Korean Language Guide - PDF Learn Korean: LP's Korean Language Learning By Luke Park 2013

Korean Language Guide

The following are the complete list of the lessons created so far in this Korean Language Guide. Welcome Korean Alphabet Sentence Order Particles Topic Particle - !dentifier Particle - Sub"ect Particles - and Additi#e Particle - Ob"ect Particle - Time Place Particle - Pronouns Pronouns $!% &ou' - % % % Pronouns $(e% She' - % % % Pronouns $(e% She' - % % Pronouns $The)' - % % Pronouns- This% !t% That Nouns *ouns - Present% Past *ouns - *ominalising *ouns - *ominali+ing ,erbs *ouns - *umbers and -ounting d!ecti"es Ad"ecti#es - Present% Past Ad"ecti#es - Polite .Present% Past/ Ad"ecti#es - 0escripti#e Ad"ecti#es - -onnecti#e #er$s ,erbs - Present% Past ,erbs - Polite .Present% Past/ ,erbs - 1uture .Will/ ,erbs - -ontinuous ,erbs - -onnecti#e ,erbs - -an ,erbs - (a#e ,erbs - Want 2

,erbs - 0escripti#e ! ,erbs - 0escripti#e !! ,erbs - Speech d"er$s Ad#erbs - Particles Particles - Particles - Particles - % Particles - .onl)/ Possessi"e Possessi#e -

%on!unctions -on"unctions - And -on"unctions - 2ut .3/ -on"unctions - 2ut . / -on"unctions - 2ecause% So .3/ -on"unctions - 2ecause ./ -on"unctions - !f Once .3/ -on"unctions - !f Once .3/ -on"unctions - When .3/ -on"unctions - While .3 / 4W5(

d"anced Gra&&ar -omparati#es 6 Superlati#es !mperati#es - % (a#e to - Allowed to - ! " ! li7e doing - # % $ #% ! thin7 - 3& '( $Opinion' ! thin7 !t seems - )* $General' ! used to do - +,! used to do - . $! learned that' 3/0& $! found that' - 3. ! heard &ou said - 3 3

There is ! ha#e - 1 '(ecial )*(ressions

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Are )ou doing8 - 3 8 .!nformal/ Are )ou doing8 - 33 458 .Polite/ Are we doing8 - 458 Go to do - 36 7 To do something - 38 9 Tr) doing - : Of course% !9#e done it before - ;< Gi#e the fa#our of doing - = Would )ou li7e to go8 - >?58 Shall we do something8 - @A B C8 !t9s cold% isn9t it8 - D58 Let9s do it - E :as) to do 0ifficult to do - 38 F 38 -G ! 7now how - -H I% !9m in the habit of - 3J 3 K5 2ecause !9m - 35 ! will go first - LM > P+rases As ! was doing - 3 ,t+er Lessons Addressing people Pronunciation :NO

Learning t+e Korean Language -or t+e First .i&e/

Please refer to Audio ;ecordings - !ntroduction% to learn about <W(&< listening to Korean is so important in learning Korean. Welcome &ou All to the Korean Language Guide= This blog was first created in >??@ as an eAperiment to help people who would li7e to learn Korean language online b) pro#iding some basic grammar lessons on Korean. O#er the )ears% ! was able to put up more and more Korean language lessons online% and as of now% in Banuar) >?55% there are more than C? online Korean lessons in this blog. The principles in writing these online Korean language lessons ha#e been that ! remain intentional about ma7ing them as eas) to understand and readil) applicable in dail) life as ! can% and comprehensi#e enough to co#er ma"or points of the Korean language which includes both the 0ritten and '(oken forms. *ow% what do ! mean b) 1ritten and s(oken forms8 !n Korean% the #erb endings change depending on whether the language is used in writing or speech. Note: !n Korean grammar% the #erbs come at the end of a sentence. 1or more on the sentence order% please read Sentence Order. 1or eAample% <P QR S < which means <! went to school< is a written form% and <P QR S-< is a spo7en form. P QR S D ! went to school $1ritten -or& as in writing% boo7s% diar) and newspaper' P QR S D ! went to school $s(oken -or& as in con#ersations% mo#ies and dramas' As )ou can see% the ending of a #erb changes from S to S-% both of which mean <went<.

Therefore )ou9d write in one wa) but spea7 in a slightl) different wa). 2ut don9t be too alarmed at the difference% as there are simple patterns to it% and )ou9ll get to learn them along the wa). !t is also important to learn the differences in degrees of formalities in the Korean language. There are three ma"or t)pes in the degrees of formalit)E !nformal Polite (onorific !n eApressing the politeness in the speech% Korean differs from :nglish in that the #erb endings change depending on the age and ran7 of the person being addressed to and the social setting one finds oneself in. 1or eAample% when !9m as7ed% <Where are )ou going8< ! might answer% <!9m going to school< in the following wa)sE 5

QR 7 - .!nformal% to people of the same age as me or )ounger than me% especiall) among close friends/ QR 75 - .Polite% to people older than me% and in formal social situations/ QR 7 TUN - .(onorific% this is rarel) used in normal con#ersations. ! would sa) this t)pe of spea7ing is onl) found in #er) formal settings such as on the news or in the arm)./

&ou would use the polite form e#en when the person )ou9re spea7ing to is of the same age as )ou or )ounger than )ou if )ou9re not #er) close to the person and or )ou9re in a formal social setting. !9d sa) it9s best to stic7 to the polite form first and then use the informal form later as )ou gain more understanding of the Korean language. The ma"or mar7 of the di#ision is probabl) the age. The polite language is used to people abo#e one9s age and informal language to people eFual to and below one9s age. (owe#er% generall)% the polite language is generall) used in man) social situations and the informal language is usuall) used among close friends. ! am tr)ing to la) out some basics to the language of Korean. (owe#er it9d be good at this point to di#e into the lessons and learn them for )ourself. &ou can start reading the Korean language guide on this website% Learn KoreanE LP9s Korean Language Learning% from the top to bottom in the order as it9s designed to guide )ou from the basics to intermediate and ad#anced Korean lessons. 2efore )ou go% here is a bit of histor) of V $Hangeul% the Korean alphabet'E Korean is the official language of Korea% both *orth and South. There are around CG million people who spea7 Korean around the world. .5/ V $the Korean alphabet' was in#ented b) Se"ong the Great in the 54th centur). 2efore that time% people used (an"a $the eFui#alent of the -hinese characters' which was not onl) difficult to learn but was also considerabl) different to the Korean grammar and sentence order. .>/ V is a phonetic writing s)stem which means that the words correspond to pronunciation. The :nglish alphabet is phonetic whereas the -hinese characters are not. !f )ou learn the :nglish alphabet% )ou can read an :nglish writing fairl) well although )ou ma) not understand the meaning. Korean is e#en more phonetic than that of :nglish and man) other languages% in that each consonant and #owel in Korean mostl) ha#e onl) one sound. 1or eAample% D n D a $as in car and mama% short sound' HD .na/ $which means <!< as in <!< am Lu7e' 6

1ollowing the guide for the Korean language down the column on the right-hand of the page% we9re now mo#ing onto learning the sounds of the consonants and #owels of V. &ou9ll learn to write and pronounce each of these consonants and #owels% and how to form a character in this neAt lesson. Keep on reading= ! hope )ou en"o) this "ourne) of learning a new language= ! thin7 it9s alwa)s eAciting to learn a new language= I0 Lu7e 2e-erences .5/ Wi7ipediaE Korean language% httpE en.wi7ipedia.org wi7i KoreanJlanguageK(istor)% accessed Ban >?55. .>/ Wi7ipediaE Se"ong the Great% httpE en.wi7ipedia.org wi7i Se"ongJtheJGreatK(angul% accessed Ban >?55.

.+e Korean l(+a$et

Learning Korean for the first time= 3angeul or V $the Korean alphabet' literall) means <the Korean writing.< !n V% the Korean alphabet% consists of 5L consonants and 5? #owels. -osonantsE WXYZ[\]^_`abcd ,owelsE efghijklmn !n addition% there are 4 double consonants and 55 double #owels. 0ouble consonantsE opqrs 0ouble #owelsE tuvwxyz{|}~ Additionall)% there are 55 final double consonants. 1inal double consonantsE Please also refer to the audio recording of different Korean consonant-#owel combinations that ! produced with m) own #oice% here% Korean alphabet - -onsonants and ,owels. &ou will get to learn these basic consonants and #owels% learning how to read% write and pronounce. Click on the alphabet to listen to their corresponding pronunciations. (Provided by Korean language learning online, Sogang Mn#ersit)' E4%onsonants5 Dg Dn Dd D l% r $ is a sound somewhere between l and r' Dm !Db "Ds # D <no sound< when used as a first consonant% <ng< when used as a final consonant. $D" % D ch &D7 'Dt (Dp )Dh 4#o1els5 Da * D )a + D eo 8

, D )eo -Do . D )o /Du 0 D )u 1 D eu 2Di E4Dou$le consonants5 3 D gg -lic7 on the lin7 to hear the difference between the sounds of % 3 and &. 4 D dd *ote the difference in soundsI % 4 and '. 5 D bb *ote the difference in soundsI!% 5 and (. 6 D ss *ote the difference in soundsI " and 6 7 D "" *ote the difference in soundsI $% 7 and % Nore lin7sE 3% 4% 5% 6% 7 4Dou$le #o1els5 8 D ae 9 D )ae $rarel) used' :De ; D )e < D wa = D wae > D oe ? D wo @ D we $rarel) used' A D wi B D ui O 3o1 to -or& a c+aracter There are two wa)s of ma7ing a character% using the consonants and #owels as building bloc7s. 5.!nitial consonant H ,owel >.!nitial consonant H ,owel H 1inal consonant 5. :Aamples D H D ga D H + D neo D H - D do C D H / D lu ru D D H 1 D meu E D ! H 2 D bi >. :Aamples F D H H D gag GD H + H D neon H D H - H " D dod 9

 D H 1 H D leul reul I D $ H 8 H # D "aeng -haracters with final consonants of % 3 and &% all sound the same. Thus F% J and K will sound eAactl) the same. For e*a&(le6 L% M% N Their final consonants all sound the same. -lic7 on the lin7s to hear. *ow% below is a list of the final consonants and their respecti#e sounds. 3 & D ! 5 ( D ! ' " 6 $ % ) D D D D #D # For e*a&(le6 3 .3/ D fishing ./ D 7itchen O .P/ D front ./ D seed Q .R/ D da) 1or a more detailed eAplanation and audio files% clic7 here. When the initial consonant of second and or third characters is #% for eAample% and % the sound of the final consonant of each letter is pronounced with the neAt #owel. 2ecause # has no sound% is pronounced as !A and as P8. These are "ust made-up words to show )ou how these wor7. .!A/ .P8/ 1or more eAamples on this pronunciation% clic7 on the lin7. 4Final dou$le consonants5 There are also 55 additional final double consonants. Their sounds are as follows. As )ou can see% the first consonant of the double consonants is pronounced. $eAcept S D %T D and U D !' ! do not recommend that )ou learn these eAhausti#el) right awa) because that is a hard wor7 and ! rarel) emplo)ed them in m) grammar lessons an)wa). So it would be better to come bac7 to these when )ou come across them from time to time. V D W D X D S D 10

T D Y D Z D [ D U D ! \ D ] D ! )g7 ^ ._/ D amount ./ D sit ./ D man) ./ D read ./ D boil ./ D spacious ./ D a single wa) .C/ D lic7 ./ D recite $a poem' ./ D lose $a thing' ` .a/ D price :Acellent pronunciation lessons b) Sogang Mn#ersit) $Korean language learning online' SourceE httpE 7orean.sogang.ac.7r Also% chec7 out the Korean Wi7i Pro"ect for additional eAplanations of the Korean consonants and #owels and respecti#e pronunciations. 1or writing practices% -onsonants ,owels -onsonants H ,owels SourcesE Slow but ST:A0&E httpE c)"n.com 5@4 -% KidnTeenE httpE www.7idnteen.com hannnum han.asp

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'entence ,rder
Please refer to Audio ;ecordings - Sentence Order% to listen to the sentences used in this lesson. !n regards to the order of a sentence% there are four basic t)pes in Korean. These areE S H * S H , S H A S H O H , P S D sub"ect% * D noun% A D ad"ecti#e% O D ob"ect and , D #erb. The tense of a sentence is determined b) the last part of a sentence% namel)% b) a noun% #erb or ad"ecti#e. !n Korean% ad"ecti#es function li7e #erbs in that the) can be con#erted to different forms to determine the tense of a sentence. 1or eAample% !n :nglish% the past tense of <go< is <went.< !n Korean% the past tense of <7 < $gada% go' is <S < $gatta% went'. The #erbs function in the same wa) in :nglish and Korean. (owe#er% in the case of ad"ecti#es% the past tense of <good< in :nglish is not <gooded< but it is written% <was good.< -ontrar) to this% in Korean% <# < $jota% good' has a past tense form of <# < $joatta% was good'. -ompareE !n :nglish% <good< $present' Q <was good< $past' !n Korean% <# < $present' Q <# < $past' Therefore% the ad"ecti#es in Korean function li7e #erbs in that the) can be con#erted to a past tense or future tense% or an) other tense forms. This con#ersion of a #erb$or ad"ecti#e' to its past% future% present continuous or past continuous tense forms is called a #erb $or ad"ecti#e' <con"ugation.< 2efore proceeding to the eAplanation section below% ! recommend that )ou read the <particles< alongside this post. To understand Korean grammar% it is crucial that )ou become familiar with the concept of a distinct part of speech called% <particles.< Particles are function words that indicate what the sub"ect or ob"ect is in a sentence.

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1or eAample% is a topic particle is a identifier particle is an ob"ect particle 1or more information and eAplanation on particles% please refer to $Particles - % % % % '. *ow% let9s ha#e a loo7 at the four main t)pes of Korean sentences. *oteE S D Sub"ect% * D *oun% , D ,erb% A D Ad"ecti#e% O D Ob"ect 17 ' 8 N P Q' D ! am a student A ' D Lisa is a teacher - D Andrew was a doctor M TQ'5 D ! am a middle school student 4(olite s(oken -or&5 1or more eAplanations on the S H * pattern% please read *ouns - Present% Past7 D! Q' D student A D Lisa ' D teacher - D Andrew D doctor D ! $polite' TQ' D a middle school student 27 ' 8 # = D Bu-)oung runs 41ritten -or&5 = 5 D Bu-)oung runs 4(olite s(oken -or&5 = D Bu-)oung #igorousl) runs PAn ad#erb comes before a #erb. = D Bu-&oung $a Korean male name' A D run D run 4s(oken -or&5 5 D run 4(olite s(oken -or&5 D #igorousl) 1or more information and eAplanations on #erbs% please read ,erbs - Present% Past and ,erbs Polite .Present% Past/. 37 ' 8 D (e is big 13

 D She is small 4 D Anne is prett) 41ritten -or&5 45 D Anne is reall) prett) 4(olite s(oken -or&5 % D The mountain is beautiful 7 # D The weather is #er) good D he D big D she D small b D Anne D reall)% #er) 4 D prett) c D mountain % D beautiful D weather # D good 1or more information and eAplanations on ad"ecti#es% please read% Ad"ecti#es - Present% Past% Ad"ecti#es - Polite .Present% Past/ and Ad"ecti#es - -onnecti#e. 97 ' 8 , 8 # P , D ! ate an apple. D Bi-sung drin7s water. ? D The birds are singing songs. P Q D Anna attends college $uni#ersit)' 41ritten -or&5 P Q 5 D Anna attends college $uni#ersit)' 4s(oken -or&5 - , D &oung-hee planted a flower in the garden )esterda). P*otice that the time$-' and place$' are inserted between S and O. D! D apple , D ate d D water 3 D drin7 e D a bird D birds ? D song D sing N D attend 41ritten -or&5 5 D attend 4(olite s(oken -or&5 - D )esterda) D garden f D flower D plant $#erb'

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!n addition% unli7e :nglish% it is Fuite common to lea#e out the sub"ect in a sentence in Korean. When the sub"ect is 7nown b) the readers or spea7ers% it is often left out. Therefore% depending on a situation or conteAt% it is OK to write or spea7 without beginning the sentence with a sub"ect. A sub"ect ma) not be used in a sentence if it is 7nown who or what the sub"ect is. So% the sentences below are also correct and it is common in spo7en Korean $con#ersations'. Q' D $am is' a student ' D $am is' a teacher D was a doctor TQ'5 D $am is' a middle school student D runs D #igorousl) ran D $am is are' big D $am is are' small #% D $am is are' reall) good 4s(oken -or&5 , D ate an apple - D dran7 water 4s(oken -or&5 ? - D sang songs 4s(oken -or&5 - ,-5 D planted a flower )esterda) 4(olite s(oken -or&5

1or more help with the particles% please refer to the following postsE Particles - Particles - Particles - % Particles - .onl)/ Possessi#e -

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Learn Korean Language: Particles

Particles are functional words that do not ha#e an) meaning in themsel#es. The) are li7e helpers in that the) are attached to the end of nouns to indicate what that noun is and how it functions in a sentence. The following lin7s show the list of most common particles used in Korean language. O Particles - O Particles - O Sub"ect Particles O Particles - O Particles - O Particles -

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.o(ic Particle - :
Please refer to Korean Listening :Aercise - Topic Particle for the audio recording of the sentences found in this lesson. Particles are functional words that do not ha#e an) meaning in themsel#es. The) are li7e helpers in that the) are attached to the end of nouns to indicate what that noun is and how it functions in a sentence. This particles section is di#ided into se#eral parts. These areE - Topic particle - !dentifier particle - Additi#e particle - Ob"ect particle - Time place particle Note: and are 9Sub"ect particles.9 The eAplanations are gi#en in the 9Sub"ect Particles9 section. Please ha#e a loo7 at the following eAamples to learn how particles are used in sentences. 1or eAample% P Q' D ! am a student R Sub"ect particles S

% the topic particle% is attached to the end of % which means the pronoun <!<% to show that the topic is about <!< or the sub"ect is <!<. (ere is another eAample% P! Q' D ! am a student% too. !n this sentence% % the additi#e particle% is attached to to show that in addition to a person or people who are students% <!<% too% am a student. *ow% let us go through each of these particles. : 4.o(ic Particle5 The first particle% we9ll learn% is % the topic particle. is used for a sub"ect or topic of a sentence. is used for nouns without a final consonant% and for nouns with a final consonant. Let me eAplain% P D ! am 17

 D A person is consists of H D n $an initial consonant' D a $a #owel' As )ou can see% is a word without a final consonant% therefore is attached to it. On the other hand% which means 9a person9 has g as a final character% and g consists of H H D r%l $an initial consonant' D a $a #owel' D m $a final consonant' is a word with a final consonant. Therefore% is attached to it. The reason for these two different t)pes of the topic particle% % is that for words with a final consonant% it is easier to pronounce them with rather . -ompare these two pronunciations% D sa-ram-nun D sa-ram-un Q sa-ra-mun .0/ As )ou can see% is more rigid and aw7ward to pronounce% whereas is more fluid and eas) to pronounce. is actuall) pronounced 0. The final consonant of g% which is % is transferred to to ma7e it sound h. $ sounds a bit li7e <Sarah Noon< whereas ma) sound li7e <Saram *oon<.' Listen to the pronunciations for )oursel#es in the Google Translate. The following are eAample sentences using % the topic particle. P Q' D ! am a student D (e is 7ind D This is a pencil D The s7) is high D She studies S D Bohn went , D &oung-su ate D ! $pronoun' Q' D a student D he D 7ind D this D pencil D s7) D high D she D stud) 18

i D Bohn 7 D go D &oung-su $a male name' D eat Mse Google Translate to listen the pronunciations of these words. *oteE There are no articles in the parts of speech in Korean. <A% an and the< which are used to identif) and specif) a noun in :nglish and other languages are absent in Korean grammar. %ontinue to t+e ne*t section: !dentifier Particle -

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;denti-ier Particle - :
Please refer to Korean Listening :Aercise - !dentifier Particle for the audio recording of the sentences found in this lesson. is used similarl) as in that the) indicate a sub"ect but is used when it is necessar) to identif) the person or thing that is tal7ed about in a sentence. 1or eAample% P 7 D ! bought D ! bought

*oteE is changed to j when it is used before . 2oth of these two sentences mean <! bought< but 7 the sentence% <!<. puts more emphasis on the sub"ect of

!n the sentence% 7 % it is more concerned about '1+o' bought rather than 9what9 ! did. On the other hand% P % is more concerned about '1+at' ! did. 7 D ! bought .!t wasn9t an)one else but I who bought/ P D ! bought .! bought rather than doing something else/ !t is similar to the wa) in :nglish where a person stresses a certain word to gi#e it more emphasis or importance. 1or eAample% Who bought a new t-shirt8 7 - D ; bought it. Note: !t is incorrect to sa)% P -% because the person is as7ing about 1+o bought a new t-shirt rather than as7ing about what the) did. What did )ou do in the par78 P - D ! sle(t $! too7 a nap' Note: The person ma) be as7ing to se#eral people about what the) did in the par7. One person might sa) the) too7 a stroll while another person ma) ha#e had lunch there. 2ut as for me% what ! did was 'slee(ing'. Therefore% P - D ! slept !t is wrong to sa) 7 - in this case because the person is not as7ing about 1+o slept but 1+at the) did in the par7. !f the person as7ed me% 9Who slept in the par789% ! would answer% j 7 - or 7 - $Nar7 slept'.

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The identifier particle% % identifies the sub"ect of a sentence. is concerned about who did the things as7ed. Li7e the eAample abo#e% is used for words without a final consonant and for words with a final consonant. (ere are eAample sentencesE 7 D ! dran7 $!t wasn9t an)one else but me' ' , D &ounger brother sister ate $!t wasn9t someone else but them' 7 D Nin-"i came $!t wasn9t some other person but Nin-"i' N7 S D Anthon) went $!t wasn9t some other person but Anthon)' M D That is the (an ;i#er D The building is high D The par7 is large spacious 3 D drin7 ' D )ounger brother sister D eat D Nin-"i $a female name' D come N D Anthon) 7 D go M D that D the (an ;i#er $in Seoul' D a building D high D a par7 D spacious% large

Mse Google Translate to listen the pronunciations of these words.

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'u$!ect Particles - : and :

and both are used for the sub"ect of a sentence but introduces a topic or a sub"ect whereas identifies a sub"ect. !n addition to their differences alread) eAplored abo#e% here is another big difference between the two particles. The topic particle% % is used in cases when we ma7e a general or factual statement whereas is not. 1or eAample% A D A cheetah is fast D A cheetah is slow $This would be a wrong statement'

(owe#er% if )ou #isited a +oo and saw a cheetah who seems to mo#e #er) slowl)% )ou might sa)% 7 A D $That' cheetah is slow So the identifier particle% % indicates a certain person or thing that the spea7er and listener 7now or are aware of. !n this case% it would be that cheetah in the +oo. (ere is another eAample% D The sea is blue D The sea is blac7 $!n general% this is a wrong statement.' 2ut sa)% )ou saw the sea at night and )ou ma) eAclaim% 7 = D The sea is blac7= The sea in this sentence is identified as a particular sea at night% and both the spea7er and listener 7now which sea is being tal7ed about. This is not a general statement. Therefore the identifier particle% % is used in this case. Of course% 7 is also perfectl) acceptable. (owe#er% the difference is that the sea in this sentence is also a particular sea that is 7nown b) both the spea7er and the listener. D The sea is blue $A general statement' 7 D The sea is blue $The sea is identified and 7nown b) the spea7er and listener' !t9s similar to the wa) articles are used in :nglish. 1or eAample% An apple is red D The apple is red D 7 indicates to the listener' $A general or factual statement about an apple' $A particular apple that the spea7er identifies and

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dditi"e Particle <

Please refer to Korean Listening :Aercise - Additi#e Particle for the audio recording of the sentences found in this lesson. The additi#e particle% % is similar to sub"ect particles and in that it is used for a sub"ect $or topic'. (owe#er% adds the meaning of 9too9 or 9also9 to a sub"ect. (ere are eAample sentencesE P! Q' D ! am a student% too ! D (e is 7ind% too ! D This is a pencil% too ! D The s7) is high% too ! D She studies% too ! S D Bohn went% too ! , D &oung-su ate% too

As a further eAplanation% please ha#e a loo7 at the following eAampleE , D 0a#id was a 7ing ! , D Solomon was a 7ing% too alwa)s refers to the sub"ect. 1or eAample% ! , describes Solomon in terms of the fact that he was a 7ing% too. *ot onl) was 0a#id a 7ing but Solomon was also a 7ing. D 0a#id k D a 7ing D Solomon (ere is another eAample% N PS- D Benn) went outside A! PS- D &uri went outside% too N D Benn) P7 D go outside% lea#e A D &uri As )ou can see% is used when one wants tal7 about the same Fualit) or description about a different sub"ect. When we want to tal7 about additi#e Fualities and or descriptions about the same sub"ect% is used. 1or eAample% 8 D 0a#id was a shepherd. , D 0a#id was also a 7ing.

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The two sentences abo#e both describe a certain thing about the same sub"ect% % and refers to the rest of the sentence rather than the sub"ect. , describes a fact that 0a#id <was also a 7ing.< Therefore 0a#id was both a shepherd and 7ing. is used to gi#e an additi#e Fualit) or description about the same sub"ect. (ere is one more eAample% N Q' D Benn) is a college $uni#ersit)' student N ' D Benn) is also a music teacher Benn) is both a college student and music teacher. *oteE !n spo7en Korean% l is usuall) used instead of . N Q' D Benn) is a college $uni#ersit)' student N ' D Benn) is also a music teacher

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,$!ect Particle - :
The ob"ect particle% % is attached to an ob"ect which the #erb describes. (ere are eAample sentencesE P 0 , D ! ate noodles .Literally, noodles ate/ , D read a boo7 0 D dran7 co7e T, ; D watched T, U, D wore clothes , D built a house , D made a ca7e D! 0 D noodles D eat m D a boo7 D read 0 D co7e 3 D drin7 : D see% watch n D clothes U D wear o D house D build D a ca7e D ma7e The usage difference between and is that is used for nouns without a final consonant% and for nouns with a final consonant for the pronunciation9s sa7e. , D too7 a photo P , D planted a tree D bought some bread D sold a car D crossed a ri#er A D passed a bridge + D did homewor7 D a photo D ta7e $a photo' P D a tree D plant $#erb' p D bread D bu) q D a car D sell 25

r D a ri#er D cross $#erb% motion' A D bridge P D pass $#erb% motion' D homewor7 D do

26

.i&e : Place Particle -

Please refer to Korean Listening :Aercise - Time Place Particle for the audio recording of the sentences found in this lesson. The Time Place Particle% % is used for an) words related to time and place. The particle phrase is usuall) placed at the beginning of a sentence after a sub"ect. s D Sam D Korea 7 D go D Bun-su 4 t D Na) D come S D Sam went to Korea .Sam% to Korea% went/ 4 D Bun-su came in Na) .Bun-su% in Na)% came/ Note: 5 t is Banuar)% > t is 1ebruar) and so on. &ou can also ma7e long sentences li7e the following eAamplesE 5? 7 S D Sam went to Korea last )ear in October during the autumn season .Sam% last )ear% in October% in Autumn% to Korea% went/ >??? ! = D Bun-su came to Australia in summer >???. .Bunsu% in >???% in summer% to Australia% came/ D last )ear 5? t D October 7 D autumn >??? ! D in the )ear >??? D summer = D Australia *oteE is used for words both with or without a final consonant. QR D to school D to hospital Please note also that when is used as a Place Particle% it is usuall) used with 9go9 and 9come9 to indicate a place to which )ou9re going or coming% and functions li7e 9to9 in :nglish. 1or eAample% D to a par7% D to 2ritain and D to the airport. When )ou want to sa) )ou did something at a particular place '-or a certain (eriod o- ti&e6' is used for that location or place. !n this case% the function of is similar to <in% at or on< in :nglish. 1or eAample%

27

 D pla)ed $had fun' at the par7 .At the par7% $we' pla)ed $had fun'/ D sta)ed in 2ritain .!n 2ritain% $!' sta)ed/ 8 D waited at the airport .At the airport% $we' waited/ D a par7 D pla)% ha#e fun D 2ritain D sta) D airport 8 A D wait (owe#er% in the case of 9was9% )ou can use instead of for some strange reason ! do not 7now. The following two sentences mean eAactl) the same. 1, D ! was in 2ritain 1, D ! was in 2ritain 2ut in the case of other #erbs% is not allowed. 8 (ere are a few more eAamplesE 3 S D went to a countr)side 7 ! D A friend of mine came $to #isit me' to hospital 1, D was home Q , D listen to a lecture at the uni#ersit) D A lot of people came to the theme par7 % 3A" , D ! ate cereal in the morning .!n the morning% ! ate cereal/ # > 3 $7 D !t started raining at > o9cloc7 in the afternoon .Lit. The rain fell/ 3 D countr)side 7 D go D a friend D a hospital ! D a #isit D come ! D came to #isit o D home% house 1 D be Q D college% uni#ersit) D a lecture % D listen% hear D a lot% man) D a person D people $u is attached to a noun to ma7e it plural' D a theme par7 28

% D morning 3A" D cereal D eat # D afternoon% pm > v D > o9cloc7 $5 v is 5 o9cloc7% C v is C o9cloc7 and so on' E D rain A D fall down

29

Learn Korean Language: Pronouns

Mnli7e :nglish% pronouns are not essential for sentences to be grammaticall) correct in Korean language% and in man) instances% the pronouns can be omitted from normal sentences all together. !t is also important to notice that some pronouns $e.g. % % ' are much less freFuentl) used than other pronouns in spo7en Korean. 1or more information% please refer to the following lin7s showing the list of most common pronouns used in Korean language. O Pronouns $!% &ou' - % % % O Pronouns $(e% She' - % % % O Pronouns $(e% She' - % % O Pronouns $The)' - % % O Pronouns- This% !t% That

30

Pronouns =;6 >ou? - 6 6 6

!n this lesson% we are going to learn about pronouns% especiall)% <! and &ou%< then <(e% She and The)%< and how their forms are changed depending on the degree of politeness. Let9s start with <!<E ;n-or&al -or& =6 ;? D ! P D ! H $Topic particle' w $usuall) in spo7en Korean' 7 D ! H $!dentifier particle' P! D ! H $Additi#e particle' P D ! H $Ob"ect particle' x $usuall) in spo7en Korean' j D m) D mine $written Korean' & $usuall) in spo7en Korean' Note: becomes j when combined with $!dentifier particle' Polite -or& =6 ;? D ! M D ! H $Topic particle' y $usuall) in spo7en Korean' 7 D ! H $!dentifier particle' M! D ! H $Additi#e particle' M D ! H $Ob"ect particle' z $usuall) in spo7en Korean' { D m) D mine $written Korean' & $usuall) in spo7en Korean'

*ow for <&ou<E

31

;n-or&al -or& =6 >ou? D &ou D &ou H $Topic particle' G $usuall) in spo7en Korean' 27 D &ou H (Identifier particle) $written Korean' N7 $usuall) in spo7en Korean' ! D &ou H $Additi#e particle' D &ou H $Ob"ect particle' | $usuall) in spo7en Korean' } D )our $written Korean' ~ $usuall) in spo7en Korean' 2 D )ours $written Korean' N & $usuall) in spo7en Korean'

Polite -or& =6 >ou? D &ou D &ou H $Topic particle' D &ou H $!dentifier particle' ! D &ou H $Additi#e particle' D &ou H $Ob"ect particle' D )our D )ours $written Korean' & $usuall) in spo7en Korean' Note: Bust a word of caution% is #er) infreFuentl) used when addressing someone in spo7en Korean because it has a nuance of confrontation% and it can be offensi#e when used wrongl). Therefore ! ad#ise that )ou do not use at all when spea7ing in Korean= !n Korean% if )ou want address someone directl)% it9s more common to use their designated position or status in societ)% for eAample% ' $teacher'% ' $(ead of an) compan)'% $Wife of an) respectable man'% %M $middle-aged man'% %( $middle-aged woman'% C%) $elderl) man'% C*N $elderl) woman' Note: 0octors are called ' $0octor-teacher' or "ust ' $teacher'% and an) person can be called ' if )ou learned something from that person and e#en if someone is not )our teacher% )ou ma) choose to call him her ' if )ou respect them% and don9t ha#e an) other particular to name to call them.

32

(owe#er% please let me ma7e this clear that it seems that is more freFuentl) used in songs and dramas% and in songs do not sound confrontational% and offensi#e at all. Actuall) the) sound #er) endearing in some songs for some reason. 2ut in dramas% can still be confrontational and offensi#e% and so it9s more li7el) used in the scenes where characters ha#e #erbal arguments. &ou ma) also hear + when someone is addressed. + is used in place of $because is a#oided in spo7en Korean as eAplained abo#e'. + literall) means <that side.< + is not used freFuentl) at all. !t9s used between people who share a similar position or status in societ)% and ha#e "ust met and are not sure how to address the other person. e.g. Person AE , --58 $(a#e )ou had lunch8' Person 2E %-. %.5. +58 $*o% not )et% what about )ou8'

33

Pronouns =3e6 '+e? - 6 6 6

This is the second part of <Pronouns< lesson. 1or the first part on <! and &ou - % % % "% please clic7 on the lin7. 2efore ! start listing different forms of <(e and She< ! must sa) that the)9re #er) infreFuentl) used in actual spo7en Korean. !n Korean% when people refer to someone% the) mostl) use a person9s name% their position or status in societ)% or omit it altogether if people tal7ing to each other alread) 7now who the)9re tal7ing about. (owe#er% ! include the following list for the sa7e of completeness. !t is li7el) that the following are more freFuentl) used in songs% dramas% and boo7s. Note: Among the pronouns listed below% one that is more freFuentl) used in spo7en Korean than others would be which means <he or she< depending on the conteAt. is a #er) informal form of <he and she%< and so% it is usuall) used among close friends% and when referring to other people of similar age in a close social networ7. Therefore% would probabl) ne#er be used when referring to someone who is older or senior than )ou. :#en when )ou9re referring to someone who is )ounger or "unior than )ou% )ou would probabl) a#oid using if some degree of respect is eApected for each other in a gi#en con#ersation. Alternati#el)% )ou9d use that person9s name% or use the full #ersion of % which is %. Note: D % is a contracted form of * which means <that gu) gal bo) girl.< is a contracted form of % which means <a child.<

;n-or&al -or& =6 3e? D (e $usuall) in spo7en Korean' is a contracted form of * which means <that gu) gal bo) girl< D (e H $Topic particle' $usuall) in spo7en Korean' 34

 is a contracted form of 7 D (e H $!dentifier particle' ! D (e H $Additi#e particle' D (e H $Ob"ect particle' $usuall) in spo7en Korean' is a contracted form of D his $usuall) in spo7en Korean' D his $written Korean' & $usuall) in spo7en Korean'

;n-or&al -or& =6 '+e? D She $usuall) in spo7en Korean' is a contracted form of * which means <that gu) gal bo) girl< D She H $Topic particle' $usuall) in spo7en Korean' is a contracted form of 7 D She H $!dentifier particle' ! D She H $Additi#e particle' D She H $Ob"ect particle' $usuall) in spo7en Korean' is a contracted form of D her $usuall) in spo7en Korean' D hers $written Korean' & $usuall) in spo7en Korean'

35

Polite -or& =6 3e:'+e? D (e She D (e She H $Topic particle' D (e She H $!dentifier particle' ! D (e She H $Additi#e particle' D (e She H $Ob"ect particle' D his her $ is usuall) omitted in spo7en Korean' D his hers $written Korean' & $usuall) in spo7en Korean'

36

Pronouns =3e6 '+e? - 6 6 1ollowing the pre#ious post% Pronouns $(e% She' - % % % % we9re going to learn more about the #arious wa)s in which <(e and She< are used in spo7en Korean. There are three basic wa)s to refer to someone $he or she'% namel) % and . The) are used in a similar wa) to Pronouns- This% !t% That. D (e or She $This person' D (e or She $That person' D (e or She $The person we9re tal7ing about who is not present here' % and are the personal eFui#alents of % M% which are used to refer to <things or inanimate ob"ects.< )*a&(le sentences: /E 0 1% P ()o-minE (e)% Tom. .+is =(erson? is Anna. E /% 1. 1 P% P 273. TomE (e) ()o-min% (i Anna% nice to meet )ou. E M8 Q 4 5 8 TomE Who is t+at =(erson? in front of the uni#ersit) building o#er there8 /E % . ()o-minE Well% t+at =(erson? is Sung-"un. E % A&% 7 5 /08 46 37 ) M8 ,. *. TomE Oh% right. And% who was t+at (erson $not present'8 The gu) we had a dinner together with in the cit) a while ago. Note: As has been eAplained in the pre#ious post% % and are #er) informal forms of <he and she%< and so% it is usuall) used among close friends% and when referring to other people of similar age in a close social networ7. Therefore% % and would probabl) ne#er be used when referring to someone who is older or senior than )ou. :#en when )ou9re referring to someone who is )ounger or "unior than )ou% )ou would probabl) a#oid using % and if some degree of respect is eApected for each other in a 37

gi#en con#ersation. Alternati#el)% )ou9d use that person9s name% or use the full #ersion of % which is %.

38

Pronouns =.+ey? - 6 6
As ! ha#e eAplained in the pre#ious post% <(e and She< are #er) infreFuentl) used in spo7en Korean. !t is the same in the case of <The)< as well. !t is hardl) e#er used in normal con#ersations $eAcept for 2% the informal form of <The)< which is more freFuentl) used in informal spo7en Korean' What we do instead is to refer to someone b) their names% position or status in societ) or not "ust mentioning <(e% She% or The)< at all in con#ersations as long as the spea7ers ha#ing a con#ersation 7now who the)9re tal7ing about. 2ut for the sa7e of completeness% ! include the #arious forms of <The)< below. The)9re more li7el) to be used in songs% dramas and boo7s with the eAception of 2 which% as ! said earlier% are used Fuite often in informal spo7en Korean among close friends or people of similar age in a close social networ7. Note: :ssentiall)% and 2 are both used as <The)< in informal spo7en Korean% and are usuall) interchangeable.

;n-or&al -or& = : 6 .+ey? D The) 2 $usuall) in spo7en Korean' $when referring to a group of gu)s or a miAed-seA group' $when referring to a group of gals onl)' D The) H $Topic particle' 2 $usuall) in spo7en Korean' D The) H $!dentifier particle' 2 $usuall) in spo7en Korean' ! D The) H $Additi#e particle' ! 2! $usuall) in spo7en Korean' D The) H $Ob"ect particle' 2 $usuall) in spo7en Korean' D Their 2 $ is usuall) omitted in spo7en Korean' D Theirs $written Korean' & 2 & $usuall) in spo7en Korean' 39

Polite -or& =6 .+ey? D The) D The) H $Topic particle' D The) H $!dentifier particle' ! D The) H $Additi#e particle' D The) H $Ob"ect particle' D Their $ is usuall) omitted in spo7en Korean' D Theirs $written Korean' $usuall) in spo7en Korean'

40

.+is6 ;t and .+at

!n this lesson% we learn about some of the most common and useful words% 9This% !t and That.9 This D !t D That D M )*a&(le sentences 4;n-or&al 1ritten -or&5 . D This is a pencil. 9 . D !t is a window. M . D That is a flower. 4Polite 1ritten -or&5 UN . D This is a pencil. 9UN . D !t is a window. M UN . D That is a flower. *oteE 1or more information on the formalit) and the written and spo7en forms% please read *ouns Present% Past. % M and are mainl) used in the written form. The eFui#alent spo7en forms are % and M. Please note that % and M are actuall) contracted forms of % M and . Q Q M Q M (ere are the sentences in the s(oken -or&7 4;n-or&al s(oken -or&5 . 9. M . 4Polite s(oken -or&5 5. 95. M 5. <(ere% there and o#er there< are used in similar wa)s to <This% it and that<. (ere D 8 41

There $it' D 8 O#er there D M8 Alternati#el)% $A bit more formal' (ere D : $Lit. This place' There $it' D : $Lit. That place $it' ' O#er there D M: $Lit. That place o#er there' )*a&(le sentences : -;458 D Where is this place8 $Where are we8' : <5. D This place is Seoul $We9re in Seoul.' M: B458 D What is that place o#er there8 : <3=5. D That place $!t' is a Seoul -it) -ouncil. M8 -;458 D Where is that o#er there8 M8 >5. D That is *amdaemun $shopping center'. A& 8 ?@ABC5. D And this place is Se"ong -ultural -enter. 8 is also usuall) contracted to D for the pronunciation9s sa7e. 8 Q D 8 Q D M8 Q MD Similarl)% % and are used with to ma7e the following words to denote a certain direction. + D This direction + D That direction $it' M+ D That direction )*a&(le sentences + E5. D This wa) is $to' the li#ing room. + FG 45. D That wa) $!t' is $to' to the #erandah. M+ H 45. D That wa) is $to' the eAit. s .Sam/E 8 A'E -; 1-58 .Where is the toilet here8/ .Nin"i/E A'E M+ 1-5. $The toilet is that wa).' s .Sam/E , -; 1-58 .What about a boo7store8 $Lit. Where is a boo7store8'/ .Nin"i/E, + 1-5. .The boo7store is this wa)./ % and are used with nouns to mean 9this% it and that9 respecti#el). P D This tree D That house $!t' M D That mountain I1-5 D This apple is delicious M ! I1-5 D That apple is delicious% too. J, $KL M5 D This restaurant is famous for 2ibimbap. $Lit. This restaurant% 2imbimbap is famous.' 42

M @T 5 D That building is the @T building. $The landmar7 building in Seoul'

Note: 2ibimbap - is a popular Korean dish. The word literall) means <miAed meal.< 2ibimbap is ser#ed as a bowl of warm white rice topped with P% namul $sautUed and seasoned #egetables' and &N'% gochu"ang $chili pepper paste'. A raw or fried egg and sliced meat $usuall) beef' are common additions. The ingredients are stirred together thoroughl) "ust before eating. !t can be ser#ed either cold or hot..5/ ;eferenceE .5/ Wi7ipediaE 2ibimbap% httpE en.wi7ipedia.org wi7i 2ibimbap

43

Nouns - Present6 Past

Nouns 4M5 !n this lesson% we9re going to learn how to sa) a word in present and past tenses plus how to use the same eApression in polite forms. Present and Past .enses :ach table below show how to sa) 9an apple9 and 9a pencil9 in four different wa)s. The table is di#ided into present and past tenses% and positi#e and negati#e forms. Also% the first table shows the written form of Korean and the second table shows the spo7en form. The 1ritten -or& is used in literature such as boo7s% newspapers and an) form of writing that is not 9con#ersational.9 The written form% in essence% is literar)% factual and declarati#e. !t is rarel) used in normal e#er)da) con#ersations. (owe#er% the news on T, uses this written form of Korean. !t is also used in public speeches. The reason is probabl) due to the fact that the news and public announcements or speeches are usuall) all declarati#e and or factual.

The s(oken -or& is the usual wa) in which people spea7 and ha#e a con#ersation. !t is used in all t)pes of spo7en Korean such as normal con#ersations% dramas% and mo#ies% with the possible eAceptions of news% documentaries and other factual% formal t)pes of programs on T, and radio. ;n-or&al 0ritten For& Positi"e Negati"e Present Past

7 %N %N Present

, 7 %N, %N, Past

;n-or&al '(oken For& Positi"e Negati"e

=? %N =? %N

,=? %N,=? %N,-

D an apple D a pencil D is an apple 44

7 %N D is not an apple D was an apple 7 %N, D was not an apple D is a pencil $' %N D is not a pencil ,- D was a pencil $' %N,- D was not a pencil Note: The #erb ending% % is used for nouns without a final consonant% and for nouns with a final consonant. Li7ewise% in the spo7en form% is used for nouns without final consonant and for nouns with a final consonant. ThereforeE Note: !n spo7en Korean% the particles are usuall) omitted. !n the abo#e eAample% are in brac7ets to show that the) are usuall) left out. 1or more information on the particle% please read Particles - % . Polite For& :ach table below shows the polite form of the respecti#e written and spo7en forms we9#e loo7ed at abo#e which were in the informal form. Polite 0ritten For& Positi"e Negati"e Present Past

UN UN 7 %PN %PN

ON ,ON 7 %N,ON %N,ON

Note: To change the informal form to the polite form% the following rules appl)E !n the case of the (resent tense% Q UN D $or is ta7en off and replaced b) UN 7 %N Q 7 %PN in the case of nouns with a final consonant% e.g. ' D %N is changed to %PN

!n the case of the (ast tense% is changed to ON . Q ON 7 %N, Q 7 %N,ON

45

Polite '(oken For& Positi"e Negati"e

Present

Past

45 5 =? %N5 =? %N5

-5 ,-5 =? %N,-5 =? %N,-5

Note: To change the informal form to the polite form% the following rules appl)E !n the case of the (resent tenseE Q 45 D changes to 45$or 5 in the case of nouns with a final consonant% e.g. ' %N Q %N5 D changes to 5 !n the case of the (ast tense% is attached at the end. - Q -5 %N,- Q %N,-5 (ere are some eAample sentences in the written form. 7 D is a shop 7! D is a bag Q&8 D was beef ', D was a teacher %N D is not a flower 7 %N, D was not a port %N, D was not an animal Tr) translating the following sentences in the spo7en form. What do the) mean8 3R $S8, $' %N $' %N,T&8$' %N,ns1ers: is a cloc7 watch is a house was a pigeon was a person is not a cloud was not a building 46

was not chic7en $meat' *ow tr) rewrite the :nglish sentences abo#e in the polite spo7en form of Korean% and pronounce them one b) one. At this point% !9d recommend that )ou get hold of someone who is Korean to teach )ou the correct pronunciation of each sentence% but ! thin7 man) of )ou would not ha#e that 7ind of luAur). So alternati#el)% as imperfect as it ma) be% !9d recommend the Google Translate9s 9Listen9 feature. !t allows )ou to listen to the pronunciation of the words )ou put in. Google Translate 1or those of )ou who would li7e to 7now how to t)pe in Korean% please refer to this post 9(ow to t)pe in Korean.9

47

Nouns - No&inalising
is attached descripti#e forms of #erbs an ad"ecti#es to nominalise them% i.e. ma7e them nouns. Q $0escripti#e !' H D D something that )ou do Q $0escripti#e !!' H Q D something that )ou did Q $0escripti#e' H D U D something that is big large

*ominalised ,erbs $0escripti#e !' D something that )ou do that does 7 D something that goes D something that comes D something that )ou eat $food' 3 D something that )ou drin7 D something that )ou read % D something that )ou listen D something that spea7s )ou tal7 about : D something that )ou watch V D something that )ou write use - D something that )ou ma7e *ominalised ,erbs $0escripti#e !!' D something that )ou did W D something that went X D something that came D something that )ou ate D something that )ou dran7 *ominalised Ad"ecti#es $0escripti#e' D something that is man) $in Fuantit)' Y D something that is small $in Fuantit)' U D something that is big large D something that is small D something that is spacious Z D something that is cramped D something that is high 48

[ D something that is low D something that is fast D something that is slow D D something that is long \ D something that is short

Note: (owe#er% in spo7en Korean is pronounced . e.g. D something that )ou do D D something that is long Also% attach to to ma7e it informal spo7en form% or 5 ma7e it a polite spo7en form. D 45 D 45 When a plural form is used% u is attached to instead. D things that we do D D things that are long )*a&(le sentences ]^ 7' 45 D This laptop is the one that is the fastest. =_ from alread). 45 D These bottles of fruit "uice are all what we dran7

J! 458 D Are these food something that we eat toda) as well8 $DAre we going to eat these food toda) as well8' ` 7$ : 458 D !s T, something )ou9re watching now8 $D Are )ou watching T, now8' &8 sea )esterda). - a 5 D These fish are all what ! caught at the

49

Nouns - No&inalising #er$s

!n this lesson% we9re going to learn how to nominalise a #erb% which means con#erting a #erb to a noun. 1irst% ta7e off the plain form of a #erb% and then attach to it. $1or a list of #erbs in the plain from% please refer to ,erbs - Present Past' The following is a list of some of the #erbs which ha#e been con#erted to nouns. Q 8 D reading V Q V8 D writing % Q %8 D listening Q 8 D spea7ing Q 8 D doing 7 Q 78 D going Q 8 D coming : Q :8 D watching Q 8 D eating 3 Q 38 D drin7ing E Q E8 D sleeping b Q b8 D wal7ing A Q A8 D running Q 8 D bu)ing Q 8 D selling Q 8 D standing Q 8 D sitting c Q c8 D li#ing d Q d8 D d)ing )*a&(le 'entences b8 8 ef f D Wal7ing is an eAercise that $we' can do easil) P gh 8 #% D ! li7e shopping $Lit. ! li7e doing shopping' P %_i 8 #% D (annah li7es eating an icecream $ QR 78 F j D !t9s not eas) going to school in a rain) da) k ?" -0 lm- 8 + D Bane wanted 9selling9 an old -0 pla)er gh D shopping #% D li7e P D (annah $Also a Korean female name' %_i D icecream E D rain $noun' D come x D a da)

50

$ D a rain) da) $Lit. a rain-coming da)' $1or more information% refer to ,erbs 0escripti#e !' QR D a school F D eas) ef D eas) $Ad"ecti#es - 0escripti#e' f D eAercise k D Bane ?J D old -0 lm- D a -0 pla)er D want $Please refer to ,erbs - Want to learn how to form 9want to do9' (ere are some more eAample sentences using nominali+ed #erbs. 8n 8 $N_ 8o . D 2u)ing and selling are the business9s basis. $N_ D business 8o D basis% foundation b8n ? %8 #%+ . D Bi-)oung li7ed wal7ing in the par7 and listening to birds singing. D Bi-)oung $A female name' D a par7 b D wal7 e D a bird ? D a song % D listen% hear - p< 8% V8% %8% 8 q r@ T5 . D When we learn a foreign language% reading% writing% listening and spea7ing are all #er) important. - D a foreign language p@ D learn p< D When we learn $To learn how to use 'when'% please read -on"unctions - When' q D all r@ D #er) T5 D important

51

Nouns - Nu&$ers and %ounting

There are two wa)s of pronouncing numbers in Korean. These areE Sino-Korean numerals - % % % ... *ati#e Korean numerals - P% % % ... The Sino-Korean numerals are used for dates% minutes and prices. The nati#e Korean numerals are used for counting% age and hours. 'ino-Korean Nu&erals 4Dates6 @inutes and Prices5 The 7e) to memori+ing the pronunciations of the Sino-Korean numerals is to learn from 5$' to 5?$'% and use these ten numbers as building bloc7s to learn the rest of the numbers. (ere is a list of the first ten numbersE 5 D > D T D L D 4 D @ D C D G D V D 5? D 1rom 55 to 5V% what )ou need to do is sa) 5?$' first and sa) the ones9 number. 1or eAample% 55 D 5? H 5 Q H D s 5> D 5? H > Q H D s 5T D 5? H T Q H D s 5C D 5? H C Q H D st 5V D 5? H V Q H D s

1rom >? and onward% it wor7s in the same wa). 2ut in addition% >?% T?% ...% V? are pronounced in the following wa)E >? D H D s $Lit. two-ten' T? D H D s $Lit. three-ten' 4? D H D s G? D H D s V? D H D s

52

Additionall)% >5 D s H D s $Lit. two-ten one' >> D s H D s T> D s H D s L4 D s H D s 4C D s H D st GV D s H D s 5?? is % and >?? is u which literall) means 9two-hundred.9 Then how do )ou sa) T?? as a SinoKorean numeral8 &es% it9s u $Lit. three-hundred' 5?? D 5?5 D u 5?4 D u 5>C D ust >?? D u >5V D us T>L D us 4?G D u CT5 D tus VL4 D us 5??? is % then >??? is8 &es% it9s v. Then how do )ou sa) T>GT in a Sino-Korean wa)8 !t9s v u. .Lit. three-thousand two-hundred eight-ten three/ 5??? D 5??5 D v 5?T4 D vs >L>C D vust GLV> D vu s What is 5????8 !t9s . !t is not sv $or ten-thousand'. >???? is % T???? is and so on. 5???? D 5???> D 5??TL D s >?@CT D wuts GLGT> D vus *ow 5????? is s and >????? is s. At this point% it9d help )ou understand the naming s)stem of these numbers if )ou thin7 them in terms of their number of +eros. (ere is what ! meanE 5???? is 5?%???? is s 5??%???? is u 53

5???%???? is v 5%????%???? is $*OT ' 5?%????%???? is s 5??%????%???? is u 5???%????%???? is v 5%????%????%???? is &ou can see that numbers obtain a new name e#er) time the) get additional L +eros. This is different to :nglish where the name of numbers change after e#er) additional T +eros. 1or eAample% 9thousand9% 9million9 and 9billion9. (owe#er% when we write numbers% we follow the international standard in that the comma is placed after e#er) threes. The eAamples abo#e where the comma is placed after e#er) L +eros are for the purpose of easier understanding onl). ThereforeE D 5?%??? s D 5??%??? $*OT 5?%????' u D 5%???%??? $*OT 5??%????' Let9s re#ise what we9#e learned abo#eE 55 D s 5> D s 5T D s >? D s >4 D s T? D s L? D s 4? D s 4@ D sw C? D ts G? D s 5?? D 5?5 D u 5?C D ut 5>? D us 54? D us >?? D u >?> D u 4TC D ust .4?? HT? H C Q u H s H D ust/ 5??? D >??? D v >4?? D vu 5???? D 5?4?? D u .5???? H 4?? Q H u D u/ 54

4TGLC D vust .4???? H T??? H G?? H L? H C Q H v H u H H D vust/ The following are the eAamples of how the Sino-Korean numerals are used for dates% minutes and prices. 4Date5 The order in which the date is written is re#ersed in Korean. A da) of the wee7 comes first% then a month and then a )ear. .a )ear D % a month D t% a da) of the wee7 D / *otice how the Sino-Korean numerals are used in pronouncing dates. >G Ban >?5? Q >?5? 5 t >G D vs t s 5C 5? >?55 Q >?55 5? 5C D >?55 5? t 5C Dvs vt st *oteE 5? t is not s% but rather 3. This eAception is due to the aw7wardness of pronouncing s% which is Fuite cumbersome to pronounce. Therefore 5? t is 3 for the pronunciation9s sa7e. 4@inutes5 The Sino-Korean numerals are also used for 9minutes9 but not for 9hours9. The nati#e Korean numerals which are used for pronouncing the number of 9hours9 are eAplained below in the second section of this post. .an hour% o9cloc7 D v% a minute$s' D % am D 6% pm D #/ VETG am Q 6 V v TG D 6 %x3 s @E5V pm Q # @ v 5V D # y3 s

4Prices5 The Korean currenc) is called 9won.9 !ts s)mbol is 9W9% and it9s pronounced . W5>%G?? Q 5>%G?? D vu WTV%5T? Q TV%5T? D vus

Nati"e Korean nu&erals 4%ounting6 ge and 3ours5 The basic numbering s)stem of the nati#e Korean numerals is the same as that of the Sino-Korean numerals. (owe#er% in addition to one to ten% there is a need to learn the special pronunciations of tens% i.e. >?% T?% L?% 4?% @?% C?% G? and V?.

55

1rom 5??% the pronunciation is the same as the Sino-Korean numerals we9#e loo7ed at abo#e. .hundred $5??' D % thousand $5???' D % ten thousand $5????' D / 5 D P > D T D L D 4 D y @ D y C D z G D { V D %x 5? D 55 D | P 5> D | S 5T D | } 5C D | z 20 A _ >5 D _ P >> D _ S >T D _ } 30 A 90 A ~ B0 A 44 D y C0 A 4 D0 A ~ C4 D ~ y .C? H 4 Q ~ H y D ~ y/ E0 A F0 A %~ 5?? D 5GV D u %x .5?? H G? H V Q H H %x D u%x/ 2elow are the eAamples of how the nati#e Korean numerals are used in counting% age and hours. 4%ounting5 The nati#e Korean numerals are used for counting% e.g. the number of people in a class% the number of cars in a car par7% the numbers of apples on an apple tree% the numbers of pencils or pens on a des7% etc. 5% >% T% L% 4 ... D P% % % % y% ...

When counting% we use distincti#e identifier words called counters. :ach 7ind of ob"ect $or person for that matter' has their own counter to distinguish them from other 7inds. This counter s)stem is a

56

bit li7e the s)stem found in :nglish% i.e. T cups of "uice% 4 glasses of water. (owe#er% the Korean counting s)stem eAtends to e#er) ob"ect. 1or eAample% three cups of "uice D =_ ? fi#e glasses of water D y siA people D y =? fi#e cars D y three apples D ? two pencils D qE four boo7s D 2 ten roses D ' | Listed below are some of the most common counters used in counting. D people A D animals D cars D ob"ects $this is #er) widel) used for an) inanimate ob"ects' E D long% lean ob"ects D trees D flowers m D shoes D paper D boo7s D age D floor ..+e 'ino-Korean nu&erals are used for counting the number of floors% i.e. the first floor D % the second floor D % and the eighth floor D / Please also note that P becomes % and the final consonant of each of % % omitted when the) are attached to counters. 1or eAample% $d' D a glass of water $*OT P' $@' q' D two pieces of paper $*OT S'' $' ?m D three pairs of shoes $*OT }m' $' 2M D four people $*OT M' $P' _c D twent) $)ears of age' $*OT _c' and _ is

The counters wor7 in a similar wa) to some of the counter words in :nglish% e.g. is similar to 9pieces9 and m is similar to 9pairs9. 4 ge5 As we9#e loo7ed at abo#e% the counter% % is attached to )ears of age. 1or eAampleE 5 D c 57

> D qc T D ?c L D 2c 4 D yc C D zc 5? D |c 55 D |c 5> D |qc 5T D |?c 5C D |zc >? D _c >L D _ 2c T> D qc 4G D {c

43ours5 The nati#e Korean numerals are also used for 9hours9 but not for 9minutes9 which use the SinoKorean numerals. 5?E>4 am Q 6 5? v >4 D 6 3 s CET? pm Q # C v T? D # z3 s or # z3 2 $ means 9a half9'

4@ont+s5 D 5 month q D > months ? D T months 2 D L months y D 4 months y D @ months z D C months D G months %x D V months | D 5? months )*a&(le sentence > QR N& > = !Q + brea7$holida)s' for > wee7s. D ! went to school for > months and had a

58

d!ecti"es - Present6 Past

4 d!ecti"es5 We9re going to loo7 at ad"ecti#es in this post. 1irst of all% please ha#e a loo7 at the two tables below% which are similar to the wa) the 9nouns9 were presented in the pre#ious post% *ouns - Present% Past. As !9#e mentioned before in *ouns - Present% Past% there are two primar) forms in which Korean is used% the written and spo7en forms. The 1ritten form is used in literature such as boo7s% newspapers and an) form of writing that is not 9con#ersational.9 The written form% in essence% is literar)% factual and declarati#e. !t is rarel) used in normal e#er)da) con#ersations. (owe#er% the news on T, uses this written form of Korean. !t is also used in public speeches. The reason is probabl) due to the fact that the news and public announcements or speeches are usuall) all declarati#e and or factual. The s(oken form is the usual wa) in which people spea7 and ha#e a con#ersation. !t is used in all t)pes of spo7en Korean such as normal con#ersations% dramas% and mo#ies% with the possible eAceptions of news% documentaries and other factual% formal t)pes of programs on T, and radio.

Please also note that there are two wa)s of eApressing negati#es% for eAample% # means 9good9 and means 9man)9% and the) can be eApressed in the negati#e form in the following two wa)sE 17 .ake o-- t+e (resent tense o- an ad!ecti"e6 and attac+ j -or&?7 .+e 0ritten For& # j D not good j D not man) .+e '(oken For& # j% D not good j% D not man) 27 ttac+ - to t+e (resent tense o- an ad!ecti"e7 .+e 0ritten For& # D not good D not man) .+e '(oken For& #% D not good % D not man) =or j% -or t+e s(oken

59

2elow are the two tables showing the informal written and spo7en forms of the ad"ecti#e% . $Please read Ad"ecti#es - Polite for polite forms' Please note that the words in bold indicate which of the two negati#es are more common in each form% i.e. j is more commonl) used than in the written form whereas is more commonl) used than j% in the spo7en form.

;n-or&al 0ritten For& Positi"e Negati"e

Present

Past

;n-or&al '(oken For& Positi"e Negati"e

Present

Past

0 j% 0

j -

(ere are the meanings of the different forms of an ad"ecti#e% . D fast j D not fast D was were fast j D was were not fast 0 D fast j% 0 D not fast - D was were fast j- - D was were not fast

The List of Common Adjectives Present Positi"e 3ig+ Lo1 Big 0ritten [ '(oken % [% 0ritten [ Past '(oken [-

60

'&all =siGe? '(acious %ra&(ed @any '&all =Huantity? Kind Fast 'lo1 )asy Di--icult ;nteresting Ne1 3ot =tangi$le? 0ar& %ool 0onder-ul Beauti-ul 3onest Lo"ely 3u&$le

Z Y A F -G 1 3 ' % . _

% Z% % Y 0 e3 -3 13 3 73 3 ' % 3 . _63

, Z Y, + e - 1, 7 + 3+ '+ % .+ _6 +

,ZY,+e-1,7+3+'+% .+_6+-

%old =tangi$le?

The following are the rules for the con"ugation of ad"ecti#esE ;? Present =0ritten? Q Past =0ritten? 17 For ad!ecti"es 1+ose last c+aracter contain a -inal consonant6 add or 7 for the #owels% and for the #owels% +% /% 1 and 2 )7g7 Q D was thin Q D was high Y Q Y, D was small $Fuantit)' Q , D was thic7 7 Q 7, D was thin 1 Q 1, D was interesting fun

61

Note: .+e rules 2 to C o"erride t+e rule 17 27 For ad!ecti"es 1+ose last c+aracter is 6 it c+anges to 7 )7g7 Q + D was 7ind Q + D was warm 3 Q 3+ D was cool 8 Q 8+ D was ama+ing ' Q '+ D was wonderful

37 For ad!ecti"es 1+ose last c+aracter contain ! as a -inal consonant6 take it o-- and add 7 =)*ce(t -or Z 1+ic+ c+anges to Z ? )7g7 % Q % D was beautiful Q D was hot $tangible' Q 7 D was cold $tangible' D Q N D was cold $feeling' 97 For ad!ecti"es 1+ose last c+aracter contain no -inal consonant and t+e "o1el6 16 take it o-and add +667 )7g7 Q D was big 4 Q 4 D was prett) 3o1e"er6 1+en t+e "o1el $e-ore t+e last c+aracter is 6 t+en 6 6 can $e used instead7 % Q % % D was sic7 $illness' P Q P P D was bad lso6 in t+e case o- as t+e last c+aracter6 6 is used7 Q D was fast

B7 For ad!ecti"es 1+ose last c+aracter contain t+e "o1el6 26 take it o-- and add ,6 67 )7g7 A Q D was slow '8 Q ' D was handsome good-loo7ing '8 Q ' D was ugl)

62

C7 For ad!ecti"es 1+ose last c+aracter contains as a "o1el and ) as a -inal consonant6 t+ey c+ange to 8 and 66 i7e7 c+anges to 7 )7g7 Q Q Q D was red D was )ellow D was blue

;;? Present =0ritten? Q Present ='(oken? First o- all6 take o-- ad!ecti"es and t+en: 17 For ad!ecti"es 1+ose last c+aracter contain a -inal consonant6 add or 7 for the #owels% and for the #owels% +% /% 1 and 2 )7g7 Q % D small $si+e' Q % D high Y Q Y- D small $Fuantit)' Q - D thic7 7 Q 7- D thin 1 Q 1- D interesting fun

27 For ad!ecti"es 1+ose last c+aracter is 6 it c+anges to 7 )7g7 3 8 Q D boring Q 3 D cool Q D humble Q 8 D ama+ing

37 For ad!ecti"es 1+ose last c+aracter contain ! as a -inal consonant6 take it o-- and add 7 =)*ce(t -or Z 1+ic+ c+anges to Z ? )7g7 D Q N3 D cold $feeling' -G Q -3 D difficult Q 3 D hot $tangible' _ Q _63 D lo#el)

63

97 For ad!ecti"es 1+ose last c+aracter contain 1 as a "o1el and no -inal consonant6 c+ange 1 to +7 =)*ce(tions6 1+ic+ c+anges to 06 and p& to p&? )7g7 Q D big large 4 Q 4 D prett) 3o1e"er6 1+en t+e "o1el $e-ore t+e last c+aracter is 6 t+en 1 can $e c+anged to instead7 % Q % % D sic7 $illness' P Q P P D bad

B7 For ad!ecti"es 1+ose last c+aracter contain 2 as a "o1el and no -inal consonant6 c+ange 2 to ,7 )7g7 A Q D slow '8 Q ' D handsome good-loo7ing '8 Q ' D ugl)

C7 For ad!ecti"es 1+ose last c+aracter contains as a "o1el and ) as a -inal consonant6 is c+anged to 86 and ) is taken o--7 =i7e7 is c+anged to ? )7g7 Q - D red Q ? D )ellow Q ? D blue

;;;? Past =0ritten? Q Past ='(oken? 'i&(ly c+ange to 7 Q - D was big large Q - D was high Q - D was slow Q - D was red + Q +- D was warm $both tangibilit) and feeling' Q - D was hot $tangible'

64

d!ecti"es - Polite 4Present6 Past5

Polite For& !n the pre#ious post% Ad"ecti#es - Present% Past% we learned to distinguish between the 1ritten and s(oken forms of Korean. !n addition to it% we9re going to further distinguish between the (olite and in-or&al forms in Korean. What are the difference between the informal and polite forms8 ;n-or&al - Generall) spea7ing% the informal form is used among people of the same age or to people who are )ounger b) older people. !t is also used b) people who are closel) related such as such famil) members and relati#es. People who are close friends would use this form depending on the familiarit) and acceptabilit). Polite - The polite form is used when spea7ing to people who are older than )ou or of a higher ran7 than )ou such as in the compan)% arm) and other institutions. (owe#er% people generall) use the polite form in man) social settings regardless of one9s age. !nitiall)% it would be best to stic7 to the polite form when learning Korean% as this would be the predominant form of spea7ing to people in man) social en#ironments. (owe#er% if )ou attend school or other similar institutions where )ou9d ma7e friends and the en#ironment is more casual% it might be more appropriate to use the informal form. 2elow are the two tables showing the polite form of the written and spo7en forms of Korean. Please note that the words in bold indicate which of the two negati#es are more common in each form% i.e. jON is more commonl) used than N in the written form whereas 0 is more commonl) used than j%5 in the spo7en form.

Polite 0ritten For& Positi"e Negati"e

Present

Past

N jON N

ON jON ON

Polite '(oken For& Positi"e Negati"e

Present

Past

05 j%5 05

-5 j-5 -5

65

%on!ugations rules ;? ;n-or&al 1ritten -or& I Polite 1ritten -or& =Present tense? First o- all6 take o-- ad!ecti"es6 and t+en: 17 For ad!ecti"es 1+ose -inal c+aracter +as no -inal consonant6 add \ N 7 )7g7 ? A 3 Q N Q N D big large D strong D fast D slow D 7ind D warm $touch% feeling' D cool $touch% feeling'

Q N Q N Q N

Q N Q 3N

27 For ad!ecti"es 1+ose -inal c+aracter +as a -inal consonant6 attac+ ON 7 )7g7 Y F -G Q ON Q ON Q YON Q FON D small $si+e' D man) D small $Fuantit)' D eas) D difficult D hot $touch' D new

Q -GON Q ON Q ON

;;? ;n-or&al 1ritten Q Polite 1ritten =Past tense? .ake o-- t+e (ast tense o- ad!ecti"es6 and t+en attac+ ON 7 )7g7 Q ON D was big large Q ON D was small $si+e' # Q #ON D was good e - 7 Q ON Q ON Q eON D was fast D was slow D was eas) D was difficult D was hot $touch' D was cold $touch' D was new

Q -ON Q ON Q 7ON Q ON

66

;;;? ;n-or&al Q Polite ='(oken? ttac+ at t+e end o- t+e ad!ecti"es o- all -or&s7 )7g7 % Q %5 D high % Q %5 D not high - Q -5 D was high - Q -5 D was not high % Q %5 D man) % Q %5 D not man) - Q -5 D were man) - Q -5 D were not man) Q 5 D big large Q 5 D not big large - Q -5 D was big large - Q -5 D was not big large

1or help with the pronunciations of these ad"ecti#es in #arious forms% please use the 'listen' feature on Google Translate.

67

d!ecti"es - Descri(ti"e For&

!n the pre#ious posts% Ad"ecti#es - Present% Past and Ad"ecti#es - Polite .Present% Past/% we learned that ad"ecti#es in Korean function li7e #erbs in that the) can be con"ugated into present and past tenses% and #arious other forms. (owe#er% when describing nouns using ad"ecti#es placed in front of them% for eAample% 9a beautiful bird9% the ad"ecti#es must be con"ugated to the descripti#e form. )7g7 % Q % f .A plain form Q A descripti#e form/ % f D a beautiful bird

The Table of Common Adjectives and Their Descriptive Forms 0ritten For& Plain Positi"e Descri(ti"e 3ig+ Lo1 Big '&all =siGe? '(acious %ra&(ed @any '&all =Huantity? Kind Fast 'lo1 3andso&e Jgly )asy Di--icult ;nteresting Boring 3ot %old 0ar& %ool [ Z Y A 1 '8 F -G 1 3 [ Z Y 1 'D ef -f 1 f 7f 3 68

0onder-ul Beauti-ul Pretty 3u&$le Lo"ing 2ed >ello1

' % 4 _

' % f 4 _6f W G

%on!ugations rules First o- all6 take o-- ad!ecti"es and t+en: 17 ttac+ to any ad!ecti"es o- one c+aracter 1it+ a -inal consonant7 =Note: .+e ne*t rules o"erride t+is rule7? )7g7 Q D man) Q man) people Q D small Q a small dwarf Q D thin Q a thin arm Q D high Q a high s7) 27 ttac+ to any ad!ecti"es 1+ose -inal c+aracter is and 7 )7g7 I1 Q I1 D delicious I1 J Q delicious food 1 Q 1 D handsome good-loo7ing 1 Q a good-loo7ing car 1 Q 1 D interesting fun 1 A Q a fun mo#ie Q D not interesting $boring' -0 D a boring drama $soap opera'

69

NoteE The meaning of 1 is 9to eAist9% and its opposite is which means 9to not eAist9. Therefore% the ad"ecti#es which ha#e a stem of 1 can also be used with . )7g7 I1 Q I .tast) delicious Q not tast) delicious/ 1 Q .handsome good-loo7ing Q not handsome good-loo7ing $ugl)'/ 1 Q .interesting fun Q not interesting fun $boring'/ 37 For ad!ecti"es 1+ose -inal c+aracter +as a -inal consonant o- eit+er or )6 re(lace t+e& 1it+ 7 )7g7 Q D D long D Q a long pencil Q D sweet $taste' o Q sweet chocolate Q W D red W Q a red apple Q G D )ellow G @ D a )ellow umbrella 97 For ad!ecti"es 1+o -inal c+aracter +as a -inal consonant6 !6 take it o-- and attac+ to t+e&7 )7g7 F Q ef D eas) ef Q an eas) problem Fuestion % Q % f D beautiful % f Q a beautiful flower Q 7f D cold $tangible' 7f D a cold floor Q f D hot $tangible' f D hot coffee

K)*ce(tion: Z Q Z D narrow% small% cramped $space' $*OT ' Z f' D a small cramped pla)ground

B7 For ad!ecti"es 1+ose last c+aracter does not +a"e a -inal consonant6 !ust attac+ to it7 )7g7 70

 Q D nice cool EQ a nice cool hat 4 4 Q 4 D prett) q Q prett) shoes

Q D fast E Q a fast car A Q D slow Q a slow speed ;rregular # Q # D good # Q a good man Please note% howe#er% that the descripti#e form is usuall) used in writings% as in written Korean. !n spo7en Korean% it is more natural to sa) 9beautiful flowers9 as 9 % 359 rather than 9% f 5.9 $1or more on the 's(oken -or&6' please read Ad"ecti#es - Present% Past' )7g7 % 35 D The flowers are beautiful. E7 5 D The car is good-loo7ing. 7 e35 D The Fuestion is eas). Also% in spo7en Korean% the particles are often omitted eAcept for the particle. % 35 D The flowers are beautiful. E 5 D The car is good-loo7ing. e35 D The Fuestion is eas). Again% in casual con#ersations% these sentences would more naturall) flow b) using 9}.9 %25 E 25 F25 The difference between 9 e359 and 9 F259 is that 9F259 is less blunt than 9e359 which sounds more factual and generalised. F25 D $! see that' The problem Fuestion is eas). e35 D The problem Fuestion is eas). ! 25 D $! see that' The room is spacious large. ! -5 D The room is spacious large. $!t can sound Fuite blunt and "ust factual.'

71

d!ecti"es - %onnecti"e For&

This lesson is about the connecti"e -or& of ad"ecti#es. This form is used to list se#eral ad"ecti#es in a seFuence% and to connect one sentence to another. The con"ugation rule for the connecti#e form is eas). Ta7e off ad"ecti#es and then attach to them.

0ritten For& 3ig+ Lo1 Big '&all =siGe? '(acious %ra&(ed @any '&all =Huantity? Kind Fast 'lo1 ,utgoing Luiet )asy Di--icult ;nteresting Boring 3ot =tangi$le? %old =tangi$le? 0ar& %ool 0onder-ul Beauti-ul Patient 3u&orous %al&

Present [ Z Y A F -G 1 3 ' % k 1 8

%onnecti"e & [& & & & Z& & Y& & & A& & & F& -G& 1& & & & & 3& '& %& k 1& 8& &

72

3u&$le Lo"ely

& _&

.+e connecti"e -or& o- ad!ecti"es is used in t1o situations: To list adjectives in a sequence To connect one sentence to another

17 .o list ad!ecti"es in a seHuence !f ! was to sa) 97ind% beautiful and humble9 in Korean% the ad"ecti#es must be changed to their connecti#e forms eAcept the last ad"ecti#e of a sentence which determines its tense. )7g7 Q & D 7ind % Q %& D beautiful D humble & %& & %& + lternati"ely6 %& & + Q was beautiful% humble and 7ind & & % Q was humble% 7ind and beautiful As )ou can see% the last ad"ecti#e determines the tense of a sentence. 27 .o connect one sentence to anot+er7 The connecti#e form of ad"ecti#es is also used to connect sentences. A 5 D &uri is 7ind P % 35 D Nina is beautiful 5 D Binsu is humble A &% P %&% 5. &uri is 7ind% Nina is beautiful and Binsu is humble. ; 5 D And) is humorous funn) 5 D 1ran7lin is Fuiet 3 5 D Bessica is outgoing Q 7ind% beautiful and humble Q was 7ind% beautiful and humble

73

; 8&% &% 3 5 D And) is humorous funn)% 1ran7lin is Fuiet% and Bessica is outgoing. 3 D A soft drin7 is cool D Tea is hot ! D Grapes are sweet 3&% &% ! . D A soft drin7 is cool% tea is hot% and grapes are sweet.

74

#er$s - Present6 Past

4#er$s5 *ow% we come to learn% possibl)% the most important sub"ect of all Korean grammar% the '"er$s7' ! ha#e drawn up tables below to displa) #arious con"ugations of #erbs. 2ut first of all% we need to pa) attention to a distinct feature in Korean #erbs% namel)% the (lain -or&. The plain form is the most basic form of #erbs% from which all the other con"ugations of #erbs are deri#ed and produced. (owe#er% the plain form is almost ne#er used in both written and spo7en Korean. The onl) instance where the plain form is used is when #erbs are listed in the dictionar). Therefore% it is necessar) to 7now the plain form if )ou9d li7e to 7now the meaning of certain #erbs and find them in the dictionar). )*a&(les o- t+e (lain -or& o- "er$s D do D eat 7 D go A D run

;n-or&al 0ritten For& Positi"e Negati"e

lain

Present

Past

, j - ,

;n-or&al '(oken For& Positi"e Negati"e

lain

Present

Past

j% -

, j- ,-

Note: The words in bold indicate which of the two negati#es are more commonl) used in each case% i.e. j is more commonl) used than in the written form% and - is more commonl) used than j% in the spo7en form.

75

A Table of Commonl! "sed #erbs 0ritten lain Go %o&e 2un )at 'tand 'it Buy 'ell Gro1 .+ro1 Borro1 Lend Play 0rite 2ead Listen Li"e Die 7 A E0 . A = V % c d Present W X EG . % d Past S , E . =, , , c d, Present % % E0 . % c% d'(oken Past S,E.=,,,cd,-

%on!ugations 2ules ;? Plain Q Present =0ritten? 17 For "er$s 1+ose last c+aracter +as a -inal consonant6 re(lace 1it+ 7 )7g7 Q D eat D eat an apple b Q b D wal7 b D A human wal7s Q D belie#e P 4 D ! belie#e Besus

76

27 For "er$s 1+ose last c+aracter +as no -inal consonant6 re(lace 1it+ X )7g7

E Q D sleep ` D *ow birds sleep $D At the moment% the birds are sleeping' 7 Q W D go % QR W D Nina goes to school

: Q D watch loo7 see = E= D ()un-"u often loo7s outside

37 For "er$s 1+ose last c+aracter +as as a -inal consonant6 re(lace it 1it+ 7 )7g7 Q D sell 7 c Q D li#e @ 8 D This shop sells fruit D Bi-u li#es here

Q D push E D push a car

;;? Plain Q Past =0ritten? First o- all6 take o-- a "er$6 and t+en: 17 For "er$s 1+ose last c+aracter +as no -inal consonant6 attac+ 6 as a -inal consonant7 =e*ce(tion: For t+e "o1el6 /6 attac+ , 7? )7g7 7 E H r D S D went E H r D D bought E H r D D stood E E H r D D slept E0 E E0 H r D E D grew

)*ce(tion: q EH, = EH, Q+

D q, D =,

D put D gi#e

D did $*OT '

Note: .+e -ollo1ing rules o"erride t+e rule 17

77

27 For "er$s 1+ose last c+aracter +as a -inal consonant6 add or 7 For "o1els6 and -6 add 7 For "o1els6 +6 /6 1 and 26 add 7 )7g7 c d ExH EH EH EH, EH, EuH, EH, D D c D D , D d, D , D , D flew D li#ed D pla)ed $had fun' D ate D died D lifted up D pushed

37 For "er$s 1+ose last c+aracter +as 2 as a "o1el6 and no -inal consonant6 c+ange 2 to , and attac+ 6 as t+e -inal consonant7 )7g7 A A 8 . N E A Q Q E A Q Q E 8 Q Q E . Q . Q . E NQ Q D ran D borrowed D won D threw D attended

97 For "er$s 1+ose last c+aracter +as - as a "o1el and no consonant6 c+ange - to < and attac+ 6 as t+e -inal consonant7 )7g7 : Q Q; D came D saw loo7ed watched

B7 For "er$s 1+ose last c+aracter +as 1 as a "o1el6 re(lace it 1it+ + and t+en attac+ 6 as t+e -inal consonant7 )7g7 EQQ V EVQQ ] E]QQ D grew D wrote D sprouted

78

;rregular -or& )7g7 % Q+ Q ,

;;;? Plain I Present ='(oken? 17 For "er$s 1+ose last c+aracter +as a "o1el6 or + and no -inal consonant6 !ust dro( o--7 )7g7 7 Q 7 D go Q D stand Q D bu) E0 Q E0 D grow

)*ce(tion: c+anges to 7 )7g7 Q D do Q D want Q D sa#e $a life'

27 For "er$s 1+ose last c+aracter +as a "o1el6 - or / and no -inal consonant: - c+anges to < / c+anges to ? )7g7 Q n D come : Q D see watch loo7 q Q D place $something' on% lea#e $something as it is' = Q D gi#e = Q D lend

37 For "er$s 1+ose last c+aracter is 6 dro( it o-- and t+en attac+ a -inal consonant6 6 to t+e c+aracter (receding 6 and t+en attac+ or to t+e&7 -or "er$s 1+ose c+aracter (receding +as a "o1el6 or -7 -or "er$s 1+ose c+aracter (receding +as a "o1el6 +6 / or 27 )7g7 7 Q >0 D di#ide 79

Q 0 D cut Q 0 D climb

Q $6 D filter% sift q Q S6 D hurr) Q 6 D roll 7 Q 76 D go cross = lso6 -or "er$s 1+ic+ +a"e a last consonant o- 16 re(lace it 1it+ +7? V Q D write Q & D eAtinguish $a fire' Q D float

97 For "er$s 1+ose last c+aracter +as 2 as a "o1el and no -inal consonant6 c+ange 2 to ,7 )7g7 Q D lose 8 Q D win . Q . D throw

B7 For "er$s 1+ose last c+aracter +as a -inal consonant6 attac+: -or c+aracters 1+ose "o1el is or -or c+aracters 1+ose "o1el is +6 /6 1 or 27 )7g7 c Q c% D li#e Q % D sell Q % D sit Q % D pla) $ha#e fun'

Q - D eat Q - D bite Q - D age Q - D read

;rregular -or& % Q - D listen hear

;#? Past =0ritten? Q Past ='(oken? 'i&(ly c+ange to 7 S Q S- D went 80

 Q - D came Q - D ran , Q ,- D ate Q - D dran7

81

#er$s - Polite 4Present6 Past5

Polite For& This lesson is about the (olite -or& of #erbs% in addition to the informal form which we learned in the pre#ious lesson. Let9s go o#er again the differences between the informal and polite forms. ;n-or&al - Generall) spea7ing% the informal form is used among people of the same age or to people who are )ounger b) older people. !t is also used b) people who are closel) related such as such famil) members and relati#es. People who are close friends would use this form depending on the familiarit) and acceptabilit). Polite - The polite form is used when spea7ing to people who are older than )ou or of a higher ran7 than )ou such as in the compan)% arm) and other institutions. (owe#er% people generall) use the polite form in man) social settings regardless of one9s age. !nitiall)% it would be best to stic7 to the polite form when learning Korean% as this would be the predominant form of spea7ing to people in man) social en#ironments. (owe#er% if )ou attend school or other similar institutions where )ou9d ma7e friends and the en#ironment is more casual% it might be more appropriate to use the informal form.

Note: The words in bold indicate which of the two negati#es are more commonl) used in each case% i.e. jON is more commonl) used than ON in the written form% and -5 is more commonl) used than j%5 in the spo7en form.

Polite 0ritten For& Positi"e Negati"e

Present

Past

ON jON ON

,ON jON ,ON

Polite '(oken For& Positi"e Negati"e

Present

Past

-5 j%5 -5

,-5 j-5 ,-5

%on!ugation 2ules ;? ;n-or&al Plain Q Polite Present =0ritten?

82

First o- all6 take o-- t+e (lain -or& o- "er$s6 and t+en: 17 For "er$s 1+ose -inal c+aracter +as no -inal consonant6 add \ N 7 )7g7 Q N D do 7 Q N D go Q N D come V Q N D write Q N D spea7 0 Q N D hope E0 Q EN D grow 27 For "er$s 1+ose -inal c+aracter +as a -inal consonant6 add ON 7 )7g7 b % U Q ON Q bON Q %ON Q ON Q UON D eat D wal7 D listen D read D wear

Note: .+e rule 3 o"errides t+e rule 27 37 For "er$s 1+ose last c+aracter +as as a -inal consonant6 c+ange it to ! and add N 7 )7g7 c I $ Q N Q N Q N Q N Q N Q N Q N D li#e D pla) $ha#e fun' D 7now D fl) D hang $up' D roll $up' D push

;;? ;n-or&al Past Q Polite Past =0ritten? .ake o-- t+e in-or&al (ast -or& o- "er$s6 and t+en add ON 7 + Q +ON D did S Q SON D went Q ON D came ; Q ;ON D watched , Q ,ON D ate Q ON D ran Q ON D met 83

;;;? ;n-or&al Q Polite ='(oken? Must add to t+e in-or&al s(oken -or&s7 Q 5 D do 7 Q 75 D go n Q n5 D come Q 5 D not do Q 5 D not watch Q 5 D not bu) E Q E5 D not sleep ,- Q ,-5 D ate $,- Q $,-5 D wal7ed - Q -5 D met +- Q +-5 D didn9t do S- Q S-5 D didn9t go ,- Q ,-5 D didn9t eat - Q -5 D didn9t borrow

A brief re#ision of the differences between the 1ritten and s(oken forms The 1ritten form is used in literature such as boo7s% newspapers and an) form of writing that is not 9con#ersational.9 The written form% in essence% is literar)% factual and declarati#e. !t is rarel) used in normal e#er)da) con#ersations. (owe#er% the news on T, uses this written form of Korean. !t is also used in public speeches. The reason is probabl) due to the fact that the news and public announcements or speeches are usuall) all declarati#e and or factual. The s(oken form is the usual wa) in which people spea7 and ha#e a con#ersation. !t is used in all t)pes of spo7en Korean such as normal con#ersations% dramas% and mo#ies% with the possible eAceptions of news% documentaries and other factual% formal t)pes of programs on T, and radio.

84

#er$s - Future 40ill5

0e're going to learn +o1 to -or& a -uture tense o- "er$s in t+is lesson7 Please ha#e a loo7 at the table below. ;n-or&al 0ritten For& '(oken For& 1ill do C C 1on't do j C j C

Note: The bold letters indicate which of the two alternati#es in the negati#e form is more commonl) used in each of the written and spo7en forms% i.e.E j is more commonl) used than C in written Korean. C is more commonl) used than j in spo7en Korean.

%on!ugation rules First o- all6 take o-- t+e (lain -or& o- "er$s and t+en: ;? 0ill 17 For "er$s 1+ose -inal c+aracter +as no -inal consonant6 attac+ Z )7g7 Q C D will do 7 Q > D will go Q D will come P Q D will meet E0 Q E D will grow to t+e&7

27 For "er$s 1+ose -inal c+aracter +as a -inal consonant6 attac+ )7g7 U a Q Q Q Q U Q a D will eat D will sit D will read D will wear D will catch

to t+e&7

Note: .+e rule 3 o"errides t+e rule 27

85

37 For "er$s 1+ose -inal c+aracter +as as a -inal consonant6 !ust attac+ )7g7 c Q Q Q c D will push D will fl) D will li#e

to t+e&7

;rregular -or& % Q

D will listen

;;? 0on't 'i&(ly attac+ j )7g7 7 U Q j Q 7 j Q j Q j Q j Q U j Q j Q j D won9t do D won9t go D won9t come D won9t bu) D won9t eat D won9t wear D won9t sit D won9t push to "er$s7

)*a&(le sentences > 8 D Will )ou go home8 0 C D Sarah will swim A D 0a#id will beat Goliath ! 8 t D ! will pla) the guitar in m) room C -> D Bohn will enter the museum o D home i D Bohn -7 D enter 8 D guitar D pla) $the instrument' 0 D Sarah D swim D 0a#id A D Goliath Luestion For& 2aise t+e tone o- your "oice at t+e last sylla$le to turn it into a Huestion -or&7 86

 C 8 D Will )ou do$pla)' soccer8 > 8 D Will )ou go$lea#e' alread)8 8 D Will )ou wash8 $Will )ou ta7e a shower8 Will )ou ta7e a bath8' i 8 D Will )ou watch the Ol)mpics8 QR > 8 D Won9t )ou go to school8 , 8 D Won9t )ou ha#e lunch8 8 D Won9t )ou read this boo78

Polite For& Let9s briefl) go o#er the differences between the in-or&al and (olite forms again. While the in-or&al -or& in the eAamples abo#e is used b) people who are of the sa&e age and or close% or when older (eo(le are tal7ing to )ounger people in in-or&al situations% the polite form is commonl) used b) younger people addressing older people% and in an) -or&al situations.

Polite 0ritten For&

0ill do

0on't do

C N

j N C N 0on't do

Polite '(oken For&

0ill do

C 45

j 45 C 45

Note: The bold letters indicate which of the two alternati#es in the negati#e form is more commonl) used in each of the written and spo7en forms% i.e.E j N is more commonl) used than C N in written Korean. C 45 is more commonl) used than j 45 in spo7en Korean.

%on!ugations rules ;? ;n-or&al I Polite =0ritten? 'i&(ly c+ange )7g7 87 to N 7

C Q C N D will do > Q > N D will go Q N D will eat 3 j A j Q 3 j N Q A j N D won9t drin7 D won9t run

;;? ;n-or&al I Polite ='(oken? 'i&(ly c+ange to 457 )7g7 C Q C 45 D will do Q 45 D will come -> Q -> 45 D will enter $go in' Q 45 D won9t see watch Q 45 D won9t run

)*a&(le sentences > 458 D Will )ou go home8 0 C 45. D Sarah will swim. A 45. D 0a#id will beat Goliath. C -> 45. D Bohn will enter the museum. M E 8 t 45. D ! will pla) the guitar in the li#ing room. 458 D Will )ou wash8 $Will )ou ta7e a shower8 Will )ou ta7e a bath8' > 458 D Will )ou go$lea#e' alread)8 C 458 D Will )ou do$pla)' soccer8 - 458 D Will )ou watch the World -up8 QR > 458 D Won9t )ou go to school8 , 458 D Won9t )ou ha#e lunch8 458 D Won9t )ou read this boo78

88

#er$s - %ontiunous
%ontinuous For& 4N& 1 5 !n this lesson% we9ll learn about the 'continuous' form. !t would be similar to the '-ing' form in :nglish.

;n-or&al 0ritten For& Positi"e Negati"e

Plain For&

Present %ontinuous

& 1 j& 1 & 1

D do j D not do & 1 D is doing j& 1 & 1 D is not doing Note: The bold letters indicate which of the two alternati#es in the negati#e form is more commonl) used in the 1ritten form% i.e.E j is more commonl) used than in written Korean. ;n-or&al 0ritten For& Positi"e Negati"e Past Past %ontinuous

+ j +

& 1, j& 1, & 1,

+ D did j + D didn9t do & 1, D was doing j& 1, & 1, D wasn9t doing

%on!ugation 2ules .ake o-- t+e (lain -or& o- "er$s6 and t+en add & 1=? -or t+eir (ositi"e -or& and j & 1=? -or t+eir negati"e -or&7 )7g7 V Q V& 1 D is writing 89

 V& 1

D Peter is writing a letter.

P= Q P =& 1 D is ser#ing distributing : % QRJ P=& 1 D 2o-)oung is ser#ing school meals to children. % Q %& 1, D was listening 6 ? %& 1,

D Paul was listening to a Tim Keller9s message.

E Q E j& 1, D was not sleeping %8 E j& 1, D The bab) was not sleeping Q & 1, D was standing 9 ) 64 R & 1, D The :nglish guardsman was standing continuousl) in front of the 2uc7ingham Palace. '(oken For& ;n-or&al '(oken For& Positi"e Negati"e Present %ontinuous & 1 j& 1 & 1Past %ontinuous

& 1, j& 1, & 1,-

& 1- D is doing j& 1- & 1- D is not doing & 1,- D was doing j& 1,- & 1,- D was not doing .+e con!ugation rule is t+e sa&e as t+e 1ritten -or& e*ce(t at t+e end o- sentences c+anges to 7 , & 1- D ! am eating lunch A% A& 1- D Bulia is not running @ 07& 1- D ()un-woo is climbing a mountain. = 6-n - i & 1- D Nin-"u is ma7ing a fruit salad and fried salmon. % &!7 .& 1,- D Since a while ago% the hedgehog was not mo#ing.

90

Polite For& While the in-or&al -or& in the eAamples abo#e is used b) people who are of the sa&e age and or close% or when older (eo(le are tal7ing to )ounger people in in-or&al situations% the polite form is commonl) used b) younger people addressing older people% and in an) -or&al situations. Polite 0ritten For& Positi"e Negati"e Present %ontinuous Past %ontinuous

& 1ON j& 1ON & 1ON

& 1,ON j& 1,ON & 1,ON

& 1ON D is doing j& 1ON & 1ON D is not doing & 1,ON D was doing j& 1,ON & 1,ON D was not doing Polite '(oken For& Positi"e Negati"e Present %ontinuous Past %ontinuous

& 1-5 j& 1-5 & 1-5

& 1,-5 j& 1,-5 & 1,-5

& 1-5 D is doing j& 1-5 & 1-5 D is not doing & 1,-5 D was doing j& 1,-5 & 1,-5 D was not doing

%on!ugation rules ;? ;n-or&al Q Polite =0ritten? 'i&(ly at t+e end o- t+e in-or&al 1ritten 'continuous' -or&s c+anges to ON & 1 Q & 1ON D is doing 7& 1 Q 7& 1ON D is going & 1 Q & 1ON D is coming b& 1 Q b& 1ON D is wal7ing & 1 Q & 1ON D is ma7ing

;;? ;n-or&al Q Polite ='(oken?

91

'i&(ly add at t+e end o- t+e sentences o- t+e in-or&al 'continuous' s(oken -or&7 QR 7& 1-5 D Bi-h)e is going to school & 1-5 D &oung-su is swimming A :& 1,-5 D -hul-min was watching a mo#ie. ` 6 E 1,-5 D Bung-su was in the li#ing room until a short while ago. 5? 6 ) 6 4 %! & 1,-5 D Mntil about 5? minutes ago% there was no one standing in front of the 2uc7ingham Palace.

92

#er$s - %onnecti"e
%onnecti"e For& 4&5 This lesson is about the connecti#e form which is primaril) used in two wa)sE 17 .o list "er$s7 27 .o link one sentence to t+e ne*t7 We9ll ha#e a loo7 at these functions of the connecti#e form in detail below. .a$le o- %o&&on #er$s and .+eir %onnecti"e For&s 0ritten For& Do Go %o&e )at Drink 0alk 2un 'tand 'it Get u( 'lee( Buy 'ell Gro1 .+ro1 Borro1 Lend Play 0rite 2ead Listen Li"e 7 3 b A -P E E0 . A = V % c Plain %onnecti"e & 7& & & 3& b& A& & & -P& E& & & E0& .& A& =& & V& & %& c& 93

Die

d&

%on!ugation rule .ake o-- t+e (lain -or& o- "er$s6 and t+en attac+ to t+e&7 Q & 7 Q 7& .+e connecti"e -or& o- "er$s is used: 17 .o list "er$s7 27 .o link one sentence to t+e ne*t7 17 .o list "er$s7 1or eAample% if ! wanted to sa) <! get up% eat and go.<% the #erb stems are changed to their connecti#e forms eAcept the last #erb which determines the tense of a sentence. -P Q -P& Q & b Q b& -P& & 7 D get up% eat and go -P& & S D got up% ate and went -P& & > D will get up% eat and go !n each instance% the last #erb determines the tense of a sentence. 27 .o link one sentence to t+e ne*t7 The eAample below shows how three sentences can be lin7ed together using the connecti#e form of #erbs. A QR 75. $&uri goes to school' %5. $Binsu pla)s outside' P -5. $Nina reads a boo7' A QR 7&% &% P -5. &uri goes to school% Binsu pla)s outside and Nina reads. (owe#er% the #erbs in each sentence can be con"ugated into different tenses. A QR S-5. D &uri went to school 5. D Binsu will pla) outside P -5. D Nina reads $or Nina is reading' 94

A QR S&% &% P -5. D &uri went to school% Binsu will pla) outside and Nina is reading. )*a&(le sentences )7g7 ! heard and spo7e D %& + ! studied% re#ised and taught D &% O&% 7 . ! washed and ate dinner. D P & M8 , . , Q & %5. D This shop sells and bu)s fruit and #egetables. P&% ) &% , ,-5. D ! met m) friend% had fun and ate lunch together. $7 & & & -7 5 D !t9s raining and snowing% the wind is blowing and the lightning stri7es. N T, :&% % & 1&% %. E& 1-5. D 0aniel is watching T,% Su+anne is ma7ing brea7fast and Samson is still in bed.

95

#er$s - %an
%an do 4C 1 5 !n this lesson% we9ll learn about how to con"ugate #erbs to form 'can' and 'cannot'.

;n-or&al 0ritten '(oken ;n-or&al 0ritten '(oken

%an do C1 C 1%an't do C C

%ould do C 1, C 1,%ouldn't do C , + C , +-

Note: C and C , is more commnl) used than and + in written Korean. Similarl)% and +- is more commonl) used than - and C ,- in spo7en Korean. %on!ugation rules O0ritten For&P First o- all6 take o-- t+e (lain -or& o- "er$s7 17 For "er$s 1+ose last c+aracter +as no -inal consonant6 attac+ Z 1 to t+e&6 and -or "er$s 1+ose last c+aracter +as as a -inal consonant6 attac+ 1 to t+e&7 )7g7 Q C 1 D can do 7 Q > 1 D can go : Q 1 D can see E Q 1 D can sleep 3 Q E 1 D can drin7 A Q 1 D can run c Q1 Qc1 Q1 D can pla) D can li#e D can fl)

96

27 For "er$s 1+ose last c+aracter +as a -inal consonant6 attac+ 1 )7g7 U a Q 1 Q U 1 Q 1 Q a 1 D can eat D can wear D can sit D can catch

to t+e&7

;rregular -or&s % Q 1 b Q $ 1

$can hear' $can wal7'

O'(oken For&P dd in -ront o- t+e s(oken -or& o- (ositi"e "er$s to e*(ress 'can't do' and 'couldn't do7' )7g7 Q D can9t do n Q n D can9t come Q D can9t see 7 Q 7 D can9t go - Q - D can9t hear - Q - D can9t eat S- Q S- D couldn9t go ,- Q ,- D couldn9t hear ,- Q ,- D couldn9t eat )*a&(le 'entences A 1 D A cheetah can run fast. @ 1 D A lar7 can fl) in the s7). -f 1 D Solomon can sol#e a difficult riddle. * C -> . D A pet cannot enter the museum. 8 t 1- D ! can pla) the guitar. - D Bohn can9t eat seafood. 0 % QR S- D 2ecause Sarah was sic7% she couldn9t go to school. D cheetah A D fast% Fuic7l) @ D lar7 D fl) D Solomon 97

-f D difficult D riddle D sol#e * D a pet C D museum -7 D enter 8 D guitar D pla) $the instrument' i D Bohn D seafood 0 D Sarah % D sic7 Polite For& While the in-or&al -or& in the eAamples abo#e is used b) people who are of the sa&e age and or close% or when older (eo(le are tal7ing to )ounger people in in-or&al situations% the polite form is commonl) used b) younger people addressing older people% and in an) -or&al situations.

For&al 0ritten '(oken For&al 0ritten '(oken

%an do C 1ON C 1-5 %an't do C ON N C -5 5

%ould do C 1,ON C 1,-5 %ouldn't do C ,ON +ON C ,-5 +-5

Note: The ones in $old c+aracters are &ore co&&only used alternati#e of the two in each boA. %on!ugation rules 17 ;n-or&al Q Polite =0ritten? 2e(lace 1it+ ON 7 C 1 Q C 1ON D can do > 1 Q > 1ON D can go C 1 Q C 1ON D can spea7 1, Q 1,ON D could come - 1, Q - 1,ON D could stand

98

27 ;n-or&al Q Polite ='(oken? ttac+ at t+e end o- sentences7 C 1- Q C 1-5 D can do > 1- Q > 1-5 D can go 1- Q 1-5 D can gi#e 1,- Q 1,-5 D could recei#e 0> 1,- Q 0> 1,-5 D could go up

)*a&(le 'entences A 1ON D A cheetah can run fast. @ 1ON D A lar7 can fl) in the s7). -f 1ON D Solomon can sol#e a difficult riddle. * C -> ON . D A pet cannot enter the museum. 8 t 1-5 D ! can pla) the guitar. -5 D Bohn can9t eat seafood. 0 % QR S-5 D 2ecause Sarah was sic7% she couldn9t go to school.

99

#er$s < 3a"e

3a"e =1 ? : Don't +a"e = ? This lesson co#ers how the #erb% '+a"e'% is used. !t can be eApressed in two wa)sE 1 D there is are $Lit. is present' 7& 1 D ha#e% possess D there isn9t aren9t $Lit. is not present' 7& 1 j D do not ha#e possess ;n-or&al 0ritten For& 3a"e Don't +a"e

1 7& 1

7& 1 j 7& 1 Don't +a"e

;n-or&al '(oken For&

3a"e

17& 1-

7& 1 j% 7& 1-

Note: The 1ords in $old letters are the more commonl) used of the two alternati#es in each of the Written and Spo7en forms.

3a"e =1 ? 1 means 't+ere is:are'% for eAampleE %7 1 D There is a pupp) in the garden. 9 -7 1 D There9s an ant on the des7. (owe#er% 1 can also mean '+a"e'. !t is used more freFuentl) than the alternati#e% '7& 1 '% which is more cumbersome to pronounce. Written form Q 1 % 7& 1 Spo7en form Q 1-% 7& 1-

100

)*a&(le 'entences 0ritten For& 1 . D ! ha#e a boo7. $Lit. There is a boo7' 3R7 1 . D ! ha#e a watch. - 1 . D ! ha#e a mobile phone. 7& 1 . D ! ha#e a boo7. - 7& 1 . D ! ha#e a mobile phone. '(oken For& m$' 1-. -$' 1-. 3R$' 1-. m$' 7& 1-. -$' 7& 1-. Note: 5. Mse : with Q1 Q and : with Q7& 1 Q. >. The particles are usuall) o&itted in spo7en Korean. When )ou sa)% 9! ha#e a brother or sister9% 7& 1 % NN,. be used because it implies ownership. Onl) 1 can be used in relation to people. For e*a&(le6 0ritten For& >' 1 . D ! ha#e a )ounger brother. ' 1 . D ! ha#e a )ounger sister. '(oken For& $' 1-. D ! ha#e an older brother. 5P$' 1-. D ! ha#e an older sister. >'$' 1-. D ! ha#e a )ounger brother. '$' 1-. D ! ha#e a )ounger sister.

Don't +a"e = ? literall) means 't+ere isn't:aren't'. (owe#er% it can also mean 'don't +a"e'

For e*a&(le6 0ritten For& D don9t ha#e $Lit. there isn9t aren9t' 7& 1 j 7& 1 D don9t ha#e $Lit. don9t own possess'

101

'(oken For& - D don9t ha#e $Lit. there isn9t aren9t' 7& 1 j% 7& 1- D don9t ha#e $Lit. don9t own possess' Note: 1or the negati#es% the 1ords in $old letters are the more commonl) used of the two alternati#es in each of the Written and Spo7en forms. )*a&(le 'entences 0ritten For& . D ! don9t ha#e a boo7. 3R7 . D ! don9t ha#e a watch. - . D ! don9t ha#e a mobile phone. 7& 1 j . D ! don9t ha#e own a boo7. - 7& 1 j . D ! don9t ha#e own a mobile phone. '(oken For& m$' -. 3R$' -. -$' -. m$' 7& 1-. -$' 7& 1-.

Luestion For& !n spo7en Korean% in order to change a sentence into a Fuestion% )ou simpl) need to raise )our tone at the last letter. To see how it9s done% it9d be probabl) best to watch a nati#e Korean do it for )ou. (owe#er% as ! figure most of )ou would not ha#e that 7ind of luAur)% ha#ing a nati#e spea7er do it for )ou whene#er )ou want% ! encourage )ou to listen to the Korean audios or recordings online or watch Korean dramas or mo#ies and familiari+e )ourself with the intonation of Fuestions. 1or eAcellent free audio and #ideo resources% please tr) 9Tal7 To Ne !n Korean9 $httpE www.tal7tomein7orean.com '. $' 1-8 D 0o )ou ha#e an older brother8 5P$' 1-8 D 0o )ou ha#e an older sister8 >'$' 1-8 D 0o )ou ha#e a )ounger brother8 '$' 1-8 D 0o )ou ha#e a )ounger sister8 m$' -8 D 0on9t )ou ha#e a boo78 3R$' -8 D 0on9t )ou ha#e a watch8 -$' -8 D 0on9t )ou ha#e a mobile phone8 102

Polite For& While the in-or&al -or& in the eAamples abo#e is used b) people who are of the sa&e age and or close% or when older (eo(le are tal7ing to )ounger people in in-or&al situations% the polite form is commonl) used b) younger people addressing older people% and in an) -or&al situations. Polite 0ritten For& 3a"e Don't +a"e

1ON 7& 1ON

ON 7& 1 jON 7& 1ON Don't +a"e

Polite '(oken For&

3a"e

1-5 7& 1-5

-5 7& 1 j%5 7& 1-5

;? ;n-or&al Q Polite ='(oken? Must add at t+e end o- a sentence7 1-58 D 0o )ou ha#e an older brother8 5P 1-58 D 0o )ou ha#e an older sister8 >' 1-58 D 0o )ou ha#e a )ounger brother8 ' 1-58 D 0o )ou ha#e a )ounger sister8 -58 D 0on9t )ou ha#e a boo78 3R -58 D 0on9t )ou ha#e a watch8 - -58 D 0on9t )ou ha#e a mobile phone8

;;? ;n-or&al Q Polite =0ritten? 2e(lace 1it+ ON 7 1ON . D ! ha#e a boo7. 3R7 1ON . D ! ha#e a watch. - 1ON . D ! ha#e a mobile phone. 7& 1 j . D ! don9t ha#e own a boo7. - 7& 1 j . D ! don9t ha#e own a mobile phone. 103

#er$s < 0ant

#er$s - 0ant 4N& 5 ;n-or&al 0ritten For& Positi"e Negati"e Present Past

& & j 8

& , & j 8 ,

;n-or&al '(oken For& Positi"e Negati"e

Present

Past

& & j% 8 -

& ,& j8 ,-

Note: & j and 8 both mean <! don9t want to do.< (owe#er% !n written Korean% & j is more commonl) used whereas in spo7en Korean% 8 - is more commonl) used. 8 - literall) means <! hate to do.< The bold letters indicate which one is more commonl) used. $ule .ake o-- a (lain -or& o- "er$s and attac+ & :& , :8 :8 , :& -:& ,- etc7 )*a&(les =0ritten For&? Q & D ! want to do. Q & D ! want to eat. Q & , D ! wanted to fl). Q & j D ! did9t want to pla). 3 Q 3& j D ! didn9t want to drin7. PP7 & j & j D ! didn9t want to eat a banana. D ! didn9t want to fl) in the s7).

)*a&(les ='(oken For&? Q & - D ! want to do. Q & - D ! want to eat. 104

 Q & ,- D ! wanted to fl). Q 8 - D ! don9t want to pla). 3 Q 38 ,- D ! didn9t want to drin7. PP 8 - D ! don9t want to eat a banana. 8 ,- D ! didn9t want to fl) in the s7). Luestions ='(oken For&? E& -8 D 0o )ou want to sleep8 . E& -. D &es% ! want to sleep. B & -8 D What do )ou want to eat8 0 & -. D ! want to eat noodles. -; 7& -8 D Where do )ou want to go8 7& -. D ! want to go to a par7. For&al For& For&al 0ritten For& Positi"e Negati"e Present Past

& ON & jON 8 ON

& ,ON & jON 8 ,ON

For&al '(oken For& Positi"e Negati"e

Present

Past

& -5 & j%5 8 -5

& ,-5 & j-5 8 ,-5

Note: The informal spo7en form is used $et1een close -riends or when older people are tal7ing to )ounger people in in-or&al situations. The formal form is used commonl) $et1een adults% b) people in -or&al situations or when )ounger people are spea7ing to older people. $ules For t+e -or&al 1ritten -or&6 t+e su--i* 6 6 is re(laced $y ON 7 For t+e -or&al s(oken -or&6 attac+ at t+e end o- a sentence7 )*a&(les =0ritten For&? Q & ON Q & ON D ! want to do. D ! want to eat. 105

 Q & ,ON D ! wanted to fl). Q & jON D ! did9t want to pla). 3 Q 3& jON D ! didn9t want to drin7. )*a&(les ='(oken -or&? Q & -5 D ! want to do. Q & -5 D ! want to eat. Q & ,-5 D ! wanted to fl). Q 8 ,-5 D ! did9t want to pla). 3 Q 38 ,-5 D ! didn9t want to drin7. @ore e*a&(les E& -58 D 0o )ou want to sleep8 }. E& -5. D &es% ! want to sleep. B & -58 D What do )ou want to eat8 0 & -5. D ! want to eat noodles. -; 7& -58 D Where do )ou want to go8 7& -5. D ! want to go to a par7. ;n addition: When tal7ing about a third person% 9& - 9 is used instead of & % and 9& -9 instead of & -. )*a&(les 7 Q 7& - ' 7& - D Lu7e wants to go to the theatre. =_ 3& - D Sunmi wants to drin7 an apple "uice.

106

#er$s - Descri(ti"e For& ;

The descripti#e form ! of #erbs ta7es the meaning of QNing7Q (ie. Continuous!6 or is used as a present tense clause in#ol#ing <which% that% who etc.<. 0ritten For& Positi"e Negati"e Plain A A j Descri(ti"e ; A A j

.+e .a$le o- %o&&on #er$s and .+eir Descri(ti"e For&s ; 0ritten For& 2un )at Go 'tand %o&e 'it Buy 'ell Gro1 .+ro1 Borro1 Lend Play 0rite 2ead Listen to Li"e Die Plain A 7 E0 . A = V % c d Descri(ti"e ; A 7 E0 . A = V % d

These descripti#e forms ! are used in front of nouns to describe them% and form a present tense clause in#ol#ing <who% which% that< of :nglish. 1or eAample% the descripti#e form ! of 7 is 7 and 7 8 means a <train which goes<. Literall)% 7 means <going< therefore 7 8 D a going train.

107

O 2ules First6 take o-- a "er$ and t+en6 17 add )g7 Q D eating Q a dwarf who eats an apple $ Lit. an apple-eating dwarf' E Q E D sleeping E = Q a princess who sleeps $ Lit. A sleeping princess' d Q d D d)ing d Q a soldier who is d)ing $ Lit. a d)ing soldier' Q j D not belie#ing unbelie#ing j _ Q Thomas who does not belie#e $D Lit. unbelie#ing Thomas' 27 .ake o-- a "er$ 1it+ a -inal consonant6 and add 7 )g7 Q D selling 7 Q A shop which sells antiFues $ Lit. An antiFue-selling shop' c Q : Q A place where !9m li#ing $ Lit. A li#ing place' @ore e*a&(les E0 k' D A cactus which grows in the desert $ Lit. A desert-growing cactus' 7 . D All the boo7s that ! read are informati#e.

108

#er$s - Descri(ti"e For& ;;

The descripti#e form !! of #erbs ta7es the meaning of QNed7Q (ie. past tense! or is used as a past tense clause in#ol#ing <who% which% that etc.<. 0ritten For& Positi"e Negati"e Plain A A j Descri(ti"e ;; A j

.+e .a$le o- %o&&on #er$s and .+eir Descri(ti"e For&s ;; 0ritten For& 2un )at Go 'tand %o&e 'it Buy 'ell Gro1 .+ro1 Borro1 Lend Play 0rite 2ead Listen to Li"e Die Plain A 7 E0 . A = V % c d Descri(ti"e ;; c EG . c d

,erbs can be used in front of nouns to describe them% and form a past tense clause in#ol#ing <who% which% that< of :nglish. 1or eAample% the descripti#e form !! of P is and 8 means a <train which left<. Literall)% means <left< therefore 8 D a left train

109

O 2ules First6 take o-- a "er$ and t+en6 17 For "er$s 1it+ a -inal consonant6 add )g7 Q D ate Q a dwarf who ate an apple d Q d D died dead d Q a dead soldier $D a soldier who died' Q j D disbelie#ed j _ Q Thomas who disbelie#ed Q D read (past tense! 8 Q an article that ! read 27 For "er$s 1it+out a -inal consonant and "er$s 1it+ as a -inal consonant6 re(lace it 1it+ as a -inal consonant7 )g7 A Q D borrowed Q a boo7 which ! borrowed $Lit. a borrowed boo7' V Q D wrote 7 D the gospel which St. Lu7e wrote N Q D stopped )_7 : D a place where the bus stopped %entences& 'egatives 8 A Q 8 A j D didn9t wait = 8 A j k Q a ser#ant who didn9t wait for the Lord Q j D didn9t eat J j - D a dog who didn9t eat food 8 Q 8 j D didn9t gi#e up 8 j D Bob who didn9t gi#e up till the end

110

#er$s < '(eec+ =in s(oken Korean?

#er$s in s(oken Korean The following dialogue between two close friends in#ol#e #erbs in the informal spo7en form. D well gh D shopping D )es 6 D am # D pm LM > D !9ll go first This dialogue should be eas) to comprehend. A 3 D The con#ersation starts @E @% B 8 @E L -. @E -; 78 @E . QR 7. @E 78 @E V 3. @E 8 @E QR . @E -8 @E . -. @E -H 8 @E ' 7 =!. @E 3 ?8 @E . B 8 @E P gh 7. @E 8 @E # T 3. @E L ,-8 @E . ,-. P LM >. 1-3 @E 73 Sang-uE Bi-u% what are )ou doing8 Bi-uE !9m eating. Sang-uE Where are )ou going8 Bi-uE !9m going to school. Sang-uE When are )ou going8 Bi-uE At V o9cloc7. Sang-uE Wh)8 .are )ou going to school8/ Bi-uE ! stud) at school. Sang-uE !s it fun8 Bi-uE &es% it9s fun. Sang-uE (ow do )ou stud)8 111

Bi-uE N) teacher teaches me. Sang-uE Ahh... reall)8 Bi-uE &eap. (ow about )ou8 Sang-uE !9ll go shopping Bi-uE When8 Sang-uE At T o9cloc7 pm. Bi-uE 0id )ou ha#e a meal8 Sang-uE &es. ! ha#e. !9ll go first then. 2)e3 Bi-uE 2)e3 This is a con#ersation between Sang-u and Bi-u. This is a t)pe of con#ersation that is common between close friends% )et it is eAtremel) simple to understand e#en for beginners of Korean. So pa) attention to how these Qs(oken -or&sQ are used. O A list of written forms and their respecti#e spo7en forms. 0ritten For& - '(oken For& .1or detailed eAplanation% refer to $,erbs - Present% Past'/ go D 7 - come D - do D - eat D - gi#e D = - recei#e D - % pla) D - % sleep D E - run D A - teach D 7 - 7 learn D p@ - p3 These spo7en forms are informal so )ou should onl) use them with #er) close friends.

112

d"er$s -
d!ecti"e Positi"e Negati"e Present j d"er$ j

Note: j is more commonl) used in written Korean while is more common in spo7en Korean. $ules 17 .ake o-- an ad!ecti"e o- t+e (resent tense and attac+ : j to it7 27 ttac+ - to a (ositi"e -or& o- ad"er$s to turn it into its negati"e -or&7 0ritten 3ig+ Lo1 Big '&all =siGe? '(acious Delicious @any Present [ I1 d"er$ % [ I1 % Y % A A 1

'&all Y =Huantity? Kind Fast 'lo1 A

3andso&e 1

Note: Ad#erbs come "ust before #erbs to describe actions. % and each ha#e two ad#erbial forms. % A and are more commonl) used than % and . )*a&(le sentences P _ I1 , D ! ate m) stea7 <deliciousl)< $Lit. ! en"o)ed m) stea7' 113

^ A b D A tortoise wal7s slowl) L , D ! ate a big meal. $Lit. ! ate a meal a lot.' A 7E= D Let9s go home Fuic7l)= "#, A . D -heol-su ran fast to the finish line. @ , D Seong-u made a large ca7e. $Lit. Seong-u made his ca7e big.' P 7 $A D The higher a bird flies% the farther it sees. $Lit. A bird which flies high sees afar.'

114

Particles < ::
The dati#e particle% % is mainl) used for someone something to whom )ou are gi#ing something. is a honorific form% is a formal form and is an informal form. )g7 1 %) - D To m) father% ! ga#e a present.

%) D 1ather D present -A D gi#e $honorific form' - D ga#e $honorific form' )g72 % - D To m) dad% ! ga#e a present.

% D 0ad D present -A D gi#e $honorific form' - D ga#e $honorific form' )g73 5P =, . D To older sister% ! ga#e water 5P D older sister d D water = D gi#e =, D ga#e $' is used when )ou are recei#ing something from someone. Again% $' is an honorific form% is formal and is informal. )g71 %& )g72 D mum D letter D recei#e D recei#ed )g7 2 QJ , D older brother QJ D news % D hear , D heard 115 D 1rom older brother% ! heard news D 1rom the president% ! recei#ed a pri+e. D 1rom mum% ! recei#ed a letter

Direction Particle < :

Particles - : is used -or 1ords 1+ic+ +a"e a -inal consonant6 and -or 1ords 1itt+at a -inal consonant7 =)*ce(tion: is still used -or 1ords 1+ic+ +a"e as a -inal consonant7? e7g7 ]' A $y truck - A $y:1it+ a &o$ile (+one () A $y:1it+ a co&(uter A $y car A $y:1it+ a (encil ;7 : is used -or tools:&et+ods:trans(ort 1it+ 1+ic+ you do so&et+ing7 )g71 79 @ D With scissors% ! cut a paper. i D With a pencil% ! drew a picture. * + D With a bow% ! did hunting. 79 D scissors @ D paper E D cut D cut $past' D pencil i D picture A D draw D drew D bow * D hunting D do + D did * D do hunting )g7 2 # *A A D With his good brain% 0a#id beat Goliath. P v : D 2) m) imagination% ! saw the hea#en. >r8 U A &8 a D With its large bea7% the gull caught a fish. D 0a#id # D good *A D head $brain' 116

A D Goliath 8 D win beat D imagination v D hea#en : D see : D saw >r8 D a gull D big% large A D bea7 &8 D fish a D catch a D caught )g7 3 $+8 , S D 2) a plane% ! went to an island. QR 5 3W $ D 2) car% it ta7es an hour to school. KTX < T 3W $ D 2) KTX% it ta7es T hours to go from Seoul to 2usan. $+8 D plane D island 7 D go S D went q D car QR D school 3W D hour $A D ta7e $time' $ D ta7e $time' KTX D Korea Train :Apress ;;7 : is used -or a destination:(lace -or 1+ic+ you are +eaded7 v W D ! am headed for the hea#en v -7 D a door for entering the hea#en P -5 D *aomi left for Noab - S D Bim went home. The difference between and is that emphasises where one is headed has gone whereas doesn9t. P S D ! went home. $! didn9t go to an) other place.'

117

Particles - 6 4Fro&6 toR at:in5

6 4Fro&6 to5 and are used after places times "ust li7e <from< and <to< in :nglish. )*a&(le sentences QR D 1rom home to school 5 3 > 3 D 1rom 5pm to >pm - D ! came from :ngland 0S D ! climbed up to the summit of the mountain. M8 %n D -ome bac7 b) e#ening D :ngland D mountain summit M8 D e#ening 4 t:in5 is used after places to mean that something is happening at a particular place. )*a&(le sentences QR J + . D At school% we pla)ed American football. J oL , D At a Bapanese restaurant% ! ate sushi. p-. D !n a par7% we pla)ed badminton. ! + D !n m) room% ! studied. A'E /3 + D !n the bathroom% ! had a shower. J D American football J D Bapanese restaurant oL D sushi D par7 p-. D badminton D room D stud) $noun' + D studied A'E D bathroom toilet /3 D shower /3 + D had a shower $Lit. did a shower' Note: !n spo7en Korean% is usuall) omitted. For e*a&(le: + Q +- $! studied' /3 + Q /3 +- $ ! had a shower' M8 , Q M8 ,- $! had dinner' 118

Particles - 4only5
4,nly Particle5 essentiall) means <onl)< and it is used after a noun. Sometimes% . is used before a noun to emphasi+e the <onl)-ness.< P . D Onl) ! left. % T, : . D Onl) 0ad watched T,. 0 _0 . D Onl) ;uth came to !srael. . D ! dran7 onl) water. _71 q . D Stephen bought onl) shoes7 . P , . D Onl) ! ate. . - + . D Onl) Paul studied Korean. . . D Onl) Bohn left. can be also used for nominali+ed #erbs.$*ouns - *ominali+ing ,erbs' !n this case% + attched after a nominali+ed #erb. )g7 P 8 + . D ! did onl) eating. 5 = - 8 + . D Paul% for a wee7% did onl) stud)ing Korean. 2I0 E8 + . D The 7oala% which ! saw at the +oo% did onl) sleeping. 2I0 D The 7oala% which ! saw at the +oo 1or a detailed eAplanation of the descripti#e #erb% see $,erbs - 0escripti#e !' is

119

Possessi"e -
2ule O Add to a noun. ("ote# $ainly used in a written %or$! )g7 H Q P D m) H Q D )our H Q D his H Q D her (owe#er% in most spo7en Korean% the) are simplified for easier pronunciation. )g7 P Q Q 2 $pronounced ~' Q 3% $not commonl) used' 57$who' Q 5 $whose' 1or all possessi#es% onl) j and }$~' are commonl) used in spo7en Korean. !n most cases is omitted. )g. N) car D &our shoes D 2 $pronounced N ' Nichael9s car D E $written form' or $spo7en form' *otice that has been omitted% and E has been simplified to q. 5 8 $Whose car is it8' $q' $&ou can either answer b) sa)ing or ' !n spo7en Korean% 9he she9 or 9his her9 are rarel) $almost ne#er' used. !nstead% his her name is addressed as a sub"ect in a first sentence% and then omitted for sentences following. This is the same for possessi#e forms. !nstead of 9his her9% 9Nichael9s Lisa9s9 are used. )g7 Lisa9s friend5E A 7! 4 4. $Lisa9s handbag is reall) prett)' Lisa9s friend>E 48 P! & . $;eall)8 !% too% want to bu) that' Another thing to note is that } is attached to a personal name if a noun being possessed is a group organisation. $Spo7en 1orm' Lisa9s friend5E A2 4 $Lisa9s house is reall) big' Lisa9s friend>E A2 QR! . $Lisa9s school% too% is big' 120

Note: A school% house% compan) and countr) are some of the 9group organisation9 nouns that reFuire } attached to a personal name which are being possessi#e. An) other personal items such as one9s bag% car and so on do not need } attached to a personal name.

121

%on!unctions < nd
A& 4and5 A& can onl) be used between sentences. &esterda) D - 2oo7 D m 2anana D PP read D read.past/ D , sleep D E slept D )g7 - , . A& . .&esterda)% read boo7. And slept./ PP I1 . A& . .2anana is delicious. And sweet./ The two sentences are lin7ed b) A& but the) are still separate. To lin7 two or more sentences into one sentence% please refer to ,erbs - -onnecti#e. : 4'and' -or nouns5 is used for nouns. Mse after nouns without a final consonant% and for nouns with a final consonant. is onl) used to "oin nouns. )g7 n D Sea and Nountain n P D &ou and ! L D rice and bread @ D boo7% pencil and paper

122

%on!unctions - But6 lt+oug+

6P 4But5 6P can onl) be used between sentences. 2oo7 D m 2anana D PP read D want to read D & wanted to read D & , $#er$s - 0ant' sleep D E slept D li7e D # $plain' li7e D #% $present' $#er$s - Present:Past' )g7 & , . 6P . .! wanted to read a boo7. 2ut ! slept./ PP I1 . 6P P #% j . .2anana is delicious. 2ut ! don9t li7e it/ The two sentences are lin7ed b) 6P but the) are still separate. N:N 4But6 lt+oug+5 To lin7 two or more sentences into one sentence% 3 or 3 are used. O For "er$s6 add to #er$s - Descri(ti"e ; O For ad!ecti"es6 add to d!ecti"es - Descri(ti"e )g7 V Q V D write but although ! write V V% D ! write words but ! cannot read Although ! write% ! cannot read Q D li#e but although it li#es % 5 D !t li#es in the water but it cannot li#e on the ground Although it li#es in the water% it cannot li#e on the ground -f Q -f D difficult but although it9s difficult - p@8 -f 1 D A foreign language is difficult to learn but it9s interesting Although a foreign language is difficult to learn% it9s interesting. O For "er$s and ad!ecti"es6 add to a (lain -or& 1it+out 7 )g7 V Q V D write but although ! write V V% D ! write words but ! cannot read c Q c D li#e but although it li#es 123

 c% 5

D !t li#es in the water but it cannot li#e on the ground

-G Q -G D difficult but although it9s difficult - p@8 -G 1 D A foreign language is difficult to learn but it9s interesting.

124

%on!unctions - But 4:5

is freFuentl) used in casual spo7en Korean. means <but< For e*a&(le6 A_- C % 6A- C 70 D ! 7now how to do$spea7 write read' Gree7 but ! don9t 7now how to do$spea7 write read' !talian. L % 28 -. D ! eat $coo7ed rice' but ! don9t eat side dishes. ! % A'E Z% D The room is spacious but the bathroom is cramped$small'. 2ules 17 .ake o-- a (lain -or& o- "er$s and attac+ to it7 Q D do but 7 Q 7 D go but Q D come but Q D eat but 3 Q 3 D drin7 but Q D bu) but Q D sell but b Q b D wal7 but Note: Ta7e a final consonant% % off a plain form of #erbs and then attach . I Q % $7now' Q $sell' 27 dd to Ad"ecti#es - 0escripti#e -or& o- ad!ecti"es7 Q U D big large but Q D small but 79 Q 7f D close but $in distance' $ Q L D far but $in distance' Q D a lot man) but Y Q Y D few little but Q f D hot but $temperature' Q 7f D cold but $temperature' )*a&(le sentences =s(oken -or&? QR 7% QR 75. D ! go to school toda) but ! don9t go to school tomorrow. A :6 S% :& A7 ,- D ! went to see a mo#ie but there was no mo#ie that ! wanted to watch. 46 7 % ` . D $! (e She' was small $height' before but $! (e She' am is tall now. 125

 J :8 I1- :% -:N I -. D This meal loo7s delicious but it9s not delicious $at all' after !9#e tried it.

126

%on!unctions - Because6 'o

%on!unctions - Because and 'o 4N5 3 has man) usages and <because and so< is one of them. $ules O dd to a s(oken -or& o- t+e (resent tense o- "er$s or ad!ecti"es7 $Ad"ecti#es Present Past% ,erbs Y Present Past' Q D 2ecause $!' do $!' do and so 7 Q 7 D 2ecause $)ou' go $)ou' go and so P Q P D 2ecause $)ou' lea#e $)ou' lea#e and so #% Q #% D 2ecause $!' li7e $!' li7e and so - Q - D 2ecause $)ou' eat $)ou' eat and so a% Q a% D 2ecause $!' catch $!' catch and so 0 Q 0 D 2ecause $he9s' fast $he9s' fast and so % Q % D 2ecause $it9s' high $it9s' high and so % Q % D 2ecause $she9s' small $she9s' small and so Q D 2ecause $it9s' big $it9s' big and so )*a&(le 'entences : 7 D 2ecause ! pla) bas7etball% !9m tall. D ! pla) bas7etball and so !9m tall. 7 ` D 2ecause he9s gone to Korea% now he9s not in America. D (e9s gone to Korea and so he9s not in America.

P # D 2ecause a tree is big% ! li7e it. D A tree is big and so ! li7e it. Q #% Q S D 2ecause ! li7e science% ! went to college. D ! li7e science and so ! went to college. % AF D 2ecause the building is high% we ha#e to use an ele#ator. D The building is high and so we ha#e to use an ele#ator. 127

: D bas7etball D Korea D America P D tree Q D science Q D college uni#ersit) D building AF D ele#ator %on!unctions - 'o 4?5 A sentence containing 3 can be di#ided into two separate sentences and ? is used to lin7 them. )*a&(le sentences : . ? 7 . D ! pla) bas7etball. So !9m tall. S . ? ` . D (e9s gone to Korea. So he9s not in America. P . ? # . D A tree is big. So ! li7e it. Q # . ? Q S . D ! li7e science. So ! went to college. . ? AF . D The building is high. So we ha#e to use an ele#ator.

128

%on!unctions - Because 45
%on!unctions - Because 4R ;<6 5 is more freFuentl) used in written Korean and 3 is fa#oured in spo7en Korean because of its bre#it). $ules .ake o-- a (lain -or& and (ast tenses o- "er$s and ad!ecti"es and t+en attac+ 8 7 =But N,. a (resent tense o- "er$s ie7 I 8 is 1rong/ I 8 is rig+t/? Q 8 D 2ecause ! do 7 Q 78 D 2ecause ! go Q 8 D 2ecause ! bu) : Q :8 D 2ecause ! see 8 Q 8 D 2ecause ! eat #% Q #%8 D 2ecause ! li7e + Q +8 D 2ecause ! did S Q S8 D 2ecause ! went , Q ,8 D 2ecause ! ate Q 8 D 2ecause it9s big Q 8 D 2ecause it9s small = Q =8 D 2ecause it9s hot D Q D8 D 2ecause it9s cold Q 8 D 2ecause there is a lot Q 8 D 2ecause it9s long I1 Q I18 D 2ecause it9s delicious Q 8 D 2ecause it was high 4 Q 48 D 2ecause it was prett) Q 8 D 2ecause it was fast + Q +8 D 2ecause it was strong

)*a&(le sentences - %o&(are and contrast and N7 TJ #%8 TJ , . D 2ecause ! li7e -hinese food% ! ate -hinese food. =0ritten Korean? TJ #%8 TJ ,-5. D 2ecause ! li7e -hinese food% ! ate -hinese food. ='(oken Korean? TJ #% TJ ,-5 D 2ecause ! li7e -hinese food% ! ate -hinese food. ='(oken Korean? -on"unctions - 2ecause% So 129

% QR 78 - . D 2ecause ! go to school earl) in the morning% ! got up earl). % QR 7 --5 D 2ecause ! go to school earl) in the morning% ! got up earl). < D8 U . D 2ecause the winter is cold% people wear warm clothes. <> N3 U-5 D 2ecause the winter is cold% people wear warm clothes. k " :7 8 ? . D 2ecause on the internet% there is a lot of false information% we should be careful about what we read. k> " :7 % @ J5. D 2ecause on the internet% there is a lot of false information% we should be careful about what we read Note: The ob"ect particle% % is omitted and some words are abbre#iated in the spo7en form. 1or eAample% Q> ? Q " Q @

Although it is less commonl) used% a sentence containing two clauses can be di#ided into two sentences using ;< and . ;< is attached to the front of a second clause and replaces . TJ , . ;< TJ #%8 . D ! ate -hinese food because ! li7e -hinese food. TJ ,-5. $;<' TJ #%5. D ! ate -hinese food because ! li7e -hinese food. - . ;< % QR 78 . D ! got up earl) because ! go to school earl) in the morning. --5. $;<' % QR 75. D ! got up earl) because ! go to school earl) in the morning. Note: ;< is abbre#iated to ;< or it is altogether omitted in spo7en Korean. is mainl) used in literature and the news reporters use it often. (owe#er% people still use occasionall) in con#ersations instead of 3% especiall) when one wants to eAplain and reason.

130

%on!unctions - ;-:,nce 4N:5

3 is used after a #erb and the clause containing 3 must alwa)s come first and its meaning is <if once ! do such and such.< $ules 17 .ake o-- a (lain "er$ and add to it7 Q D !f Once $!' do 7 Q 7 D !f Once $)ou' go . Q . D !f Once $)ou' throw 27 .ake o-- a "er$ 1it+ a -inal consonant and add to it7 # Q # D !f Once $!' li7e Q D !f Once $)ou' eat a Q a D !f Once $!' catch )g7 QR 7 C 1 D !f Once ! go to school% ! can stud). 7 7 A 1 D !f Once )ou go to med school% )ou can become a doctor. 7 - D !f Once )ou bring $me' a boo7% ! will read $it' to )ou. QR D school C 1 D can do D med school D doctor A 1 D can become m D boo7 7 D bring D read

131

%on!unctions - ;-:,nce 4N5

is a a con"unction meaning 9if once.9 and both mean 9if once9 but is used more often in spo7en Korean. is used in the middle of sentence% for eAample% 7 % D !f once Binsu comes here% please gi#e this boo7 $to him' 2ut if is used at the end of a sentence% it means 9because.9 Please read% 2ecause !9m - 3% to learn how is used in this sense.

Ta7e off #erbs ad"ecti#es and add . Q D !f )ou do 7 Q 7 D !f )ou go D !f )ou come D !f $there are' man) 1 D !f there is are D !f there is are not

:Aample sentences ] 7 1 n =?5 D !f there are apples in the supermar7et% please bu) and bring $them'. B87 3 M I =?5 D !f once the game starts% please let me 7now. ! C= D Once )ou arri#e home% please call contact me= E0 M 6 =?5. :& 5. D Once the flowers in the garden grow a lot% please call me. $2ecause' ! want to see $them'. Please note 5 used at the end of sentence mean <because.< Please refer to 2ecause !9m - 3 .

132

%on!unctions < 0+en

%on!unctions - 0+en 4N 5 O $ules First6 take o-- a plain form o- "er$s=,erbs - Present Past? t+en: 17 dd N to "er$s 1it+ a -inal consonant d Q D when ! eat Q D when ! sit Q D when ! belie#e Q d D when ! die

27 dd NZ to "er$s 1it+out a -inal consonant7 7 E Q > D when ! go Q D when ! come Q D when ! sleep Q c D when ! bu)

37 dd N to "er$s 1it+ as a -inal consonant c )g7 M8 $7 . D When we were eating dinner% the rain came. E ?5. D When )ou sit on the chair% be careful. d ; > . D When the soldier was d)ing% he left a message. QR > W . D When ! go to school% ! go b) car. . D When ! come home% ! #isit m) friend9s house. @A D E . D When we sleep% we dream. c FG W D When people bu) food% the) go to a supermar7et. Q D when ! sell Q c D when ! li#e Q D when ! pla) $muc7 around'

O .ake o-- and add N to t+e (ast tense o- "er$s , , d, Q , D when ! ate Q D when ! sat Q , D when ! belie#ed Q d, D when ! died 133

 c )g7

Q D when ! sold Q c D when ! li#ed Q D when ! pla)ed $muc7ed around'

3& c - p . D When ! li#ed in -hicago% ! learned :nglish. % 7 # D When we pla)ed outside% the weather was good. Note: M8 $7 ( A 0+en 1e 1ere eating dinner6 t+e rain ca&e. M8 , $7 7 A 0+en 1e 1ere eating dinner6 t+e rain ca&e7 2oth or , can be used and the) mean the same thing. This is because the final #erb% % determines the tense of a sentence. The former is a more casual form than the latter.

134

%on!unctions < 0+ile

%on!unctions - 0+ile 4N:N=?5 3 form is more freFuentl) used in written Korean while 3 is more freFuentl) used in spo7en Korean. $ules 17 .ake o-- a (lain -or& o- "er$s 1it+ no -inal consonant and add : to it7 Q H D while doing 7 Q 7H 7 D while going = Q =H = D while gi#ing Q H D while bu)ing : Q :H : D while watching Q H D while spea7ing 3 Q 3H 3 D while drin7ing E Q EH E D while sleeping 27 .ake o-- a (lain -or& o- "er$s 1it+ a -inal consonant and add H: to it7 I )*ce(tions b % Q $H $ D while wal7ing Q H D while listening Q H D while eating Q H D while recei#ing Q IH I D while loo7ing for Q H D while reading

)*a&(le sentences 0ritten Korean P f H r]J_ ; . D While doing eAercise% ! watched NatriA. P ? H A + . D While listening to music% ! studied geograph). * EH E 2 . D While sleeping% (omer snored. _K_ a H . D At Starbuc7s% while reading a maga+ine% Nin"i dran7 coffee. & B 7H 7 0; , . D While going to wor7 b) car% Bunho listened to radio. 135

'(oken Korean f r]J_ ;-. D While doing eAercise% ! watched NatriA ? A +-. D While listening to music% ! studied geograph). $*' E 2 -. D While sleeping% (omer snored. $' _K_ a -. D At Starbuc7s% while reading a maga+ine% Nin"i dran7 coffee. $' & B 7 0; ,-. D While going to wor7 b) car% Bunho listened to radio. r]J_ D NatriA $The mo#ie' ? D music% song A D geograph) * D (omer $a male name as in Simpsons' D Nin"i $a female name' _K_ D Starbuc7s a D maga+ine D coffee B D wor7% compan) 0; D radio D Bunho $a male name' Note: The spo7en Korean usuall) omits a sub"ect because it is usuall) understood b) the spea7ers as to who the) are tal7ing about. 1or eAample% if ! were tal7ing about m)self% ! wouldn9t need to use P to sa) something about me because it is assumed that ! am tal7ing about me. Li7ewise% the third person sub"ects li7e * and can also be omitted when a person being tal7ed about is alread) 7nown b) people ha#ing a con#ersation. The ob"ect particle% % is omitted in spo7en Korean.

136

B013
B013 - 0+en6 0+ere6 0+o6 0+at6 3o1 and 0+y Note: Please refer to ,erbs - Present Past for the spo7en form of #erbs. When% where% who% what% how and wh) are #er) useful words to ma7e a Fuestion and the) are con#enient to use in con#ersations with friends. (ere are some simple sentences. &ou ma) hear these this pattern of the speech a lot from Korean dramas% animations% and people. To show )ou how the) are used% !9#e made simple sentences using the #erb%<go<. WhenE 78 D When do )ou go8 $Lit. when go8' WhereE -; 78 D Where do )ou go8 WhoE 57 78 D Who is going8 WhatE B7 78 D What is going8 (owE -H 78 D (ow do )ou go8 Wh)E ; 78 D Wh) do )ou go8 Note: The sub"ect is usuall) omitted. )g7 'a&: ! will go to school. Menny: 78 .(ere% it would mean 9When will )ou go89/ 'a&: Peter told me that we are going to a museum= Menny: 78 .When are we going8/ n8 D When do )ou come8 ; 8 D Wh) do )ou hit me8 ; <-8 D Wh) do )ou cr)8 B 8 D What do ! gi#e to )ou8 or What do )ou gi#e to me8 .0epends on the conteAt/

3onori-ic For& While the spo7en form abo#e is used $et1een close -riends or when older people are tal7ing to )ounger people in in-or&al situations. The honorific form is used commonl) $et1een adults% b) people in -or&al situations or when )ounger people are spea7ing to older people. O Bust add at the end of a sentence. WhenE 758 D When do )ou go8 $Lit. when go8' WhereE -; 758 D Where do )ou go8 WhoE 57 758 D Who is going8 WhatE B7 758 D What is going8 (owE -H 758 D (ow do )ou go8 Wh)E ; 758 D Wh) do )ou go8 137

 n58 D When do )ou come8 ; 58 D Wh) do )ou hit me8 ; <-58 D Wh) do )ou cr)8 B 58 D What do ! gi#e to )ou8 or What do )ou gi#e to me8 .0epends on the conteAt/

138

d"anced Gra&&ar
%o&(arati"es S 'u(erlati"es
%o&(arati"es 4N: 5 3: is used to compare two persons or things. The person thing that : is referring to is the one that comes after <3er than< in :nglish. The <3: < phrase can also come before a sub"ect. So the sentences below ha#e the same meaning. Note: particles are more freFuentl) used than particles% and in the spo7en Korean% almost eAclusi#el) are used. P ': 7 D ! am taller than $m)' )ounger sibling. 7 ': 7 D <!< am taller than $m)' )ounger sibling. ': 7 7 D ! am taller than $m)' )ounger sibling. ': 7 7 D ! am taller than $m)' )ounger sibling. 4s(oken -or&5 ': 7 7 5 D ! am taller than $m)' )ounger sibling. 4-or&al s(oken -or&5 ': D than )ounger sibling ' D )ounger sibling D height D big 7 D tall 7 D short D! j D changes to j before { D the honorific form of j used in formal eApressions is usuall) added before an ad"ecti#e. D more @ore e*a&(les : / LL D Nan is cle#erer than an animal. P %: / D The *ile ;i#er is longer than the Ama+on ;i#er. A: D !ron is stronger than copper. : D 2lood is thic7er than water. 7 : / 05 D Binsu is faster than Binho. M: / 5 D N) older brother does it better than me. : L / #%5 D ! li7e rice more than bread. 'u(erlati"es 45 is added before an ad"ecti#e to ma7e it a superlati#e. 139

7 D Binsu is the fastest 7 w T D The cheetah is the fastest among the land animals. Fm_] ?R D Nt. :#erest is the highest mountain in the world. E7 ?R I1 J D Pi++a is the most delicious food in the world. % f 5 D The most beautiful thing is lo#e. 4-or&al s(oken -or&5 $*ouns - Present% Past' ?R D world I1 D delicious I1 D delicious .descripti#e form/ Ad"ecti#es - 0escripti#e % f D beautiful .descripti#e form/ D thing

140

;&(erati"es - 6
;&(erati"e ;n-or&al Positi"e 5 75 -5 ?5 7?5 -?5 Negati"e 7 5 75 5 ?5 7?5 -3?5

For&al

3onori-ic

The informal form is used among #er) close friends or when tal7ing to a )ounger person who is #er) close to )ou in informal situations. The formal form and the honorific form are used in formal situations. (owe#er% if ! were to choose which one to use% ! would choose the honorific form because the formal form is a bit casual-ish. !t is safe to use the honorific form if )ou are unsure which one to use. Note: The honorific form of #erbs is present in Korean such asE E d Q -3 D eat Q =3 D sleep Q %73 D die% pass awa)

-9s honorific form is -?5. !t is usuall) used when tal7ing to people abo#e )our age or in formal situations. $ules ;n-or&al (ositi"e =;&(erati"e? A Present positi#e $spo7en Korean' = D 0o= MA 7= D Go o#er there= $Lea#e me alone=' E M -. D :at some of these snac7s. M !. D 0rin7 some water. ;n-or&al negati"e A Ta7e off a plain form of #erbs and attach to it. 7= D 0on9t go= A := D 0on9t watch this mo#ie= . D 0on9t eat this. . D 0on9t read this boo7.

141

For&al (ositi"e and negati"e A Attach to informal forms 3onori-ic (ositi"e A 5. Ta7e off a plain form of #erbs and then attach ?5 to #erbs without a final consonant. >. Attach ?5 to #erbs with a final consonant. T. 1or #erbs with a final consonant of % drop it off and attach ?5 to it. 7?5= D Please go= A ?5. D Please come here. A P?5= D Please lea#e Fuic7l)= - -?5. D Please eat alread). &8 a?5. D Please catch the fish with )our hands. ~-?5= D Please wa#e )our hands= $~ D wa#e' NVNV !?5= D Please turn round and round= $ D turn round% spin'

3onori-ic negati"e A Ta7e off a plain form of #erbs and attach ?5. ' ?5= D Please don9t fool around= M : 7 ?5. D Please don9t go to that place. $Keep awa) from that place.' C 1 ?5. D Please don9t touch things in the museum.

142

3a"e to -
;n-or&al -or& ;n-or&al 0ritten '(oken 3a"e to " K 3ad to + O + O-

;n-or&al 0ritten '(oken

Don't +a"e to j%! " j%! K ! K

Didn't +a"e to j%! O j%! O! O-

Note: The words in bold are the more commonl) used alternati#e of the two in each boA. $ules 17 ttac+ : " : K: O- etc7 to t+e in-or&al s(oken -or& o- "er$s7 ,erbs Present% Past Q D ha#e to do 7 Q 7 D ha#e to go n Q n D ha#e to come Q D ha#e to see - Q - D ha#e to eat ! Q ! D ha#e to drin7 27 .ake o-- a (lain -or& o- "er$s and t+en attac+ j%! " : j%! O : j%! etc7 to it7 Q j%! " D don9t ha#e to do 7 Q 7 j%! " D don9t ha#e to go Q j%! " D don9t ha#e to come : Q : j%! " D don9t ha#e to see Q j%! " D don9t ha#e to eat 3 Q 3 j%! " D don9t ha#e to drin7 37 ttac+ - and ! K: ! O,- to t+e -ront and $ack o- t+e in-or&al s(oken -or& o- "er$s res(ecti"ely7 ,erbs - Present% Past

143

! K D don9t ha#e to do 7! K D don9t ha#e to go n! K D don9t ha#e to come ! K D don9t ha#e to see -! K D don9t ha#e to eat !! K D don9t ha#e to drin7

)*a&(le sentences &ritten 'or$ < 7 . D Seong-min has to go to Seoul toda). = QR 7 j%! " . D Nin-"u doesn9t ha#e to go to school tomorrow. *PA r Q - + D 2ecause of her sic7ness% Ashle) had to ta7e $lit. eat' medicine e#er)da) last )ear. (poken 'or$ = R5 Q K D ! ha#e to finish the science assignment b) this Thursda). *PA P% 7! K D 2ecause Ashle) has been healed now% she doesn9t ha#e go to the hospital. &N7 r@ -! K D !f the chillies are too spic)% )ou don9t ha#e to eat them. For&al -or& For&al 0ritten '(oken 3a"e to N SN 5 K5 Don't +a"e to j%! SN ! SN j%! K5 ! K5 3ad to +ON OON +-5 O-5 Didn't +a"e to j%! OON ! OON . j%! O-5 ! O-5

For&al 0ritten '(oken

Note: The rules for the con"ugation are the same as abo#e. )*a&(le sentences &ritten 'or$ 144

 < 7 N . D Seong-min has to go to Seoul toda). = QR 7 j%! SN . D Nin-"u doesn9t ha#e to go to school tomorrow. *PA r Q - +ON D 2ecause of her sic7ness% Ashle) had to ta7e $lit. eat' medicine e#er)da) last )ear. (poken 'or$ = R5 Q K5 D ! ha#e to finish the science assignment b) this Thursda). *PA P% 7! K5 D 2ecause Ashle) has been healed now% she doesn9t ha#e go to the hospital. &N7 r@ -! K5 D !f the chillies are too spic)% )ou don9t ha#e to eat them. SourceE Learn KoreanE LP9s Korean Language Learning

145

llo1ed to - ! "
;n-or&al For& ;n-or&al 0ritten '(oken are allo1ed to ! " ! K 1ere allo1ed to ! O, ! O,-

;n-or&al aren't allo1ed to 1eren't allo1ed to 0ritten '(oken " K O, O,-

Note: ! K means Qallo1ed to doQ and ! K means Qdon't +a"e to do6Q N,. Qnot allo1ed to do7Q This needs some eAplanations. 1irst of all% means <o7 or allowed.< ! K literall) means <doing is o7.< ! literall) means <not doing< therefore ! K literall) means <not doing is o7< which means <don9t ha#e to do.< K means Qnot allo1ed to do7Q literall) means <if ! do< and K means <not o7< therefore K literall) means <if ! do it% it9s not o7< which can be eApressed as <not allowed to do< -ompare this with (a#e to - (owe#er% )ou don9t ha#e to 7now these eAplanations to use them. Actuall)% !9#e ne#er thought about wh) these mean what the) mean until toda). The best wa) to learn them is to use them freFuentl) until the) become memorised. $ules 17 ttac+ ! " :! O, :! K:! O,- to t+e (ositi"e in-or&al s(oken -or& o"er$s ,erbs - Present% Past Q ! " D allowed to do 7 Q 7! " D allowed to go Q ! " D allowed to see - Q -! " D allowed to hear - Q -! " D allowed to eat ! Q !! " D allowed to drin7 Q ! " D allowed to run % Q %! " D allowed to sit % Q %! " D allowed to pla) muc7 around 146

2a7 .ake o-- a (lain -or& o- "er$s 1it+out a -inal consonant and attac+ " : O, : K: O,- to it7 =;ncludes "er$s 1it+ as a -inal consonant? Q " D aren9t allowed to do 7 Q 7 " D aren9t allowed to go TN Q TN " D aren9t allowed to dance Q " D aren9t allowed to pla) muc7 around Q " D aren9t allowed to push Q " D aren9t allowed to spin 2$7 .ake o-- a (lain -or& o- "er$s 1it+ a -inal consonant and attac+ " : O , : K: O,- to it7 U a V )*ce(tions % b Q " Q $ " D aren9t allowed to listen D aren9t allowed to wal7 Q " Q " Q U " Q a " Q " Q V " D aren9t allowed to eat D aren9t allowed to sit D aren9t allowed to hide D aren9t allowed to catch D aren9t allowed to pic7 up D aren9t allowed to fold

)*a&(le sentences &ritten %or$ W & X -! " D At a buffet $restaurant'% people are allowed to eat as much as the) want. 3Y 7! " D Those who ha#e finished the eAam can go home. !C Z8 " . D !t is not allowed to spea7 loudl) in the librar). '% [[ J " . D !nfants are not allowed to eat solid food. Q' r, E8 ! O, D Mntil last )ear% students were allowed to use a stall #ending machine. (poken %or$ T, ! K D &ou are allowed to watch T,. $&ou can watch T,.' -! K D &ou are allowed to eat this ca7e. $&ou can eat this ca7e%' \ ]p K D &ou are not allowed to bu) alcohol and tobacco. - %! O,- D Mntil )esterda)% ! was allowed to muc7 around. ^A% -7 O,- D Mntil last )ear% people were not allowed to enter the ,ictoria par7. 147

For&al For& For&al 0ritten '(oken For&al 0ritten '(oken are allo1ed to ! SN ! K5 aren't allo1ed to SN K5 1ere allo1ed to ! O,ON ! O,-5 1eren't allo1ed to O,ON O,-5

Note: The rules are the same as abo#e. )*a&(le sentences &ritten %or$ W & X -! SN D At a buffet $restaurant'% people are allowed to eat as much as the) want. 3Y 7! SN D Those who ha#e finished the eAam can go home. !C Z8 SN . D !t is not allowed to spea7 loudl) in the librar). '% [[ J SN . D !nfants are not allowed to eat solid food. Q' r, E8 ! O,ON D Mntil last )ear% students were allowed to use a stall #ending machine. (poken %or$ T, ! K5 D &ou are allowed to watch T,. $&ou can watch T,.' -! K5 D &ou are allowed to eat this ca7e. $&ou can eat this ca7e%' \ ]p K5 D &ou are not allowed to bu) alcohol and tobacco. - %! O,-5 D Mntil )esterda)% ! was allowed to muc7 around. ^A% -7 O,-5 D Mntil last )ear% people were not allowed to enter the ,ictoria par7.

148

; like doing - # 6 $ #%
; like doing - # # is a contracted form of # $ Q '

means <doing< and if )ou remember% < < is an identifier particle. !9d also li7e to call it a specificit) particle. 1or eAample% , _-9 # D ! li7e eating a sandwich at lunch $among a #ariet) of things to eat at lunch% a sandwich is m) choice' 3 # D ! li7e li#ing in the countr) $Although ! could li#e in the cit) or urban area% ! li7e li#ing in the countr)' # means two things 5. ! li7e >. !t9s good Msuall)% its meaning is <! li7e doing< in spo7en Korean. !n written Korean% < # < is more li7el) to mean <it9s good to do something.< (owe#er% the meaning depends on the conteAt.

;n-or&al 0ritten '(oken For&al 0ritten '(oken

Positi"e # #% Positi"e #ON #%5

Negati"e j # # #% Negati"e j #ON #ON j #%5 #%5

Note: The words in bold are the more commonl) used alternati#es of the two in each boA. $ules 17 .ake o-- a (lain -or& o- "er$s and t+en attac+ #

149

27 ;- a "er$ +as a -inal consonant o- 6 it is o&itted7 Q # D ! li7e doing% it9s good to do Q # D ! li7e eating% it9s good to eat : Q : # D ! li7e watching% it9s good to watch % Q % # D ! li7e listening% it9s good to listen b Q b # D ! li7e wal7ing% it9s good to wal7 V Q V # D ! li7e writing% it9s good to write Q # D ! li7e reading% it9s good to read Q - # D ! li7e ma7ing% it9s good to ma7e c Q # D ! li7e li#ing% it9s good to li#e Q # D ! li7e wrapping% it9s good to wrap

)*a&(le sentences f # D ! li7e eAercising. !t9s good to eAercise. ` a7 7 # D ! li7e going to the beach at wee7ends. !t9s good to go to the beach at wee7ends. `5 E # D On a 1rida) night% ! li7e eating pi++a. On a 1rida) night% it9s good to eat pi++a. Cb A: #% D When !9m bored% ! li7e watching mo#ies. When )ou9re bored% it9s good to watch mo#ies.

; like doing - $ #% $ is a contracted form of and is an ob"ect particle. $ #% ;n-or&al 0ritten '(oken "ust means <! li7e doing< Positi"e $ #% $ #% Negati"e $ #% j $ #% $ #% j% $ #% Negati"e #% jON $ #%N $ #% j%5 $ #%5

For&al

Positi"e

0ritten #%N '(oken $ #%5

Note: is a contracted form of . 150

2ules are t+e sa&e as a$o"e7 Q $ #% D ! li7e doing Q $ #% D ! li7e eating : Q :$ #% D ! li7e watching % Q %$ #% D ! li7e listening b Q b$ #% D ! li7e wal7ing V Q V$ #% D ! li7e writing Q $ #% D ! li7e reading Q -$ #% D ! li7e ma7ing c Q #% D ! li7e li#ing Q #% D ! li7e wrapping

)*a&(le sentences f #% j D ! don9t li7e eAercising. ` a7 7$ #% D ! li7e going to the beach at wee7ends. `5 E $ #%N D On a 1rida) night% ! li7e eating pi++a. Cb A:$ #%5 D When !9m bored% ! li7e watching mo#ies.

151

; t+ink - N& '( =,(inion?

& '( is usuall) used when )ou are eApressing )our opinion on something li7e what people should and shouldn9t do and what people should and should not be allowed to do etc. ;efer to (a#e to - % Allowed to - ! " % to learn following eAamples. $ules ttac+ & '( to t+e (resent in-or&al 1ritten -or& o- "er$s7 eg7 $ & '( D ! thin7 we should do it. > 7! " & '( D ! thin7 it9s OK to go to a par7. @ 3 # & '( D ! thin7 it9s good to drin7 mil7 Note: $ D % > D )*a&(le sentences M8 E& % -P " & '(.D ! thin7 people should go to bed earl) at night and get up earl) in the morning. 8 9 Q - & '(. D ! thin7 people should eat a lot of fruits and #egetables to become health). T, ! " & '(5 D ! thin7 it9s allowable to watch a lot of T,. 3WQ c " & '(N appointment # & '( D ! thin7 it9s not acceptable to be late for an and ! li7e doing - # % $ #

D ! thin7 it9s good to read a lot of boo7s. D ! thin7 it9s not good to drin7 a lot of

=d 3 j # & '(N soft drin7s.

152

; t+ink : ;t see&s - )*:)% =General?

)* means <! thin7 he she the) is are doing $something'< or <!t seems he she the) are doing $something'.< Please note that although grammaticall) ) is right. !n spo7en Korean% it9s usuall) pronounced ). 4#er$s5 0ritten For& Positi"e Negati"e Present ) j ) ) Present )* Past +. ) j. ) +. ) Past +. )* j. )* +. )*

'(oken For& Positi"e

Negati"e j )* )*

Note: !n written Korean% it is written ) whereas in spo7en Korean% it is spo7en as )*. !t is mostl) li7el) due to the fact that is a lot more cumbersome to pronounce than when spea7ing. $ules 17 .ake o-- a (lain -or& o- "er$s and attac+ )*: j )* etc7 to it7 27 Dro( o-- a (lain -or& o- "er$s t+at +a"e as a -inal consonant7 37 .ake o-- a (ast tense -or& o- "er$s and attac+ . ) :. )* etc7 to it7 Q )* D ! thin7 the) do !t seems the) do Q )* D ! thin7 the) eat !t seems the) eat -P Q -P )* D ! thin7 the) get up E Q E )* D ! thin7 the) sleep : Q : )* D ! thin7 the) watch Q )* D ! thin7 the) wash A Q A )* D ! thin7 the) run Q )* D ! thin7 the) muc7 around c Q )* D ! thin7 the) li#e + Q +. )* D ! thin7 the) did 153

, Q ,. )* D ! thin7 the) ate ; Q ;. )* D ! thin7 the) watched c Q c. )* D ! thin7 the) li#ed Q . )* D ! thin7 the) muc7ed around )*a&(le 'entences M8 )* D ! thin7 people are pla)ing soccer o#er there. - M - c. )* D ! thin7 this dog li#ed in that 7ennel. D ! thin7 this dog used to li#e in that 7ennel. M ! %87 E& 1 )* D ! thin7 a bab) is sleeping in that room. P L A )* D ! thin7 ! don9t eat $a meal' fast7 4 d!ecti"es5 0ritten For& Positi"e Negati"e Present # ) # j ) # ) Present # )* # j )* # )* Past #. ) # j. ) #. ) Past #. )* # j. )* #. )*

'(oken For& Positi"e Negati"e

$ules 17 ttac+ a descri(ti"e -or& o- ad!ecti"es to )*7 27 .ake o-- a (ast tense -or& o- ad!ecti"es and attac+ ,. )*7 # Q # )* D ! thin7 it9s good !t seems good Q )* D ! thin7 there9s a lot There seems a lot U Q U )* D ! thin7 it9s big !t seems big Q )* D ! thin7 it9s small !t seems small 4 Q 4 )* D ! thin7 it9s prett) !t seems prett) LL Q LL )* D ! thin7 he9s cle#er (e seems cle#er . Q . )* D ! thin7 she9s honest She seems honest # Q #. )* D ! thin7 it was good !t seemed good I1, , Q I1,. )* D ! thin7 it was delicious Q ,. )* D ! thin7 it was fun 154

Q e. )* D ! thin7 it was eas) Q . )* D ! thin7 there was a lot

)*a&(le sentences 6J I1 )* D ! thin7 Thai food is delicious 'e U )* D ! thin7 this house is enormousl) big. Q3Y e. )* D ! thin7 the maths test was reall) eas). 8 M 9 . )* D According to m) memor)% ! thin7 there were a lot of flowers on that hill.

4Nouns5 0ritten For& Positi"e Negati"e Present &k ) &7 % ) Past &. ) &7 %N,. )

'(oken For& Positi"e Negati"e

Present &$k ' )* &$'% )*

Past &. )* &$' %N,. )*

Note: The ob"ect particle% % is usuall) omitted in spo7en Korean. k is also usuall) omitted. ) 9s original meaning is <loo7 li7e.< Therefore% )* phrases can ha#e alternati#e translations but essentiall) the) mean the same thing. )* D ! thin7 the)9re doing. !t loo7s li7e the)9re doing. 4 )* D ! thin7 it9s prett). !t loo7s prett). fk )* D ! thin7 it9s a chic7en. !t loo7s li7e a chic7en $food'.

$ules ttac+ k ) :. ) :k )*:. )* to a noun7 %$k ' )* D ! thin7 it9s a pupp) $!t loo7s li7e a pupp)' &$k ' )* D ! thin7 it9s a cat g8$k ' )* D ! thin7 it9s a cuc7oo 155

P$k ' )* D ! thin7 it9s a tree $k ' )* D ! thin7 it9s a person QR$k ' )* D ! thin7 it9s a school

)*a&(le sentences E M h I%8 D 0o )ou 7now what that animal is8 E M E )*. D ! thin7 that is a lion. $That loo7s li7e a lion' E E % ). )*. D ! don9t thin7 that is a lion. ! thin7 it9s a tiger. E i78 j M $A M B8 D !s it8 Then what is that o#er there afar8 E % )*. k )*. D ! don9t thin7 it9s a human. ! thin7 it9s an animal. E k . D !t9s a chimpan+ee. E k )-. D ! thought that was a chimpan+ee. $!t loo7ed li7e a chimpan+ee' Note: ) 9s past tense is )- and so & )- D ! thought it was a cat. For&al For&s $ules 0ritten Korean A %+ange to ON 7 '(oken Korean A ttac+ to t+e end o- a sentence7 eg7 6J I1 )ON D ! thin7 Thai food is delicious 'e U )*5 D ! thin7 this house is enormousl) big. Q3Y e. )*5 D ! thin7 the maths test was reall) eas). 8 M 9 . )*5 D According to m) memor)% ! thin7 there were a lot of flowers on that hill.

.+ey:+e:s+e t+ink=s? A N ) ) is a shortened form of ) & and it is used to eApress what the) he she thin7$s'. ) is usuall) used in spo7en Korean. Attach to ) to ma7e it formal. C*N7 - M - c. ) D Grandma thin7s this dog li#ed in that 7ennel. D Grandma thin7s this dog used to li#e in that 7ennel. 7 M ! %87 E& 1 ) D Num thin7s a bab) is sleeping in that room. 7 P L A )5 D N) friend thin7s ! eat $a meal' fast7

156

 6J I1 ) D Paul thin7s Thai food is delicious ' 8> M 9 . )5 D According to m) )ounger $brother sister'9s memor)% (e she thin7s there were a lot of flowers on that hill. %$k ' ) D The) he she thin7$s' it9s a pupp) $!t loo7s li7e a pupp)' &$k ' )5 D The) he she thin7$s' it9s a cat

157

; used to do < +,,- is used with #erbs and ad"ecti#es to mean <used to<.

;n-or&al Positi"e Negati"e

0ritten For& +, j, +,

'(oken For& +, j, +,-

P The letters in $old are used more commonl) in each corresponding form. 2e(lace in "er$s in t+eir (ast tense 1it+ , S Q S, D used to go S Q S, D used to not go Q , D used to come , Q ,, D used to eat Q , D used to drin7 #%+ Q #%+, D used to li7e -+ Q -+, D used to hate ; Q ;, D used to watch , Q ,, D used to listen , Q ,, D used to read Q , D used to write use c Q c, D used to li#e Q , D used to bu)

)*a&(le sentences $46' < TQR ,- D ! used to attend go to Seoul Niddle School $before in the past'. 46 )y #%+,- D ! used to li7e mushrooms in the past. P$but not now' > 6 c,- D ! used to li#e in :ngland > )ears ago. olQ' Q ,,- D ! used to read a lot of no#els when ! was a primar) school student. 46 )_ m,% ` / D ! used to ride a bus a lot but now ! use the subwa) more. .+e sa&e a((les to ad!ecti"es # Q #, D $it' used to be good # Q #, D used to be not good Q , D used to be big large K 158

 Y, K

Q , Q , Q , Q Y,,

D used to be small D used to be tall KK D $there' used to be a lot man) D used to be few little $in Fuantit)'

can also mean <tall< when used to refer to height of a person or animals. D used to be tall $ D height' is used for ob"ects onl) such as buildings% mountains or s7).

:.g. 7 , KK ,

:.g. n- _] ?38 6 op 7' , D The :mpire State 2uilding used to be the tallest building in *ew &or7 -it) before other buildings were built.

)*a&(le 'entences 6 =' ,% ` J Y2 D There used to be a lot of cars in the car par7 but now there are onl) a few. $J Y2 D #er) few little' P 4 6 ! : ,% ` @A : / D This apple tree used to smaller than m) height but now it9s bigger $taller' than our house.

Polite For& Polite Positi"e Negati"e 0ritten For& +,ON +,ON j,ON '(oken For& +,-5 +,-5 j,-5

- )y -+,% ` -5 D ! used to hate mushrooms when ! was )oung but now ! eat them well. < P q P! ,% ` %5 D There used to be no lea#es on trees% but now there are man) a lot of a plent) of lea#es. 3 + E= S,-5 D ! used to tra#el to countr)sides often last )ear. 7 r E= ,-5 D When ! go to 2usan% ! used to bu) and eat rice ca7es Fuite often.P 46 ,% ` s / 5 D ! used to write with a pencil a lot but now ! use a pen more often.

159

46 tu. ,,% ` ?J! %&% 46 ?! -5. D ! used to onl) listen to pop music but now ! also listen to classics and other songs of the past. /f 3 -<7 E= 6S,-5 D When it was hot in summer% we used to go to a cool stream broo7 and pla) around there. PP P D bu) and eat PP 67 D to go and pla)

160

; used to do < .
. means <used to< or it refers to an action or state in the past. A noun is usuall) followed b) . which describes the noun. e.g. 8 7 . : D This is the place where ! used to wor7 had wor7ed. The past tense form of 9.9 is +. and it means essentiall) the same as . when used in this sense. e.g. 8 7 . : D 8 7 +. : D This is the place where ! used to wor7 had wor7ed. Ta7e off #erbs ad"ecti#es and add . . $+.' D used to do 7. $S.' D used to go . $.' D used to come N. $ .' D used to attend c. $c.' D used to li#e . $,.' D used to eat . $.' D used to be tall

)*a&(le sentences M 7 ! used to attend. N. Q D That building is the uni#ersit) college $building' where

7 . E D This is the snac7 that ! was eating. 7 46 . E D This is the snac7 ! used to eat in the past. 8 vw c. D This is the town where Lincoln used to li#e had li#ed. M 3 > 6 ! ?R 7' . D That tower is the building which used to be the tallest in the world until > )ears ago. m_ 7 E= S. TJ5 D This restaurant is the -hinese restaurant where Nin-"ae used to go often.

161

=; learned t+at? N/0&

3/0&$' is used when )ou tal7 about something )ou9#e learned b) )our own eAperience or from someone else or some other things $e.g. boo7s% T, and internet'. ;eplace of a plain form of #erbs ad"ecti#es with /0&. Q /0& D $learned that someone' was doing

)*a&(le sentence: 6 /0& D ! learned that Binsu was doing a ma"or in music 7/0& D $! learned that' was going /0& D $! learned that' was coming /0& D $! learned that' was eating 3/0& D $! learned that' was drin7ing c/0& D $! learned that' was li#ing /0& D $! learned that' was ma7ing /0& D $! learned that' was wor7ing E/0& D $! learned that' was sleeping /0& D $! learned that' was high [/0& D $! learned that' was low /0& D $! learned that' was big large /0& D $! learned that' was small $in si+e' /0& D $! learned that' was fast A/0& D $! learned that' was slow /0& D $! learned that' was man) Y/0& D $! learned that' was small $in Fuantit)' Attach to /0& to ma7e it a polite form. /0&5 $Polite spo7en form' 7/0&5 /0&5 /0&5 )*a&(le sentences: -; 7/0&5 D $(e was' going somewhere in a hurr) 8 R /0&5 D $! learned that' a giraffe has a long nec7. 162

 U p7 x /0&5 D $! learned saw that' a big ship was coming towards the port y '(N /0&5 D $! learned that' ! became $more' relaAed as ! thin7 that wa) '(N /0&5. As ! thin7 $li7e that'% $! learned that' ! became more relaAed feel at ease. D comfortable% relaAing D become relaAed 1or more transcripts 6 translations% clic7 this lin7% Ahn -heol-Soo !nter#iewE On Bo) and (appiness.

163

=; -ound t+at? - N. . is used when )ou found that something was contrar) to m) pre#ious opinion eApectation or opinions eApectations of others. 1or eAample% . D $! found that the)' were alread) doing it

;eplace of #erbs ad"ecti#es with . . D $! found that he she the)' was were doing it 7. D $! found that he she the)' was were going $somewhere' . D $! found that he she the)' was were coming $here' . D $! found that he she the)' was were eating 3. D $! found that he she the)' was were drin7ing c. D $! found that he she the)' was were li#ing $somewhere'

. D $! found that there' were man) Y. D $! found that the)' were small $in Fuantit)' . D $! found that he she the)' was were fast A. D $! found that he she the)' was were slow

)*a&(les sentences \C Y I% . D ! thought figured that there won9t be man) people in the art galler)% but there were man) people. - 1-8 D !s Bim at home8 %N% % -; 7. D *o% a while ago $! saw him' going somewhere. A__0 37 8 D There are man) people in the cit) as it9s -hristmas% aren9t there8 %N% '(: . D *o% there weren9t as man) people as ! thought.

&ou can also use . when )ou saw someone something somewhere doing something but now no longer Fuite sure what happened to them neAt% i.e. where the) are or what the) are doing now. N -; 1-8 D Where9s Binnie8 % z . D A while ago% $! saw her' wor7ing at the shop. $Though !9m not Fuite sure where she is or what she9s doing now'

164

 -; S-58 D (as Beong-su gone somewhere8 % P6 P7. D &es% $! saw him' going out to meet his friend $! don9t 7now about the details of where he is or what he9s doing though.'

165

; +eard : >ou said - N

can mean <! heard< or <&ou said.< The meaning of depends on the conteAt% i.e. what sentence follows neAt. 1or eAample% % < W H8 S n. D (e)% Beong-su% ! heard )ou9re going to Seoul. (a#e a nice trip= % < W H. %. S-8 D (e)% Beong-su% )ou said )ou9re going to Seoul. &ou ha#en9t left )et8

Add to #erbs ad"ecti#es. $present written form' H D H D &ou said )ou9d do W H D ! heard )ou go $are going' &ou said )ou go $are going' X H D ! heard )ou come &ou said )ou come H D ! heard )ou eat &ou said )ou eat H D ! heard )ou drin7 &ou said )ou drin7 H D ! heard )ou sleep &ou said )ou sleep - H D ! heard )ou wa7e up get up &ou said )ou wa7e up get up H D ! heard )ou pla) ha#e fun &ou9d said )ou pla) ha#e fun

$past written form' H D + H D ! heard )ou did &ou said )ou did S H D ! heard &ou said )ou9#e gone H D ! heard &ou said )ou9#e come , H D ! heard &ou said )ou9#e eaten H D ! heard &ou said )ou9#e bought

E $let9s do' H D EH D &ou said let9s do ! heard )ou want us to do 7EH D &ou said let9s go ! heard )ou want us to go EH D &ou said let9s eat ! heard )ou want us to eat EH D &ou said let9s pla) ha#e fun ! heard )ou want us to pla) ha#e fun EH D &ou said let9s ma7e ! heard )ou want us to ma7e )*a&(le sentences: %% % 4 3 2 - H. {8 D (e)% Sang-cheol% ! heard )ou alwa)s get up at 4ET?. Aren9t )ou tired8 166

%% % 4 3 2 - H. ` C 3 D (e)% Sang-cheol% )ou said )ou alwa)s get up at 4ET?. !t9s C o9cloc7 now. % 2 W H8 D (e) Tom% ! heard )ou9re going to *epal tomorrow. %% 3-N S H8 D (e)% Nin-"eong% ! heard )ou9#e been to S)dne). S D ha#e been 3% k! k!J , H8 D (e)% Bessica% ! heard )ou9#e eaten a lot of !ndian food in !ndia. LEH8 p &8 D &ou said let9s eat= 2ut )ou aren9t hungr)8 %_i EH8 ; 7 78 D &ou said let9s bu) icecream. 2ut wh) are we going to a ca7e shop8

167

.+ere is : ; +a"e < 1 :12

1 is used colloFuiall) to mean <There is are< or <! ha#e.<

1or eAample% M8 1 D There is a la7e o#er there. D ! ha#e a GalaA) ST.

P |'3 _ VA 1

Similarl)% )ou could also use <12< to mean <There is are< or <! ha#e.< (owe#er% 12 is used when )ou did not ha#e an) prior 7nowledge of the presence of something or ha#ing owned something. M8 12 D There is a la7e o#er there. $! didn9t 7now there was a la7e o#er there.' % P 12 D Oh% ! ha#e a wallet. $! thought ! didn9t ha#e bring it.'

1 and 12 are #er) similarl) used as 1 7nowledge of the presence of something.

is also used when )ou did not ha#e an) prior

M8 12 D There is a la7e o#er there. $D M8 1 '

1,2% which is the past tense of 12% is also freFuentl) used to mean <! had<. % P 12 D Oh% ! ha#e a wallet. $! thought ! didn9t ha#e bring it.' % P 1,2 D Oh% ! had a wallet. $! thought ! didn9t ha#e bring it.'

Additionall)% 12 1,2 can be used to mean <! )ou he she the) ha#e< whereas 1 used to onl) mean <! ha#e.<

is usuall)

% 12 D Oh% )ou ha#e a wallet. $We thought )ou didn9t ha#e bring )our wallet.' % 1,2 D Oh% Binsu had a wallet. $We thought Binsu didn9t ha#e bring his wallet.'

168

)*a&(les sentences 8 1 P f 1 D There9s a theme par7 here. $D 8 12'

D $(e)' ! ha#e own a Kindle.

% P - 12 1,2 D Oh% ! had brought a mobile phone $! thought ! forgot to bring it' % |'3 ] 12 D Oh% )ou ha#e a GalaA) *ote.

169

'(ecial )*(ression
re you doingT - N T 4;n-or&al5
is commonl) used in situations where )ou see somebod) doing something and )ou want to as7 them what the) are doing. Again% can onl) be used when )ou are actuall) watching somebod) doing something% and )ou want to as7 them what the) are doing. O 2ule .ake o-- a (lain "er$ and add T Q 8 D Are )ou doing8 7 Q 7 8 D Are )ou going8 Q 8 D Are )ou reading8 : Q : 8 D Are )ou watching8 V Q V 8 D Are )ou writing8 Q 8 D Are )ou eating8 3 Q 3 8 D Are )ou drin7ing8 E Q E 8 D Are )ou sleeping8 : Q : 8 D Are )ou sending8

)g7 8 D Are )ou wor7ing8 QR 8 D Are )ou doing school homewor78 , 8 D Are )ou ha#ing lunch8 7 8 D Are )ou going home8 RB 7 8 D Are )ou going to church8 d 3 8 D Are )ou drin7ing water8 A : 8 D Are )ou watching a mo#ie8 ? V 8 D Are )ou writing an essa)8 E 3 : 8 D Are )ou sending a tAt message8 E 8 D Are )ou sleeping alread)8

&ou can add % -;% 57% % -H or .when% where% who% what% how or wh)/ in front of 3 8 to ma7e these sentences. B 8 D What are )ou doing8 B 8 D What are )ou reading8 B : 8 D What are )ou watching8 B V 8 D What are )ou writing8 B 8 D What are )ou eating8 170

B 3 8 D What are )ou drin7ing8 B : 8 D What are )ou sending8 -; 7 8 D Where are )ou going8 57 E 8 D Who is sleeping8 57 8 D Who is doing8 -H V 8 D (ow are )ou writing8 ; 8 D Wh) are )ou doing8

2elated (osts: Are )ou doing8 - 33 458 .Polite/ Are we doing8 - 458

171

re you doingT - N3 45T 4Polite5

3 45 is commonl) used in situations where )ou want to as7 somebod) what the)9re doing. 3 45 can onl) used when )ou9re actuall) seeing somebod) doing something% and )ou want to as7 them what the) are doing. O 2ule .ake o-- a (lain "er$ and add 3 45T Q 3 458 D Are )ou doing8 7 Q 73 458 D Are )ou going8 Q 3 458 D Are )ou reading8 : Q :3 458 D Are )ou watching8 V Q V3 458 D Are )ou writing8 Q -3 458 D Are )ou eating8 3 Q 3 458 D Are )ou drin7ing8 E Q =3 458 D Are )ou sleeping8 : Q :3 458 D Are )ou sending8

Note: ;rregular "er$s E )g7 3 458 D Are )ou wor7ing8 , -3 458 D Are )ou ha#ing lunch8 73 458 D Are )ou going home8 RB 73 458 D Are )ou going to church8 d 3 458 D Are )ou drin7ing water8 A :3 458 D Are )ou watching a mo#ie8 ? V3 458 D Are )ou writing an essa)8 E 3 :3 458 D Are )ou sending a tAt message8 =3 458 D Are )ou sleeping alread)8 Q 3 458 *OT 3 458 Q =3 458 *OT E3 458 Q -3 458 *OT 3 458

&ou can add % -;% 57% % -H or .when% where% who% what% how or wh)/ in front of 33 458 to ma7e these sentences. B 3 458 D What are )ou doing8 B 3 458 D What are )ou reading8 172

B :3 458 D What are )ou watching8 B V3 458 D What are )ou writing8 B -3 458 D What are )ou eating8 B 3 458 D What are )ou drin7ing8 B :3 458 D What are )ou sending8 -; 73 458 D Where are )ou going8 57 =3 458 D Who is sleeping8 57 3 458 D Who is doing8 -H V3 458 D (ow are )ou writing8 ; 3 458 D Wh) are )ou doing8

173

re 1e doingT - : 45T
458 is usuall) used when )ou want to as7 someone what )ou $both singular and plural' are doing% or will be doing immediatel). 1or eAample% when )ou are in a group of people who are doing things as a group% and )ou want to as7 a leader of the group what )ou all will be doing. @A M8 7 8 D Are we going there8 .!nformal/ @A M8 7 458 D Are we going there8 .Polite/ Note: 8 D Are )ou we doing8 3,0)#)26 the polite form of <Are )ou doing8< usuall) uses <3 458< whereas the polite form of <Are we doing8< uses < 458< See Are you doing ! " 8 % Are you doing ! "3 458 O 2ule .ake o-- a (lain "er$ and add : 45T Q 458 D Are we doing8 7 Q 7 458 D Are we going8 Q 458 D Are we reading8 : Q : 458 D Are we watching8 V Q V 458 D Are we writing8 Q 458 D Are we eating8 3 Q 3 458 D Are we drin7ing8 E Q E 458 D Are we sleeping8 : Q : 458 D Are we sending8 )*a&(le 'entences f 458 D Are $we' eAercising8 M8 7 458 D Are $we' going there8 7 458 D Are $we' going b) this car8 458 D Are $we' eating this8 $ 458 D Are $we' eating with this8 8 E 458 D Are $we' sleeping here8 M A : 458 D Are $we' watching that mo#ie toda)8 $ : 458 D Are $we' watching with this8 &ou can add % -;% 57% % -H or .when% where% who% what% how or wh)/ in front of 33 458 to ma7e these sentences. 174

 @A B 458 D What are we doing toda)8 B 458 D What are $we' reading8 B : 458 D What are $we' watching8 B V 458 D What are $we' writing8 B 458 D What are $we' eating8 B 3 458 D What are $we' drin7ing8 B : 458 D What are $we' sending8 -; 7 458 D Where are $we' going8 -; E 458 D Where are $we' sleeping8 57 458 D Who is doing8 -H V 458 D (ow are $we' writing8 ; 458 D Wh) are $we' doing8 @ore )*a&(le 'entences @A -; 7 458 D Where are we going8 % ` 3 7 45. D Ah% we9re going to the cit). 7 458 D Are $we' going b) this car8 }% - ?5. D &es% please get in. B 458 D What will we eat8 #er$% ! &uture '(ill) _7 45. _7 #%?58 D We will eat spaghetti. 0o )ou li7e it8 }% #%5. D &es% ! li7e it.

175

Go to do - N6 7
36 7 is used when )ou want to eApress the purpose of going somewhere.

1or eAample% 6 S- D &oung-su went to stud) - A6 !C S- D Bim went to the librar) to borrow boo7s

;eplace with 6 7

S- S

S-5 SON

6 7 D go to do :6 7 D go to watch see 6 7 D go to eat 36 7 D go to drin7 E6 7 D go to sleep a6 7 D go to catch 6 7 D go to bu) A6 7 D go to borrow

)*a&(le sentences % 4 6 S . D Nin-hee went to bu) iPhone 4. 3 a7 &8 a6 S-5 D Bessica went to the seaside with friends to catch fish. Note: &8 means 9meat.9 Technicall)% fish is 9&89 but often% "ust &8 is used in spo7en Korean to refer to 9fish.9 M8 6 PS- D Binsu went out to ha#e dinner with &oung"in and Sam. # 7} ) ~ A :6 S-5 D Pil-seung went to watch the mo#ie% (obbit% with $his' famil).

176

.o do so&et+ing - N8 9
This is the eApression used to show that )ou purpose to do something. 1or eAample% %0 Q 78 9 |e + hard. D To go to college% Abraham studied

!n the sentence abo#e% the reason wh) Abraham studied hard is because he9s purposed to go to college. , 8 9 m_ - S D To eat lunch% we went into the restaurant.

We went into the restaurant because we9d purposed to eat lunch. Therefore% the clause containing 38 9 is the reason for doing something re#ealed in the rest of the sentence. 2ules O Add 9 to a nominali+ed #erb. Also see $*oun% ! *o+inali,ing #er$%' 8 9 D To read V8 9 D To write %8 9 D To listen 8 9 D To spea7 78 9 D To go 8 9 D To come :8 9 D To watch 8 9 D To eat E8 9 D To sleep A8 9 D To run 8 9 D To bu) 8 9 D To sell 8 9 D To stand 8 9 D To sit c8 9 D To li#e d8 9 D To die )g7 V 8 9 - + . D To read Korean words% ! studied Korean. E :8 9 op S . D To see the Statue of Libert)% we went to *ew &or7.

177

 A 78 9 $+8 7G . D To go to the Philippines% she bought a flight tic7et. ! 0 3-*N 8 9 + D ;uth% who arri#ed in Budah% to support her mother-in-law% she wor7ed. $An eAcerpt from 0 8' V D Korean $writing' - D Korean $language' E D The Statue of Libert) A D The Philippines $+8 7G D flight tic7et D Budah D ;uth 3-*N D Nother-in-law D support 8 9 D To support

178

.ry doing - N :
: means <see< and 3 : is a special eApression which means <tr) doing<. This eApression is used #er) commonl) in ordinar) con#ersations. O ;ule Add : to a spo7en form of a #erb. $#er$% ! -re%ent. -a%t'

: D tr) doing 7 : D tr) going - : D tr) eating ! : D tr) drin7ing - : D tr) reading - : D tr) listening : D tr) bu)ing % : D tr) sitting : D tr) seeing loo7ing watching 07 : D tr) going up : D tr) pla)ing $the instrument' The tables below are showing the written and spo7en forms% and their respecti#e positi#e and negati#e forms. ;emember that the plain form of #erbs is the most basic from which man) other forms of #erbs deri#e and the plain form itself is rarel) used in both written and spo7en Korean. ! ha#e omitted the present negati#es for both written and spo7en forms because people ne#er use it in this wa). !nstead of sa)ing% <don9t tr) eating<% people would sa)% <don9t eat< which is . There are two wa)s of eApressing past negati#es and one is more common than the other. <-3< form is more commonl) used.

Factual: Declarati"e =0ritten? Positi"e Negati"e

lain

Present

Past

- : - : j

- ; - : j - ;

179

Dialogue: %on"ersation ='(oken? Positi"e Negati"e

lain

Present

Past

- : - : j

- ;- : j - ;-

)g7 P T J - ; . D Anna tried eating -hinese food. _ P -3 - ; . D -harles tried reading Bonathan :dwards9 boo7. 46 - 22 ; D 2ecause ! tried eating it before% ! tried bu)ing a coconut again. $/on0unction% ! 1ecau%e. 2o' 46 D in the past% before l D again - = D Tr) listening to this music= ! = D Tr) drin7ing this tea= 07 . A& . D Tr) going up this hill= And tr) loo7ing at the blue s7)= 7 ;-8 D Tried going to German)8 $D (a#e )ou been to German)8' ?" Q % ;-8 D Tried sitting on this old sofa8 % ;-8 D Tried pla)ing the piano8

For&al For& ;efer to #er$% ! &or+al '-re%ent. -a%t) )g7 0ritten For& - N A tr) eating - ;ON D tried eating - : jON D ha#en9t tried eating - ;ON D ha#en9t tried eating 180

'(oken For& - 5 D tr) eating - ;-5 D tried eating - : j-5 D ha#en9t tried eating - ;-5 D ha#en9t tried eating

181

,- course6 ;'"e done it $e-ore < ;<

=,- course?6 ;'"e done it =$e-ore? - =e? =6? ;< e D Of course 6 D before ;< D !9#e done it ;<%<

Msuall)% when we use ;<% e and 6 are implied and omitted. So if ! sa)% < it means% <=,- course?6 ;'"e (layed soccer =$e-ore?7< When ;< is used as a Fuestion li7e Q $e-ore6 +a"en't youTQ

;<TQ% it means% Q>ou +a"e (layed soccer

;< is a formal form and ; is an informal form. ;< is a contracted form of ;5. )g7 ;. D $Of course'% !9#e pla)ed soccer $before'. 4;n-or&al5 ;8 A &ou ha#e pla)ed soccer $before'% ha#en9t )ou8 4;n-or&al5

Msuall)% ;< form is used as an answer to a Fuestion. )g7 ;-58 D (a#e )ou pla)ed soccer $before'8 ;< D $Of course'% !9#e pla)ed soccer $before'. ;< D $Of course'% ! ha#en9t pla)ed soccer $before'.

lternati"e ans1ers $'% ;-5 D $&ea'% !9#e pla)ed soccer $before'. $%-'% ;-5 D $*o'% ! ha#en9t pla)ed soccer $before'. )e%erences# 3ry doing ! : % It4% cold. i%n4t it ! D58 $ule !nformal present spo7en form of #erbs H ;< )g7 ;< D $Of course'% !9#e done it $before' 182

-;< D $Of course'% !9#e tried.eaten/ it $before' 7;< D $Of course'% !9#e been.gone/ there $before' ;< D $Of course'% !9#e bought it $before' U-;< D $Of course'% !9#e tried it on.worn it/ $before' c%;< D $Of course'% !9#e li#ed there $before'

)*a&(le 'entences $6' -;-58 D (a#e )ou tried 7imchi $before'8 $e' -;<. D $Of course'% !9#e tried 7imchi $before'. < 7;-58 D (a#e )ou been to Seoul $before'8 < 7;<. D $Of course'% !9#e been to Seoul $before'. c%;<. D $Of course'% !9#e li#ed in the States $before'. _ -;<. D $Of course'% !9#e made pasta $before'. .Therefore% ! 7now how to coo7 pasta./ 7;<8 D &ou9#e been to Bapan% ha#en9t )ou8 T 7;<8 D &ou ha#en9t been to -hina% ha#e )ou8 m -;<8 D &ou ha#en9t tried curr) before% ha#e )ou8 ! c%;<8 D &ou9#e ne#er li#ed in :cuador before% ha#e )ou8 Note: Kimchi is traditional Korean food. !t is a hot and spic) pic7led cabbage dish. 5in6 to p7oto% of 6i+c7i

183

Gi"e t+e -a"our o- N - N=

This is an important lesson because N= is #er) freFuentl) used in ordinar) con#ersations.

1irst of all% = means Qgi"eQ and when we attach the spo7en form of a #erb in front of = % it means someone Qgi"es t+e -a"our o- doing so&et+ing -or so&eoneQ7 1or eAample% !n = means <gi#e the fa#our of helping to somebod)< which essentiall) means Q; +el( so&eoneQ7 !n =, helped Nom' D Nin-hee ga#e the fa#our of helping to Nom. $Nin-hee

!n the sentence abo#e% Nin-hee helped her Nom and this helping has been done to her and for her. The concept of gi#ing is profound in the Korean language. !n man) occasions where somebod) does something for somebod) or to somebod)% the sentences in#ariabl) includes N= 7 O 2ule ttac+ t+e s(oken -or& o- "er$s in -ront o- = 7 = D gi#e the fa#our of doing 7 = D gi#e the fa#our of going n = D gi#e the fa#our of coming - = D gi#e the fa#our of eating ! = D gi#e the fa#our of drin7ing - = D gi#e the fa#our of reading = D gi#e the fa#our of writing = D gi#e the fa#our of seeing - = D gi#e the fa#our of listening = D gi#e the fa#our of bu)ing % = D gi#e the fa#our of selling 7 = D gi#e the fa#our of teaching !n = D gi#e the fa#our of helping 'entences 3 ) 7 =, D &oung-ho ga#e $me' the fa#our of going to town together $&oung-ho went to town with me.' 3 D town ) D together

184

A? @A n =, came to our house.' @A D we o D house

D :lliot ga#e $us' the fa#our of coming to our home. $:lliot

P ' L - =, D ! ga#e m) little brother sister the fa#our of eating his her meal. $! ate m) little brother9s sister9s meal for them.' ' D little sibling $gender neutral' D meal% rice R @A Q 7 =, D Professor Piper ga#e the fa#our of teaching Bohn -al#in9s theolog) to us. $Professor Piper taught us Bohn -al#in9s theolog).' R D professor D honorar) suffiA $usuall) attached to the name of professions which in#ol#e teaching' 1or eg. ' D teacher% R D pastor% R D professor Q D theolog) P - D $someone' ga#e the fa#our of reading a letter to me. .$someone' read a letter to me $for me'/ D letter D -article% ! D the contracted form of =, ? - - D Peter ga#e the fa#our of listening to m) song. .Peter listened to m) song for me./

? D song - D the contracted form of =,- $which is the spo7en form of =, ' - %M7 !n -5 D Some middle-aged man ga#e the fa#our of helping to me $Some middle-aged man helped me.' - 3 D some 3 $random% passer-b)' %M D middle-aged man $a general term for e#er) married men or men aged between approAimatel) >C to 44 )ears of age. On a side note% some men who are actuall) )oung get offended if some children call him %M because that means that )oung man loo7s older than he actuall) is.' 185

- %( D some middle-aged woman %( D a middle-aged woman $a general term for e#er) married women or women aged between approAimatel) >C to 44 )ears of age. Again% almost all women who are actuall) )oung get offended or e#en hurt if some people call her %( because that means that )oung lad) loo7s old. Let us ha#e some discernment.' - % D some child

186

0ould you like to goT - >?5T

3$'?58 is used when )ou eApress )our desire to do something together with someone% or when )ou want someone to do something. So it is similar to <Would )ou li7e to do something8 0o )ou want to do something8< in :nglish. O 2ule 17 For "er$s 1it+out a -inal consonant6 add Z ?57 D C?58 D Would )ou li7e to do8 7 D >?58 D Would )ou li7e to go8 D c?58 D Would )ou li7e to bu)8 3 D E?58 D Would )ou li7e to drin78 27 For "er$s 1it+ a -inal consonant6 add ?57 )g7 E?58 D Would )ou li7e to drin7 coffee8 , ?58 D Would )ou li7e to eat lunch8 ' ) >?58 D Would li7e to go to the cinema together8 ' D cinema% theatre , D lunch% noon ) D together Note: !f )ou omit off $'?5% ie. $' it becomes an informal form. E?8 D Would )ou li7e to drin7 coffee8 , ?8 D Would )ou li7e to eat lunch8 ' ) >?8 D Would li7e to go to the cinema together8 D ?58 D Would )ou li7e to eat8 D ?58 D Would )ou li7e to sit8 D ?58 D Would )ou li7e to read8

187

'+all 1e do so&et+ingT - @A B CT
$ules 17 For "er$s 1it+out a -inal consonant6 attac+ as a -inal consonant and add 7 eg7 I cT A '+all 1e $uyT

27 For "er$s 1it+ a -inal consonant6 attac+ 7 eg7 U Q UT A s+all 1e 1earT

;rregular eg7 % Q T Q C8 D Shall we do8 7 Q >8 D Shall we go8 Q 8 D Shall we eat8 3 Q E8 D Shall we drin78 : Q 8 D Shall we watch8 % Q 8 D Shall we listen to8 Q 8 D Shall we hang out muc7 around8

)*a&(le 'entences @A >8 D Shall we go to a theme par78 @A _K_ E8 D Shall we drin7 coffee at Starbuc7s8 @A , 6 >8 D Shall we go ha#e lunch together8 A A :6 >8 D Shall we go watch the (arr) Potter mo#ie8 @A f6 _' >8 D Shall we go to a g)m to eAercise8 Note: Attach to to ma7e it formal. @A >58 D Shall we go to a theme par78 @A _K_ E58 D Shall we drin7 coffee at Starbuc7s8 @A , 6 >58 D Shall we go ha#e lunch together8 A A :6 >58 D Shall we go watch the (arr) Potter mo#ie8 @A f6 _' >58 D Shall we go to a g)m to eAercise8

188

;t's cold6 isn't itT - D5T

5 is used similarl) to <isn9t it8< of :nglish. 1or eAample% D means <cold<% and D5 means Q;t's cold6 isn't itT or ;t's cold6 e+T or ;t's cold6 rig+tTQ This is used when )ou want to chat up somebod) or when )ou are loo7ing for a confirmation. O 2ule Ta7e off an ad"ecti#e and add 5 to it. D Q D5 D !t9s cold% isn9t it8 = Q =5 D !t9s hot% isn9t it8 Q 5 D There is a lot% isn9t there8 Y Q Y5 D There is little% isn9t there8 Q 5 D !t9s high% isn9t it8 [ Q [5 D !t9s low% isn9t it8 Q 5 D !t9s large% isn9t it8 Q 5 D !t9s small% isn9t it8 # Q #5 D !t9s good% isn9t it8 P Q P5 D !t9s bad% isn9t it8 Q 5 D !t9s deep% isn9t it8 I1 Q I15 D !t9s delicious% isn9t it8 Note: 5 is often contracted to in speech. Therefore D5 Q D<. D< D !t9s cold% isn9t it8 =< D !t9s hot% isn9t it8 < D There is a lot% isn9t there8 Y< D There is little% isn9t there8 < D !t9s high% isn9t it8 [< D !t9s low% isn9t it8 < D !t9s large% isn9t it8 < D !t9s small% isn9t it8 #< D !t9s good% isn9t it8 P< D !t9s bad% isn9t it8 < D !t9s #er) deep% isn9t8 I1< D !t9s delicious% isn9t it8 )*a&(le sentences 7 D<8 D The weather is cold% isn9t it8 6 7 J =<8 D The weather in Thailand is #er) hot% isn9t it8 0 <8 D Nount (alla is high% isn9t it8 <8 D The ri#er water is #er) deep% right8 <8 D The house is small% eh8 189

7 I1<8 D Kimchi is delicious% isn9t it8 D weather 6 D Thailand 0 D Nount (alla D ri#er water o D house D 7imchi $A traditional Korean fermented dish made of cabbages with spic) seasonings'

190

Let's do it - E
This should be eas) to learn. Bust replace of a plain #erb with to ma7e a phrase% <Let9s $#erb'<. Note: This is an in-or&al form. Q E D Let9s do it Q E D Let9s eat 3 Q 3E D Let9s drin7 7 Q 7E D Let9s go Q E D Let9s sit : Q :E D Let9s see Q E D Let9s read V Q VE D Let9s write % Q %E D Let9s listen A Q AE D Let9s run b Q bE D Let9s wal7 Q E D Let9s bu) Q E D Let9s sell )*a&(le 'entences @A D we ) D together $@A' $)' : E D Let9s do bas7etball. $Let9s pla) bas7etball' $@A' $)' E E D Let9s eat a pi++a $together' $@A' $)' 3E D Let9s drin7 coffee $together' $@A' $)' a7 7E D Let9s go to beach $together' $@A' $)' E D Let9s sit on the bench $together' $@A' $)' A :E D Let9s watch a mo#ie $together' $@A' $)' R E D Let9s read a teAtboo7 $together' $@A' $)' %- %E D Let9s listen to ipod $together' $@A' $)' E D Let9s bu) new shoes $together' $@A' $)' M '& E D Let9s sell that fridge $together'

The -or&al form of )Let*s +verb,) is eAactl) the same as that of the formal spo7en present form. &ou ma) want to refer to #er$% ! &or+al '-re%ent. -a%t) <Please< is implied in the phrase. Q 5 D $Please.' Let9s do it Q -5 D $Please.' Let9s eat 3 Q !5 D $Please.' Let9s drin7 7 Q 75 D $Please.' Let9s go Q %5 D $Please.' Let9s sit : Q 5 D $Please.' Let9s see Q -5 D $Please.' Let9s read V Q 5 D $Please.' Let9s write 191

% Q -5 D $Please.' Let9s listen A Q 5 D $Please.' Let9s run b Q $-5 D $Please.' Let9s wal7 Q 5 D $Please.' Let9s bu) Q %5 D $Please.' Let9s sell

)*a&(le 'entences @A D we ) D together $@A' $)' : 5 D .Please/ Let9s do bas7etball $Let9s pla) bas7etball' $@A' $)' E -5 D .Please/ Let9s eat a pi++a $together' $@A' $)' !5 D .Please/ Let9s drin7 coffee $together' $@A' $)' a7 75 D .Please/ Let9s go to beach $together' $@A' $)' %5 D .Please/ Let9s sit on the bench $together' $@A' $)' A 5 D .Please/ Let9s watch a mo#ie $together' $@A' $)' R -5 D .Please/ Let9s read a teAtboo7 $together' $@A' $)' %- -5 D .Please/ Let9s listen to ipod $together' $@A' $)' 5 D .Please/ Let9s bu) new shoes $together' $@A' $)' M '& %5 D .Please/ Let9s sell that fridge $together'

192

)asy to do : Di--icult to do - N8 F

: N8 -G
or -G to sa)

This one is eas) to learn. All )ou need to do is attach a no+inali,ed 8er$ to F that something is eas) or difficult. 0ritten For&s 8 F D eas) to do 8 F D eas) to understand 8 F D eas) to sol#e :8 F D eas) to see %8 F D eas) to listen 8 F D eas) to sa) 78 F D eas) to go '(oken For&s 8 e3 D eas) to do 8 e3 D eas) to understand 8 e3 D eas) to sol#e :8 e3 D eas) to see %8 e3 D eas) to listen 8 e3 D eas) to sa) 78 e3 D eas) to go 0ritten For&s 8 -G D difficult to do 8 -G D difficult to understand 8 -G D difficult to sol#e :8 -G D difficult to see %8 -G D difficult to listen 8 -G D difficult to sa) 78 -G D difficult to go '(oken For&s 8 -3 D difficult to do 8 -3 D difficult to understand 8 -3 D difficult to sol#e :8 -3 D difficult to see %8 -3 D difficult to listen 8 -3 D difficult to sa) 78 -3 D difficult to go

193

)g7 -;-8 D (a#e )ou tried sol#ing this problem8 .3ry doing ! : / . 8 -3. D &es. This problem is reall) difficult to sol#e. @A _ :6 7E. D Let9s go watch a circus. % :8 -3 D 2ecause of the crowd% it9s difficult to see. E 8 -35 D !t9s difficult to understand woman. %N5. >E7 / 8 -35 D *o. Nan is more difficult to understand. y '(58 D 0o )ou thin7 so8 }. y '(5. D &es. ! surel) do. A?58 D -an )ou hear me8 %N5. QA %8 -35. D *o. 2ecause of the sound of music% it9s difficult to hear. 3 7 =?5 D please teach me how to do fishing .9i8e t7e fa8our of doing ! = / ?5. 3 8 e35. D O7. 1ishing is eas) to do. D problem D sol#e -: D tr) sol#ing _ D circus >E D man E D woman '( D thin7 y '( D thin7 so D reall)% #er) D #er) D music QA D sound 3 D fishing

194

; kno1 +o1 - -H I%
; =don't? kno1 +o1 - -H I%:70 0ritten For& ;n-or&al For&al ; kno1 +o1 to do -H -H N ; don't kno1 +o1 to do -H -H N

'(oken For& ;n-or&al For&al

; kno1 +o1 to do -H I% -H I%5

; don't kno1 +o1 to do -H 70 -H 705

Note: ! include the written form of this eApression for the sa7e of completeness. (owe#er% please focus on the spo7en form as the eApression is mainl) used in con#ersations. $ules 17.ake o-- a (lain -or&:(ast tense o- "er$s and attac+ I%7 =)*ce(tion: For t+ose "er$s 1+ic+ contain as a -inal consonant6 take it o--7 eg7 - I%? 27 ttac+ to I%:70 to turn it into a -or&al -or&7 -H I% D ! 7now how to do -H I% D ! 7now how to eat -H 7 I% D ! 7now how to go -H : I% D ! 7now how to see -H % I% D ! 7now how to listen -H I% D ! 7now how to use -H - I% D ! 7now how to ma7e -H U I% D ! 7now how to wear -H 70 D ! don9t 7now how to do -H 7 70 D ! don9t 7now how to go I

195

)*a&(le sentences -H - I%5. D &ong-"un 7nows how to ma7e$coo7' 7imchi stew. <A%= 0 -H I%8< D <Bulia= 0o )ou 7now how to boil$coo7' noodle soup8< 7 U &8 -H a I%8 &87 #% a-. D 0o )ou 7now how ! caught this big fish8 This fish has good strength and so ! caught it with a lot of effort. M P -H I%5. D ! 7now how to plant a tree. A -H I%8 D 0o )ou 7now how to use this remote controller8 < -H 7 %?58 D 0o )ou 7now how to go$get' to Seoul8 -H 7 70. D ! don9t 7now how to go to 2usan. -H r 705. D ! don9t 7now how to tie a nec7tie. C%) E -H : ?5. D Grandpa doesn9t 7now how to send a teAt message. Note: %?5 and ?5 are honorific forms of I% and 70 respecti#el). %?5 and ? are onl) used for second- and third-persons. 1or eAample% ! 7now how to use the subwa). 6 -H %?5. 6 -H I%5. 0o )ou 7now how to use the subwa)8 -H %?58 (e she alread) 7nows how to use the subwa). -H %?5.

196

3a$itually =@ade:co&(elled to? - NJ N K5

This phrase has two parts. The first part is 3 J% and the second part is 3 K5. The meaning of <3 J< is eFui#alent to <when$e#er' or if%< and that of <3 K5< is eFui#alent to <am made compelled to< or <habituall)$usuall)'.< 1or eAample% J, 7 J% $KL = K5 D When$e#er' ! go to a restaurant% ! am made compelled to order a bibimbap. $! habituall) usuall) order a bibimbap.' J, D a restaurant 7 D go 7 J D When$if' ! go $KL D a Korean dish $The dish consists of rice with #arious 7inds of #egetables% beef$usuall) mince'% fried egg% Korean red chili paste and sesame oil.' = D order $n.' = D order $#.' = K5 D ! habituall) order Note: The plain form of J and K5 is 9J 9 which means 9to become.9 Therefore% the literal translation of the sentence abo#e isE J, 7 J% $KL = K5 D When$e#er' it becomes that ! go to a restaurant% it becomes that ! order bibimbap

Also% in the first part when a noun is used instead of a #erb% 7 J is used instead. 1or eAample% % J% : " newspaper D When it is morning% ! habituall)$usuall)' read a

The literal translation of the sentence abo#e is% <When it 9becomes9 morning% ! 9become9 reading a newspaper.< The sentence doesn9t ma7e sense grammaticall) in :nglish but ! hope the literal translation will help )ou get the nuance of the phrase. %on!ugation rule .ake o-- a (lain -or& o- "er$s and attac+ J: K5 to it7 $do' Q J D When$e#er' ! do 197

 $do' Q K5 D ! habituall) usuall) do $or ! am made compelled to do' K5 D ! habituall) do 7 K5 D ! habituall) go K5 D ! habituall) come K5 D ! habituall) eat E K5 D ! habituall) sleep K5 D ! habituall) spea7 % K5 D ! habituall) listen : K5 D ! habituall) watch )*a&(le 'entences c J% %_i K5 D When$e#er' it is late at night% ! habituall) eat an icecream 7 J [ E K5 D When$e#er' it is noon% because !9m tired$sleep)'% ! habituall) ha#e a nap $Lit. sleep a nap'. () J% % K5 D When$e#er' ! turn on the computer% ! habituall) listen to music. 3 P7 J% A : K5 D When$e#er' ! go to town% ! habituall) go to mo#ies $Lit. watch mo#ies'. f J% 3 K5 D When$e#er' ! eAercise% ! habituall) drin7 a lot of water. Jsually As a side note% when )ou would li7e eApress something that )ou QusuallyQ do and not what )ou are <made compelled to< do% Q=Q is often used. 1or eAample% J, 7% <=< $KL =5 D When ! go to a restaurant% ! usuall) order a bibimbap. $There is no nuance of being <made compelled to< order a bibimbap.' f& P <=< !5 D After eAercise% ! usuall) drin7 a lot of water. $Some people ma) not drin7 a lot of water and other people ma) not drin7 water at all but as for me% ! <usuall)<$whether <!9m made compelled to< or not% we do not 7now' drin7 a lot of water.'

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3 P7 = A 5 D When ! go to town% ! usuall) go to mo#ies. $Lit. watch mo#ies' QR = $-75 D ! usuall) wal7 to school. B = 75 D ! usuall) go to wor7 b) car.

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Because ;'& - N5
5 is used as a statement in which )ou gi#e reasons eAplanations for what )ou do or did. 5 D 2ecause $!' do 5 is a polite spo7en form is a informal spo7en form $howe#er% if is used in the middle of a sentence $i.e. as a con"unction% lin7ing two sentences'% it means 9if9' 1or eAample% -8 D &ou came $bac7' alread)8 ,. ? * - D 2ecause the Fueue was too long. So ! "ust came $bac7'. % * n D !f the Fueue is too long% "ust come $bac7'.

Ta7e off #erbs ad"ecti#es and add 5. Q 5 D 2ecause $!' do + Q +5 D 2ecause $!' did ,5 D 2ecause $!' ate 75 D 2ecause $!' go S5 D 2ecause $!' went 5 D 2ecause $he' came 5 D 2ecause $there' were man) p&5 D 2ecause $!' was hungr) 5 D 2ecause $it9s' fast I15 D 2ecause $it9s' delicious :.g. % -58 D 0on9t )ou ha#e brea7fast8 }% - M8 ,5. D &eah no% $because' ! ate too much for dinner last night. Note: } means 9)es.9 } is used when )ou agree with the statement of the Fuestioner. 0on9t )ou ha#e brea7fast8 }. $&eah% ! won9t ha#e brea7fast'

Although in :nglish% we sa) 9)es9 to a negati#e Fuestion to mean a positi#e answer% 9no9 is used in Korean to mean a positi#e answer $i.e. 9no9 is used to mean a 9double negati#e9 $D positi#e''. 200

0on9t )ou ha#e brea7fast8 &es% !9ll ha#e brea7fast $in :nglish' 0on9t )ou ha#e brea7fast8 %-% 5 D *o% ! will ha#e brea7fast $in Korean' %- is a contracted form of %N which means 9no.9 )*a&(le sentences ]^ 258 D $(e)%' )ou bought a new laptop }% 46 ]^ 5. ? ]^ -5 D &eah% $because' the laptop ! had before was too slow. So ! bought a new laptop. 8 m_ J 4 I1. 8 ?8 D $2ecause' this restaurant9s food is reall) delicious. Shall we eat here8 ?% #. D &eah% !9d li7e to. { :5 D &ou loo7 tired - 5 D $2ecause' ! didn9t ha#e much sleep last night. J P :5 D &ou loo7 #er) eAcited= % + 75 D &eah% $because' !9m going on a trip to (ong Kong tomorrow= e $a simplified form of f' D new D bu) D bought 25 D $he)% )ou' bought ]^ D laptop $literall)% noteboo7' A D slow D was slow ? D o7% )eah D sleep $noun' E D sleep $#erb' D slept { D tired { : D loo7 tired J D #er) P D eAcited D (ong Kong + 7 D go on a trip

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; 1ill go -irst - LM >

LM > is used colloFuiall) to mean 9)ou will go home lea#e first.9 !t9s used when )ou lea#e a place before )our friend$s'. 1or eAample% After school wor7% if )ou lea#e first before others% )ou ma) sa)E P LM >. :E D ! will lea#e go home first. See )ou tomorrow.

Li7ewise% LM H ,erb $Ta7e off and add Z for #erbs without final consonants% and for #erbs with final consonants' :.g. Q C LM C D !9ll do first Q LM D !9ll eat first

LM C D ! will do first LM > D ! will go first LM D ! will watch see first LM D ! will eat first LM E D ! will drin7 first LM E6 > D ! will go to sleep first LM c D ! will bu) first

)*a&(le sentences P LM E D ! will drin7 this water first P LM E6 > D 2ecause !9m sleep)% !9ll go to sleep first p & P LM D !f )ou9re not hungr)% !9ll eat first ` P LM D !f )ou9re not reading this boo7% !9ll read it first

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 -7 J. LM >. D Toda)% 2ecause ! gotta get home earl). !9ll go $home' first. See )ou tomorrow

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P+rases
s ; 1as doing - N
3

:NO

:NO means <As ! ha#e been was doing $something'<

This phrase is used when )ou want to con#e) a nuanced meaning of <)ou9#e been doing something% and learned found eAperienced saw heard something along the wa).< :NO is actuall) a contracted form of 7 c :N

:NO D As ! ha#e been was doing $something' :NO D As ! ha#e been was going $somewhere' :NO D As ! ha#e been was coming $somewhere' :NO D As ! ha#e been was li#ing $this wa)' :NO D As ! ha#e been was eating

)*a&(le 'entences: c :NO% |e & %NG$ p D As ! ha#e been li#ing $until now'% ! learned that hard wor7 alone ma) not bring success. c :NO% D $ D As ! ha#e been li#ing $until now'% ! learned understood that without hard wor7% )ou cannot e#en dream of success. 7 :NO% + 1/0& D As ! was going $somewhere'% there was a +oo on m) right-hand side. :NO% c,/0&5 D As ! was eating% ! found that ! was alread) late.

6 :NO% P & P* " 8 A&% f #P% B7 C # "7 1 5. D As ! ha#e been li7e that% ! "ust do m) best and wait for results% and if !uc7 finds its wa) to me% or the societ) finds me helpful% ! get good results.

To Listen to (ow :NO is Msed% Watch This !nter#iewE Ahn -heol-Soo !nter#iewE On Bo) and (appiness

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,t+er Lessons
ddressing Peo(le
ddressing -riend's na&e When a person is addressed is attached to their name. !f m) name were @.Bin-u/% m) friend would call me% @= .Bin-u-)a/. This is li7e <(e) @ Bin-u=< This colloFuialism should onl) be used between close friends. This is an informal eApression. At school% friends call each other this wa)% and teachers to students but not #ice #ersa. *ote that is used for names without a final consonant and for names with a final consonant. )g7 Q %= This is pronounced .57EBi-nu-ga/ since # has no sound when used as an initial consonant. @ Q @= !t is pronounced .5EBi-nu-)a/ Q = Q = B Q B%= So when )ou call )our Korean friend9s name% "ust add to their name.

Pronunciation
(ere is the lin7 to the Pronunciation posts on 5earn :orean; 5-4% :orean 5anguage 5earning .

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