ &00+ 1452-3477 = G=2D?:< I?16H6CD<6 <@>@C6 &C3:;6 61. G"A($I! IBGH=HIH5 N5 OH=H5GHI 4@9N8I = A9H56C@=N5A U/@5H=6CFV / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH /R?BK %>K. c $LA. 5, ?O. 1 (KLSBJ?>O 2000)- . c 7I>QF?LO (0SBQLD 0>SB 43) : &KPQFQRQ W> XQFQ>PQR =IBWAR F JBQ>?LIFW>J `7I>QF?LOa, 2000-. c 24 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.@FDLQ>.@L.VR/PB@QFLKP.MEM?LM =SFBT>OQF@IB&>OQFA=59 . -+>PQ>S>H MR?IFH>@FGB: $I>PKFH 0MB@FG>IKLD W>SLA> W> MOBSBK@FGR, IB[BKGB F OBE>?FIFQ>@FGR L?LIGBKG> XQFQ>PQB =IBWAB = &00+ 03538192 &00+ 1451-1487 = $I>PKFH &KPQFQRQ> W> XQFQ>PQR =IBWAR F JBQ>?LIFW>J `7I>QF?LOa 62. GLASNIK Na-+ *! b%b(%+/!'! S-b%&! = 1EB %BO>IA LC QEB +>QFLK>I )F?O>OV LC 0BO?F> / 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< &C6E6? (8C:N:M. c G@5. 1, 3C. 1 (1999)- . c B6@8C25 (&<6C=:M6G2 1) : !2C@5?2 3:3=:@E6<2 &C3:;6, 1999(B6@8C25 : ,F9C2). c 24 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.K?P.?D.>@.VR/MR?IF@>QFLKP/MR?I F@>Q FLK.MEM/FA=905 . c G@5:KH6 &00+ 1450-8915 = G=2D?:< !2C@5?6 3:3=:@E6<6 &C3:;6 63. GLASNIK [0)a-.'+# "a'0(/!/a / (?:G6CJ:E6E F B6@8C25F = BRIIBQFK LC QEB #>@RIQV LC #LOBPQOV / 2KFSBOPFQV FK BBIDO>AB ; 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< DC282? K2C2I:M. c 1987/1988, 3C. 69/70- . c B6@8C25 (K?6J2 ):K6D=2G2 1) : -F>2CD<: 72<F=E6E, 1987/1988-. c 24 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.PC?.?D.>@.VR/DI>PKFH/FKABU.EQJ. c !2DE2@ DA2;2H6>: $I>PKFH 8RJ>OPHLD C>HRIQBQ>. 0BOFG> A. 8RJ>OPQSL = &00+ 0350-3135, $I>PKFH 8RJ>OPHLD C>HRIQBQ>.

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0BOFG> . -BGW>=K> >OEFQBHQRO> = &00+ 0352-6232 F $I>PKFH 8RJ>OPHLD C>HRIQBQ>. 0BOFG> ". !LHQLOPHB AFPBOQ>@FGB = &00+ 0351-0069 &00+ 0353-4537 = G=2D?:< -F>2CD<@8 72<F=E6E2 c (?:G6CJ:E6E F B6@8C25F (1987) G%DIS$ A! DCNCF=OH5 (F6=>9 = CFB9 GCF9 = 6B>O?LLH LC 0BO?F> >KA *LKQBKBDOL 1EB>QOBP = A 0WBO?F> tP *LKQBKBDOz-F PWvKEnW>H tSH{KVSB / ROBAKFH 0SBQHL BLOLS[>KFK. c 3LI. 25 (2002/2003)- . c +LSF 0>A (7J>G 'LSFK> 22) : 0QBOFGFKL MLWLOGB, 2004- ([+LSF 0>A] : 0QLGHLS). c 24 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.MLWLOGB.LOD.VR. c $LAFXKGB. c +>PQ>S>H MR?IFH>@FGB: $LAFXKG>H GRDLPILSBKPHFE MLWLOFXQ> = &00+ 0351-9120 &00+ 1820-2977 = $LAFXKG>H MLWLOFXQ> 0O?FGB F OKB $LOB G%DIS$ I =NJ9OH5> C F58I I ... ;C8=B= / +>OLAK> ?>KH> 0O?FGB. c 1986- . c BBLDO>A (2IF@> HO>IG> -BQO> 12) : +>OLAK> ?>KH> 0O?FGB, 1986- (BBLDO>A : +>OLAK> ?>KH> 0O?FGB). c 29 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.K?P.VR/PBO?F>K/MR?IFH>@FGB/FKABU .EQJ. c $LAFXKGB GOROCVET : <H:16G?: N2D@A:D J2 564F : >=256 / FC65?:< #6L2 'C2;<@G:M. c G@5. 1, 3C. 1 (1973)- . c J28@5:?2 (K?68:H6 :=:46 2-4) : !2C@5?2 3:3=:@E6<2 J28@5:?2, 1973- (J28@5:?2 : ,=2E?2 <H:82). c 24 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.G>?LLH>.LOD.VR/DLOL@SBQ/FKABU. EQJ. c 'C@>6D6N?@. c 02D@A:D ?:;6 :J=2J:@ @5 1976-1982 8@5:?6 &00+ 0352-3896 = G@C@4G6E (&G6E@J2C6G@) GRA\ANIN : A@12C6G2N<6 ?6J2G:D?6 ?@G:?6 / 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< B@852? @:G2?@G:M. c G@5. 1, 3C. 1 (1. ?@G6>32C 1994)- . c #@12C6G24 (DC:?D<2 7) : 'FC:DE:N<@ AC65FJ6M6 `%LIFA>Va, 1994- (#@12C6G24 : AFE@E69?2). c 30 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.@OKSL.@D.VR. c 6D6N?@. c L:DE ?2DE2GB2 EC25:4:;F =:DE2 GC2L2?:? (1887-1895)

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68. G'A1E+I$A'()+% = CDF9A5B>9 : H>Q>ILD = BRFIAFKD LKPQOR@QFLK & #ROKFPEFKD : @>Q>ILDRB. c [2004]- . c BBLDO>A (3>PB -BI>DFZ> 4) : &KCLKBQ $OLRM, [2004]- (BBLDO>A : 3LGK> XQ>JM>OFG>). c 28 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.DO>AGBSFK>OPQSL.@L.VR &00+ 1820-0155 = $O>YBSFK>OPQSL F LMOBJ>KGB 69. DA#A : -OLCFI / AFOBHQLO, DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH *FILJFO *>OFZ ; ROBAKFH 3BPK> />ARPFKLSFZ. c 1997, ?O. 1- . c BBLDO>A : -OLCFI L.L.L, 1997-. c 29 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.MOLCFI.@L.VR/!>J>/MOFH>WF?OLG.> PM?BOLG=35 . c BOLG 1 R P>PQ>SR [>PLMFP> -OLCFI &00+ 1451-1037 = !>J> 70. DA$A( : AKBSKFH / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH $ORGF@> 0M>PLSFZ. c 1997, ?O. 1 (9. GRK)- . c BBLDO>A (AIBHPB +BK>ALSFZ> 1923/3) : !A+ $/A#, 1997- (BBLDO>A : BLO?>). c 39 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.A>K>P.@L.VR/. c !KBSKL &00+ 1450-5385 = !>K>P (BBLDO>A) 71. DESANKINA -0`%*a : K<@=D<: =:DE : =:DE "D?@G?6 K<@=6 `D6D2?<2 2<D:>@G:Ma c 0@<@E / J2 :J52G2N2 $:B2?2 %25@G2?@G:M-'@K:M. c G@5. 1, 3C. 1 (2003)- . c 0@<@E : "D?@G?2 K<@=2 `D6D2?<2 2<D:>@G:Ma, 2003- (!:K : #C@DG6E2). c 30 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.LPABPJ>U@LHLQ.BAR.VR. c DCF8: A@5?2D=@G AC6FJ6E D2 <@C:N?6 DEC2?6 &00+ 1820-3930 = D6D2?<:?2 5CF1:?2 72. DE)I$ ()+% : [>PLMFP L HKGF=BSKLPQF W> AB@R / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH 'LS>K )GRXQ>KLSFZ. c $LA. 1, ?O. 1 (1975)- . c +LSF 0>A : 7J>GBSB AB[GB FDOB, 1975- (+LSF 0>A : ,CCPBQ MOFKQ). c 22 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.WJ>GBSBAB@GBFDOB.LOD.VR/ABQFKG PQSL/ABQ01.EQJI . c 1OLJBPB[KL &00+ 0350-5286 = !BQFKGPQSL 73. DIA"%G%( / ROBAKFH BLOFSLG "OABIG>K. c $LA. 1, ?O. 1(2003)- . c BBLDO>A ($LPMLA>O 'BSOBJLS> 47) : BFOL W> XQ>JMR AJ?>P>AB /BMR?IFHB $O[HB R 134

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0O?FGF F OKLG $LOF, 2003- (BBLDO>A : ]Q>JM.0OMPHB M>QOFG>OXFGB). c 30 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EBIU.?DQ@BRKBQ.VR. c 1OLJBPB[KL. c +> HLOF@>J> [>PLMFP>: DO[HF [>PLMFP DIGI)A" : J>D>WFKB / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH 0>X> ->KQBIFZ. c $LA. 1, ?O. 1 (LHQL?>O 2001)- . c BBLDO>A (3OQI>OPH> 7?) : [0.K.], 2001- ([BBLDO>A] : $O>CLJ>OHBQ). c 29 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.AFDFQ>ILKIFKB.@L.VR. c 0> !-LJ &00+ 1451-1819 = !FDFQ>I (BBLDO>A) DNEVNIK / @58@G@C?: FC65?:< #6E2C #6EC@G:M. c G@5. 12, 3C. 2523 (1. ;2?F2C 1953)- . c !@G: &25 (BF=6G2C @D=@3@L6H2 81) : D?6G?:<, 1953- (!@G: &25 : D?6G?:<). c 45 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.AKBSKFH.@L.VR/. c D?6G?@. c &2 5@524:>2: D DA@CE, D 2FE@. c !2DE2G2< AF3=:<24:;6: &=@3@5?2 )@;G@5:?2 (/:C:=:N?@ :J5.) = &00+ 1451-4591 &00+ 0350-7556 = D?6G?:< (!@G: &25) D%(I E C A98=>=A5 / W> FWA>S>[> +B?LGX> BRD>OFKLSFZ. c 2004, ?O. 13 (G>K./GRK)- . c BBLDO>A (/BP>SPH> 28/&&) : +BW>SFPKL RAOR=BKGB KLSFK>O> 0O?FGB, 2004- (BBLDO>A : #LOJ>Q). c 28 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.KRKP.LOD.VR . c !S> MRQ> DLAFXKGB. c 1BHPQ K> POMPHLJ F BKDIBPHLJ GBWFHR. c 0> ALA>QHLJ: +LS> W>HLKPH> ALHRJBKQ> RPSLGBK> R MBOFLAR GRI/AB@BJ?>O 2004. `7>HLK L PIL?LAKLJ MOFPQRMR FKCLOJ>@FG>J> LA G>SKLD WK>[>G>a. c +>PQ>S>H MR?IFH>@FGB: !LPFGB &00+ 1452-2748 = !LPFGB L JBAFGFJ> E+E$)( =B (9F6=5 ... / +>QFLK>I 1LROFPJ ,OD>KFW>QFLK LC 0BO?F> ; "AFQLO AIBHP>KA>O ]RX>. c 199?- . c BBIDO>AB (!B[>KPH> 8>/3) : +>QFLK>I 1LROFPJ ,OD>KFW>QFLK LC 0BO?F>, 199?- (BBLDO>A : ;FDLG> XQ>JM>). c 20 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.PBO?F>QLROFPJ.LOD . c 'B FWA>KGB K> AORDLJ GBWFHR: K2=6?52C AC:C653: c 'FC:DE:N<2 @C82?:J24:;2 &C3:;6 = &00+ 1820-0465 &00+ 1820-0699 = "SBKQP FK 0BO?F> c +>QFLK>I 1LROFPJ ,OD>KFW>QFLK LC 0BO?F> E+!%$.+ / 3>GA>P>DF ->U /LJ>K> ; PWBOHBPWQF BLDKBO &PQS>K, *FE>IVF (>Q>IFK,

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%>OJ>QE (>OLIV. c 2001/2002- . c 2GSFABH ; 0W>?>AH> : 3>GA>P>DF ->U /LJ>K>, 2002(2GSFABH : AD>MB). c &IRPQO. ; 20 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.>D>MB.ER. c $LAFXKGB. &00+ 1452-2136 = "SHLKVS c 3>GA>P>DF ->U /LJ>K> E+'%A)"A$)(!A F9J=>5 / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH !>KFBI ]RKQBO. c $LA. 1, ?O. 1 (WFJ> 2005/2006)- . c BBLDO>A : "SOL>QI>KQPH> FKF@FG>QFS>, 2005/2006(BBLDO>A : -R?IFHRJ). c 29 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.B>F.LOD.VR/B>O . c 1OLJBPB[KL &00+ 1452-3744 = "SOL>QI>KQPH> OBSFG> E+'%&(!% N5?CBC85JGHJC / DI>SKF ROBAKFH BI>DLGB B>?FZ. c $LA. 1, ?O. 1 (2002)- . c BBLDO>A (*>HBALKPH> 25) : &KPQFQRQ W> JBYRK>OLAKR MLIFQFHR F MOFSOBAR ((>O>YLOYBS> 48) : -O>SLPRAKF @BKQ>O W> L?RHR F PQOR[KL RP>SOX>SKGB, 2002(BBLDO>A : @BIKFA). c 29 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.AFMILJ>@V.?D.>@.VR/BW>HLK.EQ J. c 1OLJBPB[KL. c +>PQ>S>H MR?IFH>@FGB: -OBDIBA BSOLMPHLD W>HLKLA>SPQS> = &00+ 1450-6815 &00+ 1451-3188 = "SOLMPHL W>HLKLA>SPQSL E!%"%GI A : [>PLMFP !ORXQS> BHLILD> 0O?FGB= GLROK>I LC QEB 0BO?F>K "@LILDF@>I 0L@FBQV / BAFQLO &SF@> />ALSFZ. c 3LI. 1, +L. 1/2 (1966)- . c BBLDO>A-7BJRK (+BJ>KGFK> 6) : 2KFG> ?FLILXHFE K>R[KFE AORXQ>S> 'RDLPI>SFGB, 1966- (7BJRK : $+!-MOLARHQ). c 24 @J. c (A@Q> ?FLILDF@> &RDLPI>SF@>) !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.ABP.LOD.VR/BHLILDFG>/. c 1BHPQ K> BKDIBPHLJ GBWFHR &00+ 0531-9110 = "HLILDFG> E!%$%#I() A5;5N=B / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH *FG>Q )>HFZBSFZ. c 1999, ?O. 1- . c BBLDO>A ((LKAFK> 20) : +LSFKPHLFWA>S>[HL MOBARWBZB "HLKLJFPQ JBAF> DOLRM, 1999- (BBLDO>A : -LIFQFH>). c 28 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.BHLKLJFPQ.@L.VR/J>D>WFK11/FK ABU.EQJ. c !SLKBABIGKL. c )FPQ PB FWASLGFL LA IFPQ> "HLKLJPH> MLIFQFH>. c 0> MLPB?KFJ FWA>KGFJ>: 0L@FG>IK> MLIFQFH>:&J> IF OBXBKG>? F (LKHROBKQKLPQ

MOFSOBAB 0O?FGB 2005 &00+ 1450-8591 = "HLKLJFPQ J>D>WFK 83. E!%$%#(!I 5B5@= = "@LKLJF@ AKK>IBP : K>R[KL-PQOR[KF [>PLMFP "HLKLJPHLD C>HRIQBQ> R BBLDO>AR / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH BI>DLGB ->RKLSFZ, BO>KFPI>S -BIBSFZ. c $LA. 1, ?O. 1 (1955)- . c BBLDO>A ((>JBKF[H> 6) : "HLKLJPHF C>HRIQBQ, 1955(BBLDO>A : ;RDRO> MOFKQ). c 24 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.BHLC.?D.>@.VR/MR?IFH>@FGB/@>PL MFPF.MEM. c 1OLJBPB[KL &00+ 0013-3264 = "HLKLJPHF >K>IF 84. EKONOMSKI ,-!#(! / !2C@5?2 32?<2 &C3:;6 ; 8=2G?: FC65?:< 2C:?2 =256?@G:M-K@>2E:?2. c [2003]- . c B6@8C25 ((=:42 <C2B2 #6EC2 12) : !2C@5?2 32?<2 &C3:;6, [2003]- (B6@8C25 : !2C@5?2 32?<2 &C3:;6). c 30 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.K?P.VR/PBO?F>K/MR?IFH>@FGB/FKAB U.EQJ. c 'C@>6D6N?@ &00+ 1451-4702 = E<@?@>D<: AC68=65 c !2C@5?2 32?<2 &C3:;6 85. E"E!)'%&'I+'EDA : [>PLMFP 7>GBAKF@B 'RDLPILSBKPHB BIBHQOLMOFSOBAB / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH BO>KFPI>S A. BLXHLSFZ. c $LA. 1, ?O. 1 (1948)- . c BBLDO>A (B>IH>KPH> 13) : 7>GBAKF@> GRDLPILSBKPHB BIBHQOLMOFSOBAB, 1948- (BBLDO>A : (RIQRO>). c 28 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.BMP.@L.VR/MR?IFH>@FGB/@>PLMFP. EQJ. c 1OLJBPB[KL &00+ 0013-5755 = "IBHQOLMOFSOBA> 86. ENERGOPROJEKT : ?@G:?6 / 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< :=@D2G2 :=@G2?@G:M. c G@5. 1, 3C. 1 (1963)- . c B6@8C25 (L6H:?@G 3F=6G2C 12) : E?6C8@AC@;6<E, 1963- (B6@8C25 : E?6C8@AC@;6<E I?8C27). c 42 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.BKBODLMOLGBHQ.@L.VR/KLSFKB/. c 6D6N?@ 87. E(&I 6=@H9B : DI>PFIL &KPQFQRQ> W> BHLKLJPH> F PL@FG>IK> FPQO>=FS>KG> c "0-& / ROBAKFH *FOLPFKH> !FKHF . c $LA. 6, ?O. 64/65 (AB@BJ?>O 2005)- . c BBLDO>A ((KBW *FE>FILS> 10) : &KPQFQRQ> W> BHLKLJPH> F PL@FG>IK> FPQO>=FS>KG> c "0-&, 2005(BBLDO>A : )F?O>). c 30 @J +> FK ALPQRM> (2/)): 135

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EQQM://TTT.FKPQFQRQBPMF.LOD/J>FK.>PMU?CFA= 19 . c 1OLJBPB[KL. -+>PQ>S>H MR?IFH>@FGB: BFIQBK $ 17 = &00+ 1451-1835 &00+ 1452-3191 = "PMF ?FIQBK E-&"%'E' : [>PLMFP HLGF ZB S>P K>R[FQF A> HLOFPQFQB O>[RK>O / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH 9LOYB SBQHLSFZ. c $LA. 1, ?O. 1 (2003)- . c +LSF 0>A (0Q>S>K> !FSKFK> B>?B 6/31) : "UMILOBO, 2003-. c 29 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.BUMILOBOLKIFKB.@L.VR. &00+ 1451-5989 = "UMILOBO @*'$A" N5 GC7=C@C;=>I = 3LGSLAFKF>K 'LROK>I LC 0L@FLILDV / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH !RX>K *>OFKHLSFZ. c 2003, ?O. 1- . c +LSF 0>A (0QBS>K> *RPFZ> 24) : 3LGSLY>KPH> PL@FLILXH> >PL@FG>@FG>, 2003(+LSF 0>A : AOQ-OFKQ). c 21 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.PL@FLILDFG>.LOD.VR/FKABU.EQJI &00+ 1451-7361 = @ROK>I W> PL@FLILDFGR /AS)I)A A5H9F=>5@5 = *>QBOF>IP -OLQB@QFLK / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH *FLAO>D *>HPFJLSFZ. c $LA. 1, ?O. 1 (1953)-DLA. 22, ?O. 3/4 (1974);DLA. 23, ?O. 1 (1982)- . c BBLDO>A ((KBW> *FILX> 9/&) : 0>SBW FK=BKGBO> F QBEKF[>O> W> W>XQFQR J>QBOFG>I> 0O?FGB F OKB $LOB, 19531974;1982-. c 30 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.PFQW>J.LOD.VR/WJ/KBT.EQJI. c 1OLJBPB[KL. c AHOLKFJ K> HLOF@>J>: 7*. c +FGB FWI>WFL LA 1974-1981. DLAFKB &00+ 0351-9465 = 7>XQFQ> J>QBOFG>I> ZBORNIK I*./%/0/a 3a ,! a#+4'a %./-a`%1a2a = 'LROK>I LC QEB &KPQFQRQB CLO "AR@>QFLK>I /BPB>O@E / @58@G@C?: FC65?:< &E6G2? KCH2;:M ; 8=2G?: FC65?:< J2D>:?2 -676C. c 1967, 3C. 1- . c B6@8C25 (D@3C:HD<2 11) : I?DE:EFE J2 A6528@K<2 :DEC21:G2H2, 1967(B6@8C25 : 0:8@;2 KE2>A2). c 24 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.FMFPO.LOD.VR/<QUQ/<POM/W?LOKF@F.EQ JI. c D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.ALFPBO?F>.K?P.?D.>@.VR/'LROK>I .>PMU?&!=0579-6431 &00+ 0579-6431 = ,3@C?:< c I?DE:EFE J2 A6528@K<2 :DEC21:G2H2 (B6@8C25) ZBORNIK Ma/%c! .-,.'! 3a -04/1!*! *a0'! = -OL@BBAFKDP CLO PL@F>I P@FBK@BP / 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?:

93.

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95.

96.

FC65?:< :=@G2? :EC@G:M. c 1984, 3C. 76- . c !@G: &25 ( 2E:46 DCAD<6 1) : 2E:42 DCAD<2, 1984-. c 24 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.J>QF@>POMPH>.LOD.VR/ALTKIL>A /FKABU.EQJ. c #@=F8@5:KH6. c !2DE2G2< AF3=:<24:;6: ,3@C?:< J2 5CFKEG6?6 ?2F<6 = &00+ 0044-1937 &00+ 0352-5732 = ,3@C?:< 2E:46 DCAD<6 J2 5CFKEG6?6 ?2F<6 ZBORNIK Ma/%c! .-,.'! 3a '(a.%5*! ./0 %&! / 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< KD6?:;2 2C:4<: G2L2?D<:. c 1998, 3C. 1- . c !@G: &25 ( 2E:46 DCAD<6 1) : 2E:42 DCAD<2, 1998- (!@G: &25 : #C@>6E6;). c 24 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.J>QF@>POMPH>.LOD.VR/ALTKIL>A /FKABU.EQJ. c G@5:KH6 &00+ 1450-6998 = ,3@C?:< 2E:46 DCAD<6 J2 <=2D:N?6 DEF5:;6 ZBORNIK Ma/%c! .-,.'! 3a '2%`!1*+./ % &!3%' / 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< J@G2? D6=:M. c KH. 1 (1953)- . c !@G: &25 : 2E:42 DCAD<2, 1953-. c 24 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.J>QF@>POMPH>.LOD.VR/ALTKIL>A /FKABU.EQJ. c 'C: AFE2 8@5:KH6 &00+ 0543-1220 = ,3@C?:< 2E:46 DCAD<6 J2 <H:16G?@DE : ;6J:< ZBORNIK Ma/%c! .-,.'! 3a ,-%-+ *! *a0'! = -OL@BBAFKDP CLO +>QRO>I 0@FBK@BP / 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< %F5@=7 K2DE@C:. c 1984, 3C. 66- . c !@G: &25 ( 2E:46 DCAD<6 1) : 2E:42 DCAD<2, 1984- (&F3@E:42 : :?6CG2). c 24 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.J>QF@>POMPH>.LOD.VR/ALTKIL>A /FKABU.EQJ. c #@=F8@5:KH6. c !2DE2G2< AF3=:<24:;6: ,3@C?:< J2 AC:C@5?6 ?2F<6 = &00+ 0461-4461 &00+ 0352-4906 = ,3@C?:< 2E:46 DCAD<6 J2 AC:C@5?6 ?2F<6 ZBORNIK Ma/%c! .-,.'! 3a .(a1%./%'0 / 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< #C65C28 #:A6C. c 1984, 3C. 26- . c !@G: &25 ( 2E:46 DCAD<6 1) : 2E:42 DCAD<2, 1984- (!@G: &25 : I562=). c 24 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.J>QF@>POMPH>.LOD.VR/ALTKIL>A

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/FKABU.EQJ. c #@=F8@5:KH6. c !2DE2G2< AF3=:<24:;6: ,3@C?:< J2 D=2G:DE:<F = &00+ 0350-0470 &00+ 0352-5007 = ,3@C?:< 2E:46 DCAD<6 J2 D=2G:DE:<F 97. ZBORNIK Ma/%c! .-,.'! 3a .c!*.'! 0)!/*+./% % )03%'0 = *>QF@> POMPH> 'LROK>I LC PQ>DB AOQ >KA *RPF@ / 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< B@1:52C K@G2N6<. c 1987, 3C. 1- . c !@G: &25 ( 2E:46 DCAD<6 1) : 2E:42 DCAD<2, 1987- (!@G: &25 : #C@>6E6;). c 24 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.J>QF@>POMPH>.LOD.VR/ALTKIL>A /FKABU.EQJ. c #@=F8@5:KH6 &00+ 0352-9738 = ,3@C?:< 2E:46 DCAD<6 J2 D46?D<6 F>6E?@DE: : >FJ:<F 98. ZBORNIK Ma/%c! .-,.'! 3a "%(+(+#%&0 % (%*#1%./%'0 = AO@EFSRJ MEFILILDF@RJ BQ IFKDRFPQF@RJ / 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< A=6<D2?52C =256?@G:M. c 1984/1985, 3C. 27/28- . c !@G: &25 ( 2E:46 DCAD<6 1) : 2E:42 DCAD<2, 1984- (!@G: &25 : #C@>6E6;). c 24 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.J>QF@>POMPH>.LOD.VR/ALTKIL>A /FKABU.EQJ. c #@=F8@5:KH6. c !2DE2G2< AF3=:<24:;6: ,3@C?:< J2 7:=@=@8:;F : =:?8G:DE:<F = &00+ 0514-6143 &00+ 0352-5724 = ,3@C?:< 2E:46 DCAD<6 J2 7:=@=@8:;F : =:?8G:DE:<F 99. ZBORNIK -a +1a P-a1*+# "a'0(/!/a 0 N%40 / 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< %25>:=2 K@G2N6G:M-KFKE>:C@G:M. c 1970, 3C. 9- . c !:K : #C2G?: 72<F=E6E, 1970- . c 24 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.MO>C>H.KF.>@.VR/PO/7?LOKFH.EQJI . c !2DE2G2< AF3=:<24:;6: 7?LOKFH O>ALS> c -O>SKL-BHLKLJPHF C>HRIQBQ R +FXR. -O>SKF LAPBH = &00+ 0550-9777 &00+ 0350-8501 = ,3@C?:< C25@G2 #C2G?@8 72<F=E6E2 F !:KF 100. ZVRK : >6D6N?:< J2 ?2;>=2L6 / 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< :=@C25 &E6G2?@G:M. c 2004, 3C. 1- . c G@CH: :=2?@G24 (K?6J2 A=6<D2?5C2 65) : D6N;6 ?@G:?6-DE! A%', 2004(KC28F;6G24 : #C:?E). c 29 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.WSOH.@L.VR/. c 6D6N?@

101.

102.

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104.

105.

&00+ 1820-2691 = ,GC< (G@CH: :=2?@G24) ZLATNA #-! a : =:DE J2 <H:16G?@DE, F>6E?@DE, <F=EFCF : >:KH6H6 / 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< J@G2? ,:G=2<. c 2001, 1- . c !@G: &25 (BC2M6 %:3?:<2C 5) : DCFKEG@ <H:16G?:<2 )@;G@5:?6, 2001- (!@G: &25 : B A=2D). c 29 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.AHS.LOD.VR/WI>QK>DOBA>.EQJI &00+ 1451-0715 = ,=2E?2 8C652 /%+ : OBSFG> W> IGR?FQBIGB MOFOLAB / LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH 1LALO *RQ>SA=FZ. c $LA. 1, ?O. 1 (1984)- . c BBLDO>A (1OD +FHLIB ->XFZ> 7/3&) : (LJM>KFG> `+LSLPQFa, 1984- (BBLDO>A : BLO?>). c 26 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.JVDLRIAF>KCFK@EBP.@L.VR/WLS. EQJ. c -BQK>BPQLAKBSKL &00+ 0352-4620 = 7LS (BBLDO>A) /%$A : JBPB[KF J>D>WFK / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH !FG>K> ]HLOFZ. c 2004, ?O. 190- . c +LSF 0>A (3BPBIFK> *>PI>XB 20) : LILO MOBPP, 2004- (+LSF 0>A : LILO MOFKQ). c 30 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.PSBQ.@L.VR/?PQ>QB=2&FWA>KGB =1. c *BPB[KL. c +>PQ>S>H MR?IFH>@FGB: 7LK> PRJO>H> = &00+ 1450-7870 &00+ 1820-4975 = 7LK> (+LSF 0>A) I/B%' GI8G?9 DF5?G9 : K>R[KF, PQOR[KF F FKCLOJ>QFSKF [>PLMFP / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH 7LO>K &SLXBSFZ. c $LA. 1, ?O. 1 (G>KR>O 1993)- . c BBLDO>A ((O>IGBSFZ> *>OH> 1) : $ILP>OFGRJ, 1993- ([BBLDO>A] : B*! /FSBKABII $OLRM). c 29 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.DILP>OFGRJ.@LJ. &00+ 0354-3226 = &W?LO PRAPHB MO>HPB ILUSTROVANA ,+(%/%'a / G.5. 8=2G?@8 : @58@G@C?@8 FC65?:<2 &CL2? J@<2?@G:M. c G@5. 1, 3C. 1 (11. ?@G6>32C 1958)- . c B6@8C25 ( 2<65@?D<2 29) : #@=:E:<2 >282J:?:, 1958- (B6@8C25 : #@=:E:<2). c 30 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.MLIFQFH>.@L.VR/FIRPQOL/. c !656B?@ &00+ 0019-2570 = I=FDEC@G2?2 A@=:E:<2

137

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106. INDEKS : >6D6N?: AC68=65 AC:GC65?6 DE2E:DE:<6 &C3:;6 : CC?6 G@C6 = &KABU : JLKQEIV /BSFBT LC "@LKLJF@ 0Q>QFPQF@P LC QEB 0BO?F> >KA *LKQBKBDOL / &C3:;2 : CC?2 G@C2. ,2G@5 J2 DE2E:DE:<F. c G@5. 52, 3C. 4 (2003)- . c B6@8C25 (K?6J2 :=@K2 20) : ,2G@5 J2 DE2E:DE:<F, 2003- (B6@8C25 : &2GC6>6?2 25>:?:DEC24:;2). c 28 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.PWP.PS.DLS.VR. c 6D6N?@. c (A@C65?: E6<DE ?2 DCAD<@> : 6?8=6D<@> ;6J:<F. c !2DE2G2< AF3=:<24:;6: I?56<D c &2G6J?: J2G@5 J2 DE2E:DE:<F (&CAD<@9CG2ED<@ :J5.) = &00+ 0019-3585 &00+ 1451-5350 = I?56<D c &C3:;2 : CC?2 G@C2. ,2G@5 J2 DE2E:DE:<F 107. I$%()'A$A HF4=OH5 : MLPILSKB SBPQF / ROBYRGB 0LKG> -BQOLS. c $LA. 1, ?O. 1 (1991)- . c BBLDO>A (BRIBS>O A3+,'> 121) : 'RDLPILSBKPH> ?>KH> W> JBYRK>OLAKR BHLKLJPHR P>O>AKGR, 1991-. c 30 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.GR?JBP.@L.VR. c +BABIGKL. c +>PQ>S>H MR?IFH>@FGB: 1O=FXQB H>MFQ>IKFE AL?>O> &00+ 0354-7221 = &KLPQO>K> QO=FXQ> 108. I$)EG'I)E) = J9? ?CBGHFI?7=>5 : [>PLMFP !ORXQS> W> FKQBDOFQBQ F SBH HLKPQORH@FG> = 0QOR@QRO>I &KQBDOFQV >KA )FCB : GLROK>I LC QEB 0L@FBQV CLO 0QOR@QRO>I &KQBDOFQV >KA )FCB / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH *>OHL />HFK. c $LA. 1, ?O. 1 (2001)- . c BBLDO>A (*FI>K> />HFZ> 35) : !ORXQSL W> FKQBDOFQBQ F SBH HLKPQORH@FG> : &KPQFQRQ W> FPMFQFS>KGB J>QBOFG>I>, 2001- (+BJBKFHRZB : $O>CF[HF >QBIGB `3RIBa). c 30 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.AFSH.LOD.VR/FSH/. c -LIRDLAFXKGB. c +>PQ>S>H MR?IFH>@FGB: 0QOR[KF ?FIQBK c $LX> = &00+ 0352-0175 &00+ 1451-3749 = &KQBDOFQBQ F SBH HLKPQORH@FG> 109. I$)E'$E) C;@985@C : [>PLMFP W> MLPILSKR MOFJBKR FKCLOJ>@FLKFE QBEKLILDFG> = ?RPFKBPP & QB@EKLILDFBP J>D>WFKB / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH 3BPK> (LS>[BSFZ. c 1999, ?O. 1- . c 7BJRK ($O>APHF M>OH 2) : ,DIBA>IL, 1999- (BBLDO>A : /BMOLDO>C). c 27 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.FKQL?FW.FKCL/KBTP.MEM. &00+ 1451-0235 = &KQBOKBQ LDIBA>IL 138

110. ISKON : AC2G@D=2G?: :=FDEC@G2?: N2D@A:D / 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< )=25:>:C )F<2K:?@G:M. c 1997, 3C. 1. c )C2H6 : F@?5 &G6E: #C@9@C #N:HD<: AC2G@D=2G?6 6A2C9:;6 GC2HD<6, 1977- . c 30 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.FPHLK.@L.VR/ &00+ 0354-9909 = ID<@? 111. ISTORIJSKI 5a.+,%. / IDE@C:;D<: :?DE:EFE = %FPQLOF@>I /BSFBT / &KPQFQRQB LC %FPQLOV ; @58@G@C?: FC65?:< = "AFQLO-FK- EFBC 1F?LO @FSHLSFZ. c 1948, <H. 1- . c B6@8C25 (K?6J :92:=@G2 35) : IDE@C:;D<: :?DE:EFE, 1948(B6@8C25 : 0:8@;2 KE2>A2). c 24 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.EF.P>KR.>@.VR/POM/FPQLOFGPHF<@> PLMFP.EQJ . c [G@5:KH6] &00+ 0350-0802 = IDE@C:;D<: N2D@A:D 112. ISTO^NIK : N2D@A:D J2 G6CF : <F=EFCF / 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< :=FE:? #6EC@G:M. c 1992, 3C. 1- . c B6@8C25 (FC2?4FD<2 7) : DCFKEG@ IDE@N?:<, 1992- (B6@8C25 : 0:8@;2 KE2>A2). c 24 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.VROLMB.@LJ/WFKBP/FPQL@KFH/. c 'C@>6D6N?@ &00+ 0354-2114 = IDE@N?:< 113. I()'A@I+A$ A = DFC>9?HCJ5B>5 N5 DF=JF98I / DI>SKF ROBAKFH 'LS>K 1LALOLSFZ ; LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH -OBAO>D 2PHLHLSFZ. c $LA. 1, ?O. 1 (2003)- . c BBLDO>A (. #>E 35-65) : &KPQFQRQ W> FPQO>=FS>KG> F MOLGBHQLS>KG> R MOFSOBAF, 2003- (BBLDO>A : )F?O>). c 29 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.FFMM.@L.VR/62FKABU.EQJ. c 1OLJBPB[KL &00+ 1451-4117 = &PQO>=FS>KG> F MOLGBHQLS>KG> W> MOFSOBAR 114. I$F%3*!A'ICA / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH +B?LGX> -LPMFXFI. c $LA. 1, ?O. 1 (2002)- . c BBLDO>A (-L=BXH> 85?) : +3, 2AOR=BKGB DO>Y>K> *LG> ;RH>OF@>, 2002-. c 39 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.FKCL@RH>OF@>.@LJ 115. I$F%'#A)%' : [>PLMFP W> CFK>KPFGPHLMO>SKF HLKP>IQFKD / BHLP FK ; DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH AKQRK *>OQFZ. c 1992, ?O. 1 (7. G>KR>O)- . c BBLDO>A ()LIB /F?>O>

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28) : BHLP FK, 1992- (BBLDO>A : BHLP FK). c 21 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.@BHLP.@L.VR. &00+ 0354-2831 = &KCLOJ>QLO c BHLP FK INFOTEKA : N2D@A:D J2 :?7@C>2E:<F : 3:3=:@E6<2CDEG@ = &KCLQEB@> : 'LROK>I LC &KCLOJ>QF@P >KA )F?O>OF>KPEFM / 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< DFK2? &FC=2. c G@5. 1, 3C. 1 (2000)- . c B6@8C25 (BF=6G2C C6G@=F4:;6 71) : ,2;65?:42 3:3=:@E6<2 F?:G6CJ:E6E2 F &C3:;:, 2000- (B6@8C25 : ,2G@5 J2 8C27:N<F E69?:<F '69?@=@K<@->6E2=FCK<@8 72<F=E6E2). c 30 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.RKFIF?.?D.>@.VR/?F?IFLQBH>OPQS L/FKCLQBH>/FKABU.MEM . c #@=F8@5:KH6. c !2DE2G2< AF3=:<24:;6: I?7@C>24:;6 ,2;65?:46 3:3=:@E6<2 F?:G6CJ:E6E2 F &C3:;: = &00+ 0354-6462 &00+ 1450-9687 = I?7@E6<2 JEZIK a*a. : 8=2D:=@ 2E:46 DCAD<6 J2 <F=EFCF FD>6?6 : A:D2?6 C6N: / 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< IG2? K=2;?. c 1997, 3C. 1- . c !@G: &25 ( 2E:46 DCAD<6 1) : 2E:42 DCAD<2, 1997- (!@G: &25 : I562=). c 30 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.J>QF@>POMPH>.LOD.VR/ALTKIL> A/FKABU.EQJ. c 'C@>6D6N?@ &00+ 0354-9720 = J6J:< 52?2D [ &5>H]G : JBDIBGBKBH > Q>KtS?BK JFKABK @P~Q{OQ{H{K / !7 tP ! ' '7-2 ,& -2.7 )BKKBOQ $tW>. c 1. tSC., 1. PW. (1947)- . c +LSF 0>A (3LGSLAB *FXFZ> 1) : AJF@RP-'z ->GQnP, 1947- (+LSF 0>A : #LORJ). c 29 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.GLM>GQ>P.@L.VR/. c +BABIGKL &00+ 0350-9141 = 'z ->GQnP %*'$A" C: AIHCA5H=7 CCBHFC@ / "AFQLO FK EFBC BO>KHL (LS>[BSFZ. c 3LI. 4, KL. 1 (1994)- . c BBIDO>AB (BRIBS>O HO>IG> AIBHP>KAO> 73) : #>@RIQV LC "IB@QOF@>I "KDFKBBOFKD, 2KFSBOPFQV LC BBIDO>AB, 1994- (BBIDO>AB : AH>ABJPH> JFP>L). c 30 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://>RQLJ>QFH>.BQC.?D.>@.VR/'A /J>FK. EQJ. c $LAFXKGB. c +>PQ>S>H MR?IFH>@FGB: -R?IF@>QFLKP LC QEB #>@RIQV LC "IB@QOF@>I

"KDFKBBOFKD c 2KFSBOPFQV LC BBIDO>AB. 0BOFBP: ARQLJ>QF@ LKQOLI = &00+ 03541245 &00+ 1450-9903 = 'LROK>I LC ARQLJ>QF@ LKQOLI 120. %*'$A" C: H<9 (9F6=5B C<9A=75@ (C7=9HM / "AFQLO-FK- EFBC !O>DRQFK *. !O>=FZ. c 3LI. 50, +L 1 (1985)- . c BBIDO>AB ((>OKBDFGBS> 4/&&&) : 0BO?F>K EBJF@>I 0L@FBQV, 1985-. c 24 @J. c (!L@RJBKQ> @EBJF@> 6RDLPI>SF@>) !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.PEA.LOD.VR/%Q!L@P/0%!/'0 0-ELJB.EQJ. c !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.PEA.LOD.VR/GP@P. c !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.ALFPBO?F>.K?P.?D.>@.VR/'LROK >I.>PMU?&!=0352-5139 . c *BPB[KL. c 1BHPQ K> BKDIBPHLJ GBWFHR. c +>PQ>S>H MR?IFH>@FGB: G=2D?:< H6>:;D<@8 5CFKEG2 B6@8C25 = &00+ 0017-0941 &00+ 0352-5139 = 'LROK>I LC QEB 0BO?F>K EBJF@>I 0L@FBQV 121. %. : QOBKA J>D>WFK / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH )FAFG> :RIF?OH. c 2003, 1- . c +LSF 0>A (!FJFQOFG> ASO>JLSFZ> 8) : LILO *BAF> &KQBOK>QFLK>I, 2003- (7>DOB? : />AFK OBMOL F OLQL). c 29 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.PSBQ.@L.VR/?PQ>QB=2&FWA>KGB =27. c *BPB[KL &00+ 1451-3382 = 'LV (0OMPHL FWA.) 122. *G%("%+E$(!A A98=7=BG?5 6=C<9A=>5 : [>PLMFP !ORXQS> JBAF@FKPHFE ?FLEBJF[>O> 0O?FGB F OKB $LOB = 6RDLPI>S *BAF@>I BFL@EBJFPQOV : LCCF@F>I 'LROK>I LC QEB 0L@FBQV LC *BAF@>I BFL@EBJFPQP LC 0BO?F> >KA *LKQBKBDOL / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH +>A> *>GHFZ0FKDE. c $LA. 11, ?O. 1/2 (1992)- . c BBLDO>A (3LGSLAB 0QBMB 450) : #>OJ>@BRQPHF C>HRIQBQ, !ORXQSL JBAF@FKPHFE ?FLEBJF[>O> 0O?FGB F OKB $LOB, 1992-. c 28 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.AJ?G.LOD.VR/GRDLPILSJBA?FL EBJ/21-1.EQJI. c !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.ALFPBO?F>.K?P.?D.>@.VR/'LROK >I.>PMU?&!=0354-3447 . c 1OLJBPB[KL. c +>PQ>S>H MR?IFH>@FGB: 'RDLPILSBKPH> JBAF@FKPH> ?FLHBJFG> = &00+ 0352-1311 &00+ 0354-3447 = 'RDLPILSBKPH> JBAF@FKPH> ?FLEBJFG> 139

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*G%("%+E$(!I DF9;@98 : FKCLOJ>QFSKL-ALHRJBKQ>OKB PSBPHB. c $LA.1, ?O.1 (G>KR>O 1957)-DLA. 46, ?O. 4 (2002). c BBLDO>A (*LXB -FG>AB 8) : 'RDLPILSBKPHF MOBDIBA, 1957-2002. c 24 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.VRPROSBV.@L.VR. c *BPB[KL. c &WI>WF F K> BKDIBPHLJ GBWFHR. c !>IGB: -OBDIBA 0O?FG> F OK> $LO> = &00+ 1451-4761 &00+ 0022-6114 = 'RDLPILSBKPHF MOBDIBA 124. !A)A"%G <9A=>5 = >Q>ILDRB @EBJFPQOV. c 3LI. 1 (1997)- . c BBLDO>A (3LGSLAB 1LWB 13) : AIB>, 1997-. c 27 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.EBJFG>.@L.VR &00+ 1450-5630 = (>Q>ILD EBJFG> 125. !+%)% : PMLOQPHL HI>YBKGB. c [2003]- . c BBLDO>A (0SBQLW>O> *>OHLSFZ> 40) : )RQOFG> BBLDO>A> : +>OLAK> IRQOFG>, [2003]-. c 39 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.HSLQL.@L.VR 126. !Y&E( I:>bG]; : JFKABK CF>Q>I EBQFI>MG> / -2 ,& -2.7 %BStO )zOnKQ. c 1. tSC., 1. PW. (1945 J>OBGRP 7-BK)- . c +LSF 0>A (3LGSLAB *FXFZ> 1) : *>DV>O 0Wz, 1945-. c 29 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.?RPFKBPPPQ.@LJ/HBMBPFCF/HBMBPFCF.MEM. c +BABIGKL &00+ 0352-6475 = (tMBP &CG}PnD 127. !%$!*'( D@IG : KBABIGKF MLPILSKF SLAF[ / ROBAKFH )FAFG> 0OBALGBSFZ. c 2002, ?O. 1 (PBMQ.)- . c BBLDO>A (+RXFZBS> 20) : -OBPP ?FOL A.L.L., 2002- (BBLDO>A : ]Q>JM>OFG> BLO?B). c 39 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.HLKHROPMIRP.@L.VR 128. !'AG* E+AC CIFB5@ C: #5H<9A5H=7G / 2KFSBOPFQV LC (O>DRGBS>@. #>@RIQV LC 0@FBK@B ; "AFQLO-FK- EFBC !O>DFZ B>KHLSFZ. c 3LI. 22 (2000)- . c (O>DRGBS>@ (/>ALG> !LJ>KLSFZ> 12) : -OFOLAKL-J>QBJ>QF[HF C>HRIQBQ, 2000((O>DRGBS>@ : 0HSBO). c 24 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.HLJRKFH>@FG>.LOD.VR/HLJRKFH >@FG>/@>PLMFPF/HO>DJ>QG/FKABU?PQAI>KD=PO . c 1BHPQ K> BKDIBPHLJ GBWFHR. c !BILJ K>PQ>S>H MR?IFH>@FGB: 7?LOKFH O>ALS> -OFOLAKL-J>QBJ>QF[HLD C>HRIQBQ> ((O>DRGBS>@) = &00+ 0351-6962 &00+ 1450-9628 = (O>DRGBS>@ 'LROK>I LC *>QEBJ>QF@P 129. !*'I' : AKBSKB KLSFKB / S.A. DI>SKF F

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"AFQLO-FK- EFBC *FIB 'LSFZ. c 3LI. 22, ?O. 3/4 (1991)- . c BBLDO>A (.,. BLU 137) : &KQBOJ>+BQ, 1991- (7BJRK : $O>CF[HF >QBIGB (RJ). c 30 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.J>OHBQFKDKBQ.LOD.VR. 1OLJBPB[KL. c +>PQ>S>H MR?IFH>@FGB: *>OHBQFKD (7>DOB?) = &00+ 0581-1023 &00+ 0354-3471 = *>OHBQFKD (BBLDO>A. 1991) #A)E'IA A98=75 / (IFKF[HL-?LIKF[HF @BKQ>O 7BJRK ; DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH 0>KG> *FIBKHLSFZ. c ]Q>JM>KL FWA. c $LA. 1, ?O. 1 (1985)- . c BBLDO>A (3RHLS> 9) : (IFKF[HL ?LIKF[HF @BKQ>O 7BJRK-BBLDO>A, 1985- (BBLDO>A : *>DKRP). c 28 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.H?@WBJRK.LOD.VR/ELJB01.EQJ . c -LSOBJBKL. c !ORD>[FGB MLSBW>KB PBOFGPHB MR?IFH>@FGB: *>QBOF> JBAF@> (BBLDO>A. !-/,*) = &00+ 1452-2640 &00+ 0352-7786 = *>QBOF> JBAF@> (BBLDO>A) #A)CH : LJJRKF@>QFLKP FK *>QEBJ>QF@>I >KA FK LJMRQBO EBJFPQOV / "AFQLO-FK- EFBC &S>K $RQJ>K. c 1975- . c (O>DRGBS>@ (.,. BLU 60) : 2KFSBOPFQV LC (O>DRGBS>@ & #>@RIQV LC 0@FBK@B (O>DRGBS>@, 1975-. c 21 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.MJC.HD.>@.VR/J>Q@E/FKABU.EQ JI. c 1OF MRQ> DLAFXKGB &00+ 0340-6253 = *>Q@E (*RIEBFJ) MEDICINSKI ,+ )(a a' : DECFN?@?2FN?: N2D@A:D DEF56?2E2 65:4:?D<@8 72<F=E6E2 F B6@8C25F = *BAF@>I 6LRQE : JBAF@>I PQRABKQP_ MOLCBPPFLK>I-P@FBKQFCF@ *BAF@>I #>@RIQV FK BBIDO>AB / 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< = "AFQLO-FK- EFBC :=@C25 GCF;:N:M. c G@5. 1, 3C. 1 (1949)- . c B6@8C25 (DC &F3@E:M2 8) : 65:4:?D<: 72<F=E6E (?:G6CJ:E6E2 F B6@8C25F, 1949- ([3.>.] : K2D2). c 24 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.JBA.?D.>@.VR/?PFA=236. &00+ 0369-1527 = 65:4:?D<: A@5>=252< #EDIC*( : [>PLMFP *BAF@FKPHLD C>HRIQBQ> 2KFSBOWFQBQ> R (O>DRGBS@R= 'LROK>I LC *BAF@>I #>@RIQV 2KFSBOPFQV LC

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(O>DRGBS>@ / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH *FILS>K *>QLSFZ. c 3LI. 1, ?O. 1 (2000)- . c (O>DRGBS>@ (0SBQLW>O> *>OHLSFZ> 69) : [*BAF@FKPHF C>HRIQBQ], 2000- ((O>DRGBS>@ : -OFWJ>). c 30 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.JBAC.HD.>@.VR/JBAF@RP/JBAF @RP.GLROK>I. c -LIRDLAFXKGB. c &J> MOFILDB: *BAF@RP. 0RMMIBJBKQ = &00+ 1450-9806 &00+ 1450-7994 = *BAF@RP ((O>DRGBS>@) #E1*$A'%D$A DC@=H=?5 / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH 3>QOLPI>S 3BH>OFZ. c $LA. 1, ?O. 1 (1950)- . c BBLDO>A (*>HBALKPH> 25) : &KPQFQRQ W> JBYRK>OLAKR MLIFQFHR F MOFSOBAR, 1950(BBLDO>A : @BIKFA). c 29 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.AFMILJ>@V.?D.>@.VR/JM.EQJ. c 1OLJBPB[KL &00+ 0543-3657 = *BYRK>OLAK> MLIFQFH> #E1*$A'%D$I DFC6@9A= = &KQBOK>QFLK>I -OL?IBJP / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH BO>K> *>OHLSFZ. c $LA. 1, ?O. 1 (1949)- . c BBLDO>A (*>HBALKPH> 25) : &KPQFQRQ W> JBARK>OLAKR MLIFQFHR F MOFSOBAR, 1949(BBLDO>A : -OLJBQBG). c 24 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.AFMILJ>@V.?D.>@.VR/JMOL.EQ J. c 1OLJBPB[KL. c 1BHPQ K> POMPHLJ (I>Q.) F BKDIBPHLJ GBWFHR &00+ 0025-8555 = *BYRK>OLAKF MOL?IBJF (0OMPHLEOS>QPHL FWA.) #Y/E(!A"XC( / ! ' '7- -2 ,& -2.7 )BKKBOQ $tW>. c 1. tSC., 1. PW. (1955/1956). c kGSFABH (3LGSLAB *FXFZ> 1/&&&) : AJF@RP'z ->GQnP (CQ., 1955-. c 21 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.GLM>GQ>P.@L.VR/>O<JH-!#.EQJ. c *BPB[KL &00+ 0352-6070 = *tWBPH>In@P (+LSF 0>A) MIBOR : =:DE DCFKEG2 >=25:9 :DEC21:G2N2-B@C / FC65?:< ,@C2? #6EC@G:M. c [200?, 3C. 1]- . c B@C (.@CL2 )2;76CE2 18-22) : DCFKEG@ >=25:9 :DEC21:G2N2, 200?- (B@C : B2<2C). c 30 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2:

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EQQM://TTT.BQLP.@L.VR/JF?LO. c "5 DA64:;2=?@8 :J52H2 (>2CE) 2002. 8@5:?6 KE2>A2?@ =2E:?:4@>. c [2003]. c !2DE2G2< AF3=:<24:;6: B:=E6? D I B@C. c DCF82N:;6 A@G6J2?6 D6C:;D<6 AF3=:<24:;6: E<@ B@C #I!'% / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH /BIG> 'LSFZ. c 1997, ?O. [1] (GRIF/>SDRPQ)- . c BBLDO>A (-L=BXH> 81A) : *FHOL HKGFD>, 1997- (BBLDO>A : -LIFQFH>). c 27 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.JFHOL.@L.VR . c *BPB[KL. c *FHOL GB GRDLPILSBKPHL FWA>KGB [>PLMFP> - 4LOIA. c +>PQ>S>H MR?IFH>@FGB: *FHOLO>[RK>OF = &00+ 0354-9534 &00+ 1450-5487 = *FHOL (BBLDO>A) #I!'%)A"A($A F9J=>5 = *F@OLT>SB /BSFBT : [>PLMFP 'RDLPILS>KPHLD RAOR=BKG> W> JFHOLQ>I>PKR QBEKFHR F QBEKLILDFGR F 'RDLPILSBKPHLD &""" *110 E>MQBO / "AFQLO 3BO> *>OHLSFZ. c 1997, ?O. 5- . c BBLDO>A : [0.K.], 1997(+FX : -BQOLDO>C). c 30 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.JTO.JBAF>KFP.KBQ/ELJB.EQJ. c -LIRDLAFXKGB. c ;>PLMFP KFGB FWI>WFL 2000. DLAFKB. c 1BHPQ K> BKDIBPHLJ GBWFHR. c +>PQ>S>H MR?IFH>@FGB: &KCLOJ>QLO 'RDLPILSBKPHB &""" *11 PBH@FGB = &00+ 0354-7124 &00+ 1450-5835 = *FHOLQ>I>PK> OBSFG> #I- : IFPQ W> PMLOQPHL HI>YBKGB / S.A.DI>SKLD F LADLSLOKLD ROBAKFH> 0IL?LA>K 3R[FZBSFZ. c $LA. 1, ?O. 1 (18.03.2005)- . c BBLDO>A (*>HBALKPH> 29/10) : -LIFQFH> KLSFKB F J>D>WFKF, 2005(BBLDO>A : -LIFQFH> KLSFKB F J>D>WFKF). c 32 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.MLIFQFH>.@L.VR/JFU/053/MOS>.EQJ &00+ 1451-9836 = *FU (BBLDO>A) MLADI "%3%5a- : N2D@A:D J2 FN6?:<6 @D?@G?:9 : DC65H:9 K<@=2 / 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< DFK<@ L2E2D. c G@5. 1, 3C. 1 (1976/1977)- . c B6@8C25-,6>F? (#C68C6G:42 118) : DCFKEG@ 7:J:N2C2 &C3:;6, 1976/1977. c 21 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://JC.ACP.LOD.VR/. c "5 3C. 64/1997/1998 5@ 3C. 95/2003/2004 :J=2J: F 5G6 DG6D<6 (DG6D<2 " J2 @D?@G?6 K<@=6 : DG6D<2

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& J2 DC65H6 K<@=6),. c [2004/2005] &00+ 0351-5575 = =25: 7:J:N2C #"E!A'()+% : [>PLMFP W> RK>MOBYBKGB MOLFWSLAKGB, MOBO>AB F MI>PJ>K> JIBH> F JIB[KFE MOLFWSLA> / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH $LOA>K> +FHBQFZ. c [$LA. 1, ?O. 1 (2002)]- . c BBLDO>A (+BJ>KGFK> 6) : -LIGLMOFSOBAKF C>HRIQBQ : -LPILSKL RAOR=BKGB W> PQL[>OPQSL-$ORM>@FG> W> JIBH>OPQSL : (RZ> XQ>JMB, [2002]- (7BJRK : (RZ> XQ>JMB). c 24 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.PBO?F>CLLA.@L.VR/JIBH>OPQSL/ JIBH>OPQSL.EQJ . -*BPB[KL &00+ 1451-1541 = *IBH>OPQSL #%BI"$I A5;5N=B / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH *>OHL %BOJ>K. c 1999, +L. 4 (AB@BJ?>O)- . c BBLDO>A (BRIBS>O SLGSLAB *FXFZ> 14) : $0* -R?IF@, 1999(BBLDO>A : 1FMLDO>CF@ MIRP). c 28 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.JL?FIKFJ>D>WFK.@LJ. c +>PQ>S>H MR?IFH>@FGB: *L?FIKF QBIBCLKF = &00+ 1450-8281 &00+ 1450-9032 = *L?FIKF J>D>WFK #%D*" : >OEFQBHQRO> F DO>YBSFK>OPQSL / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH 9ROYFGB (RGRKA=FZ. c [2001], ?O. [1]- . c BBLDO>A ($O[FZ> *FIBKH> 39) : &KCLOJ>QFSKF @BKQ>O W> FWDO>AKGR, [2001]- (7BJRK : A*! $O>CFH>). c 29 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.F@F@.@L.VR. c !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.?>WFP.@L.VR. c *BPB[KL &00+ 1451-0138 = *LARI (BBLDO>A) #% A 6965 : J>D>WFK W> J>JB F QORAKF@B / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH AFA> B>G>WBQ. c 2000, ?O. 1- . c +LSF 0>A (*FIBSB 0FJFZ 27) : LILO MOFKQ, 2000(BBLDO>A : -LIFQFH> A!). c 30 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.PSBQ.@L.VR/?PQ>QB=2&FWA>KGB =11. c *BPB[KL &00+ 1450-9275 = *LG> ?B?> MOSTOVI : N2D@A:D J2 AC6G@5?F <H:16G?@DE / 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< DC:?<2 G@;<@G:M. c G@5. 1, 3C. 1 (1970)- . c B6@8C25 : (5CF16H6 <H:16G?:9 AC6G@5:=242 &C3:;6, 1970- . c 25 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2:

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EQQM://TTT.VROLMB.@LJ/WFKBP/JLPQLSF/. c 'C@>6D6N?@ &00+ 0350-6525 = @DE@G: (B6@8C25) #'E@A : KLSLPQF F FKCLOJ>@FGB W> KBSI>AFKB LOD>KFW>@FGB / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH AIBHP>KA>O $R?>X. c 2000, ?O. 2 (AB@BJ?>O)- . c BBLDO>A (BRIBS>O HO>IG> AIBHP>KAO> 79/3) : $O>Y>KPHB FKF@FG>QFSB, 2000- (+LSF 0>A : 62 1LMM>D). c 28 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.DO>AG>KPHB.LOD/@FSFIKL/@BKQ>O /JOBW>/FKABU.EQJ . c +>PQ>S>H MR?IFH>@FGB: $O>Y>KPHB FKF@FG>QFSB &00+ 1451-1851 = *OB=> (BBLDO>A) NARODNE *+1%*! / G.5. 8=2G?@8 : @58@G@C?@8 FC65?:<2 "=:G6C2 #2?2;@E@G:M. c G@5. 1, 3C. 1 (1. >2; 1949)- . c !:K (G6?6C2=2 B@16 J2?<@G:M2 9) : !2C@5?6 ?@G:?6, 1949(!:K : #C@DG6E2). c 42 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.K>OLAKB.@LJ/. c D?6G?@ (@D:> ?656B6). c &2 5@52E<@>: 28?6E <@;: :>2 G=2DE:EF ?F>6C24:;F. c !2DE2G2< AF3=:<24:;6: !2C@5?: =:DE &00+ 0350-7572 = !2C@5?6 ?@G:?6 (!:K) NASTAVA % 1a.,%/a2! : N2D@A:D J2 A6528@K<F E6@C:;F : AC2<DF / 8=2G?: FC65?:< @:G@C25 CG6E<@G:M ; @58@G@C?: FC65?:< &=@3@52?<2 G2K:M-#2G:K:M. c G@5. 1, 3C. 1 (>2CE 1952)- . c B6@8C25 ('6C2J:;6 26) : #6528@K<@ 5CFKEG@ &C3:;6, 1952(B6@8C25 : BLABU). c 24 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.MBA>DLD.LOD.VR/K>PQ>S><F<S> PMFQ>KGB.MEM. c DG@>6D6N?@ (D6> ;F=2 : 2G8FDE2) &00+ 0547-3330 = !2DE2G2 : G2DA:E2H6 $A()A+A A5H9A5H=?9 / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH 3I>AFJFO *FZFZ. c +LS> PBOFG>. c $LA. 1(23), ?O. 1 (1974)- . c BBLDO>A : !ORXQSL J>QBJ>QF[>O> 0O?FGB, 1974-. c 24 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.HLJRKFH>@FG>.LOD.VR/HLJRKFH >@FG>/@>PLMFPF/K>PQ>S><J>Q/FKABU?PQAI>K D=PO . c 1OLJBPB[KL. c !BILJ K>PQ>S>H MR?IFH>@FGB: +>PQ>S> J>QBJ>QFHB F CFWFHB; ,A 1991. c ;>PLMFP GB FWI>WFL P MOBHFALJ

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!LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.RLG.LOD.VR/PBO/FKABU<PBO.EQJ. c !S> MRQ> DLAFXKGB &00+ 1451-4370 = ,OQLALKQPHF =ROK>I 0O?FGB F OKB $LOB O[I[ANI &!` / 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< %25:G@; B@;:N:M. c G@5. 56, 3C. 2630 (;2?F2C 1990)- . c B6@8C25 (%6D2GD<2 28) : "K:K2?: ;61, 1990(B6@8C25 : #@=:E:<2). c 30 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.GBW.@L.VR/FKABU.EQJ. c 6D6N?@. c !2DE2G2< AF3=:<24:;6: J61 (/:C. :J5.) = &00+ 0021-6917 &00+ 0353-6726 = "K:K2?: ;61 (=:DE) PAN^EVAC : ?656B?: 8C2L2?D<: =:DE / 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< 2C:;2 A?5C:M. c G@5. 1, 3C. 1 (1952)- . c #2?N6G@ (@2C<2 ,C6H2?:?2 1) : #2?N6G24, 1952- (B6@8C25 : #@=:E:<2 +BTPM>MBOP & *>D>WFKBP). c 47 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.M>K@BS>@.@LJ/FKABU.MEM?J LARIB=PB@QFLK&FPPRB<FA=38&FA=1 . !656B?@. c L:DE ;6 ?2DE2G2< DE2C@8 #2?N6G42 :J 1869. 8@5:?6 (@5 1991. J3:C?2 ?F>6C24:;2 : DE2C@8 #2?N6G42 : GC2?:N2C2) &00+ 0031-0662 = #2?N6G24 &A'AG'AF : IFPQ W> MR?IFHLS>KGB MLQMRKFE-MOB[FXZBKFE QBHPQLS> W>HLK> F AORDFE MOLMFP> LA WK>[>G> W> MOFSOBAKL MLPILS>KGB / LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH !RX>K 1>QFZ. c $LA. 1, ?O. 1 (2000)- . c BBLDO>A (1>HLSPH> 42) : +LSF -OFSOBAKFH, 2000([BBLDO>A] : AB 1>X). c 29 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.M>O>DO>CKBQ.@LJ. c -BQK>BPQLAKBSKL. c 2 PS>HLJ ?OLGR 0MB@FG>IKF ALA>Q>H &00+ 1451-3307 = ->O>DO>C (BBLDO>A) &A')$E' : ?FIQBK !ORXQS> W> ?LO?R MOLQFS XBZBOKB ?LIBPQF DO>A> BBLDO>A> / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH $LO>K 'LS>KLSFZ. c $LA. 21, ?O. 1 (G>KR>O 2002). c BBLDO>A (0HBOIFZBS> 24) : !ORXQSL W> ?LO?R MOLQFS XBZBOKB ?LIBPQF DO>A> BBLDO>A>, 2002- (&KYFG> : 0ILD). c 30 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.AF>?BQ>.KBQ/FKABU.EQJ. c 1OLJBPB[KL. c -LAK>PILS MOBRWBQ P> HLOF[KB PQO>KB. c +>PQ>S>H MR?IFH>@FGB: BFIQBK c !ORXQSL W> ?LO?R MOLQFS XBZBOKB

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!LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.VRPROSBV.@L.VR/MOLAR@QP/GM-> MBO.MEM. -1OLJBPB[KL. c +>PQ>S>H MR?IFH>@FGB: 'RDLPILSBKPHF MOBDIBA = &00+ 0022-6114 &00+ 1451-4761 = -OBDIBA 0O?FG> F OK> $LO> &'I+'ED$I JC8=R / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH !O>D>K 7OKFZ. c 2004, ?O. 1 (G>KR>O)- . c BBLDO>A : !O>D>K 7OKFZ, 2004- (BBLDO>A : ->MFODO>C). c 29 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.MOFSOBAKFSLAF@.@L.VR. c [-LIRDLAFXKGB] &00+ 1451-6802 = -OFSOBAKF SLAF[ PRIVREDNI .a1!/*%' : N2D@A:D J2 C2NF?@G@5DEG@ : A@D=@G?6 7:?2?D:;6 / @58@G@C?: FC65?:< %2E@>:C /:C@G:M. c G@5. 1, 3C. 1 (1952)- . c B6@8C25 (BF=6G2C <C2B2 A=6<D2?5C2 86-90) : #C:GC65?: D2G6E?:<, 1952-. c 29 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.MOFSP>S.@L.VR . c #6E?26DE@5?6G?@ &00+ 0556-1590 = #C:GC65?: D2G6E?:< &'I/#A : JBPB[KB MLIFQF[HB >K>IFWB / DI>SKF ROBAKFH BLXHL *FG>QLSFZ. c 2001 (G>KR>O)- . c BBLDO>A (3LGSLAB !L?OKG@> 52) : BKQ>O W> IF?BO>IKL-ABJLHO>QPHB PQRAFGB, 2001- (BBLDO>A : $LO>DO>C). c 24 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.@IAP.LOD.VR. c *BPB[KL. c [2004] &'%D*C)I%$ EB;=B99F=B; 5B8 CCADIH9FG : &KQBOK>QFLK>I 'LROK>I / "AFQLO FK EFBC 3FALP>S !. *>GPQLOLSFZ. c 3LI. 1, +L 1 (1997)- . c BBLDO>A : &KPQFQRQB CLO -OLAR@QFLK "KDFKBBOFKD >KA &* *B@E>KF@>I "KDFKBBOFKD #>@RIQV, 1997-. c 30 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://@BKQ.J>P.?D.>@.VR/MB@/ELJB.EQJ &00+ 1450-5096 = -OLAR@QFLK "KDFKBBOFKD >KA LJMRQBOP &'%&I(I.$E) ["IBHQOLKPHF FWSLO] / &+$-/,. c ,KIFKB FWA. c "IBHQOLKPHF [>PLMFP. c [2004]- . c BBLDO>A : &+$--/,, [2004]. c 1BHPQR>IK> A>QLQBH> +>[FK ALPQRM> (2/)): EQQM://TTT.MOLMFPF.KBQ. c -LA>@F MOBRWBQF P> TB?- PQO>KF@B &00+ 1820-4880 = -OLMFPF.KBQ ( ,KIFKB)

148

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206. &'%FI" : MOSF MLPIBO>QKF ?BLDO>APHF J>D>WFK : LHOBKFQB IBMXF ABL PQS>OKLPQF / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH *FILJFO *>OFZ. c 1995, ?O. 1- . c BBLDO>A (9ROB !>KF[FZ> 9) : -OLCFI, 1995- (BBLDO>A : -LIFQFH> A!). c 29 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.MOLCFI.@L.VR/. ,A ?O. 47/2004 R LHSFOR MR?IFH>@FGB FWI>WF F !>J> P> PLMPQSBKLJ KRJBO>@FGLJ &00+ 0354-9976 = -OLCFI (BBLDO>A) 207. &(IH%"%GI A : [>PLMFP !ORXQS> MPFELILD> 0O?FGB / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH *FHILX BFOL. c $LA. 1, ?O. 1 (1967)- . c BBLDO>A (9RXFK> 7/3) : !ORXQSL MPFELILD> 0O?FGB, 1967(BBLDO>A : #RQRO> MR?IFH>@FGB). c 24 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.MEFILILDF>.LOD.VR. c 1OLJBPB[KL &00+ 0048-5705 = -PFELILDFG> (BBLDO>A) 208. &(( : -OLCBPPFLK>I 0B@ROFQV 0VPQBJP / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH !O>DF@> 8FMH>. c 2004, KL. 1 (G>KR>O)- . c BBLDO>A (*FOFGBSPHF SBK>@ 32) : !&&/ A.L.L., 2004(1OPQBKFH : *$O>C). c 30 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.MPPJ>D>WFKB.@LJ. c !SLJBPB[KL &00+ 1820-0273 = -00. -OLCBPPFLK>I 0B@ROFQV 0VPQBJP 209. &*B"I!ACI E E@9?HFCH9<B=R?C; :5?I@H9H5. 0BOFG>, *>QBJ>QFH> = -R?IF@>QFLKP LC QEB #>@RIQV LC "IB@QOF@>I "KDFKBBOFKD. 0BOFBP, *>QEBJ>QF@P / BAFQLO *FI>K *BOHIB. c 1990, +L 1- . c BBLDO>A (BRIBS>O HO>IG> AIBHP>KAO> 73) : "IBHQOLQBEKF[HF C>HRIQBQ, 1990- (BBLDO>A : 7>SLA W> DO>CF[HR QBEKFHR 1BEKLILXHLJBQ>IROXHLD C>HRIQBQ>). c 24 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://J>QBJ>QFH>.BQC.?D.>@.VR/MR?IFH>@FG B. c $LAFXKGB. c 1BHPQ K> BKDIBPHLJ GBWFHR. c !BILJ K>PQ>S>H MR?IFH>@FGB: -R?IFH>@FGB "IBHQOLQBEKF[HLD C>HRIQBQ> 2KFSBOWFQBQ> R BBLDO>AR. 0BOFG> *>QBJ>QFH> F CFWFH> = &00+ 0522-8441 &00+ 0353-8893 = -R?IFH>@FGB "IBHQOLQBEKF[HLD C>HRIQBQ>. 0BOFG>: *>QBJ>QFH> 210. &*B"ICA)I%$( 89 @TIBGH=HIH #5H<^A5H=EI9 / A@>AtJFB PBO?B ABP 0@FBK@BP BQ ABP AOQP ; "AFQLO-FK- EFBC *. -OS>KLSFZ. c +.0. 1LJ 1 (15) 1961- . c

211.

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BBLDO>A ((KBW *FE>FILS> 35) : *>QBJ>QF[HF FKPQFQRQ, 1961- (7BJRK : AH>ABJPH> XQ>JM>). c 24 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.HLJRKFH>@FG>.LOD.VR/HLJRKFH >@FG>/@>PLMFPF/MR?IF@>QFLK/FKABU?PQAI>KD =PO . c 1BHPQ K> CO>K@RPHLJ, BKDIBPHLJ F ORPHLJ GBWFHR &00+ 0350-1302 = -R?IF@>QFLKP AB I_&KPQFQRQ *>QEtJ>QFNRB (BBIDO>AB) &HI"%"%GIA : K>R[KL-PQOR[KF [>PLMFP W> GBWFH, HKGF=BSKLPQ F HRIQROR / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH BFIG>K> ;R?OLSFZ. c 2003, ?O. 1- . c BBLDO>A : -EFILILDF>, 2003- (BBLDO>A : 0SBIQL). c 24 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.MEFILILDF>.LOD.VR/. c $LAFXKGB. c 1BHPQ K> POMPHLJ F BKDIBPHLJ GBWFHR &00+ 1451-5342 = -EFILILDF> (BBLDO>A) &C : -BOPLK>I @LJMRQBOP / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH !BG>K /FPQ>KLSFZ. c 1995, ?O. 1- . c BBLDO>A (!LPFQBGBS> 51/&) : - -OBPP, 1995- (BBLDO>A : -R?IFHRJ). c 29 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.M@MOBPP.@L.VR. c &00+ 0354-6905 = - . -BOPLK>I LJMRQBOP 'ADI%"%0!I 5F<=J (F6=>9 : [>PLMFP W> OBKADBK AFG>DKLPQFHR, RIQO>WSR[KR, F AFG>DKLPQFHR J>DKBQKLJ OBWLK>@FGLJ, FKQBOSBKQKR O>AFLILDFGR F O>AFLILXHR W>XQFQR = />AFLILDF@>I >O@EFSBP LC 0BO?F> : GLROK>I CLO OLBKQDBK AF>DKLPQF@, RIQO>PLRKA AF>DKLPQF@, J>DKBQF@ OBPLK>K@B, FKQBOSBKQFLK>I O>AFLILDV >KA O>AF>QFLK MOLQB@QFLK / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH -BQ>O BLXKG>HLSFZ. c 3LI. 1, +L 1 (1992)- . c BBLDO>A : />AFLILXHF >OEFS 0O?FGB, 1992- ([BBLDO>A] : ;RDRO> MOFKQ). c 28 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.O>AFLILDFG>.LOD.VR//A0/AOEFS> /&KABU>OE.EQJ . -1OF MRQ> DLAFXKGB. c ,A ?O. 11/12, SLI. 6 (1997) FJ> >HOLKFJ /A0. c -LSOBJBKL FJ> PRMIBJBKQ &00+ 0354-1452 = />AFLILXHF >OEFS 0O?FGB 'E&*B"I!A : ASLKBABIGKFH : DI>PFIL DO>Y>KPHLD P>JLLPIL?>Y>KG> : MOLQFS PQFEFGB PQO>E>, JO=KGB F K>PFIG> / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH +B?LGX> -LMLS. c

149

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$LA. 1, ?O. 1 (1989)- . c BBLDO>A (7>ERJPH> 7) : 7>AORD> /BP -R?IF@>, 1989- (BBLDO>A) (A-* MOFKQ). c 35 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.OBMR?IFH>.@L.VR/. c -BQK>BPQLAKBSKL &00+ 0354-7973 = /BMR?IFH> (BBLDO>A) 'E3 : [>PLMFP W> HKGF=BSKLPQ F HRIQROR F AORXQSBK> MFQ>KG> / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH !BG>K &IFZ. c $LA. 1, ?O. 1 (PBMQBJ?>O 1994)- . c BBLDO>A ((KBW !>KFILS> 55>) : #>?OFH> HKGFD>, 1994(BBLDO>A : 0Q>KA>OA 2). c 22 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.?92.KBQ/@>PLMFP<OB@/>OEFS>/>O EFS>.EQJI. c 1OLJBPB[KL &00+ 0354-5288 = /B[ (BBLDO>A) 'E+IE, C: IBH9FB5H=CB5@ A::5=FG / "AFQLO-FK- EFBC 3>QOLPI>S 3BH>OFZ. c 3LI. 1, KL. 1 (7. GRKF 1950)- . c BBIDO>AB (*>HBALKPH> 25) : 1EB &KPQFQRQB LC &KQBOK>QFLK>I -LIFQF@P >KA "@LKLJF@P, 1950- (BBIDO>AB : @BIKFA). c 29 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.AFMILJ>@V.?D.>@.VR/JM.EQJ. c 1OLJBPB[KL. c 1BHPQ K> BKDIBPHLJ GBWFHR. c 'B FWA>KGB K> AORDLJ GBWFHR: *BYRK>OLAK> MLIFQFH> = &00+ 0543-3657 &00+ 0486-6096 = /BSFBT LC &KQBOK>QFLK>I ACC>FOP 'E+I/I A : O>[RKLSLAPQSL, CFK>KPFGB, JBK>A=JBKQ F MO>SL : [>PLMFP W> QBLOFGR F MO>HPR / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH 0O?L?O>K 0QLGFIGHLSFZ. c 1996, ?O. 1- . c BBLDO>A ($L@B !BI[BS> 38) : !01, 1996(BBLDO>A : !01). c 24 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.OBSFWFG>-APQ.@L.VR/ >PLM.EQJ. c !S> MRQ> JBPB[KL &00+ 0354-9267 = /BSFWFG> (BBLDO>A) 'E+I/%' : [>PLMFP W> QBLOFGR F MO>HPR / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH 0Q>KLGB 3RHFZ. c 1998, ?O. 1- . c +LSF BBLDO>A (BRIBS>O RJBQKLPQF 27/&) : &KPQFQRQ W> BHLKLJFHR F CFK>KPFGB, 1998-. c 24 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.FBC.@L.VR/FWA>S>PQSL/FWA>S>PQS L02.EQJ#1. c 1OLJBPB[KL &00+ 1450-7005 = /BSFWLO (+LSF BBLDO>A) REVIJA K+(0ba-a / 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< ,5C2G<@ %2?<@G:M. c G@5. 3, 3C. 22 (763CF2C

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1996)- . c )2B6G@ ()F<2 K2C2I:M2 16) : `K@=F32C2a, 1996- ()2B6G@ : GC27:N<2 C25H2 &). c 24 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://HLIR?>O>.JAIC.LOD/. c 6D6N?@. c !2DE2G2< AF3=:<24:;6: %6G:;2 )2B6G24 &00+ 1820-2616 = %6G:;2 K@=F32C2 (A A#(!E =B:CFA57=>9 : JBYRK>OLAKF P>GJLSF : MOFOLA> F [LSBH : ILS, OF?LILILS F PMLOQ c QROFW>J, ELQBIFGBOPQSL F RDLPQFQBIGPQSL, ELOQFHRIQRO>, IBHLSFQL ?FIGB, BHLILDFG> / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH *FOLPI>S BL=FK. c 2000, 1- . c +LSF 0>A : +LSLP>APHF P>G>J, 2000- (+LSF 0>A : !KBSKFH). c 30 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.KPC>FO.@L.VR. c &WI>WF W> SOBJB LAO=>S>KG> P>GJ> (+ED%! / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH 3I>A>K !FKFZ. c $LA. 1, ?O. 1 (3. J>G 1996)- . c BBLDO>A (0SBQLDLOPH> 22/3&) : *BILK, 1996- (BBLDO>A : BLO?>). c 37 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.PSBALH.@L.VR/. c +BABIGKL &00+ 1450-8133 = 0SBALH (BBLDO>A) SVESKE : N2D@A:D J2 <H:16G?@DE, F>6E?@DE : <F=EFCF / 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< :=2? "C=:M. c 2003, 3C. 67 (>2CE)- . c #2?N6G@ (J25C2?D<2 17) : 2=: !6>@, 2003(B6@8C25 : )@G2). c 24 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.J>IFKBJL.@L.VR/PSBPHB.EQJ. c 'C@>6D6N?@. c #@8C6K?2 ?F>6C24:;2 8@5:KE2 (F @<G:CF 2005. 8@5:?6 ?2G656?@ 8@5:KE6 A6E?26DE@ : D652>?26DE@). c !2DE2G2< AF3=:<24:;6: &G6D<6 c ,2;65?:42 <H:16G?:<2 #2?N6G2 = &00+ 0353-5525 &00+ 1451-9976 = &G6D<6 (#2?N6G@) SVESKE Ma/%c! .-,.'!. &6C:;2 AC:C@5?:9 ?2F<2 : 8C2L2 : AC:=@J: J2 <F=EFC?F : 5CFKEG6?F :DE@C:;F / 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< !:<@=2 G2M6K2 ; FC65?:< D6C:;6 J@G2? 2<D:>@G:M. c 1989, DG. 1(13)- . c !@G: &25 ( 2E:46 DCAD<6 1) : 2E:42 DCAD<2, 1989- (!@G: &25 : I562=). c 23 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.J>QF@>POMPH>.LOD.VR/ALTKIL> A/FKABU.EQJ. c #@GC6>6?@. c #F3=:<24:;2 :>2 5G@DECF<F ?F>6C24:;F 3C@;6G2: J2;65?:N<F J2 DG6

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D6C:;6 : DG2<6 DG6D<6 F D6C:;: &00+ 0353-5126 = &G6D<6 2E:46 DCAD<6. &6C:;2 AC:C@5?:9 ?2F<2 (+E) / DI>SKF ROBAKFH /L?BOQ ;L?>K ; LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH 0SBQFPI>S 0QLG>KLSFZ. c $LA. 2, ?O. 31 (1993)- . c +LSF 0>A (!FJFQOFG> ASO>JLSFZ> 8) : LILO MOBPP, 1993- (BBLDO>A : BLO?>). c 37 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.PSBQ.@L.VR/?PQ>QB=2&FWA>KGB =2. c +BABIGKL. c +>PQ>S>H MR?IFH>@FGB: +& PSBQ = &00+ 0354-4524 &00+ 0354-4540 = 0SBQ (+LSF 0>A) (+E) ;@>=J5 = 1EB 4LOIA LC *RPEOLLJP : DIGFS>OPHF DI>PKFH / DI>SKF ROBAKFH BLOFP &S>K[BSFZ. c $LA. 1, ?O. 1 (1996/97)- . c BBLDO>A : [*FHLILXHL AORXQSL 0O?FGB], 1996/97-. c 20 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.CRKDF.@L.VR/VRCRKDF/PSDIGFS>1.EQJI. -1OLJBPB[KL. c +>PQ>S>H MR?IFH>@FGB: BFIQBK *FHLILXHLD AORXQS> 0O?FGB &00+ 1450-6203 = 0SBQ DIGFS> (+E) ?CAD>IH9F5 / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH 7LO>K *LXLOFKPHF. c 1984, ?O. 1 (LHQL?>O)- . c BBLDO>A (*>HBALKPH> 29) : -LIFQFH> +BTPM>MBOP >KA *>D>WFKBP, 1984- (BBLDO>A : -LIFQFH>). c 30 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.PH.@L.VR/. c *BPB[KL &00+ 0352-5031 = 0SBQ HLJMGRQBO> (E'BIA$ AGHFCBCA=75@ CIFB5@ / "AFQLO-FK- EFBC 7LO>K (KB=BSFZ. c 1998, +L 157- . c BBLDO>A (3LIDFK> 7) : APQOLKLJF@>I ,?PBOS>QLOV : !BM>OQJBKQ LC APQOLKLJV, #>@RIQV LC *>QEBJ>QF@P, 1998- (BBLDO>A : (LPJLP). c 30 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://P>G.J>QC.?D.>@.VR/>O@EFSB.EQJI. c !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://>APTTT.E>OS>OA.BAR/B,BBL. c !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.ALFPBO?F>.K?P.?D.>@.VR/'LROK >I.>PMU?&!=1450-6985 . --LIRDLAFXKGB. c +>PQ>S>H MR?IFH>@FGB: BRIIBQFK >PQOLKLJFNRB AB BBIDO>AB = &00+ 0354-2955 &00+ 1450-6985 = 0BO?F>K >PQOLKLJF@>I GLROK>I (E'BIA$ D9BH5@ CIFB5@ ["IBHQOLKPHF FWSLO] / BAFQLO-FK-@EFBC 0I>SLIGR? @FSHLSFZ.

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c ,KIFKB FWA. c "IBHQOLKPHF [>PLMFP. c 3LI. 47, ?O. 1 (2000)- . c BBIDO>AB : 0BO?F>K *BAF@>I APPL@F>QFLK. !BM>OQJBKQ LC 0QLJ>QLILDV, 2000-&KQBOKBQ MOBQO>=FS>[. c +>[FK ALPQRM> (2/)): EQQM://TTT.PQLJDI>P.@L.VR/BKDIFPE.EQJ. c 1OLJBPB[KL. c +>PI. P> K>PI. BHO>K>. c &WSLO LMFP>K A>K> 25.01.2006. c !ORD>[FGB MLSBW>KB PBOFGPHB MR?IFH>@FGB: 0QLJ>QLILXHF DI>PKFH 0O?FGB (8Q>JM>KL FWA.) = &00+ 0039-1743 &00+ 1452-3715 = 0BO?F>K !BKQ>I 'LROK>I (,KIFKB) (E'BIA$ CIFB5@ C: E@97HF=75@ EB;=B99F=B; / "AFQLO-FK- EFBC !O>D>K 3BIF[HLSFZ. c 3LI. 1, KL. 1 (2003)- . c ;>[>H (0SBQLD 0>SB 65) : 1B@EKF@>I C>@RIQV LC ;>[>H, 2003-. c 24 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.GLROK>I.QC@.HD.>@.VR. c -LIRDLAFXKGB &00+ 1451-4869 = 0BO?F>K GLROK>I LC BIB@QOF@>I BKDFKBBOFKD (I$GID*$*# / ROBAKFH *>OHL -LMLSFZ ; LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH *FILGB 3>PFZ. c 1997, ?O. 1- . c BBLDO>A ((KBW *FE>FILS> 35) : AOEBLILXHF FKPQFQRQ, 1997- (BBLDO>A : $O>CLJ>OHBQ). c 30 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.HLJRKFH>@FG>.LOD.VR/HLJRKFH >@FG>/@>PLMFPF/PFKDFARKRJ/FKABU?PQAI>KD =PO &00+ 1450-5193 = 0FKDFARKRJ SLOBODNA -!5 : =:DE J2 5CFKEG6?2, A@=:E:N<2 : AC:GC65?2 A:E2H2 )C2H2 : GC2HD<@8 <C2;2 / 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< DC282?2 &E2?:D2GB6G:M. c G@5. 47, 3C.1797/98 (2. ;F= 1990)- . c )C2H6 : &=@3@5?2 C6N, 1990- . c 42 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.PIL?LAK>OB@.@L.VR/. c !656B?@. c !2DE2G2< AF3=:<24:;6: )C2HD<6 ?@G:?6 = &00+ 0350-5057 &00+ 0353-8303 = &=@3@5?2 C6N (1990) SLOBODNA [0)a %&a / FC65:=: *:B2?2 )6B<@G:M : .@CL6 &2G:M. c 1994, ?O. 0 (2G8FDE)- . c KC28F;6G24 : [3.:.], 1994-. c 52 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.PIL?LAK>.@LJ

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233. SLU@BENI b%(/!* Va/-+#a.*+# .a1!3a S-b%&! / 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< #6C:42 G=2G:?:M. c -E2>A2?@ :J5. c G@5. 1, 3C. 1 (1. >2CE 2006)- . c B6@8C25 : )2EC@82D?: D2G6J &C3:;6, 2006- . c 30 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.SPP.LOD.VR/@FOFIF@>PI%20?FIQBK.EQJ . c 6D6N?@. c DCF82N:;6 A@G6J2?6 D6C:;D<6 AF3=:<24:;6: &=F136?: 3:=E6? )2EC@82D?@8 D2G6J2 &C3:;6 (,KIFKB) = &00+ 1452-4287 &00+ 1452-4279 = &=F136?: 3:=E6? )2EC@82D?@8 D2G6J2 &C3:;6 (-E2>A2?@ :J5.) 234. SLU@BENI (%./ S-b%&! % C-*! G+-! / 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< L2J2C %2L6?@G:M. c G@5. 1, 3C. 1 (4. 763CF2C 2003)- . c B6@8C25 (J@G2?2 %:DE:M2 1) : &=F136?: =:DE &C3:;6 : CC?6 G@C6, 2003- (B6@8C25 : B@C32). c 26 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.PIRW?BKFIFPQ.@L.VR. c !2DE2G2< AF3=:<24:;6: &=F136?: =:DE &2G6J?6 %6AF3=:<6 JF8@D=2G:;6 = &00+ 0354-3684 &00+ 1451-4788 = &=F136?: =:DE &C3:;6 : CC?6 G@C6 235. SLU@BENI (%./ S-b%&! % C-*! G+-!. 6LF?2C@5?: F8@G@C: / 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< L2J2C %2L6?@G:M. c G@5. 1, 3C. 1 (14. 763CF2C 2003)- . c B6@8C25 (J@G2?2 %:DE:M2 1) : &=F136?: =:DE &C3:;6 : CC?6 G@C6, 2003- (B6@8C25 : B@C32). c 26 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.PIRW?BKFIFPQ.@L.VR . !2DE2G2< AF3=:<24:;6: &=F136?: =:DE &2G6J?6 %6AF3=:<6 JF8@D=2G:;6. 6LF?2C@5?: F8@G@C: = &00+ 14509865 &00+ 1451-4796 = &=F136?: =:DE &C3:;6 : CC?6 G@C6. 6LF?2C@5?: F8@G@C: 236. (#EDE'E+(!A G98A=75 / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH *FOLPI>S 9LOYBSFZ. c $LA. 1, ?O. 14 (9. AB@BJ?>O 1997)- . c 0JBABOBSL ((O>IG> -BQO> & 1/28) : "ROLMOBPP, 1997-. c 30 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: 152

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EQQM://PJBABOBSPH>7.@>JMT>OB.LOD/. c +BABIGKL. c +>PQ>S>H MR?IFH>@FGB: 0BAJF@> &00+ 1820-2217 = 0JBABOBSPH> PBAJF@> SOMBORSKE *+1%*! / 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< J67:>:;2 '@A2=@G:M. c G@5. 1, 3C. 1 (28. >2;2 1954)- . c &@>3@C ('C8 D=@3@56 1/1) : &@>3@CD<6 ?@G:?6, 1954- (!@G: &25 : D?6G?:<). c 44 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.PLJ?LOPHB.@L.VR/. c !656B?@. c '6<DE M:C. : =2E &00+ 0038-1276 = &@>3@CD<6 ?@G:?6 (%CI%"%GI A : [>PLMFP W> PL@FLILDFGR, PL@FG>IKR MPFELILDFGR F PL@FG>IKR >KQOLMLILDFGR : LOD>K 0L@FLILXHLD RAOR=BKG> 0O?FGB F OKB $LOB = 0L@FLILDV : GLROK>I LC 0L@FLILDV, 0L@F>I -PV@ELILDV >KA 0L@F>I AKQEOLMLILDV : MR?IF@>QFLK LC QEB 0L@FLILDF@>I APPL@F>QFLK LC 0BO?F> >KA *LKQBKBDOL / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH *FK> -BQOLSFZ. c $LA. 1, ?O. 1 (1959)- . c BBLDO>A (0QRABKQPHF QOD 15) : [0L@FLILXHL RAOR=BKGB 0O?FGB F OKB $LOB], 1959(BBLDO>A : ;FDLG> XQ>JM>). c 24 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.HLJRKFH>@FG>.LOD.VR/HLJRKFH >@FG>/@>PLMFPF/PL@FLILDFG>/FKABU?PQAI>KD =PO . c 1OLJBPB[KL &00+ 0038-0318 = 0L@FLILDFG> (BBLDO>A) SOCIOLO[KI ,-!#(! : N2D@A:D &@4:@=@K<@8 5CFKEG2 &C3:;6 = 0L@FLILDF@>I /BSFBT : MBOFLAF@>I LC 0L@FLILDF@>I 0L@FBQV LC 0BO?F> / 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< G@C52?2 'C:A<@G:M. c G@5. 1, 3C. 1 (1961)- . c B6@8C25 : &@4:@=@K<@ 5CFKEG@ &C3:;6, 1961- (B6@8C25 : G@C28C27). c 23 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.HLJRKFH>@FG>.LOD.VR/HLJRKFH >@FG>/@>PLMFPF/PL@FLILPHF<MOBDIBA/FKABU? PQAI>KD=PO &00+ 0085-6320 = &@4:@=@K<: AC68=65 (%*)H E5GH EIFCD9 #98=5 H5B86CC? ... / "AFQLO ,IFSBO 3RGLSFZ. c 2003/2004- . c 3FBKK> : 0LRQE ">PQ "ROLMB *BAF> ,OD>KFP>QFLK (0""*,) ; BBIDO>AB : !>K

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$O>C A.L.L., 2004- (BBIDO>AB : 0Q>KA>OA 2). c 24 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.PBBJL.LOD. c $LAFXKGB. c 'B FWA>KGB K> AORDLJ GBWFHR: *BAFGPHF DLAFXKG>H 'RDLFPQL[KB "SOLMB ... 241. SPORTSKI `0-*a( : 5?6G?: =:DE / 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< :@5C28 &:>6F?@G:M. c 1990, 3C. 1- . c B6@8C25 ( 2<65@?D<2 29) : #@=:E:<2 ?@G:?6 : >282J:?:, 1990- (B6@8C25 : #@=:E:<2 ?@G:?6 : >282J:?:). c 47 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.MLIFQFH>.@L.VR/@VO/OR?OFH>.>PMO=320.EQJ . c D?6G?@ &00+ 0353-6912 = &A@CED<: 1FC?2= 242. SRPSKA -!5 : D=@3@5?6 ?@G:?6 / FC65?:< &E6G@ B2E:M. c G@5. 1, 3C. 1 (1. ;F? 1990)- . c B6@8C25 ()F<2 K2C2I:M2 8) : [3.:], 1990- (B6@8C25 : #@=:E:<2 AD). c 30 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.POMPH>OB@.@L.VR . c #CG: 3C@; J23C2H6? : A@?@G@ @5KE2>A2? &00+ 0354-2963 = &CAD<2 C6N 243. ('&(!I B57=CB5@ : AKBSKF Q>?ILFA / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH 1>KG> (LS>[BSFZ. c BBLDO>APHL FWA. c $LA. 1 (1. J>OQ 2005)- . c BBLDO>A ( BQFKGPH> 3) : 0* JBAF>, 2005- (BBLDO>A : BIF@ MOFKQ). c 39 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.POMPHFK>@FLK>I.@LJ/. c !KBSKL. c +>PILS S>OFO>, +>@FLK>I (LA 16. LHQL?O> 2005.). c ,A 29. >MOFI> 2005. DLAFKB ZFOFIF@LJ. c +>PQ>S>H MR?IFH>@FGB: &KQBOK>@FLK>I (BBLDO>A) = &00+ 1451-6810 &00+ 1451-9380 = 0OMPHF K>@FLK>I 244. ()A$%+$I0)+% / DI>SKF ROBAKFH *FOG>K> />XBSFZ. c $LA. 1, ?O. 1 (1963)- . c BBLDO>A (+>OLAKLD COLKQ> 45) : BKQ>O W> ABJLDO>CPH> FPQO>=FS>KG> &KPQFQRQ> AORXQSBKFE K>RH>, 1963- (;>[>H : 0SBQILPQ). c 24 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.HLJRKFH>@FG>.LOD.VR/HLJRKFH >@FG>/@>PLMFPF/PQ>KLS/FKABU?PQAI>KD=PO . c 1OLJBPB[KL &00+ 0038-9825 = 0Q>KLSKFXQSL 245. STARINAR / AC96@=@K<: :?DE:EFE B6@8C25 ; FC65?:< :=@;6 %. )2D:M. c !@G2 D6C:;2, 8@5. 1, <H. 1 (1950)- . c

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KL. 1- . c 0W>?>AH> : 0VJMLPFLK -LIDnOLH "DVBP~IBQB, 1994- (+LSF 0>A : !nKFBI MOFKQ). c 24 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.PVJMLPFLK.LOD.VR. &00+ 1451-9143 = 0VJMLPFLK (0R?LQF@>) )A'!A +=@]; : > *>DV>O 0Wz JBIItHIBQB / PWBOHBPWQzH "OA PF )L@ 3>ItOF> tP 0WBIF hS>. c 1. tSC., 1. PW. (1994. PWBMQBJ?BO 22.)- . c kGSFAtH = +LSF 0>A : #LORJ, 1994-. c 30 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.J>DV>OPWL.FKCL. c !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.J>DV>O-PWL.@L.VR . c 13 ALA>Q>H IFPQ> *>DV>O 0Wz. c +BABIGKL. c *>QF[K> MR?IFH>@FG>: *>DV>O 0Wz = &00+ 0350-4182. c +>PQ>S>H MR?IFH>@FGB: /13 }GPnD )EA)'%$ : [>PLMFP W> MLWLOFXKR RJBQKLPQ / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH (PBKFG> />ARILSFZ. c 1974, ?O. 1- . c BBLDO>A ($LPMLA>O 'BSOBJLS> 19) : *RWBG MLWLOFXKB RJBQKLPQF 0O?FGB, 1974(-BQOLS>O>AFK : AIC>DO>C). c 23 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.HLJRKFH>@FG>.LOD.VR/HLJRKFH >@FG>/@>PLMFPF/QB>QOLK/FKABU?PQAI>KD=PO &00+ 0351-7500 = 1B>QOLK )<9 )EACHI$G C: #5H<9A5H=7G / BAFQLOP *FILP>S *>OG>KLSFZ, 7LO>K (>ABI?ROD. c 3LI. 1, [KL.] 1 (1998)- . c BBIDO>AB ((KBW> *FE>FI> 35/&3) : 1EB *>QEBJ>QF@>I 0L@FBQV LC 0BO?F>, 1998-. c 24 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.HLJRKFH>@FG>.LOD.VR/HLJRKFH >@FG>/@>PLMFPF/QB>@EFKD/FKABU?PQAI>KD=P O . c 'B FWA>KGB K> AORDLJ GBWFHR: +>PQ>S> J>QBJ>QFHB = &00+ 0351-4463 &00+ 1451-4966 = 1EB 1B>@EFKD LC *>QEBJ>QF@P TEME : N2D@A:D J2 5CFKEG6?6 ?2F<6 / 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< DC28@BF3 B. .@CL6G:M. c G@5. 13, 3C. 1/2 (1990)- . c !:K ((?:G6CJ:E6ED<: EC8 2) : (?:G6CJ:E6E F !:KF, 1990(!:K : &G6?). c 24 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://KF.>@.VR/1BJB/. c 'C@>6D6N?@. c !2DE2G2< AF3=:<24:;6: 2C<D:DE:N<6 E6>6 = &00+ 0351-1685 &00+ 0353-7919 = '6>6 (!:K) )E#IDA : [>PLMFP L SFHQFJFW>@FGF, IGRAPHFJ MO>SFJ> F OLAR / DI>SK> F

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LADLSLOK> ROBAKF@> 3BPK> +FHLIFZ/FPQ>KLSFZ. c 0OMPHL FWA. c $LA. 1, ?O. 1 (G>KR>O 1998)- . c BBLDO>A ((LI>O[BS> 4/&&&) : 3FHQFJLILXHL AORXQSL 0O?FGB : -OLJBQBG, 1998- (BBLDO>A : -OLJBQBG). c 29 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.SAP.LOD.VR/QBJFA>.EQJ. c 1OLJBPB[KL. c ,DIBAKF ?OLG FW>X>L 1997. DLAFKB. c &J> FWA>KGB K> AORDLJ GBWFHR: 1BJFA> ("KDIFPE BA.) = &00+ 1450-8508 &00+ 1450-6637 = 1BJFA> (0OMPHL FWA.) TEOLO[KI 5a.+,%. / 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< D:>:EC:;6 #@A25:M. c 2001, 1- . c !@G: &25 (K@=@ DCAD<:9 D6DE2C2 24) : '6@=@K<: 72<F=E6E, 2001- (!@G: &25 : LILO 0VPQBJ). c 21 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.KPQ@LKIFKB.LOD/PO/FKABU.MEM? LMQFLK=@LJ<@LKQBKQ&Q>PH=SFBT&FA=26 &&QBJFA=0 . c G@5:KH6. c '6<DE M:C. : =2E. &00+ 1451-0928 = '6@=@K<: N2D@A:D )I#E CIH H99B / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH *I>ABK> (O>GFKFZ. c 2000, ?O. 1- . c BBLDO>A (!LPFQBGBS> 30>) : $>I>E>A, 2000- (BBLDO>A : -R?IFHRJ). c 27 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.QFJBLRQ.@L.VR &00+ 1450-9563 = 1BBK QFJB LRQ )I#%3!I A98=7=BG?= ;@5GB=? / LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH +B?LGX> ->RKHLSFZ ; DI>SKF ROBAKFH "JFI 3I>GFZ. c $LA. 1, ?O. 1 (1976)- . c 7>GB[>O (/>P>AKF[H> ??) : -LAOR=KF@> 0OMPHLD IBH>OPHLD AORXQS> R 7>GB[>OR, 1976- (7>GB[>O : (>FOLP). c 29 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.QJD.LOD.VR/ML@BQ>H.EQJ. c ;BQFOF MRQ> DLAFXKGB &00+ 0350-2899 = 1FJL[HF JBAF@FKPHF DI>PKFH )%& (D998 : J>D>WFKB / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH 3I>A>K 0I>SHLSFZ. c 2000, ?O. 1- . c BBLDO>A ((O>IG> *FI>K> 24) : $IL?>I BRPFKBPP %LRPB, 2000(BBLDO>A : -LIFQFH> A!). c 30 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.QLMPMBBA.@L.VR. c *BPB[KL. c 0> ALA>QHLJ: #FIJ K> !3!-FGR &00+ 1450-8990 = 1LM 0MBBA (BBLDO>A)

155

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BLG>K> 3RHLQFZ

268. TRAGAWA : 8@5:KH2< AC@8C2>2 J2 >F=E:5:D4:A=:?2C?2 :DEC21:G2H2 J2G:N2;2 / 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< )6=:>:C &E@;2?@G:M. c 1998, 3C. 1- . c A=6<D:?24 (&A@CED<2 33) : A=6<D:?2N<2 G:>?2J:;2, 1998(A=6<D:?24 : AE6B6 63). c 24 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.QO>D>KG>.LOD.VR/1O>D/FKABU.EQ JI. c G@5:KH6 &00+ 1450-7846 = 'C282H2 (A=6<D:?24) 269. TRENDOVI / %6AF3=:<2 &C3:;2. %6AF3=:N<: J2G@5 J2 DE2E:DE:<F = 1OBKAP / /BMR?IF@ LC 0BO?F>. /BMR?IF@ 0Q>QFPQF@>I ,CCF@B ; J2 :J52G2N2 DC282? )F<>:C@G:M. c 2004 (>2CE)- . c B6@8C25 ( :=2?2 %2<:M2 5) : %6AF3=:N<: J2G@5 J2 DE2E:DE:<F, 2004- (B6@8C25 : %6AF3=:N<: J2G@5 J2 DE2E:DE:<F). c 29 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TB?OWP.PQ>QPBO?.PO.DLS.VR/>UA/>OEFS >1.MEM?+>WFS0=1/"+!&FKA=3 . c '6<DE FA@C65@ ?2 DCAD<@> (M:C.) : 6?8=6D<@> ;6J:<F. c !2DE2G2< AF3=:<24:;6: E<@?@>D<: EC6?5 = &00+ 0354-1401 &00+ 1820-1148 = 'C6?5@G: c %6AF3=:<2 &C3:;2. %6AF3=:N<: J2G@5 J2 DE2E:DE:<F 270. )'E2I )F; : [>PLMFP W> HKGF=BSKLPQ / DI>SKF ROBAKFH *FI>K !L?OF[FZ ; LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH !BG>K *>QFZ. c 8Q>JM>KL FWA. c $LA. 1, PS. 1 (2005)- . c BBLDO>A ('ROFG> $>D>OFK> 37/63) : 2AOR=BKGB DO>Y>K> 1OBZF 1OD, 2005- (BBLDO>A : ;FDLG> XQ>JM>). c 21 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.QOB@FQOD.LOD.VR . c 0SBPH> 1/2005. P>AO=F ?OLGBSB 14/2004. BIBHQOLKPHLD FWA>KG>. c !ORD>[FGB MLSBW>KB PBOFGPHB MR?IFH>@FGB: 1OBZF 1OD (,KIFKB) = &00+ 1820-2071 &00+ 1452-1776 = 1OBZF 1OD (8Q>JM>KL FWA.) 271. [)'I D@IG R9H=F=] 3+4 : [>PLMFP 0BJFK>O> W> JLABOKR RJBQKLPQ = LROPB LC *LABOK AOQ %FPQLOV *>D>WFKB / LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH 0IL?LA>K *FGRXHLSFZ. c 19781987;1996,?O.1- . c BBLDO>A : ,ABIGBKGB W> FPQLOFGR RJBQKLPQF #FILWLCPHLD C>HRIQBQ>, 1978 -1987;1996-.c 26 @J 156

272.

273.

274.

275.

!LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.HLJRKFH>@FG>.LOD.VR/HLJRKFH >@FG>/@>PLMFPF/3<4/FKABU?PQAI>KD=PO . c ;>PLMFP GB FJ>L MOBHFA R FWI>=BKGR. ,A 1996. FWI>WF H>L KLS> PBOFG>. c [$LAFXKGB] &00+ 0351-7381 = 3+4 )HE%'E)ICA" 5B8 ADD@=98 #97<5B=7G = 1BLOFGPH> F MOFJBKGBK> JBE>KFH> : >K &KQBOK>QFLK>I 'LROK>I / "AFQLO-FK- EFBC *FI>K *FZRKLSFZ. c 3LI. 22 (1996)- . c BBLDO>A : 6RDLPI>S 0L@FBQV LC *B@E>KF@P, 1996-. c 24 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.JF.P>KR.>@.VR/VPJ/GLROK>I/FK ABU1.EQJI. c +>PQ>S>H MR?IFH>@FGB: 1BLOFGPH> F MOFJBKGBK> JBE>KFH> = &00+ 0353-8249 &00+ 1450-5584 = 1EBLOBQF@>I >KA AMMIFBA *B@E>KF@P )HE%'IA : [>PLMFP #FILWLCPHLD AORXQS> 0O?FGB / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH />PQHL 'LS>KLSFZ. c 1975, ?O. [1]- . c BBLDO>A : #FILWLCPHL AORXQSL 0O?FGB, 1975-. c 25 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.HLJRKFH>@FG>.LOD.VR/HLJRKFH >@FG>/@>PLMFPF/QEBLOF>/FKABU?PQAI>KD=PO . c 1OLJBPB[KL &00+ 0351-2274 = 1EBLOF> (BBLDO>A) )HE'#A" (7=9B79 : >K FKQBOK>QFLK>I GLROK>I / "AFQLO-FK- EFBC 0FJBLK ,H>. c 3LI. 1, +L. 1 (1997)- . c BBIDO>AB (*. -BQOLSFZ>-AI>P> 12-14) : 3FK[> &KPQFQRQB LC +R@IB>O 0@FBK@BP, 1997- (3FK[> : 3FK[> &KPQFQRQB LC +R@IB>O 0@FBK@BP). c 24 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.SFK.?D.>@.VR/140/-R?IFPEFKD/' LROK>IP/1EBOJ>I0@F/1EBOJ>I0@FAO@EFSB.E QJ . c -LIRDLAFXKGB. c 2 MBOFLAR 19941997 FWI>WFL H>L [BQSOQF ?OLG [>PLMFP> 1BOJLQBEKFH> K> BKDIBPHLJ GBWFHR &00+ 0354-9836 = 1EBOJ>I 0@FBK@B FAC)A *B=J9FG=H5H=G. 0BOFBP:, AO@EFQB@QROB >KA FSFI "KDFKBBOFKD / 2KFSBOPFQV LC +FX ; BAFQLO FK @EFBC (>QF@> (0QBS>KLSFZ) %BAOF@E ; BAFQLOP LC PBOFBP !O>D>K 3BIF[HLSFZ, !O>DLPI>S 0QLGFZ. c 3LI. 1, KL. 1 (1994)- . c +FX (1OD ?O>QPQS> F GBAFKPQS> 2) : 2KFSBOPFQV LC +FX, 1994-. c 24 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://C>@Q>.GRKFP.KF.>@.VR/C>@Q>/>>@B/>>@ B.EQJI

"IBHQOLKPH> FWA>KG> MBOFLAFHB R 0O?FGF ALPQRMK> MOBHL DH5B>B: >4G4?B:4 +B0

276.

277.

278.

279.

280.

&00+ 0354-4605 = #>@Q> 2KFSBOPFQ>QFP. 0BOFBP: AO@EFQB@QROB >KA FSFI "KDFKBBOFKD FAC)A *B=J9FG=H5H=G. 0BOFBP, "IB@QOLKF@P >KA "KBODBQF@P / "AFQLO-FK- EFBC 3. 0. 0QLG>KLSFZ. c 3LI. 1, +L 1 (1988)- . c +FX (BBLDO>APH> 14) : 2KFSBOPFQV LC +FX, 1988- (+FX : 0SBK). c 24 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://C>@Q>BB.BIC>H.KF.>@.VR &00+ 0353-3670 = #>@Q> 2KFSBOPFQ>QFP. 0BOFBP: "IB@QOLKF@P >KA "KBODBQF@P FAC)A *B=J9FG=H5H=G. 0BOFBP, "@LKLJF@P >KA ,OD>KFW>QFLK / 2KFSBOPFQV LC +FX ; "AFQLO-FK- EFBC )GFIG>K> 0Q>KHLSFZ. c 3LI. 1, +L 1 (1993)- . c +FX (1OD 3' 11) : 2KFSBOPFQV LC +FX, 1993- (+FX : 0SBK). c 24 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://C>@Q>.GRKFP.KF.>@.VR/C>@Q>/B>L/B>L. EQJI &00+ 0354-4699 = #>@Q> 2KFSBOPFQ>QFP. 0BOFBP: "@LKLJF@P >KA ,OD>KFW>QFLK FAC)A *B=J9FG=H5H=G. 0BOFBP:, )>T >KA -LIFQF@P / "AFQLO FK EFBC (>QF@> (0QBS>KLSFZ) %BAOF@E ; "AFQLO LC 0BOFBP *FI>K -BQOLSFZ. c 3LI. 1, +L. 1 (1997)- . c +FX : 2KFSBOPFQV LC +FX, 1997-. c 24 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://C>@Q>.GRKFP.KF.>@.VR/C>@Q>/I>M/I>M.EQ JI. -$LAFXKGB &00+ 1450-5517 = #>@Q> 2KFSBOPFQ>QFP. 0BOFBP: )>T >KA -LIFQF@P FAC)A *B=J9FG=H5H=G. 0BOFBP, )FKDRFPQF@P >KA )FQBO>QROB / "AFQLO-FK- EFBC (>QF@> 0QBS>KLSFZ %BAOFE ; "AFQLO LC 0BOFBP +BABIGHL BLDA>KLSFZ. c 3LI. 1, KL. 1 (1994)- . c +FX (:FOFI> F *BQLAFG> 2) : 2KFSBOPFQV LC +FX, #>@RIQV LC -EFILPLMEV, 1994-. c 24 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://C>@Q>.GRKFP.KF.>@.VR/C>@Q>/I>I/I>I.EQJI . c 1BHPQ K> BKDIBPHLJ GBWFHR &00+ 0354-4702 = #>@Q> 2KFSBOPFQ>QFP. 0BOFBP: )FKDRFPQF@P >KA )FQBO>QROB FAC)A *B=J9FG=H5H=G. 0BOFBP:, *>QEBJ>QF@P >KA FKCLOJ>QF@P / "AFQLO-FKEFBC $. 3. *FILS>KLSFZ. c 1986, +L 1- . c +FX (2KFSBOWFQBQPHF QOD 2) : 2KFSBOPFQV LC +FX, 1986- (+FX : 0SBK). c 24 @J !LPQRMKL F K>:

281.

282.

283.

284.

EQQM://C>@Q>.GRKFP.KF.>@.VR/C>@Q>/J>F/J>F. EQJI &00+ 0352-9665 = #>@Q> 2KFSBOPFQ>QFP. 0BOFBP: *>QEBJ>QF@P >KA FKCLOJ>QF@P FAC)A *B=J9FG=H5H=G. 0BOFBP, *B@E>KF@>I "KDFKBOFKD / "AFQLO-FK- EFBC +BK>A />ALGHLSFZ. c 3LI. 1, +L 1 (1994). c +FX (BBLDO>APH> 14) : 2KFSBOPFQV LC +FX, 1994- (+FX : 0SBK). c 24 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://C>@Q>.GRKFP.KF.>@.VR/C>@Q>/JB/JB. EQJI &00+ 0354-2025 = #>@Q> 2KFSBOPFQ>QFP. 0BOFBP: *B@E>KF@>I "KDFKBBOFKD FAC)A *B=J9FG=H5H=G. 0BOFBP, *B@E>KF@P, ARQLJ>QF@ LKQOLI >KA /L?LQF@P / "BAFQLO-FK- EFBC (>QF@> 0QBS>KLSFZ %BAOFE. c 3LI. 1, +L 1 (1991). c +FX (BBLDO>APH> 14) : 2KFSBOPFQV LC +FX, 1991- (+FX : 0SBK). c 24 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://C>@Q>.GRKFP.KF.>@.VR/C>@Q>/J>@>O/J> @>O.EQJI. c 1BHPQ K> BKDIBPHLJ GBWFHR &00+ 0354-2009 = #>@Q> 2KFSBOPFQ>QFP. 0BOFBP: *B@E>KF@P, ARQLJ>QF@ LKQOLI >KA /L?LQF@P FAC)A *B=J9FG=H5H=G. 0BOFBP, *BAF@FKB >KA BFLILDV / 2KFSBOPFQV LC +FX ; "AFQLO-FKEFBC BLOFPI>S (>JBKLS. c 3LI. 1, +L. 1 (1993)- . c +FX (BO>ZB 1>PHLSFZ 81) : 2KFSBOPFQV LC +FX, 1993- (+FX : 0SBK). c 30 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://C>@Q>.GRKFP.KF.>@.VR/C>@Q>/J>?/J>?. EQJI. c $LAFXKGB. c 1BHPQ K> BKDIBPHLJ GBWFHR &00+ 0354-2017 = #>@Q> 2KFSBOPFQ>QFP. 0BOFBP: *BAF@FKB >KA BFLILDV FAC)A *B=J9FG=H5H=G. (9F=9G:, &<=@CGCD<M 5B8 (C7=C@C;M / 2KFSBOPFQV LC +FX; BAFQLO FK @EFBC (>QF@> 0QBS>KLSFZ %BAOFE ; BAFQLO LC PBOFBP $IFDLOFGB 7>GB[>O>KLSFZ. c 3LI. 1, KL. 1 (1994)-SLI. 2, KL.8 (2001). c +FX (1OD ?O>QPQS> F GBAFKPQS> 2) : 2KFSBOPFQV LC +FX, 19942001. c 24 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://C>@Q>.GRKFP.KF.>@.VR/C>@Q>/M>P/M>P.E QJI . c !>IGB: #>@Q> 2KFSBOPFQ>QFP. 0BOFBP: -EFILPLMEV, 0L@FLILDV >KA -PV@ELILDV = &00+ 1451-2483

157

& 0) 6B>O?LLH c 3LI 2 (2006)

BLG>K> 3RHLQFZ

285.

286.

287.

288.

&00+ 0354-4648 = #>@Q> 2KFSBOPFQ>QFP. 0BOFBP: -EFILPLMEV >KA 0L@FLILDV FAC)A *B=J9FG=H5H=G. 0BOFBP, -EFILPLMEV, 0L@FLILDV >KA -PV@ELILDV / BAFQLO-FK-@EFBC *LJ[FIL 0QLGHLSFZ. c 3LI. 2, KL. 9 (2002)- . c +FX (:FOFI> F *BQLAFG> 2) : 2KFSBOPFQV LC +FX, 2002- (+FX : 0SBK). c 24 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://C>@Q>.GRKFP.KF.>@.VR/C>@Q>/M>P/M>P.E QJI . c +>PQ>S>H MR?IFH>@FGB: #>@Q> 2KFSBOPFQ>QFP. 0BOFBP: -EFILPLMEV >KA 0L@FLILDV = &00+ 0354-4648 &00+ 1451-2483 = #>@Q> 2KFSBOPFQ>QFP. 0BOFBP: -EFILPLMEV, 0L@FLILDV >KA -PV@ELILDV FAC)A *B=J9FG=H5H=G. 0BOFBP, -EVPF@>I "AR@>QFLK >KA 0MLOQ / 2KFSBOPFQV LC +FX ; "AFQLO-FK- EFBC />AJFI> (LPQFZ. c 3LI. 1, KL. 7 (2000)- . c +FX (2KFSBOWFQBQPHF QOD 2) : 2KFSBOPFQV LC +FX, 2000- (+FX : 0SBK). c 24 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://C>@Q>.GRKFP.KF.>@.VR/C>@Q>/MB/MB.EQJI. c - +>PQ>S>H MR?IFH>@FGB: #>@Q> 2KFSBOPFQ>QFP. 0BOFBP: -EVPF@>I "AR@>QFLK = &00+ 0354-4745 &00+ 1451-7405 = #>@Q> 2KFSBOPFQ>QFP. 0BOFBP: -EVPF@>I "AR@>QFLK >KA 0MLOQ FAC)A *B=J9FG=H5H=G. 0BOFBP, -EVPF@P, EBJFPQOV >KA 1B@EKLILDV / 2KFSBOPFQV LC +FX ; "AFQLO-FK- EFBC &S>K *>K[BS. c 3LI. 1, +L 1 (1994)- . c +FX (1OD 3' 11) : 2KFSBOPFQV LC +FX, 1994- (+FX : 0SBK). c 24 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://C>@Q>.GRKFP.KF.>@.VR/C>@Q>/ME>Q/ME>Q. EQJI &00+ 0354-4656 = #>@Q> 2KFSBOPFQ>QFP. 0BOFBP: -EVPF@P, EBJFPQOV >KA 1B@EKLILDV FAC)A *B=J9FG=H5H=G. 0BOFBP, 4LOHFKD >KA )FSFKD "KSFOLKJBKQ>I -OLQB@QFLK / "AFQLO-FK- EFBC @>OHL '>KHLSFZ. c 3LI. 1, KL. 1 (1996)- . c +FX (;>OKLGBSFZBS> 10>) : 2KFSBOPFQV LC +FX, 1996- (+FX : 0SBK). c 24 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://C>@Q>.GRKFP.KF.>@.VR/C>@Q>/T>IBM/T>I BM.EQJI1BHPQ K> BKDIBPHLJ GBWFHR &00+ 0354-8045 = #>@Q> 2KFSBOPFQ>QFP. 0BOFBP: 4LOHFKD >KA )FSFKD "KSFOLKJBKQ>I -OLQB@QFLK

289. FI"%/%FI A = 8FIOHJC : W?LOKFH O>ALS> / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH 0QGBM>K $OBABIG. c 1987, HKG. 1- . c BBLDO>A (+>OLAKLD COLKQ> 45) : &KPQFQRQ W> CFILWLCFGR F AORXQSBKR QBLOFGR, 1987- (BBLDO>A : `#FIFM 3FXKGFZa). c 20 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.HLJRKFH>@FG>.LOD.VR/HLJRKFH >@FG>/@>PLMFPF/CFA/FKABU?PQAI>KD=PO . c $LAFXKGB &00+ 0353-5738 = #FILWLCFG> F AORXQSL 290. FI"E CB '9DF9GG=CB : JBAF> FK 0BO?F>. c 2000, KL. 1 c . c BBIDO>AB : 1EB &KABMBKA>KQ 'LROK>IFPQP_ APPL@F>QFLK LC 0BO?F>, 2000-. c 29 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.KRKP.LOD.VR 291. FILOLO[KI ,-!#(! = /BSRB AB -EFILILDFB : N2D@A:D J2 DEC2?F 7:=@=@8:;F / 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< J6=6?2 !@G2<@G:M. c G@5. 1, 3C. 1 (1963)- . c B6@8C25 (&EF56?ED<: EC8 15) : F:=@=@K<: 72<F=E6E, 1963(B6@8C25 : 0:8@;2 KE2>A2). c 24 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://TTT.CFI.?D.>@.VR/CMOBDIBA/FKABU.EQ J. c 'C@>6D6N?@ &00+ 0015-1807 = F:=@=@K<: AC68=65 292. FI"%#A) / "AFQLO FK EFBC 3. />HL[BSFZ. c 3LI. 7 (1993)- . c +FX (3FXBDO>APH> 33) : #>@RIQV LC 0@FBK@B >KA *>QEBJ>QF@P, !BM>OQJBKQ LC *>QEBJ>QF@P >KA &KCLOJ>QF@P, 1993- (+FX : 0SBK). c 24 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.MJC.KF.>@.VR/. c +>PQ>S>H MR?IFH>@FGB: 7?LOKFH O>ALS> #FILWLCPHLD C>HRIQBQ> R +FXR. 0BOFG> *>QBJ>QFH> = &00+ 0353-1325 &00+ 0354-5180 = #FILJ>Q 293. FI$A$(I E : [>PLMFP W> QBLOFGR F MO>HPR CFK>KPFG> / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH !RX>K 3RGLSFZ. c $LA. 1, ?O. 1 (1946)- . c BBLDO>A (+BJ>KGFK> 22) : *FKFPQ>OPQSL CFK>KPFG> /BMR?IFHB 0O?FGB, 1946(BBLDO>A : *FKFPQ>OPQSL CFK>KPFG> /BMR?IFHB 0O?FGB). c 25 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.JCFK.PO.DLS.VR/EQJI/JLARIBP. MEM?LM=JLAIL>A&K>JB=0R?GB@QP&CFIB =FKABU&OBN=SFBTM>DB&M>DBFA=1186 . c 8BPQ MRQ> DLAFXKGB &00+ 0015-2145 = #FK>KPFGB 294. FI(HI$G A5;5N=B9 =BH9FB5H=CB5@ : PMLOQ CFPEFKD, B@LILDV >KA T>QBO QLROFPJ

158

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295.

296.

297.

298.

J>D>WFKB / @EFBC BAFQLO 0Q>KHL -LMLSFZ. c 2004, 1- . c +LSF 0>A : *LKQ -OBPP, 2004- (+LSF 0>A : )FQL 0QRAFL). c 24 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.OF?LILS>@HF-J>D>WFK.@L.VR &00+ 1452-0036 = #FPEFKD J>D>WFKB FKQBOK>QFLK>I F#E )F5BG57H=CBG / "AFQLO *FILP>S ,DKG>KLSFZ. c +.0. 3LI. 30, KL. 1 (2002)- . c BBIDO>AB : 2KFSBOPFQV LC BBIDO>AB, #>@RIQV LC *B@E>KF@>I "KDFKBBOFKD, 2002- (BBIDO>AB : 7>SLA W> DO>CF[HR QBEKFHR 1BEKLILXHL-JBQ>IROXHLD C>HRIQBQ>). c 30 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.J>P.?D.>@.VR/FPQO>WFS>KGB/?F?I FLQBH>/MR?IFH>@FGB/1O>KP#*".EQJI . c -LIRDLAFXKGB. c +>PQ>S>H MR?IFH>@FGB: 1O>KP>@QFLKP c #>@RIQV LC *B@E>KF@>I "KDFKBBOFKD 2KFSBOPFQV LC BBIDO>AB = &00+ 1450-8230 &00+ 1451-2092 = #*" 1O>KP>@QFLKP FIC FC7IG / "AFQLO FK EFBC *>G> $BALPBS. c 3LI. 1, KL. 1 (#B?OR>OV 2004). c BBIDO>AB (*FIBKQFG> -LMLSFZ> 5) : 1EB #LOBFDK &KSBPQLOP LRK@FI, 2004(BBIDO>AB : -R?IFHRJ). c 30 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.CF@.LOD.VR. c !SLJBPB[KL &00+ 1820-3065 = #& #L@RP HA"% C;@5G= / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH +BK>A 9FKYFZ. c $LA. 3, ?O. 90 (1997)- . c BBLDO>A (1BO>WFGB 8/&&&) : +&- `%>IL LDI>PFa, 1997- (BBLDO>A : B&$7). c 30 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.E>ILLDI>PF.@L.VR/. c !S> MRQ> KBABIGKL. c +>PQ>S>H MR?IFH>@FGB: BFWKFP ?FQ LDI>PF &00+ 1451-8120 = %>IL LDI>PF HE#I (!A =B8IGHF=>5 : [>PLMFP 0>SBW> EBJFGPHFE FK=BKGBO> = EBJF@>I FKARPQOV : GLROK>I LC QEB APPL@F>QFLK LC @EBJF@>I BKDFKBBOP = %FJF[BPH>G> MOLJVXIBKLPQ_ : =ROK>I 0LGRW> EFJF[BPHFE FK=BKBOLS / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH !BG>K 0H>I>. c $LA. 7, ?O. 1 (1953)- . c BBLDO>A ((KBW> *FILX> 9) : 0>SBW EBJFGPHFE FK=BKGBO>, 1953- (BBLDO>A : 7>SLA W> DO>CF[HR QBEKFHR 1BEKLILXHL-JBQ>IROXHLD C>HRIQBQ>). c 29 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.>@EB.LOD.VR/FKABU<PO.EQJI. c

299.

300.

301.

302.

303.

304.

*BPB[KL. c +>PQ>S>H MR?IFH>@FGB: -OBO>YFS>[H> FKARPQOFG> = &00+ 0478-1023 &00+ 0367-5985 = %BJFGPH> FKARPQOFG> HEMIJSKI ,-!#(! = EBJF@>I OBSFBT / 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< %2E<@ . J2?<@G. c G@5. 1, 3C. 1 (1950). c B6@8C25 (K2C?68:;6G2 4) : &CAD<@ 96>:;D<@ 5CFKEG@, 1950- (B6@8C25 : ,2G@5 J2 8C27:N<F E69?:<F '69?@=@K<@->6E2=FCK<@8 72<F=E6E2). c 29 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://147.91.70.190/FKQOL.EQJ. DG@>6D6N?@ &00+ 0440-6826 = H6>:;D<: AC68=65 [HY) B5D] 7 K>M : 3>GA>PnDF J>DV>O EBQFI>M / !7- tP ! ' '7- -2 ,& 2-.7 !RAnP (nOLIV. c 1. tSC., 1. PW. (1946)- . c 0W>?>AH> ()>W>O +BXFZ 1) : A %tQ +>M )>MHF>AL (CQ., 1946-. c 30 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.EBQK>M.@L.VR/RG/FKABU.MEM. c +BABIGKL. &00+ 0352-2717 = 7 K>M HE)+EGE : > *>DV>O 0WL EBQSBDF JBIIBHIBQB / #BIBILP PWBOHBPWQL (LH>F -BQBO. c 1. BSC., 1. PW. (2004. J>O@FRP 13.,14.) c . c 2GSFABH : A *>DV>O 0WL )>MHF>AL (LWS>II>I>Q, 2004- (2GSFABH : #,/2*). c 45 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.J>DV>OPWL.FKCL. c !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.J>DV>O-PWL.@L.VR. c +BABIGKL HZD : FOLA>IJF, (805-2 .$ tP QnOP>A>ILJQRALJnKV CLIVzFO>Q / !7-5! ' '7- -2 ,& -2.7 BLOF &JOB. c 1. tSC., 1. PW. (1934) c . c +LSF 0>A (3LGSLAB *FXFZ> 1) : #LORJ, 1934-. c 20 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.CLORJIF?BO.@L.VR. c &00+ 0350-9079 = %vA CA#& / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH AIBHP>KAO> 1OQF@>. c 2004, ?O. 1- . c BBLDO>A (0H>A>OPH> 8) : >JM MR?IFPEFKD, 2004- (0R?LQF@> : BFOLDO>CFH>). c 30 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.@>JM-J>D>WFKB.@LJ &00+ 1820-3701 = >JM (BBLDO>A) CD N5 DCG@C85J79 ["IBHQOLKPHF FWSLO] : OBXBKGB W> S>XB MOL?IBJB R SBWF P> 159

& 0) 6B>O?LLH c 3LI 2 (2006)

BLG>K> 3RHLQFZ

305.

306.

307.

308.

O>AKFJ LAKLPFJ> F S>=BZFJ MOLMFPFJ>. c !-/,* FWA. c "IBHQOLKPHF [>PLMFP. c 2006- . c BBLDO>A (BRIBS>O ,PIL?LYBKG> 61) : /BWLK JBAF> DORM, 2006- (BBLDO>A : /BWLK JBAF> DORM). c !-/,* ; 19 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT. !M.OBWLKPO?FG>.KBQ. c !SLJBPB[KL. c -LA>@F MOBRWBQF P> LJLQ> &00+ 1452-3604 = ! W> MLPILA>S@B CD N5 F5RIBCJCP9 ["IBHQOLKPHF FWSLO] : 100 % MLQOB?KFE PQOR[KFE FKCLOJ>@FG>. c !-/,* FWA. c "IBHQOLKPHF [>PLMFP. c 2004 (GRI)- . c BBLDO>A (BRIBS>O '+A 61) : /BWLK JBAF> DORM, 2004- (BBLDO>A : /BWLK JBAF> DORM). c !-/,* ; 19 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT. !O./BWLK0O?FG>.KBQ. 1BHPQR>IK> A>QLQBH>. c 0FPQBJPHF W>EQBSF: 0S>HF O>[RK>O P> LMBO>@FLKFJ PFPQBJLJ *F@OLPLCQ 4FKALTP F ! ROBY>GBJ. c !SLJBPB[KL. c -LA>@F MOBRWBQF P> LJLQ> &00+ 1820-0931 = ! W> O>[RKLSLYB ( !-/,*) CI). C;@5G= : ?BPMI>QKF J>IF LDI>PF F >RQL ?BOW> / LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH *FIFSLGB 'LS>KLSFZ. c $LA. 1, ?O. 1 (2002)- . c +FX (*>[S>KPH> 16) : FQV J>OHBQFKD @BKQ>O, 2002- (+FX : 0FQLMOFKQ). c 30 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.@FQVLDI>PF.@L.VR/. c !SLKBABIGKL &00+ 1451-6144 = FQV LDI>PF C!# : J>D>WFK W> JRXH>O@B / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH *LJFO BLOL@HF. c 2003, ?O. 1- . c +LSF 0>A (!FJFQOFG> ASO>JLSFZ> 8) : LILO *BAF> &KQBOK>QFLK>I, 2003- (7>DOB? : />AFK OBMOL F OLQL).c 29 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.PSBQ.@L.VR/?PQ>QB=2&FWA>KGB =28. c *BPB[KL. c -L IF@BK@F *>ONR>OA *BAF> A$, 7RD., 0TFQWBOI>KA &00+ 1451-5970 = (* (+LSF 0>A) C#! =B:CFA5HCF = *( +BTPIBQQBO / ROBAKFH !O>D>K -OLIB. c 2000, ?O. 13/14 (PBMQBJ?>O/LHQL?>O)- . c +LSF 0>A (@BIGBWKF[H> 35) : BKQ>O W> JRIQFHRIQRO>IKLPQ, 2000-. c 30 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.@JH.LOD.VR . c +>PQ>S>H MR?IFH>@FGB: &KCLOJ>QLO c BKQ>O W> JRIQFHRIQRO>IKLPQ = &00+ 14509881 &00+ 1451-1126 = *( FKCLOJ>QLO

309. C%#&*)E' (7=9B79 5B8 IB:CFA5H=CB (MGH9AG / "AFQLO-FK- EFBC 3I>A>K !BSBAWFZ. c 3LI. 1, +L 1 (2004)- . c BBIDO>AB ('LSB &IFZ> 154) : LJ0&0 LKPLOQFRJ, 2004- (BBIDO>AB : 0FDO> PQ>O). c 24 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.@LJPFP.CLK.?D.>@.VR. c -LIRDLAFXKGB &00+ 1820-0214 = LJMRQBO 0@FBK@B >KA &KCLOJ>QFLK 0VPQBJP 310. C%%" ;=F@ / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH 1>QG>K> &SBWFZ. c 2002, ?O. 1- . c +LSF 0>A (!FJFQOFG> ASO>JLSFZ> 8) : +&! LILO -OBPP, 2002- (0R?LQF@> : /LQLDO>CFH>). c 30 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.PSBQ.@L.VR &00+ 1451-0812 = LLI DFOI (BBLDO>A) 311. C%'D : LOB !FMILJ>QFNRB : FKQBOSFBTP, LMFKFLKP, KBTP, @LJJBKQP, BSBKQP / "AFQLO FK EFBC 1>KG> '>HL?F. c 2003, +L 1- . c BBIDO>AB ((KBDFKGB 7LOHB 11>) : *A, LKPRIQFKD & *>OHBQFKD ADBK@V, 2003- (BBIDO>AB : -LIFQFH> A!). c 30 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.@LOAJ>D>WFKB.@LJ. c *BPB[KL. c 0> PMB@FG>IKFJ FWA>KGBJ: ,/! $OBB@B (J>O@E 2005) &00+ 1451-7833 = LO! (BBIDO>AB) 312. C(A"XDI ?aF : C~DDBQIBK EBQFI>M / !7- tP ! ' '7- -2 ,& -2.7 %>?O>J *>OF>. c 1. tSC., 1. PW. (1990. AB@BJ?BO 20)- . c +LSF 0>A (3LGSLAB *FXFZ> 1) : #LORJ, 1990-. c 30 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.@P>I>AFHLO.@L.VR. c +BABIGKL. c &J> MOFILDB: (tWFJRKH> (kGSFAtH) = &00+ 1451-8988. c +>PQ>S>H MR?IFH>@FGB: D*'"*27& &00+ 0353-9121 = P>InAF H{O 313. )<9 CHA$CE : [>PLMFP W> RPMBXKB F K>GRPMBXKFGB : BHLKLJFG>, BHLILDFG>, MLIGLMOFSOBA> / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH BO>KFPI>S (LPQFZ. c $LA. 1, ?O. 1 (2001)- . c +LSF 0>A (B>IW>HLS> 23) : (LPQFZ & PFK, 2001- (+LSF 0>A : 1>JMLDO>C). c 30 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.QEB@E>K@B.@L.VR. c *BPB[KL. c ,A ?O.2/3/2001/2002.DLA. K>PILS K> HLOF@>J> [>PLMFP> RMLOBAL F K> POMPHLJ GBWFHR &00+ 1451-1959 = 1EB E>K@B

160

"IBHQOLKPH> FWA>KG> MBOFLAFHB R 0O?FGF ALPQRMK> MOBHL DH5B>B: >4G4?B:4 +B0

314. CHE#ICA" IB8IGHFM : GLROK>I LC QEB APPL@F>QFLK LC EBJF@>I "KDFKBBOP = %BJFGPH> FKARPQOFG> : [>PLMFP 0>SBW> EBJFGPHFE FK=BKGBO> = %FJF[BPH>G> MOLJVXIBKLPQ_ : =ROK>I 0LGRW> EFJF[BPHFE FK=BKBOLS / BAFQLO-FK-@EFBC !BG>K 0H>I>. c 3LI. 48, +L. 6 (1994)- . c BBLDO>A ((KBW> *FILX> 9/&) : 6RDLPI>S APPL@F>QFLK LC EBJF@>I "KDFKBBOFKD, 1994-. c 29 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.>@EB.LOD.VR. c &WI>WF F K> POMPHLJ GBWFHR. c +>PQ>SIG> KRJBO>@FGR POMPHLD FWA>KG> &00+ 0354-7531 = EBJF@>I &KARPQOV 315. ^A^ANSKI #(a. / 8=2G?: : @58@G@C?: FC65?:< :=6G2 &. A=6<D2?5C:M. c G@5. 7, 3C. 1 (;2?F2C 1951)- . c 02N2< ((=:42 1FA2?2 &EC24:>:C2 35/&&) : 02N2?D<: 8=2D, 1951- (B6@8C25 : G=2D). c 39 @J D@DEFA?@ : ?2: EQQM://@>@>KPHFDI>P.@L.VR/. c !656B?@. c !2DE2G2< AF3=:<24:;6: &=@3@5?: 8=2D &00+ 0350-9613 = 02N2?D<: 8=2D 316. .E""%, &5;9G. 0OMPHF MLPILSKF FJBKFH = 6BIILT ->DBP. 0BO?F>K BRPFKBPP !FOB@QLOV / DI>SKF F LADLSLOKF ROBAKFH @>OHL -LMLSFZ. c 2003/2004- . c BBLDO>A

(BRIBS>O SLGSLAB *FXFZ> 14) : 6BIILT ->DBP L., 2003- (BBLDO>A : BIF@ MOFKQ). c 29 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://VRVBIILT.@LJ. c !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://TTT.WRQBPQO>KB.@L.VR. c $LAFXKGB. c &WI>WF R SFXB FWA>KG>. c !BILJ K>PQ>S>H MR?IFH>@FGB: 6R 6BIILT ->DBP = &00+ 1450-8680 &00+ 1820-2888 = 6BIILT ->DBP. 0OMPHF MLPILSKF FJBKFH 317. .*G%("A+ CIFB5@ C: %D9F5H=CBG '9G95F7< : >K &KQBOK>QFLK>I 'LROK>I !B>IFKD TFQE 1EBLOBQF@>I >KA LJMRQ>QFLK>I APMB@QP LC ,MBO>QFLKP /BPB>O@E, 0VPQBJP 0@FBK@B >KA *>K>DBJBKQ 0@FBK@B / "AFQLOP-FK- EFBC />AFSLG -BQOLSFZ, 'LSL 3RIBQ>, 3BO> (LS>[BSFZ-3RG[FZ. c 3LI. 1, +L. 1 (1991)- . c BBLDO>A ('LSB &IFZ> 154) : #>@RIQV LC ,OD>KFW>QFLK>I 0@FBK@BP [BQ >II], 1991(BBIDO>AB : $O>MEF@ 0@ELLI). c 24 @J !LPQRMKL F K>: EQQM://VRGLO.CLK.?D.>@.VR/@LKQBKQP.EQJI. c -LIRDLAFXKGB. c 1BHPQ K> BKDI. GBWFHR &00+ 0354-0243 = 6RDLPI>S GLROK>I LC LMBO>QFLKP OBPB>O@E

P*0,a.a& )a -ad,<a% G* .* c*). ).-

161

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BKQOLQO>KP?RP A.A. 0>O>GBSL BKQ>O W> IGRAPH> MO>S> 2KFSBOWFQBQ> R 0>O>GBSR !%) &KQBOK>QFL>I A.L.L. 0>O>GBSL !ORXQSL ?F?IFLQBH>O> BLPKB F %BO@BDLSFKB #BABO>IKL JFKFPQ>OPQSL HRIQROB F PMLOQ>, 0>O>GBSL %3B BKQO>I -OLCFQ B>KH> A.A. 0>O>GBSL (>KQLK 0>O>GBSL, *FKFPQ>OPQSL L?O>WLS>KG> F K>RHB `*>DFPQO>Qa A.L.L. 0>O>GBSL -OL%BISBQF> c 0TFPP RIQRO>I -OLDO>JJB BLPKF>-%BOWBDLSFK>, 0>O>GBSL 0>O>GBSPHF P>G>J c (RIQROKL-PMLOQPHF @BKQ>O 0HBKABOFG>, 0>O>GBSL 1!( `8>EFKM>XFZa A.L.L. 0>O>GBSL

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