University of the Cordilleras Baguio City

THE GENESIS OF THE PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

A Research Paper Submitted to Atty. Rolando Vergara In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements In the Subject Legal Research

October 4, 2013

The Philippine Constitution A constitution, in the American sense of the word, is a written instrument by which the fundamental powers of the government are established, limited and defined, and by which these powers are distributed among several departments, for their more safe and useful exercise, for the benefit of the body politic. 1 It is law and law of the highest authoritativeness and obligation. As supreme law of the land, it is the ultimate authority to which reference must be made to determine the validity of national law, administrative regulations, local ordinances and executive actions. 2 Historical Constitutions I. The Constitution of Biak-na-Bato (1897)

Over 300 years of Spanish rule, the country developed from a small overseas colony governed from the Viceroyalty of New Spain to a land with modern elements in the cities. The Spanish-speaking middle classes of the 19th century were mostly educated in the European ideas, including Liberalism, many studying in Spain and elsewhere in Europe. Among these Spanish-educated Ilustrados was Jos Rizal, doctor, novelist and official Filipino National Hero, who demanded greater reforms from the Spanish authorities.3 During this period, the Katipunan, or KKK, was formed. It was independence from Spain. When the KKK was discovered by Spanish authorities, Bonifacio issued the Cry of Balintawak which stated the Philippine Revolution in 1896.The Katipunan revolution led to the Tejeros Convention where, at San Francisco de Malabn, Cavite, on March 22, 1897, the first presidential and vice presidential elections in Philippine history were heldalthough only the Katipuneros (members of the Katipunan) were able to take part, and not the general populace. A later meeting of the revolutionary government established there, held on November 1, 1897 at Biak-na-Bato in the town of San Miguel de Mayumo in Bulacn, established the Republic of Biak-na-Bato. The republic had a constitution drafted by Isabelo Artacho and Flix Ferrer and based on the first Cuban Constitution. It is known as the "Constitucin Provisional de la Repblica de Filipinas", and was originally written in and promulgated in the Spanish and Tagalog languages. 4 It provides that the Supreme Council, vested with the supreme power of government, shall conduct foreign relations, war, the interior, and the treasury.5 II. The Malolos Constitution 1899

Juaqin G. Bernas, The 1987 Philippine Constitution: A Reviewer Primer, 2002, p. 1 Rufus B. Rodriguez, Legal Reseach,2002, p. 83 3 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malolos_Constitution (3.1) 4 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines (5.1) 5 http://www.studymode.com/essays/History-Of-Philippine-Constitution-729539.html
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The Political Constitution of 1899, informally known as the Malolos Constitution is a Filipino legal document codifying the basic law of the First Philippine Republic. It is both the twelfth such charter to be implemented in the Philippine archipelago and the first to written as the framework of an independent nation. 6 It was written by Felipe Caldern y Roca and Felipe Buencamino as an alternative to a pair of unsatisfying proposals tendered to the Malolos Congress by Apolinario Mabini and Pedro Paterno. After a lengthy debate, taking up much of the latter part of 1898, it was finally enacted with minor modifications on 21 January, 1899. 7 When the Spanish-American War broke out on April 25, 1898, the United States Commodore George Dewey aboard the USS Olympia sailed from Hong Kong to Manila Bay leading the Asiatic Squadron of the U.S. Navy. On May 1, 1898, the American force defeated the Spanish in the Battle of Manila Bay. Later that month, the U.S. Navy transported Aguinaldo back to the Philippines.8 Aquinaldo took control of the newly re-formed Philippine revolutionary forces and quickly surrounded Manila on land while the American blockaded the city from the bay. On June 12th, Aquinaldo issued the Philippine Declaration of Independence and issued several decrees forming the First Philippine Republic. Elections were held from June 23 to September 10, 1898 for a new national legislature, the Malolos Congress.9 In accordance with article 11 of the Revolutionary Government Decree of 23 June, 1898, the Malolos Congress selected a commission to draw up a draft constitution on 17 September, 1898. The Political Constitution of 1899 is written in Spanish which was the official language of the Philippines at the time. It is composed of ninety-four articles divided into fourteen topics, with a further eight provisional articles, and one amendment.10 The style of the document is patterned after the Spanish Constitution of 1812 which many Latin American charters from the same period similarly follow. 11Calderon himself writes in his journal that in addition to using the French Constitution (1793), the charters of Belgium, Mexico, Brazil, Nicaragua, Costa Rica and Guatemala were also studied as these countries shared similar social, political, ethnological, and governance conditions with the Philippine Islands.12 The Retroversion of the sovereignty to the people, which challenged the legitimacy of the colonial authorities,13 was the legal principle

6 7

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malolos_Constitution Ibid 8 Ibid 9 Ibid 10 Ibid

11 12 13

Malcolm, George (March 1921). "The Malolos Constitution". Political Science Quarterly 36 (1): 91103. Caldern, Felipe (1907). Mis memorias sobre la revolucin filipina: Segunda etapa, (1898 1901) . Manila: Imp. de El Renacimiento. p. Appendix I, p. 17.

Nuevas perspectivas en la Historia de la Revolucin de Mayo (Spanish)

underlying the Spanish Independence processes.14

American

Independence

and

Filipino

This principle was a pre-processor to the concept of popular sovereignty, currently expressed in most constitutional systems throughout the world, whereby the people delegate governmental functions to their civil servants while retaining the actual sovereignty. This concept of the precedence of popular sovereignty over the national sovereignty is derived from the French political document, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of 1793 and forms the philosophical basis for article 4 of the Malolos Constitution.15 The First Philippine Republic never gained international recognition and the Malolos Constitution was never fully implemented across the Philippines.16 Following Spain's defeat in the Spanish-American War, the United States in the Treaty of Paris of 1898 acquired the Philippines from Spain, along with several other territories. On February 4 1899, the PhilippineAmerican War started with the Battle of Manila of 1899. On March 23 1901 Aguinaldo was captured and sent into exile, which marks the end of the revolutionary government.17 Beginning with the Philippine Organic Act of 1902 the United States Congress passed a number of so-called organic acts in the American constitutional tradition which acted like constitutions for the colonial Insular Government. Eventually the TydingsMcDuffie Act of 1934 was passed leading to the Constitution of the Philippine Commonwealth and the subsequent constitutions of the Philippines, including the current Constitution of the Philippines of 1987. Isagani Giron, a past president of the historical society of Bulacan (Sampaka), described the Malolos Constitution as "the best Constitution the country ever had."18 III. The 1935 Republic Constitution/ Commonwealth and Third

The 1935 Constitution of the Philippines defines its powers, composition and organization as it functioned as the Government of the Philippine Islands. It was written with an eye to meeting the approval of the United States Government as well, so as to ensure that the U.S. would live up to its promise to grant the Philippines independence and not have a premise to hold onto its possession on the grounds that it was too politically immature and hence unready for full, real independence. 19It is

14 13

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malolos_Constitution http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malolos_Constitution 16 Ibid 17 Ibid

18 19

Balabo, Dino (December 10, 2006). "Historians: Malolos Congress produced best RP Constitution". Philippine Star. Retrieved 12 August 2013.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Biak-na-Bato#Constitution_of_Biak-na-Bato_.281897.29

based on the principle of separation of powers among the three branches of government. The Philippine Independence Law authorized the calling of the Constitutional Convention to provide for the adoption of a constitution and a form of government for the Philippines The Philippine Legislature was required to appropriate the necessary funds to cover the expenses of the Convention. The Philippine Legislature enacted on May 5, 1934 a law calling for a constitutional convention of 202 elected delegates. On July 10, 1934, the election of delegates took place and the convention opened on July 30, 1934. More than six months of deliberation elapsed before the final draft of the Constitution was approved by the convention on February 8, 1935. The signing of the important instrument by the delegates was completed on February 19, 1935. The Constitution was then submitted to the President of the United States on March 18, 1935 for approval. President Franklin D. Roosevelt confirmed it five days later on March 23, 1935. The last step required was the submission of the Constitution to the Filipino people for ratification, and the fundamental law of the land was ratified by overwhelming vote at a plebiscite held on May 14, 1935. By the new Constitution of the Philippines ratified by the Filipino people in May 14, 1935, the Philippine Legislature was abolished and superseded by the National Assembly. This was a unicameral body. It was the legislative authority of the Philippine government from November 15, 1935, until the last days of 1941.20 There have been three amendments to the 935 Constitution. By virtue of the Tydings-Koscialkowski Act of August 7, 1939 and approved by President Roosevelt on November 10, 1939.21 Other amendments were introduced under Resolution No. 38, approved on September 15, 1939, as amended by Resolution No. 73. They were adopted on April 11, 1940 by the Second National Assembly. On June 18. 1940, these amendments were ratified by the people and the US President approved them on December 2, 1940. In 1947, The Constitution was again amended. This so called the Parity Rights amendment was introduced by a Joint Resolution adopted by the First Congress on September 18, 1946 and approved by the people on March 11, 1947. A Constitutional Convention was held in 1971 to rewrite the 1935 Constitution. The convention was stained with manifest bribery and corruption. Possibly the most controversial issue was removing the presidential term limit so that Ferdinand E. Marcos could seek election for a third term, which many felt was the true reason for which the

21

Rufus B. Rodriguez, p. 94

convention was called. In any case, the 1935 Constitution was suspended in 1972 with Marcos' proclamation of martial law, the rampant corruption of the constitutional process providing him with one of his major premises for doing so.22 IV. The 1943 Constitution/ Second Republic

The 1943 Constitution was drafted by a committee appointed by the Philippine Executive Commission, the body established by the Japanese to administer the Philippines in lieu of the Commonwealth of the Philippines which had established a government-in-exile. The Preparatory Committee for Philippine Independence tasked with drafting a new constitution was composed in large part, of members of the pre-war National Assembly and of individuals with experience as delegates to the convention that had drafted the 1935 Constitution. Their draft for the republic to be established under the Japanese Occupation, however, would be limited in duration, provide for indirect, instead of direct, legislative elections, and an even stronger executive branch. Upon approval of the draft by the Committee, the new charter was ratified in 1943 by an assembly of appointed, provincial representatives of the Kalibapi, the organization established by the Japanese to supplant all previous political parties. Upon ratification by the Kalibapi assembly, the Second Republic was formally proclaimed (19431945). The 1943 Constitution remained in force in Japanese-controlled areas of the Philippines, but was never recognized as legitimate or binding by the governments of the United States or of the Commonwealth of the Philippines and guerrilla organizations loyal to them. The 1973 Constitution On March 16, 1967, the Philippine Congress passed Resolution No. 2 calling for a Constitutional Convention to change the Constitution. 23 Ferdinand Marcos was elected president in 1965 and was re-elected in 1969, the first president to be so re-elected Efforts to amend the 1935 Constitution started on August 24, 1970 with the approval of Republic Act No. 6132, where 310 delegates were elected for the Constitutional Convention on November 20, 1970. Former President Carlos P. Garcia, a delegate from Bohol, was elected President. On June 1, 1971, the Constitutional Convention met.24 Unfortunately he died on June 14, 1971 and was succeeded by another former President, Diosdado Macapagal of Pampanga. Before the Convention could finish its work, President Ferdinand E. Marcos issued Proclamation No. 1081 declaring Martial Law on September 2, 1972. Several delegates were placed under detention and others went into hiding or voluntary exile. The martial law declaration affected the final outcome of the
22 23

V.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Biak-na-Bato#Constitution_of_Biak-na-Bato_.281897.29 http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=1973_Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_the_Philippines 24 Milagros Santos- Ong, Legal Research and Legal Citations, 2013, p. 10

convention. In fact, it was said, that the President dictated some provisions of the Constitution.25 On November 29, 1972, the Convention completed the draft of the Constitution. The next day, November 30, 1972, the President of the Philippines issued Presidential Decree No. 73, submitting to the Filipino people for ratification or rejection the Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines proposed by the 1971 Constitutional Convention, and appropriating funds therefore as well as setting the plebiscite for said ratification or rejection of the proposed Constitution on January 15, 1973.26 This is known as the 1973 Constitution. However, on January 7, 1973, the President issued General Order No. 20 postponing indefinitely the scheduled plebiscite. From January 10 to 15, 1973, the Citizen Assemblies voted for (a) ratification of the 1973 Constitution; (b) the suspension of the convening of the Interim National Assembly; (c) the continuation of martial law; and (d) moratorium on elections for a period of at least seven years. On January 17, 1973 the President issued Proclamation No. 1102 announcing that the proposed Constitution has been ratified by an overwhelming vote of the members of the Citizen Assemblies through Presidential Decree No. 86. The 1973 Constitution, promulgated after Marcos' declaration of martial law, was supposed to introduce a parliamentary-style government. This was not implemented as a result of the referendumplebiscite held on January 10-15, 1972 through the Citizen Assemblies whereby an overwhelming majority rejected the convening of a National Assembly. 27 The Supreme Court dismissed the petitions questioning its ratification, this: This being the vote of the majority. There is no further judicial obstacle to the new Constitution being considered in force and effect. (Javellana v. Executive Secretary, 50 SCRA 30).28 The Amendments to the 1972 Constitution On 22 September 1976, President Marcos issued Presidential Decree No. 1033 proposing amendments to the Constitution, which was later on ratified and included in the 1973 Constitution.29 On October 16-17, 1976, in a referendum- plebiscite, seven (7) amendments to the 1973 Constitution as proposed under Presidential Decree no. 1033 were ratified by the people. Among the amendments, were the granting of concurrent law-making powers to the President which the latter exercised even after the lifting of martial law in 1981; the creation of an Interim Batasang Pambansa; and making the incumbent President the regular Prime Minister.

26 27

Rufus B. Rodriguez, p. 97 Ibid 28 Ibid 29 http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=1973_Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_the_Philippines

The amendments would create a 120- member Batasang Pambansa, a Peoples Assembly, consisting of elected regional members on a proportional basis, together with members of the present Cabinet: the Batasang Pambansa would have the same power as the Interim National Assembly that had been proposed to replace the Congress of the 1935 Constitution. The power to ratify treaties by a simple majority was withdrawn from both the new and the old interim legislatures. In the December 17, 1977 Referendum, the Question was: Do you vote that President Ferdinand E. Marcos continue in office as incumbent President and Prime Minister after the organization of the Interim Batasang Pambansa, as provided for in Amendment No. 3 of the 1976 amendments to the Constitution? The results nationwide were: 20, 062, 782 voted Yes, while 2, 104, 209 voted No. On February 7, 1978, President Marcos signed Presidential Decree 1296 or the Revised Election Code of 1978, which provide the holding of elections for members of the Interim Batasang Pambansa (IBP). Representation to the IBP was by region. On December 22, 1979, The Batasang Pambansa enacted Batasang Pambansa Bilang 51, An Act Providing for the Elective or Appointive Positions in Various Local Governments and For Other Purposes laying the ground works for the January 30, 1980 local elections. In the plebiscite held simultaneously with the January 30, 1980 local elections, the amendment making 70 years as the retirement age for members of the judiciary under Batasang Pambansa Blg. 54, was approved by the people. Responding to popular clamour for President Marcos to submit to elections having been in power for than 15 years already (1965-1981), he proposed certain amendments to the 1973 Constitution for the establishment of a modified parliamentary system paving the way for presidential elections. In the third plebiscite held on April 7, 1981, the following amendments were likewise ratified by the people: 1. Establishing a modified parliamentary form of government; 2. Instituting modified electoral reforms; 3. an Executive Committee composed of the Prime Minister and not more than fourteen members was created to "assist the President in the exercise of his powers and functions and in the performance of his duties as he may prescribe;" and the Prime Minister was a mere head of the Cabinet; and 4. Permitting natural-born citizens who have lost their citizenship to be a transferee of private land, for use by them as residence. The approval of the proposed amendments to the Constitution paved the way for the setting of the presidential election on June 16, 1981. Because of the boycott by the opposition, Marcos was faced with no credible opponents. The Nacionalista Party put up General Alejo Santos as

the opponent of Marcos. Marcos easily beat Santos and won a six-year term as President. On January 17, 1982, after almost 10 years of martial rule, President Marcos proclaimed the termination of Martial Law and he restoration of normal republican government. On January 30, 1982, the Fourth Philippine Republic was inaugurated amidst elaborate preparations at the Quirino Grandstand in Luneta. Pursuant to Batas Pambansa Blg. 222, elections were called on May 17, 1982 to elect the barangay officials consisting of the Punong Barangay (Barangay Captain) and the six Kagawads (Barangay Councilmen). In the fourth plebiscite held on January 27, 1984, the amendments ratified by the people were the following: 1. Apportioning the members of the Batasang Pambansa among the provinces, cities, and Metropolitan Manila or its districts; 2. Providing for an ordinance to be appended to the Constitution such apportionment; 3. Establishing a different mode of presidential succession by creating the office of Vice- President and abolishing the Executive Committee; 4. Allowing the grant of lands of the public domain to qualified citizens; 5. Providing that at least a majority of the members of the cabinet who are heads of ministries shall come from the elected representatives of the Batasang Pambansa; and 6. Providing for urban land reform and social housing program. Election for 183 elective seats in the 200- member Batasang Pambansa as held on May 7, 1984. The new legislature convened on July 23, 1984. The Provisional Constitution of 1986: In November 1985, President Marcos called for special snap presidential elections. Corazon Aquino challenged President Marcos for the presidency and elections were held on February 7, 1986. On February 15, 1986, the Batasang Pambansa, in the exercise of powers given by the 1973 Constitution, proclaimed Ferdinand Marcos President amid strong opposition and widespread protest. On February 22, 1986, Minister of National Defense Juan Ponce Enrile holed himself in the DND Headquarters at Camp Aguinaldo and revolted against President Marcos. General Fidel Ramos, then Vice Chief of Staff later joined Enrile. Both of them placed their support and recognition to Corazon C. Aquino. The Enrile- Ramos forces were supported by hundreds of thousands of unarmed civilians who surrounded the two military camps to prevent the Marcos Military from getting Enrile and Ramos. Other military elements soon switched their support to Enrile and Ramos.

On February 26, 1986, Corazon Aquino, was proclaimed first woman President of the Philippines in simple rites held at the Club Filipino and was immediately sworn in by Senior Associate Justice of the Supreme Court Claudio Teehankee. In the evening of the same day, President Marcos left the country. President Aquino abolished the Batasang Pambansa and declared a revolutionary government. When Corazon Aquino took her oath of office as President on February 25, 1986, Proclamation No. 1 was issued wherein she declared that she and her Vice-President were taking power in the name and by will of the Filipino people on the basis of clear sovereign will of the people expressed in the election of February 7, 1986. The new government came into power not in accordance with the procedure outlined in the 1973 Constitution but as explicitly stated in the preamble of Proclamation No. 3 which stated that the new government was installed through a direct exercise of the power of the Filipino power assisted by units of the New Armed Forces of the Philippines and that this heroic action of the people was done in defiance of the provisions of the 1973 Constitution, as amended. 30 VI. The 1987 Constitution/ Freedom Constitution Immediately following the 1986 People Power Revolution that ousted Marcos, President Corazon C. Aquino issued Proclamation 3 as a provisional constitution on March 25, 1986. It adopted certain provisions from the 1973 Constitution and granted the President broad powers to reorganize the government and remove officials, and it mandated that the President appoint a commission to draft a new, more formal Constitution. President Corazon C. Aquino then issued Proclamation No. 9 on 23 April 1986, ordering the formation of a Constitutional Commission (ConCom). Chaired by Cecilia Munoz Palma, the ConCom commenced work on 2 June 1986 at the Batasang Pambansa. Aquino appointed 50 members to the Commission. The members of the Commission were drawn from varied backgrounds, including several former congressmen, former Supreme Court Chief Justice Roberto Concepcin, Roman Catholic bishop Teodoro Bacani, and film director Lino Brocka. Aquino also deliberately appointed five members, including former Labour Minister Blas Ople, who had been allied with Marcos until the latter's ouster. In the meantime, the Aquino administration used the 1986 Freedom Constitution, which was actually a set of major amendments to the 1973 Constitution. The Commission finished the draft charter within four months after convening. Several issues were heatedly debated during the sessions, including on the form of government to adopt, the abolition of the death penalty, the continued retention of the Clark and Subic American military bases, and the integration of economic policies into the Constitution. Brocka would walk out of the Commission before its completion, and two
30

Rufus B. Rodriguez, p. 102-103

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other delegates would dissent from the final draft. The ConCom completed their task on October 12, 1986 and presented the draft constitution to President Aquino on October 15, 1986. After a nationwide information campaign, a plebiscite for its ratification was held on February 2, 1987. More than three-fourths of all votes cast, or 76.37% (17,059,495 voters) favoured ratification versus 22.65% (or 5,058,714 voters) who voted against it. On February 11, 1987, the new Constitution was proclaimed, ratified and made effective, with Aquino, her government, and the Services pledging allegiance to the It later that day.31 However, the plebiscite date of 2 February 1987 is taken as the official date of ratification due to the Supreme Court ruling in the De Leon vs. Esguerra (153 SCRA 602) case on the term of several barangay officials in Brgy. Dolores, Taytay, Rizal. In the ruling, the Supreme Court took the plebiscite date as the basis for ruling in favor of the petitioners. The 1987 Constitution primarily returns the presidential form of government with a bicameral Congress from the parliamentary form espoused by the 1973 Constitution, with the inclusion of several checkand-balance mechanisms among the three branches of government: judiciary, executive and legislative. These include allowing the president to proclaim martial law or suspend the writ of habeas corpus, but the suspension may not exceed 60 days and can be revoked by the a Congress majority. Meanwhile, the judiciary (via the Judicial and Bar Council) needs to submit a list of nominees for the president to choose from when appointing members of the Supreme Court as well as the lower courts. There have been initiatives to amend the 1987 Constitution under every presidential administration since Aquino.

31

Divina C. Paredes, Aquino Proclaims Constitution, Manila Standard, Feb 12, 1987,p.1, Available at http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kWwVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gwsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1990%2C90981

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Bibliography Juaqin G. Bernas, The 1987 Philippine Constitution: A Reviewer Primer, Rex Book Store, 2002, 611p http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malolos_Constitution http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines http://www.studymode.com/essays/History-Of-Philippine-Constitution729539.html Caldern, Felipe (1907). Mis memorias sobre la revolucin filipina: Segunda etapa, (1898 1901). Manila: Imp. de El Renacimiento Malcolm, George (March 1921). "The Malolos Constitution". Political Science Quarterly. Nuevas perspectivas en la Historia de la Revolucin de Mayo (Spanish) http://www.gov.ph/the-philippine-constitutions/the-1899-malolosconstitution/ Rufus B. Rodriguez, Legal Reseach,2002 Balabo, Dino (December 10, 2006). "Historians: Malolos Congress produced best RP Constitution". Philippine Star. Retrieved 12 August 2013. http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=1935_Constitution_of_the_P hilippines Milagros Santos-Ong,Legal Research and Legal Citations, 2013 Divina C. Paredes, Aquino Proclaims Constitution, Manila Standard, Feb 12, 1987,p.1, Available at http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kWwVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gws EAAAAIBAJ&pg=1990%2C90981"Local Government Code of 1991". January 1, 1992. Retrieved 2007-06-09. "People vs. Tatud (G.R. No. 144037)". Supreme Court of the Philippines. September 26, 2003. Retrieved 2007-06-09 "Pamatong vs. Comelec (G.R. No. 161872)". Supreme Court of the Philippines. April 13, 2004. Retrieved 2007-06-09. "Oposa et al. v. Fulgencio (G.R. No. 101083)". Supreme Court of the Philippines (requoted by Lawphil.net). July 30, 1993. Retrieved 2007-06-09. http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=1987_Constitution http://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/cap_1987.html http://pcij.org/blog/wp-docs/Abueva-Federalism.pdf http://www.pia.gov.ph/default.asp?m=12&r=R11&y=06&mo=12&fi=p0 61027.htm&no=03 http://www.mbc.com.ph/pressStatements/2006_dec7.htm

Submitted by:
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GALIBUT, MICHELLE L. LLB 1- F

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