DRUG IS SWALLOWED

ADVANTAGES: MOST CONVENIENT USUALLY LEAST EXPENSIVE SAFE, DOES NOT BREAK THE SKIN BARRIER ADMINISTRATION DOES NOT CAUSE STRESS

SOME ORAL MEDICATIONS DISSOLVE RAPIDLY ON THE TONQUE, ALLOWING FASTER ABSORPTION AND ACTION. DISADVANTAGES : 1. INAPPROPRIATE FOR CLIENT WITH NAUSEA AND VOMITING 2. DRUG MAY HAVE UNPLEASANT TASTE OR ODOR

3. INAPPROPRIATE WHEN GIT HAS REDUCED MOTILITY. 4. INAPPROPRIATE WHEN CLIENT CANNOT SWALLOW OR IS UNCONSCIOUS 5.CANNOT BE USED BEFORE CERTAIN DIAGNOSTIC TESTS OR SURGICAL PROCEDURES. 6. DRUG MAY DISCOLOR TEETH, HARM TOOTH ENAMEL

7. DRUG MAY IRRITATE GASTRIC MUCOSA 8. DRUG CAN BE ASPIRATED BY SERIOUSLY ILL CLIENTS

MEDICATION IS PLACED UNDER THE TONQUE WHERE IT DISSOLVES. IN A RELATIVELY SHORT TIME , THE DRUG IS LARGELY ABSORBED INTO THE BLOOD VESSELS ON THE UNDERSIDE OF THE TONGUE MEDICATION SHOULD NOT BE SWALLOWED. EX. NITROGLYCERIN

ADVANTAGES : 1. MOST CONVENIENT , USUALLY LEAST EXPENSIVE 2. SAFE, DOES NOT BREAK THE SKIN BARRIER 3. ADMINISTRATION DOES NOT CAUSE STRESS. 4. SOME ORAL MEDICATIONS DISSOLVE RAPIDLY ON THE TONGUE , ALLOWING FASTER ABSORPTION AND ACTION

5. DRUG CAN BE ADMINISTERED FOR LOCAL EFFECT. 6. MORE POTENT THAN ORAL ROUTE BECAUSE THE DRUG DIRECTLY ENTERS THE BLOOD AND BYPASSES THE LIVER

DISADVANTAGES OF SUBLINGUAL 1. IF SWALLOWED DRUG MAY BE INACTIVATED BY GASTRIC JUICE. 2. DRUG MAY REMAIN UNDER TONGUE UNTIL DISSOLVED AND ABSORBED ; MAY CAUSE STINGING OR IRRITATION OF THE MUCOUS MEMBRANE 3. DRUG IS RAPIDLY ABSORBED INTO THE BLOODSTREAM

PERTAINING TO THE CHEEK; MEDICATION IS HELD AGAINST THE MOUTH WHERE IT DISSOLVES , DRUG ACTS LOCALLY ON THE MUCOUS MEMBRANE OF THE MOUTH OR SYSTEMICALLY WHEN IT IS SWALLOWED. ADVANTAGES SAME AS SUBLINGUAL.

DISADVANTGES: 1.if swallowed drug may be inactivated by gastric juice 2.drug must remain under tongue until dissolved and absorbed , may cause stinging or irritation of the MM. 3. drug is rapidly absorbed into the blood stream.

THIS INVOLVES INSERTION OF MEDICATIONS IN THE FORM OF SUPPOSITORIES. WHEN INSERTING THE CLIENT SHOULD BE POSITIONED IN THE L LATERAL OR L SIMS POSITION WITH THE UPPER LEG FLEXED. CLEAN TECHNIQUE IS USED. SUPPOSITORIES SHOULD BE INSERTED BEYOND THE INTERNAL SPHINCTER [ 4 INCHES]

SUPPOSITORIES SHOULD NOT BE EMBEDDED IN THE FECES. CLIENT SHOULD REMAIN IN THE L LATERAL POSITION FOR AT LEAST 5 MINUTES TO RETAIN THE SUPPOSITORY ADVANTAGES: 1. CAN BE USED WHEN THE DRUG HAS OBJECTIONABLE TASTE OR ODOR. 2. DRUG RELEASED AT SLOW STEADY RATE

3. PROVIDES A LOCAL THERAPEUTIC EFFECT. DISADVANTAGES: 1. DOSE ABSORBED IS UNPREDICTABLE 2. MAYBE PERCEIVED UNPLEASANT BY THE CLIENT 3. LIMITED USE

VAGINAL MEDICATION OR INSTILLATIONS ARE INSERTED AS CREAMS, JELLIES, FOAMS OR SUPPOSITORIES TO TREAT INFECTION OR TO RELIEVE VAGINAL DISCOMFORT

SUPPOSITORIES ARE DESIGNED TO MELT AT BODY TEMPERATURE THUS SHOULD BE STORED AT THE REFRIGERATOR TO KEEP THEM FIRM FOR INSERTION, THEY ARE INSERTED WITH INDEX FINGEROF A GLOVED HAND

VAGINAL CREAMS AND JELLIES AND FOAMS ARE APPLIED BY USING A TUBULAR APPLICATOR WITH A PLUNGER IN HOSPITALS STERILE SUPPLIES AND EQUIPMENTS ARE USED. IN HOME SETTING , CLEAN TECHNIQUE IS USED BECAUSE PEOPLE ARE ALREADY ACCUSTOMED TO THE MICROORGANISMS IN THE HOME. STERILE TECHNIQUE [ IF WITH OPEN WOUND]

THOSE APPLIED TO A CIRCUMSCRIBED AREA OF THE BODY. DERMATOLOGIC- APPLIED TO THE SKIN

INSTILLATIONS AND IRRIGATIONS APPLIED INTO BODY CAVITIES OR ORIFICES SUCH AS URINARY BLADDER, EYES, EARS, NOSE, RECTUM OR VAGINA INHALATIONS-ADMINISTERED INTO THE RESPIRATORY TRACT BY A NEBULIZER OR POSITIVE PRESSURE BREATHING APPARATUS

ADVANTAGES: 1. FEW SIDE EFFECTS 2. PROLONGED SYSTEMIC EFFECT

DISADVANTAGES: 1. DRUG CAN ENTER BODY THROUGH ABRASIONS AND CAUSE SYSTEMIC EFFECTS 2. LEAVES RESIDUE ON THE SKIN THAT MAY SOIL CLOTHES

A DERMATOLOGIC MEDICATIONS DELIVERY SYSTEM THAT ADMINISTERS SUSTAINED ACTION MEDICATIONS [ NITROGLYCERIN, ESTROGEN, NICOTINE[ VIA MULTI LAYERED FILMS CONTAINING THE DRUG AND AN ADHESIVE LAYER. RATE OF DELIVERY OF THE DRUG IS CONTROLLED AND MAY VARY FROM 12 HOURS TO 1 WEEK

APPLIED TO HAIRLESS , CLEAN AREA OF THE SKIN THAT IS NOT SUBJECT TO EXCESSIVE MOVEMENT OR WRINKLING[ TRUNK OF LOWER ABDOMEN]

SHOULD NOT BE APPLIED TO AREA W/ CUTS , BURNS OR ABRASIONS OR ON DISTAL PARTS OF EXTREMITIES IF HAIR WILL INTERVENE W/ PATCH ADHESION OR REMOVAL , CLIPPING, NOT SHAVING MAYBE NECESSARY

ALL APPLICATIONS SHOULD BE CHANGED REGULARLY TO PREVENT LOCAL IRRITATION AND EACH SUCCESSIVE APPLICATION SHOULD BE PLACED ON A DIFFERENT SITE. FEW SIDE EFFECTS AVOIDS GASTROINTESTINAL ABSORPTION PROBLEMS ONSET OF DRUG ACTION FASTER THAN ORAL

IF A CLIENT WITH TRANSDERMAL PATCH ON DEVELOPS A FEVER , THE MEDICATION WILL BE ABSORBED AND METABOLIZED AT A FASTER RATE THAN NORMAL , THUS MONITORING OF THE CLIENT FOR CHANGES IN THE EFFECTS OF THE MEDICATION SHOULD BE DONE. WHEN REMOVED , THE PATHCH SHOULD BE FOLDED WITH THE MEDICATION SIDE TO THE INSIDE , PLACED IN A CLOSED CONTAINER AND KEPT AWAY FROM CHILDREN AND PETS.

ADMINISTERED IN THE FORM OF IRRIGATION OR INSTILLATION, STERILE PREPARATIONS AND TECHNIQUES ARE INDICATED . IRRIGATIONS ADMINISTERED TO WASH OUT THE CONJUNCTIVAL SAC TO REMOVE SECRETIONS OR FOREIGN BODIES OR REMOVE CHEMICALS THAT MAY INJURE THE EYES.

INSTILLATION- ADMINISTERED IN THE FORM OF LIQUIDS [ USUALLY DILUTE OR LESS THAN 1% OR OINTMENTS.

INSTILLATIONS OR IRRIGATIONS TO CLEANSE THE EXTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL REQUIRES STERILE TECHNIQUE IF THE EARDRUM IS PERFORATED AND IF IT WILL BE DONE IN THE HOSPITAL SO AS NOT TO INTRODUCE MICROORGANISMS IN THE EARS.

NOSE DROPS AND SPRAYS INSTILLED FOR THEIR ASTRINGENT EFFECT [ TO SHRINK SWOLLEN MM] TO LOOSEN SECRETIONS AND FACILITATE DRAINAGE OR TO TREAT INFECTIONS OF THE NASAL CAVITY OR SINUSES. MANY PRODUCTS ARE AVAILABLE W/O PRESCRIPTIONS

CHRONIC USE MAY LEAD TO REBOUND EFFECT , THAT IS INCREASED NASAL CONGESTION.

1. SUBCUTANEOUS- INTO THE SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, JUST BELOW THE SKIN MUST INVOLVE STERILE TECHNIQUE BECAUSE IT BREAKS THE SKIN BARRIER CAN ADMINISTER ONLY A SMALL VOLUME SLOWER THAN IM INJECTION

SOME DRUGS CAN IRRITATE TISSUES AND CAUSE PAIN CAN PRODUCE ANXIETY

INTO A MUSCLE CAN ADMINISTER LARGER VOLUME THAN SC.

DRUG IS RAPIDLY ABSORBED

BREAKS SKIN BARRIER CAN PRODUCE ANXIETY

UNDER THE EPIDERMIS INTO THE DERMIS. ABSORPTION IS SLOW [ ADAVANTAGE IN TESTING FOR ALLERGIES AMOUNT OF DRUG ADMINISTERED IS SMALL BREAKS SKIN BARRIER CAN PRODUCE ANXIETY

INTRAVENOUS INTO A VEIN ADVANTAGE: RAPID EFFECT DISADVANTAGE: LIMITED TO HIGHLY SOLUBLE DRUGS DRUG DISTRIBUTION INHIBITED BY POOR CIRCULATION

NEBULIZER IS USED TO DELIVER A FINE SPRAY[ FOG OR MIST] OF MEDICATION OR MOISTURE TO A CLIENT ADVANTAGES : 1. INTRODUCES DRUG THROUGHOUT RESPIRATORY TRACT. 2. RAPID, LOCALIZED EFFECT 3. DRUG CAN BE ADMINISTERED TO AN UNCONSCIOUS CLIENT

DISADVANTAGES: DRUG INTENDED FOR LOCAL EFFECT CAN HAVE SYSTEMIC EFFECT OF USE ONLY FOR THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

TYPES; 1 ATOMIZATION- USES THE ATOMIZER W/H PRODUCES LARGE DROPLETS FOR INHALATION 2. AEROSOLIZATION DROPLETS ARE SUSPENDED IN GAS SUCH AS OXYGEN , THE SMALLER THE DROPLETS , THE FURTHER THEY CAN BE INHALED INTO THE RESPIRATORY TRACT

WHEN MEDICATION IS INTENDED FOR THE NASAL MUCOSA , IT IS INHALED THROUGH THE NOSE WHEN A MEDICATION IS INTENDED FOR THE TRACHEA, BRONCHI OR LINGS IT IS INHALED THROUGH THE MOUTH.