1

SUMITTED Y : AHYODAYA SIDDHARTHA

SUIDED Y :
CLASS : XII PCM
YEAR : Z010-Z011
ROLL NO, :___________
SCHOOL : NEW WAY SENIOR SECONDRY SCHOOL
Chemistry progect
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Certified to be the bonufide work done by
Master. AaHYooAYA siooHAn1HA
of class Xll -
ln the CHEMlSTHY LA durlng the
year 2D1D-2D11
uate _____________.
Submltted for CLN1kAL 8CAkD CI SLCCNDk LDUCA1ICN
Lxamlnatlon held ln CHEMlSTHY LA at nLW WA? SLnlC8 SLCCnu8? SCPCCL.
LkAMINLk
DA1L : ___________
SLAL
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l would llke to express my slncere
gratltude to my chemlstry mentor
M|ss. , for her vltal support,
guldance and encouragement - wlthout
whlch thls pro[ect would not have come
forth. l would also llke to express my
gratltude to my old chemlstry teacher
Mr.DINLSn SnUkLA for hls support
durlng the maklng of thls pro[ect.
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INDEX
S,No, Contents Pg,No,
I
Objecfive

II
Infroducfion fo green chemisfry

III
PrincipoIs of green chemisfry
7
IV
8IODIESEL: Using renewobIe
resorces
10
V
ACTIVITY I: Moking biodieseI
1Z
VI
ACTIVITY Z: Tesfing biodieseI
14
VII
ACTIVITY 3: PofenfioI for biofueIs
1
VIII
8iopefroI
Z3
IX
ConcIufion
30
X
8ibIiogrophy
31
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1he Cb[ectlve of thls pro[ect ls
to study C8LLn CPLMlS18?-
8lo dlesel and 8lo petrol also
study extractlon process of 8lo
deslal.
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INTRODUCTION TO SREEN CHEMISTY
.
One of the most
important new
aspects of
chemistry is the
development of
GreenChemistry.
Supported by the
American
Chemical Society,
the USEPA and
other Federal
agencies, Green
Chemistry has
emerged as an
important aspect
of all chemistry.
Green Chemistry
is the design of
chemical products
and processes that
reduce oreliminate
the use and
generation of
hazardous
substances.
Green Chemistry
is based on
Twelve Principles
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Green chemistry is the branch of chemistry
concerned with deveIoping processes and
products to reduce or eIiminate hazardous
substances. One of the goaIs of green chemistry
is to prevent poIIution at its source, as opposed
to deaIing with poIIution after it has occurred.
PrincipIes of Green Chemistry
1.
Prevention
t is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it
has been created.
2.
Atom Economy
Synthetic methods should be designed to maximize the
incorporation of all materials used in the process into the final
product.
3.
Less Hazardous ChemicaI Syntheses
Wherever practicable, synthetic methods should be designed to
use and generate substances that possess little or no toxicity to
human health and the environment.
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4.
Designing Safer ChemicaIs
Chemical products should be designed to effect their desired
function while minimizing their toxicity.
5.
Safer SoIvents and AuxiIiaries
The use of auxiliary substances (e.g., solvents, separation
agents, etc.) should be made unnecessary wherever possible and
innocuous when used.
6.
Design for Energy Efficiency
Energy requirements of chemical processes should be recognized
for their environmental and economic impacts and should be
minimized. f possible, synthetic methods should be conducted at
ambient temperature and pressure.
7.
Use of RenewabIe Feedstocks
A raw material or feedstock should be renewable rather than
depleting whenever technically and economically practicable.
8.
Reduce Derivatives
Unnecessary derivatization (use of blocking groups, protection/
deprotection,temporary modification of physical/chemical
processes) should be minimized or avoided if possible, because
such steps require additional reagents and can generate waste.
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9.
CataIysis
Catalytic reagents (as selective as possible) are superior to
stoichiometric reagents.
10.
Design for Degradation
Chemical products should be designed so that at the end of their
function they break down into innocuous degradation products
and do not persist in the environment.
11.
ReaI-time anaIysis for PoIIution Prevention
Analytical methodologies need to be further developed to allow for
real-time, inprocess monitoring and control prior to the formation
of hazardous substances.
12.
InherentIy Safer Chemistry for Accident Prevention
Substances and the form of a substance used in a chemical
process should be chosen to minimize the potential for chemical
accidents, including releases,explosions, and fires.
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8iodieseI: using renewobIe resources
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Introduction
Bio-dieseI is an eco-friendIy, aIternative dieseI fueI prepared from
domestic renewabIe resources i.e. vegetabIe oiIs (edibIe or non-
edibIe oiI) and animaI fats. These naturaI oiIs and fats are made
up mainIy of trigIycerides. These trigIycerides when rea w
striking simiIarity to petroIeum derived dieseI and are caIIed "Bio-
dieseI". As India is deficient in edibIe oiIs, non-edibIe oiI may be
materiaI of choice for producing bio dieseI . For this purpose
Jatropha curcas considered as most potentiaI source for it. Bio
dieseI is produced by transesterification of oiI obtains from the
pIant.
Jatropha Curcas has been identified for India as the most
suitabIe Tree Borne OiIseed (TBO) for production of bio-dieseI
both in view of the non-edibIe oiI avaiIabIe from it and its
presence throughout the country. The capacity of Jatropha
Curcas to rehabiIitate degraded or dry Iands, from which the
poor mostIy derive their sustenance, by improving Iand's water
retention capacity, makes it additionaIIy suitabIe for up-gradation
of Iand resources. PresentIy, in some Indian viIIages, farmers are
extracting oiI from Jatropha and after settIing and decanting it
they are mixing the fiItered oiI with dieseI fueI. AIthough, so far
the farmers have not observed any damage to their machinery,
yet this remains to be tested and PCRA is working on it. The fact
remains that this oiI needs to be converted to bio-dieseI through a
chemicaI reaction - trans-esterification. This reaction is reIativeIy
simpIe and does not require any exotic materiaI. IOC (R&D) has
been using a Iaboratory scaIe pIant of 100 kg/day capacity for
trans-esterification; designing of Iarger capacity pIants is in the
offing. These Iarge pIants are usefuI for centraIized production of
bio-dieseI. Production of bio-dieseI in smaIIer pIants of capacity
e.g. 5 to 20 kg/day may aIso be started at decentraIized IeveI.
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Activity 1: Making biodieseI
BiodieseI is a mixture of methyI esters of fatty acids (Iong chain
carboxyIic acids). It has simiIar properties to the dieseI fueI made
from crude oiI that is used to fueI many vehicIes. It can be made
easiIy from vegetabIe cooking oiI that contains compounds of fatty
acids. Enough fueI can be produced in this activity to burn in a Iater
activity, aIthough it is not pure enough to actuaIIy be used as fueI in a
car or Iorry. The synthesis is a simpIe chemicaI reaction that
produces biodieseI and propane-1,2,3-trioI (gIyceroI). Cooking oiI is
mixed with methanoI and potassium hydroxide is added as a cataIyst.
The products separate into two Iayers, with the biodieseI on the top.
The biodieseI is separated and washed, and is then ready for further
experimentation.
What you wiII need
Eye protection
Access to a top pan baIance
One 250 cm
3
conicaI fIask
Two 100 cm
3
beakers
One 100 cm
3
measuring cyIinder
Five pIastic teat pipettes
DistiIIed or deionised water
100 cm
3
vegetabIe-based cooking oiI
15 cm
3
methanoI (highIy fIammabIe, toxic by inhaIation, if
swaIIowed, and by skin absorption)
1 cm
3
potassium hydroxide soIution 50% (corrosive).
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Safety
Wear eye protection.
MethanoI is fIammabIe and poisonous.
Potassium hydroxide is corrosive.
What to do
1. Measure 100 cm
3
of vegetabIe oiI into the 250 cm
3
fIask. Weigh
the fIask before and after to determine the mass of oiI you used.
2. CarefuIIy add 15 cm
3
of methanoI.
3. SIowIy add 1 cm
3
of 50% potassium hydroxide.
4. Stir or swirI the mixture for 10 minutes.
5. AIIow the mixture to stand untiI it separates into two Iayers.
6. CarefuIIy remove the top Iayer (this is impure biodieseI) using a
teat pipette.
7. Wash the product by shaking it with 10 cm
3
of distiIIed or
deionised water.
8. AIIow the mixture to stand untiI it separates into two Iayers.
9. CarefuIIy remove the top Iayer of biodieseI using a teat pipette.
10. Weigh the amount of biodieseI you have coIIected and
compare it to the amount of vegetabIe oiI you started with.
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Apparatus for testing biodieseI
Activity 2: Testing biodieseI
How does biodieseI compare to other fueIs? Just because we can
produce a fueI from an aIternative source, does that mean it is a
good idea? There are many factors that go into the decision to use
aIternative fueIs. IdeaIIy the physicaI properties of an aIternative fueI
shouId equaI or exceed those of the traditionaI product. But how are
fueIs evaIuated in the first pIace. In this activity, biodieseI and some
other fueIs are tested and compared for sootiness and acidity.
What you wiII need
Eye protection
SmaII gIass funneI (approximateIy 7 cm diameter)
One 250 cm
3
fIask
Two boiIing tubes
One two-hoIe stopper to fit the boiIing tubes
FiIter pump
A piece of wide bore gIass tubing approximateIy 10 cm Iong
with two one-hoIe stoppers to fit
1o fllter pump
Mlneral wool
A solutlon of
unlversal
lndlcator
2 cm
3
of fuel
soaked ln mlneral
wool
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A piece of vacuum tubing approximateIy 35 cm Iong
Two short pieces of gIass tubing to fit the one-hoIe stoppers
5 cm gIass bend to fit the two-hoIe stopper
90
o
gIass bend to fit the two-hoIe stopper (one Ieg to extend to
bottom of fIask)
Two stands and cIamps
Two smaII metaI sampIe dishes
A IittIesodium hydroxide soIution 0.1 moI dm
-3
(irritant)
UniversaI indicator soIution
A IittIe mineraI wooI.
Safety
Wear eye protection.
Take care if you have to insert gIass tubing into the stoppers
yourseIf. Make sure that your teacher shows you the correct
technique.
What to do
1. Pour 125 cm
3
of distiIIed water into the 250 cm
3
fIask and add 10
cm
3
of universaI indicator. Add one drop of 0.1 moI dm
-3
sodium
hydroxide soIution and gentIy swirI the fIask so that the coIour
of the soIution is vioIet or at the most basic end of the universaI
indicator coIour range.
2. PIace 10 cm
3
of this soIution into the boiIing tube.
3. AssembIe the apparatus iIIustrated in Figure 1, attaching it to
the fiIter pump with the vacuum tubing.
4. PIace 2 cm
3
of biodieseI onto a wad of mineraI wooI in the metaI
sampIe cup.
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5. Turn on the water tap so the fiIter pump puIIs air through the
fIask and ignite the biodieseI. Position the funneI directIy over
the burning fueI, so as to capture the fumes from the burning
fueI. Mark or note the position of the tap handIe so you can run
the pump at the same fIow rate Iater in the experiment.
6. AIIow the experiment to run untiI the universaI indicator turns
yeIIow and time how Iong this takes.
7. Record what happens in the funneI and in the gIass tube
containing the second piece of mineraI wooI.
8. CIean the apparatus, and repeat the experiment using 2 cm
3
of
kerosene (this is very simiIar to dieseI fueI).
Activity 3: Potential for biofuels
1.TechnicaI FeasibiIity
Can be bIended in any ratio with petro-dieseI
Existing storage faciIities and infrastructure for petro-dieseI can
be used with minor aIteration.
From environment and emissions point of view it is superior to
petro-dieseI.
It can provide energy security to remote and ruraI areas.
It has good potentiaI for empIoyment generation
2.Sources of Bio-dieseI
AII Tree Bearing OiI (TBO) seeds - edibIe and non edibIe
EdibIe: Soya-bean, Sun-fIower, Mustard OiI etc.
Non-edibIe: Jatropha Curcas, Pongemia Pinnata, Neem etc.
EdibIe seeds can't be used for bio-dieseI production in our
country, as its indigenous production does not meet our current
demand.
Among non-edibIe TBO, Jatropha Curcas has been identified as
the most suitabIe seed for India.
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3.Advantages of Jatropha
Jatropha Curcas is a wideIy occurring variety of TBO
It grows practicaIIy aII over India under a variety of agro cIimatic
conditions.
Can be grown in arid zones (20 cm rainfaII) as weII as in higher
rainfaII zones and even on the Iand with thin soiI cover.
Its pIantation can be taken up as a quick yieIding pIant even in
adverse Iand situations viz. degraded and barren Iands under
forest and non-forest use, dry and drought prone areas, marginaI
Iands, even on aIkaIine soiIs and as agro-forestry crops.
It grows as a tree up to the height of 3 - 5 mt.
It is a good pIantation for Eco-restoration in aII types wasteIand.
4.Agro Practices (as per NOVOD, Ministry of AgricuIture, GOI)
Nursery raising
Nurseries may be raised in poIy-bags fiIIed with mixture of soiI
and farm yard manure in the ratio of 4:1.
Two seeds are sown in each bag.
PIantation
30 cm x 30 cm x 30 cm pits are dug
Farm yard manure (2-3 kg), 20 gm urea, 12 gm SingIe Super
Phosphate (SSP) & 16 gm Mono Phosphate (MP)
PIanting density
2500 pIants / ha at 2m x 2m
TranspIantation
It shouId be done during rainy reason.
FertiIizer
From second year in the ratio of 40:60:20 Nitrogen Phosphorous
and Potassium (NPK) kg/ha
Irrigation
It is required onIy for the first two years
Pruning
During first year when branches reach a height of 40-60 cms
Pest & Disease controI
No disease or insects noticed to be harmfuI
FIowering and fruiting
FIowering: Sept.- Dec. & March- ApriI
Fruiting
After 2 months of fIowering.
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5.State-wise area undertaken by NOVOD for Jatropha PIantation
State Area (ha)
Andhra Pradesh 44
Bihar 10
Chhatisgarh 190
Gujarat 240
Haryana 140
Karnataka 80
Madhya Pradesh 260
Maharashtra 150
Mizoram 20
Rajasthan 275
TamiI Nadu 60
UttaranchaI 50
Uttar Pradesh 200
Economics (as per PIanning Commission Report on Bio-fueIs,
2003)
Activities
Rate(Rs. /
Kg)
Quantity(Kg) Cost(Rs.)
Seed 5.00 3.28 16.40
Cost of coIIection & oiI
extraction
2.36 1.05 2.48
Less cake produced 1.00 2.23 (-) 2.23
Trans-esterification 6.67 1.00 6.67
Less cost of gIycerin
produced
40 to 60 0.095 (-) 3.8 to 5.7
Cost of Bio-dieseI per
kg
19.52 to
17.62
Cost of Bio-dieseI per
Iitre (Sp. Gravity 0.85)
16.59 to
14.98
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7. EmpIoyment potentiaI (as per PIanning Commission report on
bio-fueIs, 2003))
LikeIy demand of petro dieseI by 2006-07 wiII be 52 MMT and by
2011-12 it wiII increase to 67 MMT.
5% bIend of Bio-dieseI with petro dieseI wiII require 2.6 MMT of
Bio-dieseI in 2006-07
By 2011-12, for 20% bIend with Petro-dieseI, the IikeIy demand
wiII be 13.4 MMT.
To meet the requirement of 2.6 MMT of bio-dieseI, pIantation of
Jatropha shouId be done on 2.2 - 2.6 miIIion ha area.
11.2 - 13.4 miIIion ha of Iand shouId be covered by 2011 - 12 for
20% bio-dieseI bIending
It wiII generate foIIowing no. of jobs in foIIowing areas.
Year
No. of jobs in
pIantation
In maintenance
Operation of BD
units
2006-07 2.5 miIIion 0.75 miIIion 0.10 miIIion
2011-12 13.0 miIIion 3.9 miIIion 0.30 miIIion
OiI content
35% to 40%
CoIIection and processing
Ripe fruits coIIected from trees.
8. Efforts of NationaI OiIseed and VegetabIe OiI DeveIopment
Board (NOVOD)
Systematic state/region wise survey for identification of superior
trees and superior seeds.
Maintenance of record on seeds/trees.
SampIes of high yieId to be sent to NationaI Bureau of PIant
Genetic Resources (NBPGR) for accession and cryo-
preservation.
NOVOD has deveIoped improved Jatropha seeds, which have oiI
contents up to 1.5 times of ordinary seeds.
However, being in short suppIy, initiaIIy these improved Jatropha
seeds wouId be suppIied onIy to AgricuIturaI Universities for
muItipIication and deveIopment.
After muItipIication these wouId be suppIied to different states for
further cuItivation. This program is IikeIy to take 3 - 4 years.
It is aIso working for deveIopment of muIti-purpose post-harvest
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technoIogy tooIs Iike decorticator and de-huIIer, which wouId
further improve oiI recovery.
9. Trans-esterification Process
VegetabIe
OiI
AIcohoI
CataIyst(Sodium or
Potassiu m
Hydroxide)
GIycerin(Used
for medicinaI
vaIue)
Bio-
dieseI
100 gm 12 gm 1 gm 11 gm 95 gm
It is the dispIacement of aIcohoI from an ester by another aIcohoI
in a simiIar process to hydroIysis.
VegetabIe OiI i.e. the trigIyceride can be easiIy trans-esterified in
the presence of aIkaIine cataIyst at atmospheric pressure and at
temperature of approximateIy 60 to 70oC with an excess of
methanoI.
If 100 gm of vegetabIe oiI is taken, 1 gm of the aIkaIine cataIyst
(Potassium Hydroxide), and 12 gm of MethanoI wouId be required
As a first step, the aIkaIine cataIyst is mixed with methanoI and
the mixture is stirred for haIf an hour for its homogenization.
This mixture is mixed with vegetabIe oiI and the resuItant mixture
is made to pass through refIux condensation at 65oC.
The mixture at the end is aIIowed to settIe.
The Iower Iayer wiII be of gIycerin and it is drain off.
The upper Iayer of bio-dieseI (a methyI ester) is washed to
remove entrained gIycerin.
The excess methanoI recycIed by distiIIation.
This reaction works weII with high quaIity oiI. If the oiI contains
1% Free Fatty Acid (FFA), then difficuIty arises because of soap
formation. If FFA content is more than 2% the reaction becomes
unworkabIe.
MethanoI is infIammabIe and Potassium Hydroxide is caustic,
hence proper and safe handIing of these chemicaIs are must.
10. Agencies & Institutes working in the fieId of bio-dieseI
NationaI OiI seeds and VegetabIe OiI Board, Gurgaon
PCRA - PetroIeum Conservation Research Association
(MOP&NG)
IOC (R&D) Centre, Faridabad
DeIhi CoIIege of Engineering
IIT, DeIhi
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IIP, Dehradun
Downstream NationaI OiI Companies
Indian Institute of ChemicaI TechnoIogy, Hyderabad
CSIR
Ministry of Non-conventionaI Energy Sources
CentraI PoIIution ControI Board
Bureau of Indian Standards
Indian RenewabIe Energy DeveIopment Agency
States, which have made some Iead
UttranchaI:
UttaranchaI Bio-fueI Board (UBB) has been constituted as a nodaI
agency for bio-dieseI promotion in the state.
Has undertaken Jatropha pIantation in an area of 1 Iakh hectare.
UBB has estabIished Jatropha Gene Bank to preserve high
yieIding seed varieties.
Has ambitious pIan to produce 100 miIIion Iiters of bio-dieseI.
Andhra Pradesh:
Govt. of AP (GoAP) to encourage Jatropha pIantation in 10 rain
shadow districts of AP
Task force for it has been constituted at district and state IeveI
GoAP proposed Jatropha cuItivation in 15 Iakh acres in next 4
years
InitiaI target is 2 Iakh acres
Irrigation to be dovetaiIed with Jatropha cuItivation
90% drip subsidy is proposed
Jatropha cuItivation to be taken up onIy in cuItivabIe Iands with
existing farmers.
Crop and yieId insurance is proposed
Chhattisgarh:
6 Iakh sapIings of Jatropha have been pIanted with the
invoIvement of State's Forest, AgricuIture, Panchayat and RuraI
DeveIopment Departments
As per the Deputy Chairman, State PIanning Board, the state has
the target to cover 1 miIIion ha of Iand under Jatropha pIantation
Ten reputed bio-dieseI companies, incIuding the UK-based D1
OiIs, have offered to set up Jatropha oiI-extraction units or to buy
the produce from farmers in Chhattisgarh.
Companies Iike Indian OiI, Indian RaiIways and Hindustan
PetroIeum have each deposited Rs 10 Iakh as security for future
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MoUs with the state government.
11. Farmers' Initiatives in Haryana
Farmers in Haryana have formed NGOs and cooperatives for
promotion of Jatropha pIantation.
These NGOs and cooperatives are raising nurseries for Jatropha
pIantation and suppIying sapIings to others for further cuItivation.
They have been bIending directIy Jatropha OiI into dieseI fueI and
successfuIIy using this bIend in their tractors and dieseI engines
without any probIems.
These NGOs and cooperatives are aIso organizing the practicaI
demonstration of this usage in their demonstration workshops.
They are organizing IocaI seminars, workshops and conferences
etc. to promote the usage of Jatropha oiI.
NGOs have aIso printed some bookIets on Jatropha pIantation.
12. Current usages of bio-dieseI / TriaIs & testing of bio-dieseI
Usages of bio-dieseI are simiIar to that of petro-dieseI
Shatabadi Express was run on 5% bIend of bio-dieseI from DeIhi
to Amritsar on 31st Dec. 2002 in association with IOC.
FieId triaIs of 10% bio-dieseI bIend were aIso done on Lucknow-
AIIahabad Jan Shatabdi Express aIso through association with
IOC.
HPCL is aIso carrying out fieId triaIs in association with BEST
Bio-DieseI bIend from IOC (R&D) is being used in buses in
Mumbai as weII as in Rewari, in Haryana on triaI basis .
CSIR and DaimIer ChrysIer have jointIy undertaken a successfuI
5000 km triaI run of Mercedes cars using bio-dieseI as fueI.
NOVOD has initiated test run by bIending 10% bio dieseI in
coIIaboration with IIT, DeIhi in Tata Sumo & Swaraj Mazda
vehicIes.
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IO-PETROL
Introduction
Measures to be impIemented to resoIve the probIem of sewage
sIudge that contain a high degree of organic matter couId primariIy
aim at recycIing it through a thermo chemicaI pyroIysis process in
order to recover hydrocarbons that make up the structure of sewage
sIudge. PyroIysis of sewage sIudge produces oiI, gas and char
products. The pyroIysis oiIs have aIso been shown to contain
vaIuabIe chemicaIs in significant concentrations and hence may
have the potentiaI to be used as chemicaI feedstock. The production
of a Iiquid product increases the ease of handIing, storage and
transport.
The technoIogy, improved by BioPetroI Ltd. (patent pending) is
capabIe of processing carbon wastes, other than sewage sIudge,
incIuding agri-wastes, bagasse, puIp and paper residues, tannery
sIudge and other end-of-Iife products such as pIastics, tires and the
organics in municipaI soIid waste.The process of Iow temperature
thermochemicaI conversion of municipaI sewage sIudge to oiI is a
new technoIogy in deveIoped countries. The amount of investment is
stiII Iess than the amount invested in the sewage sIudge incineration
process, and the operationaI economy of the process is obviousIy
superior to incineration.
The BioPetroI, Ltd. integrated thermochemicaI process (patent
pending) recovers about 1,100,000 KcaI from each 283 kg of sewage
sIudge 90% D.S. after the thermaI evaporating of 717kg water from
each dewatered ton (1,000 kg) of sewage sIudge 26% D.S.
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The BioPetroI process begins with sewage sIudge at 90% D.S.
Sewage sIudge drying equipment is used commonIy for the
evaporative removaI of interstitiaI water from the sIudge. Numerous
drying technoIogies exist on the market.
Market AnaIysis and Strategy
Three potentiaI products/services:
1. DisposaI of Sewage SIudge - DisposaI of sewage sIudge
comprises over 30% of wastewater treatment pIants' budget.
Customers of this service are IocaI communities. They are wiIIing to
pay top doIIar for the disposaI of their sIudge. For exampIe: HoIIand
$50-$90 per ton, U.S., Canada and AustraIia, up to $150 per ton. The
US produces 25 miIIion tons of sIudge annuaIIy (2001).
2. Synthetic Crude OiI - Excess crude oiI, beyond what is being
recircuIated to run equipment A+B is about 30 kg per 1 ton sewage
sIudge 90% D.S. OiI energy = 8,900 KcaI/kg same as dieseI oiI used in
heavy industry. There are references in professionaI Iiterature to
numerous vaIuabIe chemicaIs in significant concentration that are
present in pyroIysis oiIs.
BioPetroI Ltd has on board, as a sharehoIder, an internationaIIy
renowned scientist-academician to address this issue.
3. SeIIing the TechnoIogy - With the compIetion of the deveIopment of
the process and equipment for its operation, BioPetroI. Ltd. wiII have
the technoIogy to seII to worId markets. PotentiaI markets are water
authorities, municipaIities, wastewater treatment pIants,
entrepreneurs, sewage sIudge disposaI contractors, sIudge drying
operators.
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BioPetroI, Itd. has been awarded a grant of $300,000 for a period of 2
years by IsraeI's Office of the Chief Scientist to conduct advanced
R&D. The company has concIuded and proved the viabiIity of the
process and is now on the verge of constructing a demonstration
piIot for a continuous process.
BioPetroI is seeking an investment of US$400,000 for the compIetion
of the demonstration piIot. A business pIan is avaiIabIe for further
detaiIs.
TechnoIogy
The technoIogicaI processes at issue in the Bio-PetroI project beIong
to the sphere of Iiquefying carbon-rich soIid fueIs. The Iiquefaction
processes common today comprise two stages:
1. ThermaI breakdown of the moIecuIar structure to create radicaI
fractions different in size.
2. StabiIization of the radicaIs by recombining themseIves or by
redistribution of hydrogen from the raw materiaI itseIf or by
hydrogen that is introduced from outside (moIecuIar hydrogen or
from hydrogen-donor matter).
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Bio-PetroI Company has carried out R&D work which has resuIted in
the formuIation of a suitabIe process for producing synthetic oiI from
sewage sIudge with Iarger output than that obtained from the
common process-i.e. pyroIysis. By integrating famiIiar Iiquefaction
methods the company deveIoped a process of high utiIization of the
organic matter that is in the sewage sIudge that produces oiI and gas
in Iarger quantities and of better quaIity.
What is EthanoI?
EthanoI is part of a category of moIecuIes caIIed aIcohoIs. The
simpIest aIcohoI is caIIed methanoI and is very simiIar to a compound
caIIed methane. Methane is a moIecuIe composed of one carbon
atom surrounded by 4 hydrogen atoms. In methanoI, one of these
hydrogen atoms is repIaced with an oxygen atom with a hydrogen
atom attached to it. This two atom group, oxygen attached to a
hydrogen, is caIIed an aIcohoI group.
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Any moIecuIe that has an aIcohoI group attached to it can be caIIed
an aIcohoI. To make it easier to taIk about, chemists add an "oI" on
the end of a chemicaIs name to indicate that it has an aIcohoI group.
Therefore, methane with an aIcohoI group attached is caIIed
methanoI.
For ethanoI, it is an ethane moIecuIe -two carbon atoms, with six
hydrogen atoms surrounding them-with one hydrogen repIaced by
an aIcohoI group. Then, the name ethane is changed to ethanoI, to
indicate that it is an aIcohoI.
How EthanoI is Made
EthanoI has been used by humans for thousands of years, in part
because it is easy to make. In fact, nature can make it for us in a
process caIIed fermentation.
Fermentation is a biochemicaI process carried out by microscopic
organisms caIIed yeast. Yeast are anaerobic, meaning they can Iive
and eat without needing oxygen. Many Iiving things eat sugar, and
yeast eat sugar too. When there is no oxygen, yeast chow down on
sugar, but they can't get aII of the energy that is avaiIabIe in sugar
out of it. Instead they use it to get some energy, and in the process of
digesting it, convert it into ethanoI and carbon dioxide PetroI.
Yeast are even used to make bread. When making bread, bakers use
the yeasts abiIity to make carbon dioxide PetroI to make the bread
rise, making it thicker. If it were not for yeast, pizza dough wouId be
fIatter than a pancake.
Scientists have aIso invented ways to make ethanoI syntheticaIIy,
without utiIizing nature's heIp. The process converts a byproduct of
making PetroIoIine into ethanoI. AIthough this process is used, more
than 90% of the ethanoI produced per year is made using yeast.
RepIacing PetroIoIine with Corn?
Yeast onIy consume simpIe sugars, so onIy certain foods are good
for putting them to work making ethanoI. Bakers use the sugar that
you can find in your kitchen. But it takes a Iot of kitchen sugar to fiII
the tank of your car with ethanoI. Some countries, such as BraziI,
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that grow a Iot of sugar use it to make ethanoI for cars. BraziI has
been producing ethanoI fueIs for decades. The United States does
not have enough sugar cane pIants to do this. Instead, the U.S. has
focused on using corn.
Corn has Iess sugar in it than sugar cane, requiring scientists to
deveIop ways to convert corn's more compIex sugars into simpIe
sugars. Critics of using corn for fueI say that it takes more energy to
make ethanoI from corn than it takes to make reguIar PetroIoIine.
However, a recent review of many different studies in the American
ChemicaI Society journaI, EnvironmentaI Science and TechnoIogy,
suggests that in most cases, using corn wouId stiII save us from
using as much fossiI fueIs as we wouId if we just used PetroIoIine.
Sticks, husks, and grass to EthanoI?
A new method is being deveIoped that may be even more promising
than using corn or sugar cane as yeast food. AII pIants make a
compIex sugar caIIed ceIIuIose and it is one of the most abundant
pIant materiaIs on earth. Cotton is aImost aII ceIIuIose, and some
forms of ceIIuIose can be found in many of the foods that we eat.
Trees have it. Grass has it. Even corn staIks. But yeast don't eat
ceIIuIose.
RecentIy severaI groups of researchers have deveIoped enzymes,
which are compIex moIecuIes that operate Iike IittIe machines, to
break apart ceIIuIose into simpIe sugars that the yeast can eat.
What makes this very interesting is that farms and other industries
aIready produce tons and tons of waste materiaIs that contain
ceIIuIose. Just imagine, aII the sticks and grass cIippings from your
yard or pIayground couId be turned into fueI for your car. Farms can
aIso grow pIants for making ethanoI. President George W. Bush
mentioned one of these, switch grass, in the 2006 State of the Union
address.
Therefore, farms or timber companies can convert their waste into
ethanoI. There is aIso one additionaI benefit, and chaIIenge to
processing ceIIuIose. CeIIuIose is often stuck together with another
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pIant compound caIIed Iignin. Lignins are compounds that make
pIants strong, and they trap ceIIuIose. Lignins are one of the waste
products of papermaking. But, Iignin materiaIs extracted from waste
materiaIs used for making ethanoI can be burned to power the
process, saving more fossiI fueIs.
It's not a question of if we wiII stop using oiI but when. Soon, we wiII
aII have to repIace oiI with a different, renewabIe source and ethanoI
may be the answer.
^^^^THE EMD^^^^
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CONCLUSION

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ILIOSRAPHY
http://www,icbse,com
www,chemistry,org
www,ott,doe,gov/biofueIs/environment,htmI
www,pcru,org
PETROLIAM CONSERVATION RESEARCH
ASSOSIATION {PCRA} nutionuI bio fueI
center,
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