Vibrations 1

!8.!2 lORCD-DAMPD VlRATlONS

A mass m is attached to a helical spring
and is suspended from a fixed support as
before. Damping is also provided in the
system with a dashpot (Fig. 18.20).
Before the mass is set in motion, let B-
B be the static equilibrium position under
the weight of the mass. Now, if the mass
is subjected to an oscillating force F = F
0
sinw t, the forces acting on the mass at
any instant will be
Impressed oscillating force
F = F
0
sin w t (downwards)
Inertia force = mx (upwards)
Damping force = cx (upwards)
Spring force (restoring force) = sx (upwards)
Thus, the equation of motion will be
mx + cx + sx F
0
sinw t = 0
or mx + cx + sx = F
0
sinw t (18.36)
Complete solution of this equation consists of two parts, the complementary
function (CF) and the particular integral (PI).
CF =
n
t
Xe
zw -
sin (w
d
t + j
1
) [refer to Eq. (18.30)]
To obtain the PI, let
c
m
= a,
s
m
= b, and
0
F
m
= d.
Then, using the operator D, the equation becomes
(D
2
+ aD + b) x = d sin wt
PI =
2
sin w
+ +
d t
D aD b
=
2
sin d t
aD b
w
w - + +
=
2
2 2
( ) 1
( ) ( )
b aD
b aD b aD
w
w w
- -

- + - -
d sin w t
= d
2
2 2 2 2
sin ( ) sin
( )
t b aD t
b a D
w w w
w

- -

- -

= d
2
2 2 2
sin ( ) cos
( ) ( )
t b a t
b a
w w w w
w w

- -

- +

lig. !8.20
2 Theory of Machines
Take (b w
2
) = R cos j and a w = R sin j
Constants R and j are given by
R =
2 2 2
( ) ( ) b a w w - + and j = tan
1
2
a
b w -
PI =
2 2 2
(sin cos cos sin )
( ) ( )
dR t t
b a
w j w j
w w
-
- +
=
2 2 2
2 2
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
d b a
b a
w w
w w
- +
- +
sin(wt j)
=
2 2 2
( ) ( )
d
b a w w - +
sin(wt j)
=
0
2 2
2
/ F m
s c
m m
w w

- +

sin(wt j)
=
0
2 2 2
( ) ( )
F
s m c w w - +
sin(wt j)
x = CF + PI
=
1
sin( )
-
-
n
t
d
Xe t
zw
w j +
0
2 2 2
( ) ( )
F
s m c w w - +
sin(wt j) (18.37)
The damped-free vibrations represented by the first part (CF) becomes neg-
ligible with time as e

= 0. The steady-state response of the system is then
given by the second part PI.
The amplitude of the steady-state response is given by
A =
0
2 2 2
( ) ( )
F
s m c w w - +
(18.38)
=
0
2
2
2
/
1
F s
m c
s s
w
w


- +



=
0
2
2 2
/
1 2
n n
F s
w w
z
w w


- +




(18.39)
Vibrations 3
The equation is in the dimensionless form and is more convenient for analy-
sis. It may be noted that the numerator F
0
/s is the static deflection of the spring
of stiffness s under a force F
0
. The frequency of the steady-state forced vibra-
tion is the same as that of the impressed vibrations. j is the phase lag for the
displacement relative to the velocity vector.
tan j =
2 2 2
2
2
1
n
n
c
a c
m
s
b s m
m
w
z
w
w
w w
w w
w w
w
= = =
- -

-
-


(18.40)
The particular solution of the equation of motion can also be obtained graphi-
cally as follows:
Assuming that the displacement of the vibrating mass under the action of the
applied simple harmonic force F
o
sin wt is also simple harmonic and lags by an
amount j. Then
x = A sin (wt j)
and x
= wA cos (wt j) = wA sin ( )
2
t
p
w j

+ -


x = w
2
A sin (wt j)
where A is the amplitude of vibrations.
Substituting these values in the equation
mx + cx + sx = F
0
sin w t
mw
2
A sin(wt j) + cwAsin ( )
2
t
p
w j

+ -


+ sA sin(wt j) F
0
sin w t = 0
F
0
sin wt + mw
2
A sin(w t j) c w A sin ( )
2
t
p
w j

+ -


sA sin(wt j) = 0
The forces and the vector sum of the same have been shown in Fig. 18.21.
In triangle abc.
lig. !8.2!
4 Theory of Machines
2 2 2
( ) ( ) sA m A c A w w - + = F
0
or A
2 2
( ) ( ) s m c w w - + = F
0
or A =
0
2 2 2
( ) ( )
F
s m c w w - +
and tan j =
2
c
s m
w
w -
The vectors as shown in the diagram are fixed relative to one another and
rotate with angular velocity w.
!8.!2 MACNlllCATlON lACTOR
The ratio of the amplitude of the steady-state response to the static deflection
under the action of force F
0
is known as magnification factor (MF).
MF =
2 2 2
0
0
/ ( ) ( )
/
F s c
F s
w w - +
=
2 2 2
( ) ( )
s
s m c w w - +
=
2 2
2
1
1
m c
s s
w w

- +

=
2
2 2
1
1 2
n n
w w
z
w w


- +




(18.41)
Thus, the magnification factor depends upon:
(a) the ratio of frequencies,
n
w
w
, and
(b) the damping factor.
The plot of magnification factor against the ratio of frequencies (w/w
n
) for
different values of z is shown in Fig. 18.22(a). The curves show that as the
damping increases or z increases, the maximum value of the magnification
factor decreases and vice-versa. When there is no damping (z = 0), it reaches
infinity at w/w
n
= 1, i.e. when the frequency of the forced vibrations is equal to
the frequency of the free vibration. This condition is known as resonance.
Vibrations 5
lig. !8.22
In practice, the magnification factor cannot reach infinity owing to friction
which tends to dampen the vibration. However, the amplitude can reach very
high values.
Fig. 18.22(b) shows the plots of phase angle vs. frequency ratio (w/w
n
) for
different values of z. Observe that,
Irrespective of the amount of damping, the maximum amplitude of vibra-
tion occurs before the ratio w/w
n
reaches unity or when the frequency of
the forced vibration is less than that of the undamped vibrations.
Phase angle varies from zero at low frequencies to 180 at very high
frequencies. It changes very rapidly near the resonance and is 90 at
resonance irrespective of damping.
In the absence of any damping, phase angle suddenly changes from zero
to 180 at resonance.
ampIe !8.!! A machine part having a mass of 2.5 kg vibrates in a viscous
medium. A harmonic exciting force of 30 N acts on the part and causes a resonant
amplitude of 14 mm with a period of 0.22 second. Find the damping coefficient.
If the frequency of the exciting force is changed to 4 Hz, determine the increase in
the amplitude of the forced vibrations upon the removal of the damper.
5KJE
m = 2.5 kg, F
0
= 30 N, A = 14 mm, T = 0.22 s,
w =
2 2
0.22 T
p p
= = 28.56 rad/s
(i) At resonance, w = w
n
or w
n
=
s
m
= 28.56 rad/s
or
s
m
= 28.56, s = 2039 N/m or 2.039 N/mm
Now, A =
0
2
2 2
/
2
1
n n
F s
zw w
w w


- +




6 Theory of Machines
or A =
0
/
2
F s
z
1
n
w
w

=


or 0.014 =
30/ 2039
2z
or z = 0.526
c = 2m w
n
z = 2 2.5 28.56 0.526
= 75.04 N/m/s
= 0.075 04 N/mm/s
(ii) w = f
n
2p = 4 2p = 25.13 rad/s
With damper:
A =
2
2 2
30/ 2039
25.13 25.13
1 2 0.526
28.56 28.56


- +




=
( ) ( )
2 2
30/2039
0.2258 0.9248 +
= 0.0155 m
Without damper: z = 0
A =
30/ 2039
0.2258
= 0.0652 m
\ Increase in magnitude = 0.0652 0.0155 = 0.0497 m or 49.7 mm
ampIe !8.!2 A single-cylinder vertical diesel engine has a mass of 400 kg and
is mounted on a steel chassis frame. The static deflection owing to the weight of the
chassis is 2.4 mm. The reciprocating masses of the engine amounts to 18 kg and the
stroke of the engine is 160 mm. A dashpot with a damping coefficient of 2 N/mm/s
is also used to dampen the vibrations. In the steady-state of the vibrations, determine:
(i) the amplitude of the vibrations if the driving shaft rotates at 500 rpm
(ii) the speed of the driving shaft when the resonance occurs.
5KJE
m = 400 kg N = 500 rpm
c = 2000 N/m/s r = 80 mm
D = 2.4 mm = 0.0024 m
w =
2 500
60
p
= 52.36 rad/s
Now s D = mg
\ s 0.0024 = 400 9.81,
s = 1.635 10
6
N/m
Centrifugal force due to reciprocating parts (or the static force),
F
0
= mrw
2
= 18 0.08 (52.36)
2
= 3948 N
(i) A =
0
2 2 2
( ) ( )
F
s m c w w - +
[Eq. (18.38)]
=
6 2 2 2
3948
[1.635 10 400(52.36) ] (2000 52.36) - +
= 0.0072 m or 7.2 mm
Vibrations 7
(ii) Resonant speed:
w = w
n
=
6
1.635 10
400
s
m

= = 63.93 rad/s
or
2
60
N p
= 63.93, N = 610.5 rpm
ampIe !8.!2 A body having a mass of 15 kg is suspended from a spring
which deflects 12 mm under weight of the mass. Determine the frequency of the free
vibrations. What is the viscous damping force needed to make the motion aperiodic
at a speed of 1 mm/s?
If, when damped to this extent, a disturbing force having a maximum value of
100 N and vibrating at 6 Hz is made to act on the body, determine the amplitude of
the ultimate motion.
5KJE
m = 15 kg, D = 12 mm, F
0
= 100 N, f = 6 Hz
f
n
=
1 1 9.81
2 2 0.012
g
p p
=
D
= 4.55 Hz
The motion becomes aperiodic when the damped frequency is zero or when it is
critically damped (z = 1) and
w = w
n
=
9.81
0.012
g
=
D
= 28.59 rad/s
c = c
c
= 2m w
n
= 2 15 28.59 = 857 N/m/s
= 0.857 N/mm/s
Thus, the force needed is 0.857 N at a speed of 1 mm/s.
A =
0
2 2 2
( ) ( )
F
s m c w w - +
But, w = 2p f = 2p 6 = 37.7 rad/s
and s can be found from
f
n
=
1
/
2
s m
p
or 4.55 =
1
/15
2
s
p
or s = 12 260 N/m
\ A =
2
2 2
100
12 260 15 (37.7) (857 37.7)

- +

= 0.002 98 m = 2.98 mm