E2ch01 e

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Think about 1.1 Human population growth 1.2 Use of natural resources 1.3 Environmental effects of urbanization and industrialization Recall Think about Summary concept map
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The Tai Hu () is the third largest lake in China.
Algal bloom appeared there occasionally.
In 2007, the algal bloom was so serious that the water became smelly and unsuitable for use. Many fish die.
Some people claimed that the algal bloom was caused by global warming and insufficient rain.
Others suggested that it was caused by pollutants.
What is an algal bloom
Why do many fish die when algal blooms occur
Why may global warming and insufficient rain lead to algal blooms
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What types of pollutants may cause algal blooms
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1.1 Human population growth
The pattern of human population growth

How has the world human population changed?
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population increased slowly
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1600 2000
400
800
1200
year
billion of people
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economic growth living standard improved
Industrial Revolution
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2000
400
800
1200
year
1600
billion of people
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400
800
1200
year
1600
2000
billion of people
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better nutrition, medical care and sanitation great decrease in death rate
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
birth rate remains high
400
800
1200
year
1600
2000
billion of people
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population increased exponentially
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Human population is increasing at a rate of one billion people every 13 years.
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It may reach nine billion by 2050.
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Why is population control necessary?

the earth has limited resources carrying capacity (): the maximum size of population which the available resources can support
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rapid growth of human population increased exhaustion of natural resources
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rapid growth of human population environmental degradation
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population control helps solve the problems e.g. through birth control methods and other measures
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1 Since the Industrial Revolution, the

large scale use of fossil fuelpowered machinery has led to great economic growth and improved living standard. The death rate decreases significantly and the birth rate remains high. Thus, the human population increases rapidly.
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2 The rapid growth in human

population will increase the exhaustion of natural resources and environmental degradation . Population control can help ensure a continuous supply of natural resources for our current needs and for the future generations.
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1.2 Use of natural resources
What natural resources do we have?

renewable resources () non-renewable resources ()
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1 Renewable resources
can be replaced after use
timber
fish
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2 Non-renewable resources
cannot be replaced supply is limited
fossil fuels, e.g. coal
mineral ores
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overexploitation
some non-renewable resources will soon become depleted even some renewable resources have become limited
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What are the environmental impacts of malpractices in fisheries?

causes: - heavy demand for fish as food - destructive fishing methods
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1 Depletion of fish stock

overfishing 3/4 of marine fisheries are exploited up to or beyond the rate that the fish stock can recover I may become extinct!
humphead wrasse
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2 Killing of non-target species

cyanide fishing
used to stun fish
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cyanide fishing kills large numbers of non-target fish and invertebrates such as coral
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drift net fishing
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drift net fishing bycatch: dolphins, sea turtles, seabirds, juvenile fish
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3 Destruction of marine habitats

dynamite fishing and bottom trawling
damage coral reefs ()

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4 Disturbance of ecological balance

large decrease in the number of fish threatens predators alters the structure and functioning of the ecosystems
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What are the environmental impacts of malpractices in forestry?

causes: - heavy demand for land and timber - deforestation
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1 Destruction of natural habitats

forests are cleared reduces biodiversity
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2 Soil erosion
trees are removed top soil becomes easily washed away by rainwater or blown away by wind
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3 Global warming
forests are burnt for land clearing CO2 level in the atmosphere increases greenhouse effect () is enhanced global warming ()
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Greenhouse effect Solar radiation passes through the atmosphere.

Animation
sun
atmosphere
earth
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Greenhouse effect The earths surface absorbs most radiation and becomes warm.
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Greenhouse effect Some solar radiation is reflected into space by the earth and the atmosphere.
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Greenhouse effect Infrared radiation is emitted from the earths surface.
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Greenhouse effect Some of the infrared radiation is trapped and re-emitted by the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
water vapour carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide ozone CFCs
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Greenhouse effect The earths surface gain more heat.
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Greenhouse effect a natural process important in maintaining a relatively stable temperature
however
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Greenhouse effect
There has been an increasing level of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

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Greenhouse effect the greenhouse effect is enhanced atmospheric temperature gradually increases
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temperature difference with mean temperature o of 1860-2000 ( C)
0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -0.2
-0.4
-0.6
1860
1900
1940
1980
50
year
Greenhouse effect the greenhouse effect is enhanced atmospheric temperature gradually increases global warming
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3 Global warming
increases melting of icebergs loss of habitats
shortage of food
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3 Global warming
increases melting of icebergs rise in sea level flooding of low-lying areas
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3 Global warming
unusual weather patterns
droughts
flooding
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3 Global warming
some species may move to higher latitudes or altitudes some species may become extinct
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3 Global warming
spread of infectious diseases to new regions e.g. malaria and dengue fever
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What are the environmental impacts of malpractices in agriculture?

causes: - clearing large areas of land for agriculture - overgrazing ()
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What are the environmental impacts of malpractices in agriculture?

causes: - extensive use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers - use of chemicals in rearing livestock - monoculture ()
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1 Destruction of natural habitats

forests are cleared reduces biodiversity
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2 Soil erosion
reasons: i) Clearing forests ii) Use of chemical fertilizers loss of humus iii) Overgrazing grass is consumed faster than it can recovery may lead to desertification
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3 Chemical pollution
i) Effects of pesticides toxic - harm the beneficial insects, aquatic organisms or humans
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i) Effects of pesticides stable - the concentration of the chemicals accumulated in organisms increases up the food chain
DDT
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ii) Effects of chemical fertilizers
leaching () eutrophication ()
algal bloom ()
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ii) Effects of chemical fertilizers algal bloom - algae uses up the oxygen at night suffocation
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ii) Effects of chemical fertilizers algal bloom - algae prevents penetration of light no photosynthesis
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ii) Effects of chemical fertilizers algal bloom - decomposition of dead algae by bacteria further consumes oxygen - bacteria produce toxic substances
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ii) Effects of chemical fertilizers algal bloom - some algae produce toxins toxins pass along the food chain
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iii) Effects of chemicals used in rearing livestock growth hormones or drugs - to promote growth - leakage may cause unpredictable health risk
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iii) Effects of chemicals used in rearing livestock antibiotics - to protect against diseases - indiscriminate use may speed up the development of resistance in pathogens
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4 Impact of monoculture
growing the same crop on the same piece of land for many years
wheat
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i) Increased soil erosion when a crop is harvested, soil is left bare
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ii) Depletion of certain minerals from the soil soil becomes infertile extensive use of chemical fertilizers can lead to soil erosion and chemical pollution
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iii) Increased pest population when the same type of crop is growth continuously, the pests that feed on the crop are readily provided with food and they grow quickly removal becomes more difficult
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iii) Increased pest population extensive use of pesticides chemical pollution development of resistance in pests
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1 Natural resources: a Renewable resources

They come from organisms and can be replaced after use.
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1 Natural resources: b Non-renewable
resources They cannot be replaced after use. They have a limited supply.
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2a Environmental impact of
malpractices in fisheries: Causes: - Heavy demand for fish as food - Destructive fishing methods
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2a Environmental impact of
malpractices in fisheries: Impact: - Depletion of fish stock - Killing of non-target organisms - Destruction of marine habitats - Disturbance of ecological balance
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2b Environmental impact of
malpractices in forestry: Cause: - Heavy demand for land and timber leads to deforestation
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2b Environmental impact of
malpractices in forestry: Impact: - Destruction of natural habitats and reduced biodiversity - Soil erosion and increased risk of flooding - Global warming
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2c Environmental impact of
malpractices in agriculture: Causes: - Clearing of large areas of land for agriculture - Overgrazing - Extensive use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers
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malpractices in agriculture: Causes: - Use of chemicals in rearing livestock - Monoculture
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malpractices in agriculture: Impact: - Destruction of natural habitats and reduced biodiversity - Soil erosion and increased risk of flooding - Desertification
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malpractices in agriculture: Impact: - Toxic chemicals in pesticides harm other non-target organisms
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malpractices in agriculture: Impact: - Concentration of toxic chemicals along food chains , causing harm to consumers at higher trophic levels
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malpractices in agriculture: Impact: - Leaching of chemical fertilizers causes algal blooms
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malpractices in agriculture: Impact: - The use of growth hormones and drugs in rearing livestock may cause health risks to wild organisms and humans
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malpractices in agriculture: Impact: - The indiscriminate use of antibiotics may speed up the development of resistance in pathogens
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malpractices in agriculture: Impact: - Increased soil erosion, depletion of certain minerals from the soil and increased pest population due to monoculture
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1.3 Environmental effects of urbanization and industrialization

population (billion)
8
6
4 2
world urban population world rural population

1970 1990 2010 2030 90
0 1950
year
urbanization and industrialization

require large areas of land land obtained by land clearance reclamation damage the habitats
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or

pollution
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Impact of land clearance and reclamation

destruction and loss of habitats decrease in population of wildlife
Chek Lap Kok Island was cleared for the construction of the airport
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destruction and loss of habitats decrease in population of wildlife I lost my breeding ground.
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soil erosion and flooding
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reclaimed land
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coastal habitats are destroyed dredging () disturbs seabed habitats and upsets marine ecosystems
97

suspended mud particles may clog the gills of fish and block sunlight dredged material may contain toxic chemicals
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Air pollution
major sources: exhaust fumes and dust from burning of fossil fuels
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Air pollution
major sources: exhaust fumes and dust contain air pollutants such as carbon particles, lead particles, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides
100
Air pollution
1 Health problems caused by air pollutants carbon particles respiratory problems or illnesses e.g. coughing and wheezing, asthma, pneumoconiosis ()
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Air pollution
1 Health problems caused by air pollutants lead particles damage the nervous system and the kidneys
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Air pollution
1 Health problems caused by air pollutants carbon monoxide reduces oxygencarrying capacity of the blood dizziness and headaches
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Air pollution
1 Health problems caused by air pollutants sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides irritation to the breathing system, heart and eyes
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Air pollution
1 Health problems caused by air pollutants sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides nitrogen oxides in smoke are trapped by fog to form smog
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Normal condition Warm air rises, carrying smoke upwards.
cool air sunlight
warm air
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Normal condition Wind quickly blows smoke away.
cool air sunlight warm air
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Smog formation in windless condition Cool air at ground level forms fog.
warm air sunlight cool air
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Smog formation in windless condition Smoke and pollutants mix with fog to form smog.
warm air sunlight
cool air
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Air pollution
2 Global warming carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs ) are greenhouse gases
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Air pollution
2 Global warming carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs ) are greenhouse gases enhance greenhouse effect global warming
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Air pollution
3 Ozone depletion ozone layer screens the earths surface from the suns harmful ultraviolet light destroyed by CFCs
total ozone (Dobson Units)
110 220 330 440 550
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Air pollution
3 Ozone depletion ozone layer screens the earths surface from the suns harmful ultraviolet light destroyed by CFCs skin cancer in humans reduces crop yield
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Air pollution
4 Acid rain () sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides dissolve in rain water to form acid rain lowers pH of surface water and soil corrodes man-made material
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Air pollution
4 Acid rain () acidic gases can be carried by wind acid rain at distant locations
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1.1
Design an investigation of the lichen distribution as an indication of air pollution Lichens are very sensitive to air pollutants like sulphur dioxide. They cannot survive in polluted areas.
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1.1
Design and perform an investigation to study the relationship between the level of air pollution and the lichen distribution in different locations.
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1.2
Video
Investigation of the air quality in different locations Choose five locations with different levels of air pollution.
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1.2
A Investigating the amount of particulates in different locations 1 Place a microscope slide in a Petri dish. 2 Use a clean brush to smear the upper surface of the slide with a thin layer of vaseline. 3 Repeat steps 1 and 2 to prepare 14 more set-ups.
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1.2 4 Put three set-ups in each of the locations. Collect all the set-ups after 24 hours. 5 Cover the microscope slide with a transparent grid. 6 Observe the slide under a microscope. Count and record the number of 2 particulates for a total area of 100 mm . 7 Repeat steps 5 and 6 with other set-ups.
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1.2
B Investigating the acidity of air in different locations 1 Use three plastic bags to collect three air samples in location A. 2 Tie the open end of the plastic bags. 3 Repeat steps 1 and 2 to collect air samples in locations B to E.
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1.2 4 Rinse the probe of the pH meter with distilled water. 5 Calibrate the pH meter. 3 6 Add 50 cm of distilled water into a beaker. 7 Insert one end of a length of rubber tubing into the plastic bag. Put the other end into the beaker with distilled water.
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1.2 8 Squeeze the bag slowly so that the air in the plastic bag bubbles through the distilled water. 9 Rinse the probe of the pH meter with distilled water. 10 Put he probe into the distilled water bubbled with air sample. Record the reading. 11 Repeat steps 6 to 10 with other air samples.
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Water pollution
main pollutants: sewage (), solid waste and oil
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Water pollution
1 Health problems caused by sewage discharge domestic sewage contains faeces, urine and dirty water that hold many bacteria and viruses infection and diseases e.g. acute conjunctivitis () cholera, dysentery, gastroenteritis
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Water pollution
1 Health problems caused by sewage discharge hot water reduces solubility of oxygen suffocation
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Water pollution
1 Health problems caused by sewage discharge hot water the dead bodies of marine organisms decay and spread diseases
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Water pollution
1 Health problems caused by sewage discharge chemical poisoning - concentrations of cyanides and heavy metal ions can increase along the food chains
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Water pollution
2 Algal bloom industrial sewage and detergents contain phosphates and nitrates nutrients for algae
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Water pollution
3 Solid waste at sea harms the habitats and marine organisms
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Water pollution
4 Oil spill poisonous oil sticks to feathers of waterbirds damages the insulation and waterproofing capability die of freezing, drowning and poisoning
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Water pollution
4 Oil spill oil prevents atmospheric oxygen from dissolving into the sea water suffocation
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1.3
Video
Comparison of the oxygen content of clean and polluted water using a data logger Part 1: Computer set-up 1 Connect the data logger interface to the computer. Turn on the interface and the computer. 2 Connect the dissolved oxygen sensor to the interface.
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1.3 3 Run the software and open the pre-configured file.
Part 2: Equipment set-up 1 Use the software to calibrate the dissolved oxygen sensor. 2 Rinse the dissolved oxygen probe with distilled water.
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1.3 Part 3: Data recording 1 Put the tip of the dissolved oxygen probe into the clean water sample. 2 Start recording data by clicking the START or REC button on the computer screen. 3 Stir the sample gently with the probe.
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1.3 4 Record data for 1 minute and then stop. 5 Rinse the probe with distilled water. Repeat steps 1 to 4 using the polluted water sample.
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1.3 Part 4: Data analysis 1 Use the graph display function to display the data. 2 Calculate the minimum, maximum and mean dissolved oxygen concentration for each sample using the built-in functions of the software.
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1.4
Design an investigation to study the types, sources and effects of pollutants in a freshwater stream or a shore habitat
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1.4
There is a lot of rubbish.
Its too bad! The stream is polluted.
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1.4
Design and perform an investigation to find out the types, sources and effects of pollutants in a freshwater stream or a shore habitat.
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1 Large areas of land are obtained

by land clearance and reclamation for urbanization and industrialization.
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2 Impact of land clearance on the

environment: Destruction and loss of natural habitats
Soil erosion and flooding
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3 Impact of reclamation on the

environment: Destruction and loss of natural habitats
The suspended mud particles may suffocate marine organisms and block light from penetrating into the water
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3 Impact of reclamation on the

environment: The toxic chemicals released from the dredged material may poison marine organisms
4 Urbanization and industrialization

produce many pollutants .
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5 Air pollution: a Sources of pollutants

Exhaust fumes released from the burning of fossil fuels in vehicles, power plants and factories Dust produced in construction sites
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5 Air pollution: b Effects on human health

Respiratory illnesses caused by air particulates such as carbon particles Damage to nervous system and kidneys by lead particles
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5 Air pollution: b Effects on human health

Dizziness and headaches due to carbon monoxide Irritation of the breathing system, heart and eyes by sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and smog
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5 Air pollution: c Effects on the global environment

Global warming due to an increased level of greenhouse gases Ozone depletion by CFCs
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5 Air pollution: c Effects on the global environment

Acid rain formation due to the release of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides
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6 Water pollution: a Sources of pollutants

Domestic sewage containing inorganic nutrients, bacteria, viruses and organic waste Industrial sewage containing toxic chemicals and hot water Oil spill
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6 Water pollution: b Effects on human health

Infection by bacteria and viruses Hot water causes marine organisms to suffocate ; the dead bodies decay and spread diseases
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6 Water pollution: b Effects on human health

Chemical poisoning, accumulation of mercury ions in body tissues through feeding
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6 Water pollution: c Effects on the global environment

Algal bloom due to nutrients contained in sewage Oil spill kills marine organisms
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What is an algal bloom?
Algal bloom is the rapid growth of algae resulting from an increase in nutrient supply in water.
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Why do many fish die when algal blooms occur?

The fish die of suffocation as the algae use up the oxygen in the water at night. When the algae die, their decomposition further consumes the oxygen in the water.
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Why may global warming and insufficient rain lead to algal blooms?
The growth of the algae may be promoted by an increase in temperature, together with high concentrations of nutrients in the lake due to insufficient rain.
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What types of pollutants may cause algal blooms?

Sewage from homes, farms and factories contain many nutrients for the growth of algae.
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Human impact on the environment

are mainly caused by
rapid human population growth
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rapid human population growth

leads to
overexploitation of resources
types of natural resources include overexploitation non-renewable will soon lead to
resources
depletion
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renewable resources
renewable resources
may be exploited due to malpractices in
fisheries
agriculture
lead to
forestry
environmental degradation
160

obtain land from
land clearance and reclamation

lead to
161
such as
soil erosion
disturbance of ecological pollution balance
162
pollution
including
air pollution global warming and acid rain
water pollution
may result in
may result in
algal bloom
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1

The Tai Hu () is the third largest lake in China.

Algal bloom appeared there occasionally.

Others suggested that it was caused by pollutants.

What is an algal bloom

Why do many fish die when algal blooms occur

What types of pollutants may cause algal blooms

1.1 Human population growth

The pattern of human population growth

1.1 Human population growth

population increased slowly

1.1 Human population growth

economic growth living standard improved

1.1 Human population growth

1.1 Human population growth

birth rate remains high

population increased exponentially

1.1 Human population growth

Human population is increasing at a rate of one billion people every 13 years.

1.1 Human population growth

It may reach nine billion by 2050.

1.1 Human population growth

Why is population control necessary?

1.1 Human population growth

rapid growth of human population increased exhaustion of natural resources

1.1 Human population growth

rapid growth of human population environmental degradation

1.1 Human population growth

1.1 Human population growth

1 Since the Industrial Revolution, the

1.1 Human population growth

2 The rapid growth in human

1.2 Use of natural resources

What natural resources do we have?

1.2 Use of natural resources

1.2 Use of natural resources

fossil fuels, e.g. coal

1.2 Use of natural resources

1.2 Use of natural resources

What are the environmental impacts of malpractices in fisheries?

1.2 Use of natural resources

1 Depletion of fish stock

1.2 Use of natural resources

2 Killing of non-target species

1.2 Use of natural resources

2 Killing of non-target species

1.2 Use of natural resources

2 Killing of non-target species

1.2 Use of natural resources

2 Killing of non-target species

1.2 Use of natural resources

3 Destruction of marine habitats

damage coral reefs ()

1.2 Use of natural resources

4 Disturbance of ecological balance

1.2 Use of natural resources

What are the environmental impacts of malpractices in forestry?

1.2 Use of natural resources

1 Destruction of natural habitats

1.2 Use of natural resources

1.2 Use of natural resources

1.2 Use of natural resources

Greenhouse effect Solar radiation passes through the atmosphere.