5

Chng 1 PHP BIN I WAVELET

1.1- M U
Nh trnh by phn m u, giai on phn tch nh lng ng vai tr quan trng trong vic phn tch ti liu t nn c nhiu phng php c a ra. V cc phng php truyn thng, c th lit k mt s phng php tiu biu nh phng php na dc cc i ca tip tuyn ca Peters, L.J., (1949) [60]; phng php xc nh v tr v su ca Werner, S., (1953) [79], phng php s dng cc i ng cong ca Smith, R.A., (1959) [68], phng php s dng hnh dng th v bin ca Parasnis, D.S., (1986) [59] T thp nin 60 ca th k trc, my tnh pht trin mnh, ngi ta thng s dng phng php th - sai gm phng php tin (forward method) v phng php nghch o (inverse method) xc nh li gii bng my tnh; phng php ny c s dng rng ri v pht trin cho n nay. Ngy nay, ngi ta thng s dng phng php tn hiu gii tch (Nabighian, N.M., (1972, 1974) [55], [56], Hsu, S.K., Sibuet, J.C. v Shyu, C.T., (1996) [41]) v phng php gii chp Euler (Thomson, D.T., (1982) [72]; Reid, A.B. v nnk., (1990) [63] ); c hai phng php ny u t c s trn vic tnh o hm theo phng ngang v phng thng ng ca tn hiu; hin nay, hai phng php ny vn ang tip tc pht trin. Nm 1958, Dean, W.C., [27] ngh s dng php bin i Fourier trong bi ton chuyn trng v php tnh o hm trong phn tch ti liu t v trng lc. Nm 1964, Cooley, J.W. v Turkey, J., [23] a ra thut ton php bin i Fourier nhanh (Fast Forier Transform). T , php bin i Fourier c s dng hu hiu v rng ri trong vic phn tch nh tnh v nh lng ti liu t (v

trng lc) [19], [69] v chng c pht trin cho ti nay [80]. Tuy nhin, php bin i Fourier c nhng im hn ch ca n (s trnh by trong mc tip theo) nn ngi ta tm nhng php bin i khc c nhiu u im hn. Ngy nay, ngi ta s dng php bin i wavelet v n khc phc c cc khuyt im ca php bin i Fourier. C hai php bin i wavelet l php bin i wavelet ri rc v php bin i wavelet lin tc; chng c s dng trong vic phn tch nh tnh [5], [64] v phn tch nh lng ti liu t [18], [32], [66]. Trong lun n ny, chng ti s dng php bin i wavelet lin tc; tuy nhin, c ci nhn y v php bin i wavelet, trong chng ny chng ti trnh by cc phn c bn ca php bin i wavelet lin tc v php bin i wavelet ri rc.

1.2- PHP BIN I WAVELET LIN TC 1.2.1- Gii thiu

Trong x l tn hiu, php bin i Fourier (FT, Fourier Transform) l mt cng c ton hc quan trng v n l cu ni cho vic biu din tn hiu gia min khng gian v min tn s; vic biu din tn hiu trong min tn s i khi c li hn l vic biu din trong min khng gian. Hnh 1.1a biu din tn hiu theo thi gian, hnh 1.1b biu din php bin i Fourier ca tn hiu trong min tn s. Tuy nhin, php bin i Fourier ch cung cp thng tin c tnh ton cc v ch thch hp cho nhng tn hiu tun hon, khng cha cc t bin hoc cc thay i khng d bo c. Trong hnh 1.1b, ph ca f(t) cho thy cc thnh phn tn s cu thnh tn hiu nhng khng cho bit cc tn s ny xut hin u. khc phc khuyt im ny, Gabor, D., (1946) [33] p dng php bin i Fourier ca s (WFT, Windowed Fourier Transform) cho tng on nh ca tn hiu (ca s); php bin i ny cho thy mi lin h gia khng gian v tn s nhng b khng ch bi nguyn l bt nh Heisengber cho cc thnh phn tn s cao v tn s thp trong tn hiu (Kaiser, G., 1994) [43]. Php bin i wavelet l bc tip theo khc phc hn ch ny.

f(t)

(s)

F()

Hnh 1.1a: Tn hiu f(t)

(Hz)

Hnh 1.1b: Bin i Fourier ca tn hiu f(t). Nm 1975, Morlet, J., pht trin phng php a phn gii (multiresolution); trong , ng ta s dng mt xung dao ng, c hiu l mt wavelet (dch theo t gc ca n l mt sng nh) cho thay i kch thc v so snh vi tn hiu tng on ring bit. K thut ny bt u vi sng nh (wavelet) cha cc dao ng tn s kh thp, sng nh ny c so snh vi tn hiu phn tch c mt bc tranh ton cc ca tn hiu phn gii th. Sau sng nh c nn li nng cao dn tn s dao ng. Qu trnh ny gi l lm thay i t l (scale) phn tch; khi thc hin tip bc so snh, tn hiu s c nghin cu chi tit cc phn gii cao hn, gip pht hin cc thnh phn bin thin nhanh cn n bn trong tn hiu. Sau y, chng ti trnh by v php bin i wavelet lin tc thun v nghch ng thi trnh by mt s cc thuc tnh c bn ca cc hm wavelet c th vn dng trong cc bi ton c th. Cc cng trnh nghin cu ca php bin i

wavelet lin tc p dng trong vic phn tch nh lng ti liu t c trnh by trong chng hai.

1.2.2- Php bin i wavelet thun

Gi f(x) l tn hiu 1-D, php bin i wavelet lin tc ca f(x) s dng hm wavelet 0 c biu din bi:
W (s , b ) = 1 s
+

f ( x ).

* 0

xb )dx s

(1.1)

trong : W(s, b) l h s bin i wavelet lin tc ca f(x), vi s l t l (nghch o ca tn s) v b l dch chuyn t trng v tr. * 0 ( x ) l hm lin hip phc ca wavelet 0 ( x ) c gi l hm wavelet

phn tch. Phng trnh (1.1) cho thy, php bin i wavelet l mt nh x chuyn t hm mt bin f(x) thnh hm W(s, b) ph thuc hai bin s l bin t l s v bin dch chuyn b. H s chun ha 1 /( s ) trong (1.1) m bo cho s chun ha sng wavelet vi cc t l phn tch s khc nhau 0(s, b) = 0 . Php bin i wavelet c tnh linh ng cao so vi php bin i Fourier (s dng duy nht hm m) v khng nht thit phi s dng mt hm wavelet c nh, m c th la chn cc hm wavelet khc nhau trong h hm wavelet sao cho thch hp vi bi ton (hnh dng ca hm wavelet ph hp vi tn hiu cn phn tch) kt qu phn tch l tt nht. Hin nay, ngi ta xy dng c khong vi chc cc h hm wavelet khc nhau nhm p dng cho nhiu mc ch phn tch a dng. Hnh 1.2 th ca ba hm wavelet l hm wavelet Harr, hm wavelet Daubechies 5 v hm wavelet Morlet. Biu thc (1.1) c th vit li di dng tch trong (inner product) nh sau:
W (s, b) = f ( x ), 0 (s ,b ) ( x )

(1.2)

trong :

0(s , b ) ( x ) =

xb 0 s s
b) c)

(1.3)

a)

Hnh 1.2: Ba dng hm wavelet a) Wavelet Harr, b) Wavelet Daubechies 5, c) Wavelet Morlet

1.2.3- Cc tnh cht ca hm wavelet

1.2.3.1- Tnh cht sng Hm wavelet phc (tng qut) 0 c nh x hon ton trong c hai min: min khng gian v min t l (nghch o tn s) v ng thi phi tha mn tnh cht sng, ngha l dao ng vi gi tr trung bnh ca hm wavelet bng khng:
+

0 ( y ) dy = 0

(1.4)

Nh vy, wavelet l dng sng nh c khng gian tn ti hu hn v c gi tr trung bnh bng khng. H qu t tnh cht sng ca hm wavelet dn n s c lp ca php bin i wavelet i vi tt c cc hm c phn tch. Lu rng khi s dng php bin i wavelet lin tc, phi chun ha phin bn ca hm wavelet l 0 (
xb ) trong mt vng khng gian gii hn c qui s

nh bi kch thc ca s; bn ngoi vng gii hn hm wavelet trit tiu. Vy php bin i wavelet lin tc cung cp nhng thng tin v s thay i cc b vng ang kho st m chng ta khng cn quan tm n bin i ton cc ca hm wavelet.

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1.2.3.2- c trng v nng lng Nng lng tng ca tn hiu f(x) c nh ngha bi biu thc sau:
+

E=

f (x) 2 dx = f (x)

(1.5)

Tn hiu c nng lng xc nh khi biu thc (1.5) nhn gi tr xc nh. Hm sng wavelet c c trng v nng lng c chun ha bng n v cho mi t l s. Vy, tnh cht th hai ca hm wavelet l:
+

0 ( y ) dy = 1

(1.6)

1.2.4- Biu din cc h s wavelet

C hai cch biu din cc h s wavelet. Th nht, biu din cc h s wavelet W(s, b) trong h ta ba trc vung gc (x, y, z) vi trc x biu din tham s dch chuyn (v tr) b, trc y biu din tham s t l (l nghch o tn s) s v trc thng ng z biu din h s wavelet W. Hnh 1.3a m t cch biu din cc h s W(s, b) trong h ta ba trc vung gc, trn hnh ny, d dng xc nh v tr hin din ca cc thnh phn tn s (nghch o ca t l). Th hai, biu din cc h s W(s, b) trong mt phng khng gian t l (x, s) (gi l t l ) dng cc ng ng tr hay dng nh; cch biu din ny thng dng trong x l nh. Hnh 1.3b m t cch biu din cc h s W(s, b) trong t l dng cc ng ng tr modun v pha. Hnh 1.3c m t cch biu din cc h s W(s, b) trong t l dng nh.

Hnh 1.3a: Biu din h s wavelet trong h ta ba trc vung gc

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Hnh 1.3b: Biu din h s wavelet trong t l dng cc ng ng tr

Hnh 1.3c: Biu din h s wavelet trong t l dng nh

1.2.5- Php bin i wavelet nghch

Tng t nh php bin i Fourier, php bin i wavelet lin tc c tnh thun nghch. Nu php bin i wavelet thun c dng (1.1) th php bin i wavelet nghch c dng:

f (x) = trong :

1 cg

xb 1 )ds db W(s, b) 0 ( s s 0

(1.7)

- cg l hng s ph thuc vo hm wavelet c s dng. Cng thc (1.7) cho php khi phc li tn hiu nguyn thy t cc h s bin i wavelet bng php tnh tch phn theo ton b cc tham s t l s v dch

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chuyn b. Trong (1.7), hm wavelet 0 c s dng thay cho hm lin hip phc ca n trong biu thc (1.1). Trong thc t, vic khi phc chnh xc tn hiu gc t php bin i wavelet gp kh khn (khng ging nh vic khi phc tn hiu t php bin i Fourier). Theo Vecsey, L., (2002) [78] vic khi phc tn hiu gc t php bin i wavelet s cho kt qu chnh xc khi phng trnh sau y c tha:
2 + () c g = 2 d 1/ 2

<

(1.8)

trong :
() l bin i Fourier ca hm ( x ) -

1.2.6- Php bin i wavelet lin tc hai chiu v nhiu chiu

Php bin i wavelet 2-D c cho bi phng trnh:
1 R B W (s, B) = f (R ). * )dR 0( s s
+

(1.9)

trong : - R(x1, x2) l vct ta gm hai thnh phn l x1 v x2 tha h thc:

2 R 2 = x1 + x2 2 2 + b2 - B (b1, b2) l vct v tr, c hai thnh phn tha h thc: B 2 = b1 2.

H s (1/s) chun ha nng lng ca sng wavelet 2-D, c suy ra t trng hp 1-D. Tn hiu f(R) l hm theo hai bin khng gian l x1 v x2. Php bin i wavelet nghch 2-D c vit di dng:
1 f (R ) = cg
+

dB s
0

1
3

W(s, B) 0 (

RB )ds s

(1.10)

So vi biu thc bin i wavelet nghch 1-D cho bi (1.7), biu thc (1.10) xut hin s hng (1/s3) thay cho s hng (1/s) do nguyn nhn co gin v dch chuyn ca hm wavelet trong php bin i 2-D:

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1 RB 0 ( s ,B) ( R ) = 0 ( ) s s

(1.11)

Php bin i wavelet n chiu (n > 2) c th xy dng n gin bng cch m rng s phn t trong cc vct R v B n n gi tr theo cch biu din: R(x1, x2, xn) v B(b1, b2, bn). (1.12)

m bo s bo ton nng lng ca sng wavelet, trong php bin i wavelet n-D, cn hiu chnh li s hng trc tch phn di dng 1/s(n/2). Do , hm wavelet 0(s,B) (R) trong khng gian n-D c vit dng:

0 ( s ,B) (R ) =

1 s
( n / 2)

0 (

R B ) s

(1.13)

Nn php bin i wavelet trong n-D c vit li di dng:

W(s, B) = 1 s
( n / 2) +

f (R). (
* 0

R B )dR s

(1.14)

v php bin i wavelet nghch ca n trong n-D c dng:

f (R ) = 1 cg
+

dB
0

W(s, B). 0 ( n +1

RB )ds s

(1.15)

1.2.7 - Tiu chun chn hm wavelet

u im chnh ca php bin i wavelet l phn tch chi tit tng vng khng gian rt nh trong vng bin i rng ca tn hiu kho st. S a phng ha trong phn tch gip pht hin v tr cc im t gy, cc im gin on vi dc ln nu hm wavelet c chn ng dng vi tn hiu. Ngoi yu t trn, cc yu t khc cng gi vai tr quan trng, cn c xem xt k trc khi chn mt hm wavelet phn tch (Torrence, C.H., Compo, G.P., (1998) [73]), (Van den Berg, J.C., (1999) [76]), (Hubbart, B.B., (1998) [42]).

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1.2.7.1- Trc giao hay khng trc giao

Cc hm wavelet trc giao, gi l c s wavelet trc giao, thng c s dng cho php bin i wavelet ri rc (s trnh by sau) v n rt tin dng cho vic ti to li tn hiu ban u sau qu trnh nn d liu [26]. Hnh 1.4 biu din cc hm wavelet trc giao Coiflets (vit tt l Coif), l cc wavelet trc giao v chun ha, cho php thc hin cc bin i wavelet lin tc cng nh ri rc. Ngc li, cc hm wavelet khng trc giao thng c s dng cho php bin i wavelet lin tc v n thch hp pht hin cc tnh cht c trng ca tn hiu.
Wavelet function psi
Wavelet function psi 1.5 2 1.2 Wavelet function psi

Wavelet function psi

Wavelet function psi

1.2

1
1

1
1.5

0.8
1 0.8

0.6
0.6 1

0.5
0.5 0.5 0.4

0.4

0.2
0.2

0
0 0

-0.2
-0.2

-0.4
-0.5 -0.5 -0.4

-0.5
-0.6

-0.6

-1 -0.8 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

-0.8 0 5 10 15 20 25

10

12

14

16

10

15

20

a) Coif-1

b) Coif-2

c) Coif-3

d) Coif-4

e) Coif-5

Hnh 1.4: Nm hm wavelet c s trc giao trong h Coiflets 1.2.7.2- Phc hay thc

Hm wavelet phc cho bn thng tin v phn thc, phn o, ln v pha ca tn hiu. N thch hp khi phn tch cc tn hiu dao ng mnh. Hm wavelet thc, ch cung cp thng tin v ln ca tn hiu nn thch hp cho vic pht hin cc im gin on hay cc nh cc i ca tn hiu. Hnh 1.5a v hnh 1.5b l phn thc v phn o ca hm wavelet phc, to ra t o hm bc nm ca hm Gauss thc v phc c vit dng:
d5 d5 (x ) = 5 f (x ) + 5 g(x ) dx dx

(1.16)

trong , f(x) v g(x) ln lt l cc hm Gauss thc v phc cho bi:

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f (x) =

1 1 . exp( x 2 ), g(x ) = 4 . exp(ix x 2 )

(1.17)

Hnh 1.5a: Phn thc ca wavelet phc l o hm bc nm ca hm Gauss

Hnh 1.5b: Phn o ca wavelet phc l o hm bc nm ca hm Gauss 1.2.7.3- rng

Quan h gia rng ca hm wavelet trong min khng gian v rng trong min tn s cho bi nguyn l bt nh Heisenberg Gabor (Vecsey, L., 2002) [78]. Nu hm wavelet b hp v rng trong min khng gian th ngc li, rng ca ph tn s s tng ln. Vy phn gii ti u trong min tn s s tng ng vi phn gii rt hn ch trong min khng gian v ngc li. Hnh 1.6a m t ba xung wavelet Mexican ng vi ba t l s khc nhau v hnh 1.6b l ph Fourier tng ng ca ba xung wavelet nu trn. So snh cc th c cng t l s ta thy, khi xung wavelet c dng n rng ( th th 3 trn hnh 1.6a) th ph tn s tng ng ca n li c dng rt hp ( th th 3 trn hnh 1.6b)

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2 (a)

1 3

3 (b)

S=1 S=2 S=3

S=1 S=2 S=3

Ta x

Tn s

Hnh 1.6: Hm wavelet Mexican ba t l s khc nhau (a) Cc hm wavelet Mexican vi t l s ln lt l 1, 2 v 3

(b) Ph Fourier ca hm wavelet Mexican vi t l s l 1, 2 v 3

1.2.7.5- Chn hay l

Khi s dng cc hm wavelet thc, cn phn bit hm wavelet chn hay hm wavelet l. S dng hm wavelet l, chng ta c th xc nh chnh xc ni xut hin v kt thc ca tn hiu c dng ging hm wavelet. Hm wavelet chn s dng xc nh cc nh cc i trn tn hiu.
Tn hiu f(x) Tn hiu f(x)

(m)

(m)

a)

b)

(m)

(m)

Hnh 1.7a: Hnh trn l tn hiu f(x), hnh di l bin i wavelet ca tn hiu s dng hm wavelet l o hm bc nht ca hm Gauss Hnh 1.7b: Hnh trn l tn hiu f(x), hnh di l bin i wavelet ca tn hiu s dng hm wavelet l o hm bc hai ca hm Gauss

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Hnh 1.7a l php bin i wavelet ca tn hiu c dng hnh hp s dng hm to ra t o hm bc nht ca hm Gauss; lc ny, hm wavelet l l v da vo th c th ch ra trc tip v tr ca cc b bin. Hnh 1.7b l php bin i wavelet ca tn hiu s dng hm to ra t o hm bc hai ca hm Gauss; lc ny, hm wavelet l chn nn thch hp cho vic xc nh v tr cc nh.
1.2.7.6- Cc momen trit tiu

Mt hm f(x) c m momen trit tiu khi:

+

f ( x )dx = 0

(1.18)

Php bin i wavelet s dng hm wavelet c mt hoc hai momen trit tiu th khng b nh hng bi khuynh hng bin i ca hm c phn tch. S dng hm wavelet c nhiu momen trit tiu s lm gim gi tr cc h s wavelet khi phn tch tn hiu tn s thp; ngc li, vi tn s cao, gi tr ca cc h s wavelet c tng ln kh ln nn vic xc nh cc thng tin n trong tn hiu c thc hin d dng. Tuy nhin, khi s dng hm wavelet c qu nhiu momen trit tiu phn tch tn hiu, cc cc i ca bin i wavelet c th lm sai lch kt qu vic phc hi thng tin n trong tn hiu.
1.2.7.7- ng hng hay khng ng hng

S dng wavelet ng hng thun tin khi phn tch cc cu trc c kch thc gn bng nhau theo hai hng nh vt th hnh trn, hnh vung Hm wavelet bt ng hng thng s dng phn tch nhng cu trc bt i xng v khi cc tham s t l s gp phn thit lp mi tng quan v kch thc trung bnh gia ln theo phng x v ln theo phng y.

1.2.8- Mt nng lng

S phn b nng lng ca php bin i wavelet t l s ti dch chuyn b c cho bi hm mt nng lng wavelet, l hm hai bin c dng:
E(s, b) = W (s, b)
2

(1.19)

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th ca E(s, b) c gi l t l (scalogram), tng t nh ph trong php bin i Fourier khng gian (thi gian) ngn. Trong thc hnh, ngi ta v t l ca W(s, b) hoc
2

W (s , b ) cg

v s dng n ti to li nng lng tng

theo cng thc:

E= 1 cg
+ +

W (s , b )

ds db s2

(1.20)

Nu php bin i wavelet thc hin vi hm wavelet phc, ngi ta c th s dng c bn thnh phn ca php bin i wavelet phn tch ring bit. Khi , trn t l , nhng vng nh sng mnh trn lp bin s ch r dch chuyn v t l no th nng lng ca tn hiu l mnh nht. Nng lng tng ca tn hiu mt t l xc nh s c gi l mt nng lng c lp, c tnh bi biu thc:
E (s ) = 1 cg
+

W (s, b )

db

(1.21)

Kt hp phng trnh (1.20) v (1.21), nng lng tng ca tn hiu l:

+

E=

E (s )

ds s2

(1.22)

1.2.9- Ri rc ha php bin i wavelet lin tc

tnh cc h s ca php bin i wavelet lin tc trn my tnh, hai tham s t l v tnh tin khng th nhn cc gi tr lin tc m n phi l cc gi tr ri rc. Cng thc ri rc ha php bin i wavelet lin tc cho tn hiu f(n) mt chiu c vit l [85]:
Wf (n ) = W (s, b) = f (n )
n

1 s

* (

nb ) s

(1.23)

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trong , s v b ln lt l tham s t l v dch chuyn ly gi tr ri rc, * l lin hip phc ca hm wavelet dng cho php bin i lin tc ly ti cc gi tr ri rc. Php tng hp tn hiu t s ri rc ha php bin i wavelet lin tc cho bi biu thc (1.23) c vit l:
f (n ) = c g W (s, b) (
s b

nb ) s

(1.24)

vi cg l hng s ph thuc vo hm wavelet c s dng. V biu thc php bin i wavelet (1.1) l mt tch chp nn theo nh l tch chp, chng ta c th s dng php bin i Fourier nhanh (FFT, Fast Fourier Transform) tnh php bin i wavelet. Tuy nhin, do khng s dng phng php ny nn chng ti khng trnh by chi tit y.

1.2.10 Hiu ng bin

tnh php bin i wavelet lin tc, ngi ta thng da trn cng thc ri rc ha (1.23) v (1.24) v tn hiu c ly hu hn cc gi tr ri rc vi bc o l x ; thun tin trong tnh ton, ngi ta thng s dng x thay cho tham s dch chuyn b v i khi s dng logarit ca tham s s thay cho s. Khi ly bin i wavelet ca tn hiu hu hn v ri rc, do nh hng bi tch trong ca hm wavelet vi cc gi tr ln cn trn cc bin ca tn hiu nn gi tr ca h s wavelet b bin i kh mnh, hin tng ny c gi l hiu ng bin (boundary effect) [78]. Hnh 1.8a-d m t s bin dng ti bin ca ph wavelet s dng hm m Mexican ca tn hiu c dng hnh cu (vi cc t l s thay i l 1, 6, 11, 20). S bin dng do hiu ng bin cng ln khi thc hin php bin i wavelet cc t l ln. Trong trng hp hnh 1.8a, t l s = 1, hiu ng bin khng th hin; khi t l tng ln ng k (s = 6, ng vi hnh 1.8b) hiu ng bin gy nn s bin i ng k. Khi , hn ch phn no hiu ng bin, c th bao

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quanh tn hiu bng nhng lp bin c gi tr bng khng kt hp vi vic hiu chnh gi tr trung bnh ca tn hiu trn ton vng phn tch.

a)

b)

c)

d)

Hnh 1.8: Bin i wavelet lin tc 2-D dng hm m Mexican cho tn hiu c dng hnh cu tha phng trnh l x2 + y2 + z2 =1 vi z >0 a) Phn tch t l s = 1 b) Phn tch t l s = 6 c) Phn tch t l s = 11 d) Phn tch t l s = 20

Trong thc hnh, hn ch hiu ng bin, c th p dng mt trong nhng phng cch sau y: 1- m thm cc gi tr bng khng vo phn u v cui ca tn hiu (hnh 1.9a). f(x)
Tn hiu cho bng khng Tn hiu cho bng khng

Bt u on tn hiu

Kt thc on tn hiu

Hnh 1.9a: m thm cc gi tr bng khng

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2- m thm cc gi tr bng vi gi tr bt u v gi tr kt thc ca tn hiu (hnh 1.9b).

f(x)

Tn hiu cho bng gi tr u

Tn hiu cho bng gi tr cui

x Bt u tn hiu Kt thc tn hiu

Hnh 1.9b: m thm cc gi tr bng vi gi tr u v gi tr cui

3- m thm cc gi tr suy gim nhanh v khng ti v tr bt u v v tr kt thc ca tn hiu (hnh 1.9c).

f(x) Tn hiu cho gim dn n khng Tn u gim m n khng Tnhi hi cho u cho gid dn n

Bt u tn hiu

Kt thc tn hiu

Hnh 1.9c: m thm cc gi tr gim nhanh v khng u v cui tn hiu

4- Lp li chui tn hiu ti v tr bt u v kt thc ca tn hiu (hnh 1.9d).

f(x)
Lp li tn hiu Lp li tn hiu

Hnh 1.9d: Lp li tn hiu on u v on cui

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5- Lp li chui tn hiu ti hai v tr bt u v kt thc ca tn hiu nhng theo phng php ghp i xng (hnh 1.9e).
f(x)
Lp li tn hiu i xng Lp li tn hiu i xng

x
Bt u tn hiu Kt thc tn hiu

Hnh 1.9e: Lp li chui tn hiu i xng ti hai v tr u v cui

6- Chp mt hm ca s (window function) vi tn hiu gim tc ng hai u bin (hnh 1.9f).

f(x)

Cho tn hiu bng khng

Ca s lm trn

Tn hiu gc Tn hiu b sung

Cho tn hiu bng khng

x Bt u tn hiu Kt thc tn hiu

Hnh 1.9f: Chp chui tn hiu vi hm ca s

7- Ngoi suy tn hiu bng mt a thc lc tc ng hai bin (hnh 1.9g).

f(x) Tn hiu c ngoi suy Tn hiu c ngoi suy

x
Bt u tn hiu Kt thc tn hiu

Hnh 1.9g: Ngoi suy tn hiu bng mt a thc

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1.3- PHP BIN I WAVELET RI RC 1.3.1- Gii thiu

C s ca php bin i wavelet ri rc (DWT, Discrete Wavelet Transform) c t nm 1976 khi Croiser, Esteban v Galand a ra k thut bin i tn hiu thi gian ri rc; n cui nm 1976, Crochiere, Weber v Flanagan [25] dng php bin i wavelet ri rc m ha ting ni, k thut ny tng t k thut ca Croiser v c tn l s m ho bng con (subband coding). Nm 1983, Burt, P.
J. v Adelson, E.H., [21] pht trin phng php m ho bng con v t tn l m

ha hnh thp (pyramidal coding). Nm 1989, Mallat, S., [49] a ra k thut phn tch a phn gii (multiresolution analysis) trn c s m ha hnh thp v xut cc h hm wavelet trc giao p dng trong x l tn hiu s. Trong phn tch ti liu t (v trng lc), php bin i wavelet ri rc c s dng trong vic lc nhiu ti liu t hng khng (Ridsdill Smith, T.A. v Dentith, M.C., (1999) [64]) v tch trng khu vc v trng a phng t trng quan st (Fedi, M., Quarta, T., (1998), [30], Ucan, O.N., v nnk., (2000) [75]). Vit Nam, ng Vn Lit v nnk., (2002) [5], (2005) [1] s dng php bin i wavelet ri rc lc nhiu v tch trng khu vc v trng a phng. Ngoi ra, cn c nhiu nhm nghin cu khc s dng php bin i wavelet ri rc trong cc lnh vc khc nh vin thng, in t, y hc Do chng ti khng s dng php bin i wavelet ri rc trong lun n nn trong phn tip theo, chng ti ch gii thiu tm lc php bin i wavelet ri rc, c bit l k thut a phn gii, mt k thut thng c s dng trong vic phn tch ti liu t lc nhiu v tch trng.

1.3.2- Php bin i wavelet ri rc v phn tch a phn gii

tng ca phn tch a phn gii l s dng cc k thut lc s trong qu trnh phn tch. Trong , mi mt tn hiu c phn tch thnh hai thnh phn: thnh phn xp x A (Approximation) tng ng vi thnh phn tn s thp v thnh phn chi tit D (Detail) tng ng vi thnh phn tn s cao, thng qua hai b lc thng thp v thng cao nh m t trong hnh 1.10. Trong , b lc thng

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cao s dng hm wavelet (x) v b lc thng thp s dng hm t l (scaling function) (x). Mi quan h gia hm t l v hm wavelet c cho bi:
( x ) = c K . ( 2x k )
k =0 N 1

(1.25) (1.26)

(x) =

( 1)
k =0

N 1

c K . ( 2 x + k N + 1)

Cc php lc c tin hnh vi nhiu tng (level) khc nhau v khi lng tnh ton khng tng, khi qua mi b lc, tn hiu c ly mu xung 2. ng vi mi tng, tn hiu c phn gii khc nhau. Do , php bin i wavelet ri rc c gi l phn tch a phn gii (MRA, multiresolution analysis).

Php ly mu xung 2

Bin i wavelet ri rc tng mt

Bin i wavelet ri rc tng hai

Hnh 1.10: Phn tch a phn gii s dng bin i wavelet ri rc

Ti mi tng lc, biu thc ca php lc c cho bi cng thc:

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y high (n ) = S(n ).g(2k n )

n

(1.27) (1.28)

y low (n ) = S(n ).h (2k n )

n

Trong , S(n) l tn hiu, h(n) l p ng xung ca cc b lc thng thp tng ng vi hm t l (n) v g(n) l p ng xung ca cc b lc thng cao tng ng vi hm wavelet (n). Hai b lc ny lin h nhau theo h thc:
h ( N 1 n ) = (1) n g(n )

(1.29)

trong , N l s mu trong tn hiu. Tn hiu S(n) c th c ti to theo cc bc ngc li gi l php bin i wavelet ri rc nghch (IDWT, inverse discrete wavelet transform) c cho bi:
S( n ) =

(y
k

high

( k ).g ( 2 k n ) ) + (y low ( k ).h ( 2 k n )

(1.30)

trong , y high (k ) v y low ( k ) ln lt l tn hiu ng ra sau khi i qua cc b lc thng cao v b lc thng thp cp trn. m bo cho vic phc hi tn hiu c chnh xc nh ban u, khi qua mi tng lc ti to, tn hiu c tin hnh ly mu ln 2. Lu l khng phi cc hm wavelet no cng tn ti hm t l tng ng xc nh t biu thc (1.25) v (1.26); nn khi thc hin php bin i wavelet ri rc, phi chn la cc hm wavelet c hm t l tng ng nh h hm wavelet Daubechies trc chun h hm ny u c cc hm t l tng ng.

1.3.3- Php bin i wavelet ri rc hai chiu

x l cc d liu hai chiu, cn s dng cc php bin i wavelet hai chiu (Ucan, O.N., (2000) [75]) . Trong php bin i wavelet ri rc hai chiu (2D), tn hiu hai chiu S(x, y) c tch thnh nhiu tn hiu mt chiu ri ly bin i wavelet 1-D trn chng. Kt qu tng hp l bin i wavelet 2-D ca tn hiu. Hnh 1.11 m t qu trnh thc hin bin i wavelet ri rc hai chiu. Gi x v y l hai trc ta ca tn hiu 2-D, H l php lc thng thp, G l php lc

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thng cao (tng t trng hp 1-D), php bin i wavelet 2-D c tnh c th nh sau:
(1) ( x , y) = ( x ). ( y) : HH
( 2 ) ( x , y) = ( x ). ( y) : HG

(1.31) (1.32) (1.33) (1.34)

G G H 2 s1 s2

( 3) ( x , y) = ( x ). ( y) : GH ( 4 ) ( x , y) = ( x ). ( y) : GG.

G G Tn hiu 2-D Tn hiu mi hng 1-D

Ti to 2-D

Ti to 2-D

G G H

2
2

s3 s4

Hnh 1.11: Php bin i wavelet ri rc 2-D

1.3.4- Tch trng v lc nhiu

Biu thc (1.27) v biu thc (1.28) cho thy, vi tn hiu 1-D, php bin i wavelet ri rc l thch hp cho vic tch trng khu vc v trng a phng. Thnh phn xp x ng vi trng khu vc v thnh phn chi tit ng vi trng a phng. Vic chn cc tng lc tng ng vi vic chn trng khu vc nng hay su. Ngoi ra, php bin i wavelet ri rc c p dng rng ri trong vic lc nhiu nht l cho cc d liu o t hng khng. Nh trnh by trn, php bin i wavelet ri rc khai trin d liu gc thnh hai nhm h s: cc h s xp x v cc h s chi tit trn mi tng v nhiu nm trong cc h s chi tit ca mi tng. Gi s chng ta thc hin php bin i wavelet ri rc n tng th k v gi s rng h

27

s xp x tng th k hu nh loi nhiu hon ton. Tuy nhin, trong cc nhiu b loi c c nhng thnh phn tn s cao ng vi cc cu trc a phng c ch. Do nu ly h s xp x th k em phc hi (s dng IDWT) s nhn c cc d liu lc nhiu th nhng khng cn cc thnh phn tn s cao c ch. Vy phi chn v gi li cc thnh phn tn s cao c ch nm trong tt c cc h s chi tit t tng nht n tng th k; qu trnh ny to nn cc h s chi tit ci tin v c th s dng cng vi cc h s xp x th k phc hi d liu. Nh vy, d liu c phc hi vn cn cc thnh phn tn s cao c ch. Trong vic lc nhiu bng php bin i wavelet ri rc, ngi ta thng s dng phng php t ngng (threshold) (Donoho, D.L. v nnk., (1994) [29]). ng vi mi tng trong min bin i, chn mt ngng ct (cutoff threshod) thch hp, nu cc h s chi tit nh hay bng gi tr ngng, th gi tr ny c cho bng khng v ch c cc gi tr ln hn gi tr ngng c gi li c cc h s chi tit ci tin cho tng . Sau khi t ngng ht cho tt c cc tng, dng cc h s ci tin ny phc hi li tn hiu, lc s c tn hiu loi nhiu. Tuy nhin, iu quan trng l phi chn c mt ngng ct thch hp cho mi tng c th lc b nhiu m vn khng lm mt cc thng tin c ch trong tn hiu.

1.4- KT LUN
Hn hai mi nm qua, php bin i wavelet c p dng v pht trin mnh m gp phn quan trng trong vic phn tch ti liu nhiu lnh vc khc nhau trong c vic phn tch ti liu t (v trng lc). Trong chng ny, chng ti trnh by tng qut v l thuyt c bn ca php bin i wavelet lin tc v vic tnh ton hn ch tc ng ca hiu ng bin. Ngoi ra, chng ti cng trnh by tm lc v php bin i wavelet ri rc v cc ng dng ca n tch trng v lc nhiu trong phn tch ti liu t v trng lc.