MNTG-Textbook 2010 WithSound

Mastering New Testament
Greek Textbook

Ted Hildebrandt

Baker Academic
2
2003 by Ted Hildebrandt version 1.4

Published by Baker Academic
a division of Baker Book House Company
P.O. Box 6287, Grand Rapids, MI 49516-6287
www.bakeracademic.com

All rights reserved. This publication is intended for the personal use of the licensee. It may be stored in a
retrieval system and reproduced for personal use only. It may not be transmitted in any form or by any
meansfor example, electronic, photocopy, recordingwithout the prior written permission of the
publisher. The only exception is brief quotations in printed reviews.

Verses from the New Testament selected for reading and translation are from The Greek New Testament,
edited by Kurt Aland, Matthew Black, Carlo M. Martini, Bruce M. Metzger, and Allen Wikgren, 4th
revised edition, 1966, 1968, 1975 by United Bible Societies, 1983, 1994 by the Deutsche
Bibelgesellschaft, Stuttgart. Used by permission.
3
To my father,

Ted Hildebrandt,
who instilled in me the basics of life:
discipline, persistence, a love of Gods word,
and the blessed hope of Christs return.

May your entrance into
His glorious presence
be joyous!

Your grateful son,
Ted
4
Contents
Preface 6
Introduction 7
1. The Alphabet 13
2. Accents, Syllables, and English Grammar 17
3. Present Active Verbs 28
4. Second Declension Nouns 34
5. First Declension Nouns 41
6. Prepositions 45
7. Adjectives 53
8. Personal Pronouns 58
9. Present Middle/Passive Verbs 63
10. Future Verbs 68
11. Demonstrative, Relative, Reflexive, and Reciprocal Pronouns 72
12. Imperfect Verbs 77
13. Third Declension Nouns 82
14. Second Aorist Verbs 87
15. First Aorist Verbs 91
16. Aorist and Future Passive Verbs 96
17. Contract Verbs 101
18. Perfect Verbs 105
19. Present Participles 111
20. Aorist Participles 118
21. Perfect Participles 124
22. Infinitives 130
23. Subjunctive Verbs 134
24. Imperative Verbs 141
25. The -t Verbs 145
26. Numbers and Interrogatives 150
27. Comparatives, Conjunctions, Adverbs, and Clause Types 154
28. Case Revisited 160
Commencement 165
Works Cited 169
Appendix 1: Vocabulary Lists by Chapter 170
Appendix 2: Paradigms 179
Appendix 3: Chapter Summaries 198
Appendix 4: Verb Principal Parts 262
Appendix 5: Total Review Quick Start Sheets 285
Appendix 6: Chants 294
5
Appendix 7: Lords Prayer 299
English-Greek Glossary 300
Greek-English Glossary 365
Vocabulary Builder down to 9 times 406
Greek-English Lexicon 449
Index 513
6
Preface
The potentials of the digital medium are just beginning to be realized. Recently there
have been major upheavals in the music industry due to the MP3 format that allows the
putting of hundreds of songs (rather than a dozen) on a single CD-ROM. Ebooks are
beginning to appear on the web and elsewhere. Many of these technologies hold great
promise for use by the Christian community.
This etextbook attempts to take what was formerly made available in my interactive
Greek program and put it in an ebook format paralleling the interactive Greek program
found on this disk. It can be universally viewed and/or printed using the Adobe Acrobat
Reader (freely available at http://www.adobe.com/products/acrobat/readstep.html or as
found on the CD-ROM). Mastering New Testament Greek is an interactive multimedia
program that has proved quite effective in teaching first-year Koine Greek to thousands
who have used it since it was published in the mid-1990s. I have seen a need in my own
Greek classes at Gordon College for a hardcopy that the students can have at hand when
away from the screen. The new ebook format makes this textbook option a possibility. In
addition to the interactive multimedia program (which includes an interactive easy-reader
with the full text of 1 John and John 15) and the textbook, the CD contains a workbook
with exercises coordinated with the textbook, a vocabulary frequency list to aid in
learning words that appear nine or more times in the New Testament, and a full Greek-
English lexicon with definitions for every word in the Greek New Testament. These are
printable in the Adobe Acrobat (pdf) format on any computer. The Greekth.ttf true-type
font is provided for use in any Windows word processor. Additional learning resources
are available free from http://faculty.gordon.edu/hu/bi/ted_hildebrandt/index.cfm
including over three thousand pages of advanced grammars and a complete text of the
Greek New Testament.
For instructors, an answer key to the workbook is available, as well as PowerPoint
material for the presentation of the twenty-eight chapters.
I wish to thank Jim Kinney at Baker Book House for opening the door and shepherding
this project through to completion. A great debt of gratitude is owed to Wells Turner and
Dave Mathewson whose editorial suggestions, corrections, and oversight are evident on
every page of these digital texts. Finally, Id like to thank Dr. Roger Green and the rest of
my colleagues at Gordon College for allowing me the pleasure of opening the door to
Greek for students at Gordon, returning the favor that Dr. Robert Newman and Dr. Gary
Cohen did for me in my own seminary training so many years ago.
The original goal was to give my students at Gordon College all the tools they need for
first-year Greek in one disk. The goal now is to leverage the technology so that anyone
who desires to can learn New Testament Greek.
Enjoy Greek!
Ted Hildebrandt
Introduction 7

Introduction
Why Study Greek?
The New Testament was written in Koine (koi-NAY) Greek. It provided a magnificent
medium for proclaiming the gospel message because Greek was so widely known after
Alexanders conquests of the west and east. There are many challenges to mastering
Greek: the difficulty of learning any language for those who are monolingual, differences
in the alphabetic script, the highly structured grammatical nature of Greek, and the fact
that Koine Greek is not spoken today. In order to conquer the difficulties of this journey,
we need to know clearly why we are undertaking this awesome endeavor.
God used Greek to communicate. If aliens had come to this planet and left documents
explaining how the universe functions and how humans can make a contribution to the
galaxies and ultimately attain eternal life, with certain genetic modifications, of course,
there would be tremendous interest in decoding this incredible message. Indeed, one has
come from another world and has addressed all the major issues of life/death,
meaning/meaninglessness, joy/sorrow, love/hate, presence/absence, right/wrong that
provide the matrix of human existence. God has spoken in His son (Heb. 1:12; Jn. 1:14,
18) whose life was recorded in the stories of those who witnessed and experienced this
divine encounter. The writer of John notes that he was an eyewitness of the life of Christ,
saying This is that disciple who saw these events and recorded them here. And we all
know that his account of these things is accurate (Jn. 21:24). The writer knew and
witnessed that these divine truths were confirmed not only by a single witness, but by a
community of witnesses he identified as we. The purpose of this recorded message was
to provide a factual basis for belief and a guide to life: These are written that you may
believe that Jesus is the Christ, the Son of God, and that by believing you may have life
in his name. This is the good news, the gospel. It was recorded so that others, even
denizens of the third millennium after Christ, may have the privilege of being able to hear
its wonderful message. If our understanding of the message is cloudy, so will our
thinking and belief on these matters of great import.
The prophets also recognized that they spoke messages from God (Amos 3:8).
Jeremiah, when asked why he prophesied, clearly stated, The LORD sent me to
prophesy (Jer. 26:12). He heralded warnings against those who are prophets of deceit,
inventing everything they say (Jer. 23:25f.). Many, even in our day, like to project their
own thoughts into the mouth of God, feeling compelled to bend the text to whatever
ideology or agenda they are seeking to promote. Learning Greek will help us reverse that
process.
These recorded messages from God may be carefully and passionately studied as one
would read an email from ones beloved. So the psalmist writes, I will study your
commandments and reflect on your ways. I will delight in your principles (Ps. 119:15f.).
Introduction 8

The New Testament writers also acknowledged that no prophecy in Scripture ever came
from the prophets themselves or because they wanted to prophesy. It was the Holy Spirit
who moved the prophets to speak from God (2 Pet. 1:21). Thus, because of the unique
nature of this communication, we seek to carefully examine the message in its original
form, stripping away the translations to hear the original message.
We desire to accurately unleash the meaning of Gods word. The unique nature of this
communication did not stop when it was recorded as a static, culturally locked, historical
text. No, the message came with the transforming power and presence of the One who
gave it. So the writer of Hebrews observes, For the word of God is full of living power.
It is sharper than the sharpest knife, cutting deep into our innermost thoughts and desires.
It exposes us for what we really are (Heb. 4:12). It is our goal to hear this message more
carefully and unleash its transforming power within this postmodern context in a way that
is consistent with the original intent of the divine and human authors. Learning Greek
will allow us to move one step closer to the source.
We need guidance for our lives. Because the Bible offers divine guidance for our lives,
we want to carefully hear its message, clearly separating it from the myriad of voices that
are calling for our attention in this information and media-saturated age. Learning Greek
will help slow and quiet us so that we may hear the voice of God amid the din of modern
marketing schemes. It is from Scripture that we seek to find moral guidance, as the
psalmist said, I have hidden your word in my heart, that I might not sin against you (Ps.
119:11). It is there that we will find wisdom from sages, by listening and retaining their
instructions. They admonished, Lay hold of my words with all your heart; . . . Get
wisdom, get understanding; do not forget my words (Prov. 4:4f.). It is in a close reading
of the words of the biblical text that we will find wisdom.
The Scriptures open us up to a relationship with God. Jesus pointed out the connection
of His words to life and relationship with God: The very words I have spoken to you are
spirit and life (Jn. 6:63). Faith comes by hearing the word of God, Paul tells us (Rom.
10:17). It is through reading and obeying His word that we come to know him. Greek will
be a tool in disciplining our minds in the pursuit of life from God.
We enjoy hands-on reading. Finally, we like to experience things firsthand. Being
dependent on anothers point of view or passively accepting the interpretation or spin of
another is contrary to our desire to know and experience for ourselves. Learning Greek
allows us to shed layers of intermediary voices to listen more closely to what God has
said. That is not to say we should ignore the voices of others; but we should be able to
read and evaluate for ourselves. All language communication is at points ambiguous and
vague. Learning Greek will not solve all linguistic problems. However, knowing Greek
will assist us in weighing and evaluating the possibilities in order to select the most
appropriate options.
As a residual benefit, learning Greek will help us better understand English. Greek is a
highly structured language and lies behind much of Latin, which in turn connects with
English. Many have claimed that learning Greek has taught them much that was elusive
in their previous study of English grammar.
Why Not Just Use Good Translations?
One may ask why we should not save time and energy by letting the linguistic experts
do the translation work for us. There are several limitations of translations that are
Introduction 9

overcome in reading Greek for ourselves. A personal reading of Greek allows for a closer
reading of what the authors originally wrote. As one becomes aware of the writers style,
observing structures and idiosyncrasies that are only seen in reading Greek, one is better
able to render what the author originally meant. Oftentimes what may be ambiguous in
English is cleared up by the Greek. Cultural issues and metaphors that may be critical to
understanding a passage are again more visible in the Greek original and often smoothed
over into modern idioms. Translators must make choices, and often a Greek word may
have a broad area of meaning, but in translation one English word must be chosen. There
is not a perfect word-for-word match between languages. One who reads Greek is more
aware of the breadth, diversity, and possibilities of meanings. To the one who can read
Greek, the choices made by the translator are no longer buried by the translation.
Many politically correct biases are currently being read into modern translations. Being
able to read it in Greek for ourselves helps cut through those modern spins to hear the
original voices more clearly. Thus, while translations are quite helpful, being able to read
the original Greek has many benefits.
One final word should be voiced in terms of improper motivations for learning Greek.
A person may want to learn Greek to get ahead of others or because it is impressive and
authoritative to say, In the Greek it means. . . . Learning Greek must be coupled with
humility or it will do more damage than good. It is also not good to learn Greek because
we have some specific agenda we are pushing and desire to add a Greek cannon to blast
out our theme. Listening to the voice of God needs to be the focus more than proving our
particular point of view. Loving God and others is the goal, not putting ourselves up on
an academic pedestal or putting others down because they do not share our enlightened
perspective (Phil. 2:5ff.).
Why Do Many Say That Learning Greek Is Hard?
Its amazing, when you think of it. You can learn Koine Greek now and for the rest of
your life you will be able to read the New Testament for yourself. Having said that,
weve got some work cut out for us.
First, learning any new language is difficult. Its like learning to play basketball.
Initially one stumbles while trying to dribble and run at the same time. Air-balls are shot,
and how each position works is a mystery. One initially feels uncoordinated. With
repetition, practice, and good coaching, a mastery is gained, and the game becomes a
source of fun and refreshment while still retaining a sense of challenge. Greek will follow
a similar pattern. There are certain fundamentals (passing, dribbling, footwork,
positioning, etc.) that must be mastered in order to enjoy basketball. So also in Greek
there are several foundational skills that must be mastered in order to have the enjoyment
of reading Greek.
Here are some hints. Inch by inch its a cinch, yard by yard its too hard. Applied to
Greek, what this means is, Greek is learned best by taking little steps because large ones
(staying up all night cramming) may trip you up. The turtle wins the race in Greek.
Consistent daily study is better than pressure-filled weekly cram sessions that lead to
quick learning and quick forgetting. Step by step you scale the mountain. When you do
not understand something, ask for help or go over it until you understand it. If you dont
get it, work on it, but continue on. Frequently the picture will become clearer further
down the road. Repetition, persistence, and small bites are the three keys. Be careful
Introduction 10

about missing a step. In some ways its like math. If you miss a step, it catches up with
you later on.
Your mastery of Greek will depend on learning three things: vocabulary, morphology,
and syntax. In order to retain the vocabulary, it is suggested that you write the words on
flash cards. Recently, we have provided flashcards with graphics on them to help you
remember using images. These cards can be carried with you and reviewed frequently in
the brief moments between the activities of your life. If you enjoy using the web for
review, there is an online Vocabulary Builder available at all times with free mp3
downloads that have musical backgrounds to help make the process enjoyable and
relaxing. There are 5,437 different Greek words in the New Testament (the elexicon has
all of them listed). We will learn those that occur most frequently. By learning the words
used more than 50 times, 313 words, you will be able to read about 80 percent of the New
Testament (Mounce, Basics, 17). It will be important to say the words out loud. The
mouth can teach the ear. The interactive program will allow you to hear how Greek is
being pronounced and drill you with biblical examples. Seeing is one way of learning, but
hearing adds another gateway into your memory. You may want to make associations or
wordplays in English or mentally picture the object to which the word refers. Repetition
is the best teacher. The program and the Vocabulary Builder will help reinforce your
mastery of the vocabulary.
The morphology (how the words are formed; e.g., book/books; s indicates a plural)
and syntax (the grammar of how words come together into sentences: subject/verb/
object/modifier) will require brain aerobics. Here is where the mental wrestling will take
place. Some of the concepts will be difficult to grasp initially. We will try to start with
explanations from English and then move to Greek, showing how Greek makes a similar
move. The problem is that many do not understand English grammar. We will build the
language from parts of speechnouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives, conjunctions, and
prepositions. Many of these will take different endings, depending on how they are used.
These ending and forms will be mastered in a series of twenty-something memorable
chants. Mastering these sets of endings will be a good part of the course early on. Inch
by inch its a ________.
The parts of speech will work in sentences. The syntax, or relationships between
words, will manifest roles for words, such as subjects, verbs, objects, and modifiers.
These concepts will be illustrated in the context of the drills and exercises taken directly
from Scripture. Some of these concepts may not come initially but continue on, and the
eureka moments will come as you look back. It is of great benefit to work out examples.
Frequent reviews are also critical for making the connections. Small, frequent breaks,
dividing and repeating the material in short study sessions, help avoid an overwhelming
sense of frustration and gives the needed space to regain the motivation needed to
continue on.
Another factor that has shown itself to be critical, if one is taking Greek in a class, is
staying plugged into the community of those learning Greek. It is not advisable to skip
classes or assignments as that often leads to serious difficulty. If you miss a step you may
end up on your face because learning Greek is sequential. Catching up becomes harder
and harder. Being in class has proved itself important. Be there!
Studying with a buddy is also very helpful. Two heads are better than one in trying
to understand sticky points. Teamwork is frequently necessary if you want to play in the
Introduction 11

game, and it makes the learning task a little more enjoyable. This will provide
incremental accountability as we move chapter-by-chapter through the material.
Time and consistency on this task is the key to mastering Greek. Learning Greek is a
good time to tone your mental muscles. At points, the urge will surge to quit and give up.
At those points remember why you are tackling Greek in the first place. Remember the
inch-by-inch principle. Take one small step at a time. Do not worry about the big picture.
Take the next little step and review, review, and review. After youve climbed a while,
you may be encouraged to look back and see how far you have come. Giving up is fatal.
You learned English, which in many ways is harder than Greek. It just takes time and
energy. Hopefully, we will make that time fun, and you will be able to see some of the
rewards along the way.
Several learning resources are available to help you. First, you will have access to
printed materials in the form of easily printed materials in Adobe Acrobat PDF file
formats. The printed materials will include this etextbook and an eworkbook. For each
chapter in the book, a one- or two-page summary has been developed, distilling the
essence of the chapter (see appendix 3). The book will teach and structure the concepts,
and the workbook will allow you to practice and reinforce what you have learned. The
Mastering New Testament Greek interactive program will present the same material in a
interactive multimedia format, with sound and immediate responses. The benefit of this is
that after presenting the material, the computer will drill you over the material, giving
you immediate feedback on how well you have done. In the future we will have
streaming video and interactive materials available online. Thus there are four ways to
approach this: in-class instruction, printed materials and workbook exercises, interactive
multimedia, and online resources. The point is to use whatever combination works best
for you. The font supplied with Mastering New Testament Greek is also available in your
word processor. Learning to type in Greek can be a real time-saver and looks impressive
in other classes and papers.
There are two resources beyond these that may be helpful: (1) a Greek New Testament,
either the UBS 4th edition or Nestle-Aland 27th edition New Testament text (the
Westcott/Hort/Robinson New Testament text available online at:
http://faculty.gordon.edu/hu/bi/ted_hildebrandt/index.cfm, and (2) A Greek-English
Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 3d ed., by Bauer,
Danker, Arndt, and Gingrich (BDAG). William Mounces Basics of Biblical Greek or
Gerald Stevenss New Testament Greek are both good first-year grammar resources if
you want to supplement the materials here. There are several advanced grammars and
mp3 audio resources at our web site for free. 1 John is found there with Mozart in the
background which actually helps make it more memorable.
What Is Koine or New Testament Greek?
Greek is one of the oldest members of the Indo-European family of languages. Other
members of this family are Sanskrit, which is older, and Latin (the Romance languages:
French, Spanish, etc.), which is younger. English is derived from the Teutonic branch and
Russian from the Slavic branch of the Indo-European family. Hebrew is found in a totally
different, Semitic family of Near Eastern languages, akin to Aramaic, Akkadian, Arabic,
Ugaritic, and others.

Introduction 12

The Greek language has developed through five stages:

1. Formative Period (pre900 B.C.): This period extended from Linear B (ca.
1200 B.C.) down through the time of Homer (ca. 900 B.C.).
2. Classical Period (900300 B.C.): The Classical Period was from the time of
Homer down to Alexander the Great (330 B.C.). There were numerous dialects
during this period (e.g. Doric, Aeolic, and Ionic). Attic, a branch of Ionic, became
the predominant dialect at Athens and was used by most of the famous classical
Greek authors such as Plato, Aristotle, Xenophon, Thucydides, and others.
3. The Koine Period (330 B.C.A.D. 330): As Alexander unified Greece and needed a
single Greek language for his army before he could begin to spread Hellenistic
culture through the ancient world, many of the subtleties of classical Greek were
lost. Greek was simplified and changed as it interfaced with, and was influenced
by, other cultures. This common language came to be known as Koine (common)
Greek. It was in this language that the Septuagint (LXX, the Greek translation of
the Hebrew Old Testament), the New Testament, and the works of the early
church fathers were written. The nature of Koine eluded modern scholars because
of its simplicity when compared to Classical Greek. This led some scholars in the
nineteenth century to explain it as a Holy Ghost language, created just for the
Bible. In the early part of the twentieth century, Deissmann, Moulton and others
found that the recently discovered Egyptian papyri, inscriptions, and ostraca were
written in the same common everyday language used by the New Testament. God
speaks in the language of the people. At points the New Testament will manifest
Hebraisms, where the influence of Hebrew and/or Aramaic may be seen.
4. The Byzantine Period (A.D. 3301453): During the Byzantine Period, Greek was
spoken in the eastern half of the Roman empire, which was centered in
Constantinople. In 1453 Constantinople fell to the Turks. That concluded this
period. Tension between the Greeks and Turks persists until this day.
5. The Modern Period: The Modern Period dates from 1453 to the present. Modern
Greek is closer to Koine than it is to Classical Greek. Modern pronunciation and
grammatical structures, however, are quite different from the Greek that Jesus
spoke. We will focus on Koine Greek. As recently as 1982, major changes have
taken modern Greek further from its Koine roots. In the latest edition of Standard
Modern Greek, established by the Center for Educational Studies in Greece, the
number of accents has been reduced to one, the breathing marks dropped and the
dative case, middle voice and optative mood are not present in modern Greek.
The recent merging of katharevousa (hybrid of ancient and Modern used for
official and academic purposes) has given way to the more populace oriented
Demotic (ca. 1976) as Modern Standard Greek which is another step further away
from Koine (vid. Holton, Mackridge and Philippaki-Warburton, Greek: A
Comprehensive Grammar of the Modern Language (Routledge, 1997) or Greek
Today: a Course in the Modern Language and Culture (Dartmouth College Press,
2004) by Peter Bien, Dimitri Gonicas, et al. Those looking for advanced
grammars on Koine should pursue books by Stanley Porter, Daniel Wallace and
David Black, as well as the articles by James Boyer and books by A. T.
Robertson, Moulton and Burton freely available on the web-site and this disk.
Chapter 1: The Alphabet 13

1
The Alphabet
24 Letters, the Gateway into the Language
Small/Capital
o / A Alpha sounds like a in father.
/ B Beta sounds like b in Bible.
/ I Gamma sounds like g in gone.
8 / A Delta sounds like d in dog.
c / E Epsilon sounds like e in met.
/ Z Zeta sounds like z in daze when it begins a word, dz when
its in the middle of a word.
y / H Eta sounds like e in obey.
0 / O Theta sounds like th in think.
t / I Iota short sounds like the i in sit.
Iota long sounds like the i in machine. Modern Greek uses the
long i as in machine. In initial positions, it is often found in
Hebrew personal names, where it has a consonant y sound:
Iycou (Jesus/Yesus).
x / K Kappa sounds like k in kitchen.
X / A Lambda sounds like l in law.
/ M Mu sounds like m in mother.
v / N Nu sounds like n in new.
/ 2 Xsi sounds like x in axe.
o / O Omicron sounds like o in not or o in omelette. Some
pronounce it like modern Greek, with a long o as in obey,
others like Hansen and Quinn (Greek: An Intensive Course) use
the ou sound in thought. Modern Greek uses a long o as in
ocean.
/ H Pi sounds like p in peach.
p / P Rho sounds like r in rod.
c / 2 Sigma sounds like s in set.
Sigma looks like when it comes at the end of a word (final
sigma)coqo (wise).
v / T Tau sounds like t in talk.

u / Y Upsilon sounds like oo in hoops. Modern Greek uses an ias
in machine.
q / d Phi sounds like ph in phone.
/ X Chi sounds like ch in chemical.
/ + Psi sounds like ps in lips.
u / O Omega sounds like o in tone.

We will focus on the lower-case letters, miniscules, although the early uncial
(uppercase) manuscripts were written without punctuation or spaces between the words
in all uppercase letters, majuscules (major writings). Be able to recognize the upper-case
letters. Capital letters are used in proper names, to begin direct quotations, and at the
beginning of paragraphs. You may want to use the Mastering New Testament Greek disk
to work on the pronunciation of these letters and to drill yourself.

Easy English look alikes: o, , c, t, x, o, , v, u

Double consonants: 0 (th), (xs), q (ph), (ch), (ps)

Easy to confuse letters:
yeta (with n)
vnu (with v)
prho (with p)
chi (with x)
uomega (with w)

Here are some English-like examples to use for sounding things out. Pronounce the
following, accenting the capitalized syllables:

ov0puopronounced AN-thro-pos (anthropology)
0copronounced the-OS (theology)
poqyvypronounced pro-FA-tas (two long as) (prophets)
Xptcvopronounced Kri-STOS (Christ)
xop8topronounced kar-DE-a (i = ee) (heart; cf. cardiac)
oyvpronounced a-MEIN (ei = long a sound) (amen)

Vowels: o, c, y, t, o, u, u

Short Long
c y
o u

Can be either long or short: o, t, u

The iota will be pronounced three different ways:
1. Iota short sounds like i in sit

2. Iota long sounds like the i in machine (= modern Greek)
3. When it is initial in a Hebrew name, it sounds like a y Iycou
(Jesus/Yesus)

Nasal gamma: The g sound of a gamma changes to a n sound when put before:
, x, , . ocXo is pronounced: angelos. This is called a nasal gamma.

Final sigma: Sigma is always written c unless it comes at the end of a word, when
it is written . This form is called a final sigma. It is pronounced the same.
Thus coqo (wise) shows the two forms of the sigma (note the final sigma
form).

Eight diphthongs: 2 vowels with 1 sound. Diphthongs are combination vowels.
Two vowels are written but result in only one sound. These are frequent in
Greek, and so be aware of them. The final letter of a diphthong will always be
an t or an u (closed vowel). The diphtongs in Modern Greek are the place of
greatest phonetic divergence.

ot as in aisle (ot o, blood)
ct as in eight (ctt, I am)
ot as in oil (otxo, house)
ut as in suite (ut o, son)
ou as in sauerkaut (ouvo, he)
cu, yu as in feud (tcvcuu, I believe)
ou as in boutique ( Iycou, Jesus)

All are considered long except ot, and ot when at the end of a word, where they
are short.

Iota subscripts (Improper diphthongs): There are 3 letter combinations that are
formed by taking the vowels o, y, and u and subscripting an iota under them.
It doesnt affect pronunciation but may be significant in specifying grammatical
features: g, ,

Diaeresis ( HcotoIsaiah: H-co-t-o)cancels the diphthong effect (indicates
the two vowels must be kept separate). The diaeresis shows that a vowel must
be pronounced as a separate syllable. It will be found often on Old Testament
names (Muucy Moses).

Hcoto H-co-t-o Isaiah (Jn. 1:23)
Muucy Mu-u-cy Moses (Jn. 1:45)
Aoto A-o-t-o Achaia (Acts 18:12)


A phonetic chart is also a helpful way of grouping the letters:

Labials (lips) q
Dentals (teeth) v 8 0
Velars (palate) x

Phonetic sigma addition:
Labial + c = Velar + c = Dental + c = c
( + c ) (x + c ) (v + c c)
Vocabulary
At this point dont worry about the accent marks over vowels except to stress that
syllable (chapter 2 is on accents). The number following the word is the number of times
the word is used in the New Testament. The word after the dash gives an English parallel.

ocXo angel (175)angel
oyv truly, verily (129)amen
ov0puo man, human (550)anthropology
cu I (1,175)ego
0co God (1,317)theology
xot and, even, also (9,153)
xop8to heart (156)cardiac
Xcu I say (2,354)
poqyvy prophet (144)prophet
Xptcvo Christ, Messiah, anointed one (529)Christ

Things to Know and Do
1. Be able to chant through the alphabet, saying the name of each letter in order. Be
able to do the Alpha-robics moves. See if you can say the Greek alphabet as fast
as you can say the English alphabet. Can you see where the name alphabet
comes from? Know what a final sigma looks like. What are diphthongs, and what
sound does each make? Know which vowels are long and short and which can be
either. What are the three iota subscripts? What role does the diaeresis play?
Know the vocabulary items (recognize and write them).
2. Work on the drills and exercises in Mastering New Testament Greek, Interactive
chapter 1.
3. Do the worksheets from the workbook.
Chapter 2: Accents, Syllables, and English Grammar 17

2
Accents, Syllables, and English Grammar
You will be able to

1. identify syllables for pronunciation;
2. identify the three Greek accents;
3. recognize the basic rules of Greek accents;
4. identify proclitics and enclitics;
5. identify rough/smooth breathings, apostrophes, and diaeresis markings;
6. identify four Greek punctuation marks;
7. remember English grammar (parts of speech, noun declension, and verb parsing),
and
8. gain a mastery of ten more Greek vocabulary words.
Syllable Slicing
In order to correctly pronounce Greek words, we need to be able to identify how the
syllables are combined to make words. Greek divides words into syllables in almost the
same way as English. So if you dont recognize a new word, just try to pronounce it as
you would in English. Generally, start at the left and divide after the vowel.
Four Syllable Rules
1. A consonant or pronounceable consonant cluster (i.e., any consonant combination
that can begin or end a Greek word) goes with the vowel that follows it.
2. Split two consonants if they are the same letter or if they create an
unpronounceable combination (i.e., any consonant combination that cannot begin
or end a Greek word).
3. Split two vowels (except for diphthongs), allowing only one vowel or diphthong
per syllable.
4. Split compound words into their original parts before applying the rules of
syllable division.

Check a Greek lexicon to determine whether or not a particular consonant cluster can
begin or end a word. If you can find a word that begins with that cluster, it is safe to
assume that it is a pronounceable cluster and should not be divided. The following
examples illustrate the rules for word division. The four rules are briefly: 1) consonants
go with following vowel, 2) split consonants (except clusters), 3) split vowels (except
diphthongs), and 4) split words.

(1) A consonant or pronounceable consonant cluster goes with what follows:

Syllables Meaning
oyv o yv truly, verily goes with following vowel
8oo 8o o glory, fame goes with following vowel
cu c u I goes with following vowel
Xcu Xc u I say goes with following vowel
Xoo Xo o word, statement goes with following vowel
xupto xu pt o LORD p goes with following vowel
xoco xo co world c is a cluster vid. 2u pvo
Hcvpo Hc vpo Peter vp is a cluster vid. vpct
Xptcvo Xpt cvo Christ cv is a cluster vid. cvoXy

(2) Split two consonants: Consonant clusters are divided if they are the same letter or if
they create an unpronounceable combination:

Syllables Meaning
ocXo o c Xo angel, messenger (/)
o8cXqo o 8cX qo brother (X/q)
ov0puo ov 0pu o man (0p is a pronounceable cluster)
xop8to xop 8t o heart (p/8)
cpcvot cp c vot he/she/it comes (p/)
opvupcu op vu pc u I testify (p/v)
oXXu oX Xu I throw (X/X)

(3) Split two vowels (except for diphthongs), allowing only one vowel or diphthong
per syllable:

Syllables Meaning
oxouu o xou u I hear, obey (ou is a diphthong)
0co 0c o God (c/o)
xop8to xop 8t o heart (t/o)
xupto xu pt o lord, LORD (t/o)
uto ut o son (ut is a diphthong) (ut/o)
doptcoto qo pt cot o Pharisee (ot is a diphthong) (ot/o)

(4) Split compound words into their original parts before applying the rules of syllable
division:

Example: When the preposition cuv (with) combines with the verb ou (I lead),
the syllable breaks are cuv-o -u, not cu-vo-u as rule 2 would require.

Syllable Names
Traditionally, the last three syllables of a word have had specific names. The last
syllable is called the ultima, the second from the last the penult, and the third from
the last the antepenult. Penult means almost last in Latin. Antepenult means before
the almost last.

Antepenult Penult Ultima
xo co world
po qy vy prophet
o 8cX qo brother
Three Accents
1. Acute ( ) angles upward (left to right), originally indicating a rising pitch. Today
we use the accents to specify syllable emphasis, not tone or pitch variation.
Xcu (I say)
2. Grave ( ) angles downward, originally indicating a falling pitch.
o8cXqo (brother)
3. Circumflex ( ) angles upward then downward, originally indicating a rising then
falling pitch.
ouvou (his)
Potential Accent Placement
1. Acute may occur on any of the last three syllables (antepenult, penult, ultima).

Acute on Any of the Last Three Syllables

Syllables Meaning
o c Xo angel, messenger (antepenult acute)
8o o glory, fame (penult acute)
c u I (ultima acute)

2. Circumflex may occur only on the last two syllables (but only if the vowel or
diphthong is long).

Circumflex on Either of the Last Two Long Syllables

Syllables Meaning
do pt cot o Pharisee (penult circumflex)
ou vou his (ultima circumflex)

Diphthongs are considered long except for ot or ot in a final syllable.


3.Grave may occur only on the last syllable.

Grave on the Last Syllable
Syllables Meaning
o 8cX qo brother (ultima grave)
o yv truly, verily (ultima grave)

Potential Placement Chart
Acute

Circumflex

Grave

Six Accent Rules
Rule 1: Nouns Are Retentive
Nouns attempt to keep their accents on the same syllable as the base form you learn in
the vocabulary lists or find in the lexicon.

man, human
ov0puo antepenult acute
ov0puou penult acute; long ultima causes change
ov0pu penult acute; long ultima causes change
ov0puov antepenult acute; short ultima, no change
ov0puc antepenult acute; short ultima, no change
Rule 2: Verbs Are Recessive
The verbs accent has a tendency to recede toward the first syllable as far as possible.

Xuu Xu u I loose (penult acute)
Xuct Xu ct you loose (penult acute)
Xuct Xu ct he/she/it looses (penult acute)
Xuocv Xu o cv we loose (antepenult acute)
Xucvc Xu c vc you (pl.) loose (antepenult acute)
Xuouct Xu ou ct they loose (antepenult acute)
Rule 3: Long Ultima, No Antepenult Accent
If the ultima is long, then the antepenult cannot be accented.

ov0puo antepenult acute
ov0puou penult acute; cannot accent antepenult because of ou
ov0pu penult acute; cannot accent antepenult because of

Rule 4: Long Ultima, Acute Penult
If the ultima is long and the penult is accented, then that accent must be an acute.

ov0puou penult acute; long ultima ou causes change
ov0pu penult acute; long ultima causes change
Xuu I loose (penult acute)
Xuct you loose (penult acute)
Xuct he/she/it looses (penult acute)
Rule 5: Short Ultima, Long Penult Takes Circumflex
If the ultima is short and the penult is both long and accented, that accent must be a
circumflex.

yX0cv yX 0cv he went (short ultima; long penult) (Jn. 1:7)
cxctvo c xct vo that (short ultima; long penult) (Jn. 1:8)
puvo pu vo first, earlier (short ultima; long penult) (Jn. 1:15)
Rule 6: Acute Ultima Changed to Grave
If an acute is on the ultima, it becomes a grave when followed by another word without
intervening punctuation.

po vov 0cov two graves and an acute (Jn. 1:1)
xot 0co yv two graves and a circumflex (Jn. 1:1)
Words with No Accents
There are several short Greek words that do not have an accent. These clitics are
pronounced as if they were part of the word that accompanies them. A clitic is a word
that leans on the preceding or the following word.

1. Proclitic comes before the word that carries the accent.

Proclitic (before the accented word)
o Xptcvo the Christ (Jn. 1:20) (o has no accent; the is a breathing
mark, not an accentsee below)
o Xoo the word (Jn. 1:1) (o has no accent)
Ev op in the beginning (Jn. 1:1) ( Ev has no accent)
ou xovcXocv it did not understand/overcome (Jn. 1:5) (ou has no
accent)

2. Enclitic comes after the word that carries the accent.

Enclitic (after the accented word)
puvo ou before me (Jn. 1:15) (ou has no accent) Note the accent
added to the ultima of puvo
Eu ctt I am (Jn. 6:35) (ctt has no accent)
Breathing Marks
There are two breathing marks that are placed on vowels and diphthongs when they
begin words.

1. Smooth breathing ( ) does not affect pronunciation.

Smooth breathing ( )
o8cXqo brother
ocXo angel, messenger
oyv truly, verily
oocvoXo apostle
cu I

2. Rough breathing ( ) adds an h sound before the sound of the initial vowel.

Rough breathing ( )
c six as in hexagon
uto son, descendant (note breathing goes on the second vowel
of the diphthong initial word)
ucp in behalf of, above
tvo that, in order that (note the breathing mark beside the
acute accent)

Note: an initial rho (p) always takes a rough breathing (pyo word). It has no effect on
the pronunciation, however. Initial u always takes a rough breathing, too.
Punctuation Marks
There are four punctuation marks in Greek. The comma and period are the same as in
English. The colon and question mark are different.

1. Period ( . ) Xoo.
2. Comma ( , ) Xoo,
3. Colon ( : ) Xoo:
4. Question Mark ( ; ) Xoo;

Apostrophe
In English, letters that drop out or are elided are marked with an apostrophe (e.g., its =
it is). Greek also uses an apostrophe to mark the missing letter(s). The final letter of a
preposition, if it is a vowel, is dropped when it precedes a word that begins with a vowel.

8to + ouvou becomes 8t ouvou
(Note that the omitted alpha is replaced by an apostrophe; Jn. 1:3, 7; cf. Jn. 1:39)
Coronis
Sometimes a word with a final vowel followed by a word with an initial vowel will be
contracted together. This is called Crasis. A coronis ( ) is used to retain the breathing
of the second word.
xot [and] + cu [I] becomes xou (and I, Jn. 1:31, 33)
Quick Review of English Grammar
Parts of Speech
1. Noun names a person, place, thing or idea (e.g., book).
2. Adjective is a word used to qualify the meaning of the noun (e.g., good book).
3. Definite Article is a word that specifies a particular noun (e.g., the good book).
The indefinite article is a (e.g., a book).
4. Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun (e.g., the book, it).
5. Preposition is a relational word that connects an object (often a noun) to its
antecedent (e.g., in the book).
6. Verb is often an action or state-of-being word that makes a statement, asks a
question, or gives a command (e.g., read the book).
7. Adverb qualifies the meaning of the verb (e.g., read quickly).
8. Particle is a small indeclinable word expressing some general aspect of meaning,
or some connective or limiting relation (see chapter 27).

Sentence Parts (2vvo)
The sentence is divided into two parts:

1. Subject, about which something is said.
Simple subject: Terry went to the store.
The big red truck moved slowly.
Complete subject: The big red truck moved slowly.
Compound subject: Terry and Dawn went to the store.
Understood subject: Please close the door (you is understood).


2. Predicate is that which is said about the subject.
Simple predicate: Joy walked home.
Complete predicate: Joy walked home.
Compound predicate: Joy walked home and raked leaves.

Predicate nominative: It is I (rather than It is me). A predicate nominative
completes the idea of the subject. It will most often occur with an is
verb.
Phrases
A phrase is a group of words used as a single part of speech.

Perhaps the most common is the prepositional phrase:
The book by the bed is my textbook (the phrase acts like an adjective modifying
book).
He held the book over his head (the phrase acts like an adverb modifying held).

Infinitive phrases often act as nouns, adverbs or adjectives:
With work you can expect to master Greek (as a noun).
He played to win (as an adverb).
He had plenty of water to drink (as an adjective modifying water).
Clause
A clause is a group of words that includes a subject and predicate. (A clause has a
verb; a phrase does not.)

Phrase: The great big strong man (an adjective phrase)
Clause: The man who owns the store (an adjectival/relative clause)

A main clause expresses a complete thought and can stand alone.
A subordinate clause is dependent on the main clause and cannot stand alone. Note the
following subordinate clauses.

When the store opened, the people pushed through the front door.
He knew that power had gone out of him.
Vanquishing Verbs
It is crucial for students of Greek to gain mastery over (conquer, vanquish) verbs.
Tense generally describes the time of action of the verb (present, future, past), although
the time/tense connection has been hotly contested recently (vid. S. Porter, R. Decker, D.
Mathewson, et al.). Some see the Greek tense forms as being used to denote Aktionsart
(how the action takes place [punctiliar, durative, iterative, inceptive...]) and others stress
aspect (the writers view or portrayal of the action as opposed to when/how the action
actually happened). You should be aware of all three perspectives.


Tense=time: Time is
Kathy walks everyday (present tense).
Kathy walked yesterday (past tense).
Kathy will walk tomorrow (future tense).
Horses gallop across the prairie (omnitemporal/gnomic; what they usually do).
God loves you (timeless).

The Greek verb forms (present/aorist/perfect) are not directly indicative of the
time an event actually happened. Hence the present tense form can be used
for events that are past, present, future, omnitemporal or timeless.

Aktionsart denotes the type of action, how it happens: These types of features
are better understood as a result of the discourse level or based on the lexical
meanings of particular verbs and combinations rather than to try to force such
meanings onto the morphological tense forms (present, aorist, perfect).

Continuous/durative action (the event as a process), He is cooking.
Iterative (happens repeatedly) He kept shooting the ball.
Inceptive (event is beginning) She is leaving now.
Omnitemporal/gnomic: Horses gallop across the prairie (omnitemporal/gnomic;
what they usually do)
Timeless: God loves you.

Aspect: the writers portrayal of an action (Porter/Decker/Mathewson)
the time is indicated more from adverbials, prepositions or time words
than from the tense of the verb.

Present/Imperfect: immediacy, details, in progress, descriptive, foreground material
(can be used to portray present, past, future, omnitemporal or
timeless action; so it is not time locked)
Aorist: wholistic, complete, undifferentiated, background material
Perfect/Pluperfect: state of affairs, frontground form

Mathewson defines background, foreground and frontground as follows:
1. background: this does not refer to material that is non-essential or
unimportant, but to material that serves a supporting role.
2. foreground: this refers to material that is selected for more attention
and often consists of the main characters and thematic elements
in a discourse.
3. frontground: elements that are frontgrounded are singled out for
special attention, are presented in a more well-defined way, and
stand out in an unexpected manner in the discourse (Mathewson, 27).

Voice shows who does or receives the action of the verb. Voice indicates how the subject
is related to the action of the verb.
Active: Subject does the action.

Middle: Subject does action for itself or emphasizing the subjects participation in the
action of the verb (most often the Greek is translated into an English active or
for him/her/itself [benefit])
Passive: Subject receives the action.

Mathewson has described it visually as:

Active: Subject ----> Verb (object)
Middle: Subject <--> Verb
Passive: Subjects <--- Verb (agent)

Examples of verb voice
Zachary shot the ball (active)Zach does the action.
The ball was shot by Zachary (passive)ball receives action.
Zachary himself passed the ball (middle)Zach did it for himself.

Verbal mood shows how something is said.

Indicative: Portrayal of reality
Subjunctive: Desire, prossible
Imperative: Command, entreaty
Optative: Wish, remote possibility

Examples of Verb Mood
Indicative: He learned Greek well.
Subjunctive: In order that he might learn Greek well . . .
If he studies, he may learn Greek well.
Imperative: Learn Greek well!
Optative: Oh that you might learn Greek.
(Hopefully, this will not be a remote possibility.)
Nouns
Nouns in Greek have gender, number, and case.
Gender: The Greek masculine, feminine, and neuter genders are often indicated by
the endings attached to the noun. Abstract nouns and objects that are neither
male nor female in English are often marked as either masculine or feminine in
Greek (The boat, she left port).
Number: As an s often ends an English word that is plural, Greek likewise, has
endings that mark whether a noun is singular or plural (e.g., book, books).
Case: In English we have three cases that are seen in how we use our pronouns.
Case will be an important feature in Greek and often difficult to grasp initially.


1. Subjective or nominative case:
She = subject (She did it.)
2. Objective or accusative case:
Her = object (The car hit her.)
3. Possessive or genitive case:
Hers = possessive (The car was hers.)

Greek adds two more:

4. Dative case: The case marking the indirect object. (I told the story to the apostles.)
5. Vocative case: The case of direct address. (O Lord, save me.)

Endings will be added to the Greek nouns to indicate gender, number and case.
Vocabulary
o8cXqo brother (343)
oxouu I hear, obey (428)
8oo glory, fame (166)
cu I have, hold (708)
xoco world (186)
xupto lord, Lord, sir (717)
Xoo word (330)
Hcvpo Peter (156)
uto son (377)
doptcoto Pharisee (98)
Chapter 3: Present Active Verbs 28

3
Present Active Verbs
You will be able to

1. understand the English verbal system and its parallels to Greek (tense, voice,
mood, person, and number),
2. recognize and write the present active indicative forms of Greek verbs, and
3. master ten high-frequency vocabulary words.
Introduction
Verbs are words of action or state of being.
Zachary drove the car.
Elliott is a good kid.

We use verbs to make statements, give commands, or express wishes.
Come here (command).
May Zach play basketball this year (wish).
Tanya is working tonight (statement).
Tense=time in English
Tense in English refers to the time of the action of the verb:
Present: Annette swims.
Past: Annette swam.
Future: Annette will swim.
Perfect: Annette has swum.

Tense/Aktionsart/Aspect

In Greek, the tense form is not used so much as to coordinate with time (when the
event happened, usually indicated by the context through adverbs, prepositional phrases
and other temporal indicators), or to how (type,duration [Aktionsart]; usually implicit in
the lexical meaning of the verb or broader context) the action takes place but, and most of
all, its aspect which is the authors portrayal of an action (foregrounding/immediacy/
descriptive/progress [present tense form]; background/wholistic/complete [aorist] and
frontgrounding/state of being [perfect]). In short, while we will generally translate the
present tense in this course with an English present one must realize that there is not
really a connection of the present tense form with the present time and the present tense

form can be used for past, present, future, timeless or omnitemporal types of verbal
actions. Thus, aspect, or how the author portrays an activity, seems to be a more
adequate way to describe the present tense form (foregrounding/immediacy/
descriptive/progress) but for now we will simply translate it in these exercises which are
out of context as an English present tense. Be aware, however, that the actual time will
more often than not be indicated by adverbs, prepositional phrases and conjunctive
modifiers than from the tense form on the verb.
Voice
English has two voices, to which Greek adds a third:

1. Active voice: The subject does the action of the verb.
Active voice examples:
Terry hit the ball.
Joy kissed Andy.

2. Passive voice: The subject receives the action of the verb.
Passive voice examples:
The ball was hit by Terry.
Andy was kissed by Joy.

3. Middle voice: The subjects participation in the action of the verb is emphasized,
the action is done for the subjects benefit, or rarely the subject acts on
him/herself (reflexive) or members of a group interact among themselves
(reciprocal).
Middle voice examples:
Terry himself kicked the ball (emphasizing participation; frequent).
Terry kicked the ball for himself (interest/benefit).
Terry kicked himself (reflexive; rare).
The players patted each other (reciprocal; rare).

Some describe many middle verbs in Greek as deponent (75 percent of the time). This
means they are middle in form but translated as active with the active form missing
(deponent). In this program, the middle will be translated as active unless otherwise
indicated (Mounce, Basics, 149). Such deponent verbs are easily found in the lexicon
as having an oot ending (e.g. cpoot, tvoot) rather than the normal active ending
u (e.g. Xcu, oxouu). While the term deponent is debated it may be best just to
translate them as middles emphasizing the subjects participation in the action of the verb
(hence active).

Mood
Mood refers to the kind of reality of the action, or how the action of the verb is
regarded.

1. Indicative mood: The verb simply states or portrays that something happened.
Elliott prays.
2. Imperative mood: The verb gives a command, exhortation or entreaty.
Pray, Elliott!
3. Subjunctive mood: The verb expresses a wish, possibility, or potentiality
Elliott may pray.
4. Optative mood: The verb expresses a wish, remote possibility.
Oh that he would stand.
Person
There are three persons in Greek.

1. First person indicates the person(s) speaking (I [singular] or we [plural]).
First person examples:
I studied Greek.
We studied Greek.

2. Second person indicates the person(s) spoken to (you [singular or plural]). Some
would say you-all, ye, or youuns (dialect) for the plural, thus
distinguishing it from you or thou as singular.
Second person examples:
You studied Greek.
You both studied Greek.

3. Third person indicates the person(s) or thing(s) spoken about (he, she, it
[singular]; they [plural]).
Third person examples:
She studied Greek.
They studied Greek.
It made them happy.
Number and Agreement
Both English and Greek distinguish between singular (I, you, he, she, it) and the plural
(we, you, they).

Verbs must agree with their subjects in both person and number.
He rides the wave.
They ride the wave (not They rides the wave).

Introduction to the Greek Present Active Indicative (PAI)
The present active indicative (PAI) will be our first verb paradigm. It is a frequently
used tense in the New Testament (over 4,400 times). Active means that the subject does
the action of the verb as opposed to the middle or passive voices. The indicative mood
portrays the action as reality (liars also use the indicative so what is being portrayed as
reality may not be in fact) making a statement, as opposed to the imperative (command)
or subjunctive (possibility) moods, which we will study later.

Each form will be composed of a:

Stem + Pronominal ending
Xu + u
Translation
The present tense may used of either undefined Aktionsart (event simply happens) or
continuous Aktionsart (event was a process).

Thus for our grammatical practice sentences they will be translated as follows:

1. Undefined: I loose. I run.
2. Continuous: I am loosing. I am running.

The context will determine which should be used. One should be aware that in sentences
in contexts the present tense form can be used to designate action in the past, present,
future, omnitemporal or timeless happenings.
Historical Present
Greek will often use the present tense to reference an event that actually happened in
the past. The historical present is used to add vividness or dramatic effect to the narrative
or, most often, it is an idiom. It often occurs in narrative in the third person. In these cases
the present tense is simply translated by our past tense (he says becomes he said).
This present active paradigm is very important. You should be able to chant through it
in your sleep. Learn these primary pronominal endings also since they will be useful
when we do the future tense.

Stem + pronominal suffix: Xu + u Xu + ocv
Xu + ct Xu + cvc
Xu + ct Xu + ouct


Present Active Indicative (PAI) Paradigm
Singular Plural
1. Xuu I loose/am loosing. Xuocv We loose/are loosing.
2. Xuct You loose/are
loosing.
Xucvc You loose/are loosing.
3. Xuct He/she/it looses/is
loosing.
Xuouct(v) They loose/are loosing.

Primary Pronominal Suffixes
u I ocv we
ct you cvc you (you-all)
ct he/she/it ouct(v) they
Movable Nu ( v )
Most frequently a nu ( v ) is added to the end of words ending in ct or c. In English
we do something similar with a book and an item. Most often the third plural
form will be: Xuouctv instead of Xuouct (cf. Xcouctv xot, Mat. 13:13). Rarely the
nu (v) will be dropped before words beginning with consonants (cf. Xcouct vo . . .
Mat. 18:10).
Second Person Plural
In English, we make no distinction between a you singular and a you that is plural
(you all). Some grammars, following King James English, use thou for the singular
and ye for the plural. Such usage is archaic, and hence we will use you for both
second person singular and plural. You should be aware, however, that in Greek a sharp
distinction is made.
Parsing Format
Verbs are parsed or conjugated in the following format:

Tense, voice, mood, person, number, lexical form, English meaning.
E.g., Xuu Present active indicative (PAI), 1st person singular, from Xuu, meaning
I loose, destroy.
Shorter form: Xuu PAI, 1 sg., from Xuu, I loose, destroy.
Xucvc PAI, 2 pl., from Xuu, you loose, destroy
Chant #1: Present Active Indicative (PAI) of Xuu (I loose/am loosing).
Recite the first column then the second. Practice until it is as natural as breathing.
Xuu Xuocv
Xuct Xucvc
Xuct Xuouct(v)

Vocabulary
oXXo but, yet (638)
oocvoXo apostle, sent one (80)
Xcu I see (133)
op for, then (1041)
Itvucxu I know (222)
Iycou Jesus (917)
Xoovu I take, receive (258)
Xuu I loose (42)
oupovo heaven (273)
tcvcuu I believe (241)
Chapter 4: Second Declension Nouns 34

4
Second Declension Nouns
You will be able to

1. understand the English syntax of nouns in sentences (subject, object, number,
gender, etc.),
2. understand the Greek noun system (gender, number, case),
3. write out the second declension paradigm for masculine and neuter nouns, and
4. master ten high-frequency vocabulary words.
Introduction
A noun is commonly defined as a word that stands for a person, place or thing.

Natanya = person
Store = place
Car = thing
Gender
Gender in English is determined by the sex of the referent: king . . . he, queen . . .
she. Objects that are neither male nor female are considered neuter: table . . . it. In
Greek some inanimate objects are given male or female designations. Be careful not to
confuse Greek grammatical gender with biological gender!

otxo House is masculine.
tcpov Temple is neuter.
cxxXycto Church, congregation is feminine.
Number
Both English and Greek inflect words for number. Both languages have singular and
plural nouns. Notice the change on the end of the Greek words.

Singular Plural Singular Plural
heaven heavens oupovo oupovot
man men ov0puo ov0puot

Case
English uses word inflections in order to indicate changes in case. Case is the role a
word plays in the sentence (such as subject, object, possessive).
Subjective Case (Greek: Nominative)
This is the subject of the verb.

He hit the ball.

The subject of the sentence can usually be discovered by putting who or what
before the verb.

He ran to the store.
Who ran to the store? He (= subject).
Objective Case (Greek: Accusative)
This is the object of the verb.

The ball hit him.

The object of a sentence can usually be discovered by putting a who or what after
the verb.

He hit the ball.
He hit what? The ball (= object).
Possessive Case (Greek: Genitive)
This indicates who is the possessor.

He hit his truck.

The possessive case often can be discovered by asking whose?

Charlie hid his cake.
Whose cake? His (possessive).

Nominative = subject of the sentence
Accusative = object of the sentence
Genitive = Possessive
Declensions: First, Second, Third
There are three noun declensions in Greek. A declension is a grouping of nouns that
are inflected with a shared set of endings. The difference in endings does not affect the
translation procedure for first, second, and third declensions. The second declension
nouns are characterized by an o as the final letter of the stem. They are largely masculine

or neuter. First declension nouns are characterized by an y or o for the final letter and are
mostly feminine. Third declension nouns have stems that end in a consonant.
We will learn the second declension before the first because it is more frequent.
Second declension nouns are largely masculine, as indicated in lexical lists by placing the
masculine definite article o (the) after the nominative singular form. Each noun should
be learned with its definite article that indicates its gender. Second declension nouns that
are neuter are marked by placing the neuter definite article vo (the) after the root.
Article
In contrast to English, which uses a as an indefinite article (a book), Greek has no
indefinite article. Thus, the Greek indefinite noun may be translated book or a book.
Greek nouns are assumed to be indefinite unless marked by the article (the). The Greek
article can actually be used for several functions beyond making a noun definite. For
now, simply be aware of the nominative form of the definite article, which will indicate
the gender of the noun being learned:

o = masculine (the)
y = feminine (the)
vo = neuter (the)
Gender
Greek nouns are masculine, feminine, or neuter in gender. Often this gender is more a
syntactical feature than a metaphysical statement, as many inanimate objects are given
grammatical gender. Thus year ( cvo) is neuter, while day (ycpo) is feminine, but
time (povo) is masculine.
As in English, Greek has both singular and plural nouns. The verb most often matches
the number of the subject noun just as in English:

Students (plural) love Greek.
The student (singular) loves Greek.
Inflectional Forms
In Greek, there are five inflectional forms marking the various cases or roles that nouns
play in sentences.
Nominative Form Most Often Marks the Subject of the Sentence
Music calms the heart.

Music is the subject of the sentence. In Greek it would be marked with a nominative
inflectional ending. With is verbs it can be used as a predicate nominative as in It is
he. Here he (nominative) is used rather than the accusative him.

Genitive Form Often Expresses a Possessive, Description, Origin, Relation,
Limits quality
The Pharisee went to the house of God (description)
The book of the chief was worn (possesive).
The writing of the prophet (origin)
The son of Mary (relation).

Note the different meanings of of in these sentences.

Of God or Gods would be marked in Greek with a genitive inflectional ending.
We will generally use the keyword of when translating the genitive, although the
genitive may actually function in many other ways as well.
Dative Form Often Marks the Indirect Object, Location, Agency
He spoke a word to the apostle (Indirect Object)
She went to the class (location).
He was struck by the catcher (agency)

To the apostle would be marked with a dative inflectional ending in Greek. The
dative functions in many ways. In some contexts it may also be translated for or at or
by or with. We will generally use the key words to, for, at, by, with (remember = 2
by 4, ate (at) with) when translating the dative.
Accusative Form Indicates the Object of the Sentence.
Joy saw the ball.
Elliott walked home.

The ball is the object of the sentence. It would be marked by an accusative
inflectional ending in Greek. The accusatives basic idea is limiting the content,
direction, extent or goal of the verb or preposition it is associated with. It limits the
quantity while the genitive will limit the quality (Wallace). It can also be used as
the subject of the infinitive and some verbs will take a double accusative (e.g. he will
teach you [1] all things [2]).

Vocative Form Is Used for Direct Address
Sister, you are the one!
O Lord, how majestic is your name.

Sister receives a direct address and would be marked by a vocative inflectional
ending in Greek.
You should be able to chant through this declension. Because the vocatives are so few
and often the same as the nominative, you need only to chant the Nom.-Acc. The
vocative will be recognized when it appears, and it is often the same as the nominative.


Masculine Second Declension Forms (Stem Ending in o)
Xoo = word
Singular Plural Inflectional Endings
Nom. Xoo Xoot o ot
Gen. Xoou Xouv ou uv
Dat. Xo Xoot ot
Acc. Xoov Xoou ov ou
Voc. Xoc Xoot c ot

Meaning of Inflectional Forms
Singular Plural
Nom. Xoo a word Xoot words (subject of sentence)
Gen. Xoou of a word Xouv of words (possessive, origin)
Dat. Xo to a word Xoot To
words
(indirect object)
Acc. Xoov a word Xoou words (direct object)
Voc. Xoc O word Xoot O words (direct address)

Nominative = subject of the sentence
Genitive = descriptive/possessive usually translated with keyword
of
Dative = indirect object/agency/location usually translated with
keyword to, by, for, with at
Accusative = direct object of a sentence
Vocative = direct address (e.g., O words, tell us how to read Greek)

Another way to look at case (Hansen and Quinn, Greek: An Intensive Course, 20):

Accusative Dative Genitive
Motion toward or into in Motion away from/out of
==============> =================>

Neuter Second Declension Forms (Stem Ending in o)
tcpov = temple
Singular Plural
Nom./Voc. tcpov tcpo
Gen. tcpou tcpuv
Dat. tcp tcpot
Acc. tcpov tcpo


Meaning of Inflectional Forms
Singular Plural
Nom. tcpov a temple tcpo temples (subject of sentence)
Gen. tcpou of a temple tcpuv of temples (possessive)
Dat. tcp to a temple tcpot To temples (indirect object)
Acc. tcpov a temple tcpo temples (direct object)
Voc. tcpov O temple tcpo O temples (direct address)

Note that in the neuter the nominative, accusative and vocative always have the same
form. The genitive and dative neuter have the same endings as the masculine. You should
be able to chant through this paradigm, lumping the vocative with the nominative.
Declining Nouns
Verbs are parsed (PAI, 1st sg, from Xuu, I loose). Nouns are declined using the
following pattern: Case, number, gender, base Greek word, meaning.
For example:

Xo Dative, Singular, Masculine, from Xoo, meaning to a word
tcpuv Genitive, Plural, Neuter, from tcpov, meaning of temples
Word Order
The order of words in a sentence in Greek may be the same as in English (subject +
verb + object). Greek puts inflectional endings on nouns to mark their case. This allows
Greek to change the word order for various purposes without substantially altering the
meaning of a sentence. For example, the subject may be placed after the verb and the
object placed before the verb for emphasis while retaining the original meaning of the
sentence. Recent studies have shown that word order is important, so the good student
will keep an eye on the order of syntactic units (VSOM versus SVOM etc.).
One comment on the vocabulary forms. In lexical lists, nouns such as 8ouXo are
followed by -ou, which gives the genitive singular ending, indicating that it is a second
declension noun. The o article is given to specify that it is masculine.
Second Declension Noun Chant
Xoo (word: Subject) tcpov (temple: Subject)
Xoou (of a word) tcpou (of a temple)
Xo (to/by/for a word) tcp (to/by/for a temple)
Xoov (word: Object) tcpov (temple: Object)
Xoot (words: Subject) tcpo (temples: Subject)
Xouv (of words) tcpuv (of temples)
Xoot (to/by/for words) tcpot (to/by/for temples)
Xoou (words: Object) tcpo (temples: Object)


Vocabulary
ooou I love (143)
poqu I write (191)
8c but, and (2,792)
8ouXo, -ou, o servant, slave (124)
cuptcxu I find (176)
tcpov, -ou, vo temple (71)
Xoo, -ou, o people (142)
voo, -ou, o law (194)
otxo, -ou, o house (114)
u as, about, how (504)
Chapter 5: First Declension Nouns 41

5
First Declension Nouns
You will be able to

1. understand the English syntax of nouns in sentences (subject, object, number,
gender, etc.),
2. understand the Greek noun system (gender, number, case),
3. write out and chant the first declension paradigm for feminine nouns, and
4. master ten more high-frequency vocabulary words.
Introduction
There are three noun declensions in Greek. We have learned the second declension
with its masculine and neuter nouns and its characteristic o endings. Now we will focus
on the first declension. First declension nouns are largely feminine, as indicated by
placing the feminine article y (the) after the nominative singular form. Each noun
should be learned with its definite article, which indicates its gender. The stem of first
declension nouns ends with an alpha or eta. Learn to chant through this eta first
declension of poqy . Learn to recognize the variations on the other two forms (alpha
and masculine form).

Feminine First Declension Forms (Stem Ending in y)
poqy, y writing, Scripture
Singular Plural Inflectional Endings
Nom./Voc. poqy poqot y ot
Gen. poqy poquv y uv
Dat. poq poqot ot
Acc. poqyv poqo yv o

Meanings: Translation of Inflectional Forms
Singular Plural
Nom. poqy A writing poqot writings (subject of sentence)
Gen. poqy of a writing poquv of writings (possessive/description)
Dat. poq to a writing poqot to writings (indirect object/agency)
Acc. poqyv A writing poqo writings (direct object)
Voc. poqy O writing poqot O writings (direct address)


Nominative = subject of the sentence, predicate nom., apposition
Genitive = possessive/description/origin usually translated with of
Dative = indirect object, usually translated with to, for, by,
at, or with (2 by 4 ate [at] with)
Accusative = direct object of a sentence, double accusative
Vocative = direct address (e.g., O writings, show us . . .)

The nominative can be used as in an appositional use. Apposition is when this
form restates or specifies a noun. For example: Paul, a servant, an apostle writes,
where a servant and an apostle are appositional renaming or specifying Paul.

Feminine First Declension Forms (Stem Ending in o)
upo, y = hour
Singular Plural
Nom./Voc. upo hour upot hours (subject of sentence)
Gen. upo of an hour upuv of hours (possessive/descrip.)
Dat. upg for an hour upot for hours (indirect object/ag.)
Acc. upov hour upo hours (direct object)

Note that the nominative and vocative have the same form. The upo and poqy
forms are largely the same except for the simple shift of the eta to an alpha in the
singular.

Masculine First Declension Forms (Stem Ending in y)
poqyvy, o = prophet
Singular Plural
Nom. poqyvy prophet poqyvot prophets (subject)
Gen. poqyvou of a prophet poqyvuv of prophets (possessive)
Dat. poqyv to a prophet poqyvot to prophets (indirect object)
Acc. poqyvyv prophet poqyvo prophets (direct object)
Voc. poqyvo O prophet poqyvot O prophets (direct address)

Note that the only major variation here is the genitive singular, which takes an -ou
ending. Beyond that, it is much the same as poqy . Vocatives are rare.

Nouns ending in a consonantal blend (, , or ) or double
consonant 8oo, -y, y = glory
Singular Plural
Nom. 8oo glory 8oot glories (subject)
Gen. 8oy of glory 8ouv of glories (possessive)
Dat. 8o to glory 8oot to glories (indirect object)
Acc. 8oov glory 8oo glories (direct object)
Voc. 8oo O glory 8oot O glories (direct address)


The Article
While Greek has no indefinite article like the English a (e.g., a book), the Greek
article, usually translated the, occurs throughout the New Testament although it often
can be used as a substitute for a personal pronoun, demonstrative pronoun (this/that) or a
relative pronoun (who/which). The article is inflected for gender, number, and case.
Indeed, the article must match its noun in gender, number, and case. The article marks the
gender of a noun, whether it is a first, second, or third declension noun. The article can
sometimes function as a pronoun (he, she, it . . . ) and at root has a nominalizing impact
on the words it goes with. Sometimes it is not translated at all especially with proper
nouns (Jesus not the Jesus) or abstracts (grace not the grace).

Examples:

Xoo word or a word Nom. sg. masc. (Acts 13:15)
o Xoo the word Nom. sg. masc. (Jn. 1:1)
Xoov word or a word Acc. sg. masc. (Jn. 8:51)
vov Xoov the word Acc. sg. masc. (Jn. 4:39)

Article Forms
Singular Plural
Masc. Fem. Neut. Masc. Fem. Neut.
Nom. o y vo ot ot vo
Gen. vou vy vou vuv vuv vuv
Dat. v v v vot vot vot
Acc. vov vyv vo vou vo vo

Note that o, ot, y, and ot are proclitics, each bearing no accent because it is associated
so closely with (leans on) the following word. Being able to recognize the case of the
article is handy, since that will also tell you the case of the accompanying noun. Thus, it
is a good way to double-check whether or not you are declining a noun properly.
The 2-1-2 Noun Chant (recite this so it becomes automatic)
2-Declension 1-Declension 2-Declension
Xoo (word: Subject) poqy (writing: Subject) tcpov (temple: Subject)
Xoou (of a word) poqy (of a writing) tcpou (of a temple)
Xo (to/by/for a word) poq (to/by/for a writing) tcp (to/by/for a temple)
Xoov (word: Object) poqyv (writing: Object) tcpov (temple: Object)

Xoot (words: Subject) poqot (writings: Subject) tcpo (temples: Subject)
Xouv (of words) poquv (of writings) tcpuv (of temples)
Xoot (to/by/for words) poqot (to/by/for writings) tcpot (to/by/for temples)
Xoou (words: Object) poqo (writings: Object) tcpo (temples: Object)


Vocabulary
ooy, -y, y love (116)
oXy0cto, -o, y truth (109)
oopvto, -o, y sin (173)
octXcto, -o, y kingdom (162)
poqy, -y, y writing, Scripture (50)
cctpu I raise up (144)
cxxXycto, -o, y assembly, church (114)
cpov, -ou, vo work (169)
o0yvy, -ou, o disciple (261)
upo, -o, y hour (106)
Chapter 6: Prepositions 45

6
Prepositions
You will be able to

1. understand English prepositions and the various ways they connect words,
2. translate the various Greek prepositions and how they relate to the noun
inflectional system,
3. recognize and predict when prepositions will have a letter elided,
4. identify and translate prepositions when they are compounded with other word
forms,
5. master ten more high-frequency vocabulary words, and
6. memorize Jn. 1:1 in Greek.
Definition of Preposition
Prepositions are usually small words that link or relate two words together. Often they
tell position in space or time.They often work in conjunction with the cases extending
and clarifying the use of a particular case. Wallace notes prepositions that are found with
the accusative and dative often function adverbially and the genitive functions
adjectivally (Wallace, 160).

I saw the book on the table (adjectival usemodifies the noun, book).
Tells of the spatial relationship of the book to the table.
He went after the game (adverbial usemodifies the verb, went)..
Connects the persons going to the time of the game.
Prepositional Phrase
A phrase is a string of closely connected words. A clause is a string of connected
words and/or phrases, including both a subject and a verb.
A prepositional phrase is usually composed of a preposition followed by a noun, which
is called the object of the preposition.

Prep. + noun = in + the car (the car is the object of the preposition in)
Preposition and Case
In English, the object of the preposition is usually in the objective case. Thus, we
would say, Send the disk with him (accusative), and not with he (nominative).

Greek prepositions may be followed by nouns in the genitive, dative, or accusative
inflectional forms. Each preposition will have a particular case(s) that usually inflects the
following noun or pronoun.
Introduction to Greek Prepositions
Like English prepositions, Greek prepositions are connecting or linking words. Each
preposition will take a noun/adjective/pronoun in a certain case (genitive, dative, or
accusative). This case must be learned along with the prepositions main meaning(s). The
most common meanings are listed with each preposition, but it is important to observe
the context because many other meanings are possible. Note that the genitive often has
the idea of separation, the dative the idea of location, and the accusative the idea of
motion toward.
Prepositions Used with One Case
The following prepositions are used with only one case:

oo = from (with the genitive)also may mean because of, by, of

Iycouv utov vou Iucyq vov oo Noopcv
Jesus son of Joseph from Nazareth (Jn. 1:45)

oo vou voou
from the law (Mat. 5:18)

oq uuv (oq is a form of oo when it is followed by a word with a rough
breathing mark, the vowel drops and the consonant shifts upward before a
rough breathing mark)
from you (Jn. 16:22)

ct = into, to, in (with the accusative)also may mean among, for

ct vyv uyv
to life (Mat. 7:14)notice the article is not translated

ct vyv otxtov Hcvpou
into Peters house (Mat. 8:14)notice the article is not translated

ct vyv octXctov vuv oupovuv
into the kingdom of heaven (Mat. 19:23)first article is translated the second is not

cx = from, out of (with the genitive)also may mean of, because of

cx vuv doptcotuv
from the Pharisees (Jn. 1:24)

cx vy octXcto
out of the kingdom (Mat. 13:41)

c oupovou (c is a form of cx when it is followed by a word that begins with a
vowel) from heaven (Mat. 28:2)

cv = in, on, at (with the dative)also may mean among, when, by, with

cv vot xop8tot
in the hearts (Mat. 9:4)

cv v ov0pu
in the man (Jn. 2:25)

cv ycpg xptccu
on the day of judgment (Mat. 10:15)

po = to, toward (with the accusative)also may mean with [see page 44]

cpcvot po ouvov Xcct po dtXtov
(because a great crowd) came to him, he said to Philip (Jn. 6:5)

po vou o0yvo
to the disciples (Mat. 26:40)

po vov oXov
to the crowd (Mat. 17:14)

cuv = with (with the dative)

cuv vot o0yvot
with the disciples (Mk. 8:34)

cuv v ocX
with the angel (Lk. 2:13)

cuv vot pccuvcpot
with the elders (Lk. 20:1)
Prepositions Used with Two Cases
The following prepositions are used with two cases:

8to (with the genitive) = through, by, during


8to Icpctou vou poqyvou
through Jeremiah the prophet (Mat. 2:17)

8to vuv poqyvuv v ut vou ov0puou
by the prophets about the Son of Man (Lk. 18:31)

8to (with the accusative) = because of

8to vov Xoov
because of the word (Mat. 13:21)

xovo (with the genitive) = down, against

xovo vou utou vou ov0puou
against the Son of Man (Mat. 12:32)

xovo vou Xoou
against the people (Acts 21:28)

xovo (with the accusative) = according to, during

xo0 ycpov (form of xovo before a rough breathing markdrops the vowel
and the consonant is shifted upwards before a rough breathing mark)
during a day (Mat. 26:55)

cvo (with the genitive) = with

cvo vuv utuv ouvy
with her sons (Mat. 20:20)

cvo Iycou vou Noupotou
with Jesus of Nazareth (Mat. 26:71)

cvo (with the accusative) = after

c0 ycpo c
after six days (Mat. 17:1)

cpt (with the genitive) = for, concerning

cpt vuv 8uo o8cXquv
concerning the two brothers (Mat. 20:24)

cpt vou tcpou
concerning the temple (Lk. 21:5)

cpt (with the accusative) = around, about

cpt vyv oXy0ctov
about the truth (2 Tim. 2:18)
Prepositions Used with Three Cases
A few prepositions are used with three cases:

ct (with the genitive) = on, over

ct y
on earth (Mat. 6:10)

ct (with the dative) = on, at, on the basis of, against

ovyp ct ut xot uto ct ovpt
father against son and son against father (Lk. 12:53)

ct (with the accusative) = on, to, toward, against (motion implied)

ct vou o0yvo ouvou
to his disciples (Mat. 12:49)

opo = (see chapter 8 vocabulary or Greek-English glossary at back of this book)

po = (see Greek-English glossary; the genitives and datives are rare)
A Case Perspective on the prepositions
Genitive Dative Accusative
oo from cv in ct into
cx out of, from cuv with po to, toward, with
8to through, by ct on, at, against 8to because of
xovo down, against xovo according to, during
cvo with cvo after
cpt for, concerning cpt around, about
ct on, over ct on, to, toward
Elision
Prepositions ending in a vowel often drop the final vowel when it comes before a word
that begins with a vowel.

8t cou = through me (Jn. 14:6)
(8to + cou)

If there is a rough breathing mark on the next word, the final consonant may be shifted:

c0 ycpo after days (Mat. 17:1)
(cvo + ycpo)
Proclitics
A proclitic is a word that has no accent because it is joined so closely with the accented
word that follows it.

cv, ct and cx are proclitics.

They come before (pro) the word with the accent.
Enclitics are accentless words that follow the word with the accent. Personal pronouns
are frequently enclitics.
Compounds
Prepositions are often found compounded with a verb in Greek. Sometimes the
meaning of the compound may be determined by combining the meaning of the
preposition with the meaning of the verb. Other times, however, the preposition affects
the meaning of the verb in other ways, most frequently intensifying it.

8to + Xcu through + I see
8toXcu I see clearly


Prepositions Chant: 11 Prepositional Moves
ct (hands patting on head)
cpt (right hand finger extended circle head)
po (finger pointing in to heart)
ct (hands into heartcollapse chest)

8to (finger pushing again through the back)
cv (arms in hugging self)
cx (hand push out from heart finger pointing out, close)
oo (fingers pointing out both front arms extended out)

xovo (hands push against each other in front)
cuv (right arm around shoulder wave of invisible buddy--with)
cvo (two arms extend around shoulders of invisible buddies--with)
oo, from
ct, on, upon
8to, through
po, to
cx, out of ct, into
cv, in
cvo, with
cuv, with
cpt,
around,
about
xovo, against
Chart of Prepositions
xovo, down

Vocabulary
It is difficult learning the prepositions as vocabulary items. They are short, but the
cases must be learned with each definition. They also have many more meaning
possibilities than normal words. In Greek, you need to pay particular attention to the
small words. Take extra time to master these well. Learn each case of the word almost as
a separate item for those that come in more than one case.

oo from (with gen.) (646)
8to through (with gen.) (667)
on account of (with acc.)
ct into (with acc.) (1,768)
cx out of (with gen.) (914)
cv in (with dat.) (2,752)
ct on, over (with gen.) (890)
on, at, on the basis of, against (with dat.)
on, to, toward, against (with acc.)
xovo down, against (with gen.) (473)
according to (with acc.)
cvo with (with gen.) (469)
after, behind (with acc.)
cpt about, concerning (with gen.) (333)
around, near (with acc.)
po to (with acc.) (700)
Memory Verse: John 1:1
Ev op yv o Xoo,
In beginning was the Word,

xot o Xoo yv po vov 0cov.
and the Word was with God.
Chapter 7: Adjectives 53

7
Adjectives
You will be able to

1. understand English adjectives and their various uses;
2. learn and translate various Greek adjectives;
3. identify attributive, predicate, and substantive uses of Greek adjectives;
4. properly identify the grammatical agreement between an adjective and its
accompanying substantive;
5. identify the various forms of the verb ctt in the present active indicative;
6. master ten more high-frequency vocabulary words; and
7. finish memorizing Jn. 1:1 in Greek.
Definition
An adjective is a word used to modify a noun or pronoun. The adjective often specifies
more clearly what the noun or pronoun actually means. It often answers the question
What kind of ______ is it?

The soft snow hit the windshield.
Answers: What kind of snow? Soft.
The snow was soft.
Three Uses of Adjectives
Adjectives are used in three ways:

1. An attributive adjective attributes a characteristic to the noun it modifies.
The good book
2. A predicate adjective assigns a characteristic to the subject of the sentence.
The book is good.
3. As a substantive, an adjective acts independently, as a noun itself.
The good die young.

Examples:
1. Attributive use:
The red car hit the big truck behind the rear tire.
2. Predicate use:
Roses are red and violets are blue.

3. Substantive use:
The kind receive their rewards, but the unjust are often surprised (i.e., the kind
person; the unjust person).

Adjectives modify nouns and pronouns. They will match the nouns they modify in
number, gender, and case.
Adjectives frequently use a 2-1-2 paradigm scheme:

masculine = Second declension forms
feminine = First declension forms
neuter = Second declension forms

Because you already know the first and second declensions, it is easy to recognize the
gender, number, and case of the adjectives.

Adjective Paradigm
oo0o (good)
Declension 2 1 2
Singular Masc. Fem. Neut.
Nom. oo0o oo0y oo0ov
Gen. oo0ou oo0y oo0ou
Dat. oo0 oo0 oo0
Acc. oo0ov oo0yv oo0ov
Plural
Nom. oo0ot oo0ot oo0o
Gen. oo0uv oo0uv oo0uv
Dat. oo0ot oo0ot oo0ot
Acc. oo0ou oo0o oo0o

Adjective Paradigm for words ending in c, t, or p
8txoto (righteous)
Declension 2 1 2
Nom.
8txoto 8txoto 8txotov
Gen. 8txotou 8txoto 8txotou
Dat. 8txot 8txotg 8txot
Acc. 8txotov 8txotov 8txotov
Voc. 8txotc 8txoto 8txotov
Plural
Nom. Voc. 8txotot 8txotot 8txoto
Gen. 8txotuv 8txotuv 8txotuv
Dat. 8txotot 8txotot 8txotot
Acc. 8txotou 8txoto 8txoto


Attributive position = Adjective has article.
o oo0o Xoo the good word
o Xoo o oo0o the good word

cu ctt o otyv o xoXo.
I am the good shepherd (Jn. 10:11).

cv v ccov ycpg
in the last day (Jn. 6:39)

Predicate position = Adjective has no article.
oo0o o Xoo The word is good.
o Xoo oo0o The word is good.

xot o ov0puo ouvo 8txoto
And this man was righteous (Lk. 2:25).

qotvcc0c vot ov0puot 8txotot.
you appear to men to be righteous (Mat. 23:28).

Substantive use = Adjective is used as a nounhas no noun
The substantive use often has the article but no accompanying noun.

ot 8c 8txotot ct uyv otuvtov
but the righteous unto eternal life (Mat. 25:46)

O 8c 8txoto cx tcvcu yccvot
But the righteous will live by faith (Rom. 1:17).
Predicate or Attributive
Sometimes neither the adjective nor the noun has the article. In this case the context
must determine whether to translate it attributively or predicatively.

xot ovyp oo0o xot 8txoto
and a good and righteous man (Lk. 23:50)
Introduction to ctt
ctt is a stative verb (it indicates a state of being) and so has no voice (active, middle,
or passive).
In English is takes a predicate nominative rather than the normal accusative. It is
correct to say This is he and incorrect to say This is him. Similarly, in Greek a noun
or pronoun in the nominative goes with the verb, one as the subject the other nominative
is the predicate nominative. Learn to chant through this paradigm.


Present Indicative of ctt
Singular Plural
ctt I am cccv we are
ct you are ccvc you are
ccvt(v) he/she/it is ctct(v) they are

Note: The third singular and plural may take a moveable v.

Examples:

ovt o 0co oXy0y ccvtv
that God is true (Jn. 3:33)

HXto ct; xot Xcct, Oux ctt. O poqyvy ct cu;
Are you Elijah? And he said, I am not. Are you the prophet? (Jn. 1:21).

Predicate Adjective with a verb: attributes some quality to the subject of the sentence.
It is used with verbs ctt and tvoot (I become).

o 0co oXy0y ccvtv
God is true (true=Pred. Nom. Adj.) (John 3:33)

Chant #4: Present Indicative (PAI) ctt Verb
(chant left column then right column)

ctt cccv
ct ccvc
ccvt(v) ctct(v)

ou, oux, and ou (no, not)
Ou is placed before the word it negates, which is usually the verb. There are three
main forms of this word, depending on the initial letter of the word that follows it:

1. ou before a consonant.
2. oux before a vowel with a smooth breathing mark.
3. ou before a vowel with a rough breathing mark.

In addition, out is a strengthened form of ou (see lexicon).

Examples: ouno, not (before a consonant)


1. xot vouvo ou tvucxct;
And you do not understand these things? (Jn. 3:10).
2. xot ou Xoovcvc c
And you do not accept me (Jn. 5:43).

Examples: ouxno, not (before a word that begins with a vowel with a smooth
breathing mark)
1. xot vov Xoov ouvou oux ccvc cv utv.
And you do not have his word in you (Jn. 5:38).
2. xot Xcct Oux ctt -- notice Oux is capitalized indicating it is a quotation
And he said, I am not. (Jn 1:21)

Examples: ouno, not (before a word that begins with a vowel with a rough
breathing mark)
1. ou uct Xccvc ovt . . .
Do you not say that . . . (Jn. 4:35).
2. xot ou o ov0puo 8to vo coovov
and not man for the Sabbath (Mk. 2:27)
Vocabulary
oo0o, -y, -ov good (102)
oto, -o, -ov holy (233)
8txoto, -o, -ov righteous (79)
ctt I am (2,460)
Iou8oto, -o, -ov Jewish, a Jew (195)
co, coXy, co great, large (243)
vcxpo, -o, -ov dead (128)
ou, oux, ou no, not (1606)
puvo, -y, -ov first (155)
quvy, -y, y voice (139)
Ev op yv o Xoo,
In beginning Was the Word,

xot o Xoo yv po vov 0cov,
and the Word was with the God,

xot 0co yv o Xoo.
and God was the Word.

Note: In the last clause, the definite article marks o Xoo as the subject; 0co is a
predicate. Thus the translation the Word was God.
Chapter 8: Personal Pronouns 58

8
Personal Pronouns
You will be able to

1. understand English pronouns and their various uses;
2. learn and translate the various Greek pronouns;
3. recognize proclitics and enclitics and how they effect accent changes;
4. describe how the pronoun works with its antecedent;
5. describe how a pronoun is used for emphasis, possession, and in attributive and
predicate positions; and
Definition
A pronoun is a word that stands in place of a noun or other syntactic units usually for
brevity or to avoid repetition. The person or object to which the pronoun refers is called
its antecedent.

Zach threw the ball to Elliott.
It (the ball: antecedent) hit him (Elliott: antecedent) in the head.
Types of Pronouns
There are various types of Pronouns:

1. Personal pronouns stand in for a person: Bill ran a mile. He did it.
2. Demonstrative pronouns point to a person or object that is near (this/these) or far
(that/those): This book belongs to that student.
3. Relative pronouns relate a subordinate clause to a noun: It is a great person who
attempts to master Greek.
4. Reciprocal pronouns state an interchange between two things/persons: They
loved one another.
5. Reflexive pronouns direct the action of the verb back to the subject: She hid
herself behind the door.
6. Interrogative pronouns ask a question: Who broke the chair?

The personal pronouns are used over ten thousand times in the New Testament.
The demonstrative pronouns are used about sixteen hundred times, the relative pronouns
about fifteen hundred times, and the interrogatives just over six hundred times and the

others less than that (Wallace, 142). So the personal pronouns are used more frequently
than all the other types of pronouns put together.
Case
In English, pronouns have three cases:

1. Subjective, used when a pronoun is the subject of a sentence: He turned left.
2. Possessive, used to indicate ownership: He gave his best.
3. Objective, used when a pronoun is the object of a sentence: He left him.
Number
In English there are singular and plural pronouns. Pronouns agree with their
antecedents in number and person.

Subjective I we he they
Possessive my our his theirs
Objective me us him them
Subjective you/thou you/ye she they
Possessive your your hers theirs
Objective you you her them
Introduction
In Greek personal pronouns will match their antecedent in person, gender, and number.
The case will be determined by the role the pronoun plays in the sentence.
Personal pronouns will be either first person (I, we), second person (you/ye), or third
person (he/she/it/they). Because the verb forms indicate the subject of the sentence the
nominative personal pronoun is sometimes redundant and used for emphasis, contrast, or
when switching characters in a narrative.
Greek uses the genitive where we would normally use a possessive pronoun (e.g., his,
hers). Learn to chant the first and second person paradigms.

First Person Pronoun Paradigm
Singular Plural
Nom. cu I yct we
Gen. ou of me/my yuv of us/our
Dat. ot to me/for me ytv to us/for us
Acc. c me yo us

Watch for cu combining with xot forming xou (and I).

Emphatic first person forms are made by prefixing an epsilon and adding an accent to
the genitive, dative, and accusative singular forms (cou, cot, cc).


Second Person Pronoun Paradigm
Singular Plural
Nom. cu you uct you
Gen. cou of you/your uuv your
Dat. cot to/for you utv to/for you
Acc. cc you uo you

The form is made emphatic by adding an accent to the singulars (cou, cot, cc).

Examples:

Eu ctt vo qu vou xocou.
I am the light of the world (Jn. 8:12).

2u ct 2tuv o uto Iuovvou.
You are Simon, son of John (Jn. 1:42).

oXX cu vyv oXy0ctov Xcu utv.
But I speak the truth to you (Jn. 16:7).
Pronoun Enclitics
An enclitic is a word that is phonetically attached so closely with the preceding word
that it has no accent of its own.
Many personal pronouns are enclitics (e.g., ou, ot, c, cou, cot, cc).

An enclitic is sometimes accented
1. for emphasis or
2. when it is the first word in a sentence.

Declension Format
Person + Case + Number
cu First nominative singular (I)
cot Second dative singular (to you)
uuv Second genitive plural (your)
Third Person Pronoun: Introduction
The third person pronoun ouvo differs from the first and second person pronouns in
that it is marked for gender. Originally it was an intensive pronoun but eventually took
over the role of the third person personal pronoun. With first and second person
pronouns, there is no need to specify gender because it is understood as the one speaking
or one being spoken to. The endings largely follow a 2-1-2 pattern (second declension,
first declension, second declension). If you know those patterns well, you will be able to
recognize how the various forms of ouvo are built.
ouvo also has some other special features that we will examine shortly.

Third Person Pronoun Paradigm: Three Genders
Masculine
Singular Plural
Nom. ouvo he ouvot they
Gen. ouvou his ouvuv their
Dat. ouv to/for him ouvot to/for them
Acc. ouvov him ouvou them

Feminine
Singular Plural
Nom. ouvy she ouvot they
Gen. ouvy hers ouvuv their
Dat. ouv to/for her ouvot to/for them
Acc. ouvy v her ouvo them

Neuter
Singular Plural
Nom. ouvo it ouvo they
Gen. ouvou its ouvuv their
Dat. ouv to/for it ouvot to/for them
Acc. ouvo it ouvo them
Three Uses
ouvo can be used in three ways:

1. As a pronoun, ouvo matches its antecedent in number and gender and is
translated as he, she, it, or they. It can function any way a noun can.
Xcct ouv o Iycou
Jesus said to him (Jn. 14:6).

po vou o8o ouvou
at his feet (Acts 5:10)

cv vptctv ycpot ccpu ouvov.
in three days I will raise it (Jn. 2:19).
(it, ouvo, although ouvo is masculine in Greek, temple is neuter in
Englishit)

2. As a reflexive intensifier, when ouvo is used as an adjective in the predicate
position (usually in the nominative case) and translated reflexively (e.g., He
himself will get the car).

ouvo vo vcuo cuopvupct
The Spirit itself [himself] beareth witness (Rom. 8:16).

Iycou ouvo oux covtcv
Jesus himself did not baptize (Jn. 4:2).

3. As an adjective meaning same, when ouvo is used in the attributive position.
y ouvy cop
the same flesh (1 Cor. 15:39)

cv ouv v ycpg
in that same day (Lk. 23:12).
Personal Pronoun Chant (cow call)recite down each column then
ouvo
1
st
Person Sg. 2
nd
Person Sg. 1
st
Person Pl.
cu cu yct
ou cou yuv
ot cot ytv
c cc yo

ouvo, ouvy, ouvo

The second person plural is formed easily by just switching the y to an u [ uct].
Vocabulary
ouvo, -y, -o he/she/it (5,595)
y, -y, y earth, land, region (250)
cu, yct I, we (2,666)
ycpo, -o, y day (389)
ovt that, because (1,296)
ouv so, then, therefore (499)
oXo, -ou, o crowd (175)
opo from (with gen.) (194)
beside, with (with dat.)
alongside, beside (with acc.)
cu, uct you, you (pl.) (2,905)
uo by, at the hands of (with gen.)
under, below (with acc.) (220)
Chapter 9: Present Middle/Passive Verbs 63

9
Present Middle/Passive Verbs
You will be able to

1. write the present middle and passive verb forms,
2. parse and translate middle and passive verbs,
3. recognize and translate deponent verbs,
4. recognize when the middle or passive verb is followed by a preposition or case
that helps to complete the verbs meaning, and
Definitions
There are two voices in English. The active voice is where the subject of the sentence
does the action.

Zach hit the ball.

The passive voice is where the subject is acted on by the verb.

Zach is hit by the ball.

Greek adds a third voice, the middle voice, which we will look at shortly.
Identifying Traits
A passive verb often can be identified by placing a by what? after the verb.

Zach is hit by the ball.
Zach is hit by what? The ball.

Zach is the subject being acted on. The ball is the agent doing the action.
Translation
The present tense may describe progressive/immediacy action (single point in time: He
hit the ball) or continuous action (He is hitting the ball). When the passive is used, a
helping verb expresses the verb in English.


He is hit by the ball (present progressive punctiliar).
He is being hit by the ball (present progressive continuous).
Aktionsart:
How the action happens (punctiliar, continuative/durative, omnitemporal,
timelessusually discovered from the lexical meaning of the verb
or the context)

Punctiliar (single point in time): Zach is hit by the ball.
Continuous: Zach is being hit by the ball.
Omnitemporal: The quarterback is protected by the tackles.
Aspect:
How the author seeks to portray the action. The present tense form is used
when the action is foregrounded, in process, sense of immediacy.
The present middle and passive have exactly the same form in Greek. Historically the
middle was first but in the koine period the passive is used more frequently with modern
Greek having only a passive with no middle. The context must be examined to determine
which is being used. There are approximately three times as many passive verbs as there
are middle verbs in the New Testament. When translating passives, a helping verb is
used. Context will determine which is the best option. In Greek, as in most languages,
Context determines meaning is an important concept to grasp. As in the present
active, the present middle/passive can be translated present, past, future, omnitemporal or
timeless depending on the contextual pointers like adverbs, prepositional phrases,
conjunctions and narrative sequencing. Immediacy, process, description and
foregrounding is the major thrust of the present aspect.

Middle Voice:
The middle has several functions:

1. It emphasizes the participation/involvement or interest of the subject in the action
of the verb which often is translated actively (Tanya, herself, ran the mile). It
often intensifies in some manner or degree the relationship between the subject
and the action of the verb.
2. It expresses self-interest or benefit (e.g. She hid the fork for herself).
3. Rarely it is used reflexively (Tanya hit herself with the golf club) or reciprocally
(They love one another).
4. Stylistically, one writer may favor the middle (cf. Mark) over the active
(Matthew).

Many arrive at the active translation by calling many of these deponents.
Mounce (224) says that 75 percent of the middles are deponent (no active form
present; middle in form, active in meaning) and should be translated as active:

Tanya splashed Rebekah. We will understand many of them as true middles
(stressing the subjects involvement, interest, intensification or reflexivity)
realizing many may be deponent.

Thus the middle may impact the subjects relationship to the verb in many ways
(involvement, interest, intensification, reflexivity, stylistic, et al.). The translator must be
sensitive to the context, the writers style and the particular verbs usage to determine
how it should be translated. Remember also that historically the passive is taking over
more and more ground from the middle in the koine period. For now, translate most of
them active but be aware of the various functional options may come into play.

You should be able to chant through this middle/passive paradigm. Note that this is the
second set of primary endings. These endings will reappear when you learn the future
tense. Thus, learn the endings well because this hits two birds with one stone.

Present Middle Indicative Paradigm
Singular Plural
1. Xuoot I am loosing
(for myself)
Xuoc0o We are loosing
(for ourselves)
2. Xu You are loosing
(for yourself)
Xucc0c You are loosing
(for yourselves)
3. Xucvot He/she/it is loosing
(for himself/herself/itself)
Xuovvot They are loosing
(for themselves)

Present Passive Indicative Paradigm
Singular Plural
1. Xuoot I am being loosed Xuoc0o We are being loosed
2. Xu You are being loosed Xucc0c You are being loosed
3. Xucvot He/she/it is being loosed Xuovvot They are being loosed

Present Middle/Passive Indicative Primary Endings
Singular Plural
1. -oot - oc0o
2. - (-cot) - cc0c
3. -cvot - ovvot
Chant the following: Present Middle/Passive
Xuoot -, -cvot, -oc0o, -cc0c, -ovvot
Deponent Verbs
Summers (Essentials, 51) notes that the word deponent comes from the Latin root
deponere, meaning to lay aside. It is used for these verbs because they have laid
aside (dropped) their active verb forms.

Those that see most middles as deponent take deponent verbs as middle in form but
active in meaning. They have no active form and are easy to tell in vocabulary lists or a
lexicon because they have the middle ending -oot (e.g., cpoot) rather than the
normal -u (e.g., oXXu) ending. Thus ooxptvoc0o means we answer instead of
we are being answered.
Mounce notes that in the New Testament about 75 percent of the middle forms are
deponent (Basics,149). Because of the deponent phenomenon, middle forms may
frequently be translated as actives (three to one) or better yet translated active as true
middles emphasizing the subjects participation in the action of the verb.

Frequently Used Deponent Verbs
ooxptvoot I answer (231)
ctccpoot I come in (194)
cpoot I come, go (634)
ccpoot I go out (218)
tvoot I become (669)
opcuoot I go (132)
Accompanying Cases
Often with passives there is a need to express the agent, instrument, or means by which
the subject is acted on.

This is accomplished by
1. using uo or 8to with the genitive to express agency (e.g., Elliott was hit by
Zach.), or
2. using the dative case to indicate means or instrument. The translation will use
with or by (e.g., Elliott was hit by the ball).
3. Impersonal agency is expressed by cv + dative (Porter, Idioms, 64, Stevens, 112).
Compound Verbs
As with other verbs, prepositions are often prefixed to deponent verbs to form a
compound. This is a handy way to build vocabulary since you know the basic verb and
the prepositions and thus you have a good clue for guessing the combined meaning,
although often this combination may reflect an intensification of the original verbal idea.
This leverages the vocabulary you already know.

cpoot I go, come
ctccpoot I go in, enter (ct prefix).
ccpoot I go out, leave (cx prefix).
8tcpoot I go through (8to prefix).


Translation Examples
ovt cu po vov ovcpo opcuoot
because I am going to the father (Jn. 14:12; deponent)

o uto vou ov0puou cpcvot
the Son of Man comes (Mat. 24:44; deponent).

Xcu utv, tvcvot opo
I tell you, there is joy . . . (Lk. 15:10; deponent)

xot ct up oXXcvot
and into a fire s/he is cast (Mat. 3:10; true passive)

cuptcxoc0o 8c xot cu8oopvupc vou 0cou
but we also are found [to be] false witnesses of God (1 Cor. 15:15; true passive)
Vocabulary
oocvcXXu I send (132)
oXXu I throw (122)
0cXu I wish (208)
ouvu thus, so (208)
opcuoot I go (153)
Chapter 10: Future Verbs 68

10
Future Verbs
You will be able to

1. write the future active and middle verb forms,
2. parse and translate future active and middle verbs,
3. recognize and anticipate how the future endings will affect the stem,
4. gain more practice in translating and working with Greek, and
Introduction
In English we have several tenses:

In the present tense we say, We go to college.
For the past we say, We went to college.
For the future we say, We will go to college.

In the present tense in Greek, we have seen that aspect, not primarily time, is the focus.
The future tense form in Greek specifies that the action of the verb takes place with a
prospective viewpoint of expectation (Porter, Idioms, 43). Thus tense is probably not the
best way to define this form. However, for our workbook sentences out of context we
will generally use the English future to specify the expectation of this form. When
reading in context remember the diverse options for this prospective looking
expectational form. Here are three ways it is used:

1. expectation/prospective (e.g., We will go),
2. imperative/command (e.g., You shall go), or
3. deliberative, with rhetorical questions
(e.g., To whom shall we go?).

The future tense form is built by adding a c between the stem and the pronominal
ending. Note that the future uses the primary endings you already have learned.

Stem Future Connective Ending I will loose
Xu + c + u Xucu

Learn to chant through the following two paradigms:


Future Active Indicative Paradigm
Singular Plural
1. Xucu I will loose Xucocv We will loose
2. Xucct You will loose Xuccvc You will loose
3. Xucct He/she/it will loose Xucouct(v) They will loose

Future Middle Indicative Paradigm
Singular Plural
1. Xucoot I will loose
(for myself)
Xucoc0o We will loose
(for ourselves)
2. Xuc You will loose
(for yourself)
Xuccc0c You will loose
(for yourselves)
3. Xuccvot He/she/it will loose
Xucovvot They will loose
(for themselves)

Note that the future active uses the primary endings that you already learned for the
present active indicative. The middle uses the primary middle/passive endings you just
learned for the present tense also. Yes, the future is easy, but watch out for the irregular
forms. Its form and history connect with the subjunctive mood which we will look at
later which also has an expectational aspect.
Five Stem Variations
The adding of the sigma may change the final consonant of the verb stem in the
following five ways:

1. If after a palatal (x, , or )
[x, , or ] + c ==>

cu ==> cu I will have (note breathing change) . . .
ou ==> ou I will lead, bring . . .

2. If after a labial (, , or q)
[, , or q] + c ==>

Xcu ==> Xcu I will see
poqu ==> pou I will write

3. If after a dental (v, 8, or 0)
[v, 8, or 0] + c ==> c

ct0u ==> ctcu I will persuade


4. If after a liquid (X, , v, or p), (I call these lemonerslmnr + s), the sigma is
dropped and the u is accented with a circumflex. When a present stem ends in a
double liquid consonant, one of them is sometimes dropped. The key is the
circumflex over the primary ending instead of the normal acute accent. With the
dropping of the sigma, there is a strengthening of the o and c connecting vowels
so that the o becomes ou and the c becomes an ct.

cvu ==> cvu I will remain.
oocvcXXu ==> oocvcXu I will send.
oocvcXX + c + oc0o ==> oocvcXouc0o We will send.
cv + c + cvc ==> cvctvc You-all will remain.

5. If the stem ends in a sibilant (c, ), the sibilant is dropped and the sigma of the
ending is kept.
cu + c ==> cucu I will save

Future Connective c Addition
Velars Dentals
x, , or + c = v, 8, or 0 + c = c
Labials Liquid (Lemoners)
, , or q + c = X, , v, or p + c = u, -oucv, -ctvc, etc.
Sibilants
c or + c = c

Future of the Verb of Being: ctt (I am)
Singular Plural
1. ccoot I will be ccoc0o We will be
2. cc You will be cccc0c You will be
3. ccvot He/she/it will be ccovvot They will be

Be able to recognize the ctt futures when you see them.
Deponent Futures
Some verbs in the present tense have an active voice, but in the future tense there is no
active form (deponent or true middles?):

Present Future
Xoovu Xyoot I will take, receive
tvucxu vucoot I will know
Irregular Futures
Occasionally the future stem is totally different from the original present stem. Thus,
as you learn more verbs, you should learn both stem forms. You just have to learn these

tricky irregular verbs and keep your eyes open for them. The good part is that there are
not too many of them.

Present Future
cpoot cXcucoot I will come, go
Xcu cpu I will say
Chant the Future Active and Middle Indicative:
Xucu Xucocv
Xucct Xuccvc
Xucct Xucouct(v)

Xucoot, -, -cvot, -oc0o, -cc0c, -ovvot
ovc ot vcxpot oxoucouctv vy quvy
when the dead will hear the voice (Jn. 5:25)

oXX cct vo qu vy uy
But he will have the light of life (Jn. 8:12)

cv cxctv v ycpg vuccc0c uct
in that day you will know (Jn. 14:20)
Vocabulary
uy, -y, y life (135)
0ovovo, -ou, o death (120)
xptvu I judge (114)
cvu I remain (118)
ovo, -y, -ov only, alone (114)
vuv now (147)
ou8c and not, nor (143)
HouXo, -ou, o Paul (158)
cu I save (106)
vovc then (160)
Chapter 11: Dem., Rel., Reflex., and Recip. Pronouns 72

11
Demonstrative, Relative, Reflexive, and
Reciprocal Pronouns
You will be able to

1. recognize the various forms of the demonstrative pronouns
cxctvo (that) and ouvo (this),
2. translate demonstrative pronouns and identify how they function within the syntax
of the sentence,
3. recognize the various forms of the relative pronoun,
4. translate relative pronouns and identify how they function within the syntax of the
sentence,
Introduction
We will explore four types of pronouns in this chapter. Pronouns are words used in
place of one or more nouns. We have already looked at personal pronouns (he, she, it, I,
you, they).
In this chapter we will examine four new types of pronouns: demonstrative, relative,
reflexive, and reciprocal.
Demonstrative Pronouns
Demonstratives are pointers. They point to things near (this/these) or things far
(that/those). These and those are the plural forms.
Demonstratives may function like adjectives when they modify a word, or like
pronouns when they stand alone.

Adjective: He bought this computer.
Pronoun: This is the computer.

Greek has two demonstratives:

cxctvo, cxctvy, cxctvo that/those (masc., fem., neut.)
ouvo, ouvy, vouvo this/these (masc., fem., neut.)


These can function either like a pronoun (when they stand alone) or like an adjective
(thus agreeing with their antecedent in gender, number, and case).
When a demonstrative pronoun is adjectival, the noun often has the article and the
demonstrative does not. It is then translated as an attributive adjective (e.g., this book).
Note that this is the opposite of other adjectives, which without the article are
translated as predicate adjectives (e.g. The book is red).

The demonstratives are declined using the normal 2-1-2 declension schemes that you
already know. Learn to recognize these forms as they apply now to the demonstrative
pronouns (this/that).

cxctvo (that/those)
Singular Plural
2 1 2 2 1 2
Nom. cxctvo cxctvy cxctvo cxctvot cxctvot cxctvo
Gen. cxctvou cxctvy cxctvou cxctvuv cxctvuv cxctvuv
Dat. cxctv cxctv cxctv cxctvot cxctvot cxctvot
Acc. cxctvov cxctvyv cxctvo cxctvou cxctvo cxctvo

ouvo (this/these)
Singular Plural
2 1 2 2 1 2
Nom. ouvo ouvy vouvo ouvot ouvot vouvo
Gen. vouvou vouvy vouvou vouvuv vouvuv vouvuv
Dat. vouv vouv vouv vouvot vouvot vouvot
Acc. vouvov vouvyv vouvo vouvou vouvo vouvo

Note: When there is an o or y in the ending, the stem will have an ou, otherwise it is
ou. Note also the addition of the v in ouvo in the same pattern as the article (missing
the v in the nom. masc./fem. singular and plural but present elsewhere). Interestingly the
article may be used as a demonstrative or relative and even a personal pronoun in certain
contexts.

Examples:

ccovvot op ot ycpot cxctvot
for those days will be (Mk. 13:19)

cu oux ctt cx vou xocou vouvou
I am not of this world (Jn. 8:23).

cv vouv vucovvot ovvc ovt cot o0yvot ccvc
by this everyone will know that you are my disciples (Jn. 13:35).

oxoptot ctctv cxctvot
blessed are those (Lk. 12:38).
Relative Pronouns
Relative pronouns are such words as who, whom, which, that, and whose. A relative
pronoun introduces a subordinate clause qualifying an expressed or implied antecedent.
Relative pronouns are often embedded in clauses that modify a noun. Who is regularly
used for humans and which for nonhumans. Whose is used for both. The relative pronoun
often introduces a group of words which are known as a relative clause.

The student who loves Greek will succeed. (who loves Greek = a relative clause)
The keys which were lost in the river are gone forever.
(which were lost in the river = a relative clause)

o (who/which)
Singular Plural
2 1 2 2 1 2
Nom. o y o ot ot o
Gen. ou y ou uv uv uv
Dat. ot ot ot
Acc. ov yv o ou o o

Note how similar these are to the noun endings and to the definite article. How are the
nominative forms different from the definite article?
Reflexive and Reciprocal Pronouns
Reflexive pronouns are used to indicate that the antecedent is acting on itself. This is
similar to one of the rare functions of the middle voice in Greek.

Terry threw himself into the water from the bridge.

Because ouvo can function in a reflexive sense in the nominative, the reflexive
pronouns are found only in the genitive, dative, and accusative cases. These are translated
myself, yourself, and so on.

First Person (myself)
Singular Plural
2 1 2 1
Masc. Fem. Masc. Fem.
Gen. couvou couvy couvuv couvuv
Dat. couv couv couvot couvot
Acc. couvov couvyv couvou couvo

Note: There are no nominative forms.

Second Person (yourself)
Singular Plural
Gen. ccouvou ccouvy couvuv couvuv
Dat. ccouv ccouv couvot couvot
Acc. ccouvov ccouvyv couvou couvo


Third Person (himself/herself/itself)
Singular Plural
2 1 2 2 1 2
Gen. couvou couvy couvou couvuv couvuv couvuv
Dat. couv couv couv couvot couvot couvot
Acc. couvov couvyv couvo couvou couvo couvo


The reciprocal pronoun is used to indicate that several subjects are acting on each
other.

They love one another.

oXXyXuv (one another) is the Greek reciprocal pronoun. It specifies interaction of
members within a group.
oxopto o 8ouXo cxctvo ov
Blessed is that slave who (Mat. 24:46)

o Xoo ov oxoucvc oux ccvtv co
the word that you hear is not mine (Jn. 14:24)

ct vo 8ouXo ou cv vot ycpot cxctvo
upon my servants in those days (Acts 2:18)

Vocabulary
ocpoot I go (away), leave (117)
cxctvo, -y, -o that (265)
xo0u as, just as (182)
o, y, o who, which (1365)
ovov when, whenever (123)
ouvo, ouvy, vouvo this (1388)
oXtv again, back (141)
Hcvpo, -ou, o Peter (150)
ucp for, about (gen.) (150)
above, beyond (acc.)
Chapter 12: Imperfect Verbs 77

12
Imperfect Verbs
You will be able to

1. recognize the various forms (augments, stems, endings) of the imperfect active
and middle/passive verbs;
2. predict how the augment will change with the various consonants, vowels,
diphthongs, and prepositional prefixes;
3. translate imperfect verbs;
4. gain more practice in translating and working with Greek;
6. memorize the beginning of the Lords Prayer in Mat. 6:9 in Greek.
Introduction
In English we have one simple past tense (Tanya drove the car). This refers to time in
the past. If we want to refer to a continuous or repetitive act in the past, we may add a
helping verb to a participle: Tanya was driving the car. Other past tenses are also
formed with helping verbs.
Imperfect tense/aspect
In Greek, the aorist tense refers to action of the verb that is complete/whole as a
background form, without regard to the exact time involved. The imperfect is used for
showing progressive, continuity or dwelled upon action in the past. Porter says a narrator
will use the imperfect when an action is selected to be dwelt upon (aspect: how a
writer uses it to portray the action; Porter, Idioms, 34). Mathewson uses terms like
progressive and continuity to describe its aspectual nuance. He goes on to admit that
the imperfect often is used for past (time/tense) events although not exclusively.
Greek Imperfect
The Greek imperfect tense is used of continuous, repeated or dwelt on action. In
English, it will usually be translated with the helping verb was/were + the participle form
of the verb (e.g., was singing). If a verb lacks an active form in the present it will also
lack an active form in the imperfect which is built off the stem.
To get a sense of the freqeuncy usage, the present indicative is used 5,534 times, the
aorist about 5,877; the imperfect only 1,682 times and the future only 1,608 times with
the perfect following with only 837 and the pluperfect only 83 times (Stevens, 44). So

the present and especially the aorist are the most frequent and the imperfect and future
are used about the same.
Form
The imperfect is built from the present verb stem. It is prefixed by an c augment and
followed by secondary active personal endings.

Augment Verb stem Connecting
vowel
Secondary active
endings
I was loosing
c + Xu + o + v cXuov
Aug Stem CV Ending

The connecting vowel is

o before and v, and
c elsewhere.

Imperfect Active Indicative of Xuu
Singular Plural
1. cXuov I was loosing cXuocv We were loosing
2. cXuc You were loosing cXucvc You were loosing
3. cXuc(v) He/she/it was loosing cXuov They were loosing

Secondary Active Endings
Singular Plural
1. -v -cv
2. -
-vc
3. -c
-v

Learn the endings: v, , c, cv, vc, v (n s e men te n)
Secondary Tense endings are used by: Imperfect, Aorist, Pluperfect
Primary Tense ending are used by: Present, Future and Perfect.

Imperfect Middle/Passive Indicative of Xuu
Singular Plural
1. cXuoyv I was being
loosed
cXuoc0o We were being
loosed
2. cXuou You were being
loosed
cXucc0c You were being
loosed
3. cXucvo He/she/it was being
loosed
cXuovvo They were being
loosed


Secondary Middle/Passive Endings
Singular Plural
1. -yv -c0o
2. -ou -c0c
3. -vo -vvo

Learn: yv, ou, vo, c0o, cc0c, ovvo

The above paradigm is translated for the passive voice. The middle uses exactly the
same forms, which would be translated as follows: I was loosing (for myself), you were
loosing (for yourself), he was loosing (for himself), etc. The context will determine
whether the form should be translated middle or passive.
Augments
The augment (prefix) is added in four ways:

1. Before consonants it is c.
2. Before vowels the augment contracts with the vowel according to the following
rules:

Vowels Diphthongs
c + o y c + ot
c + c y c + ct
c + y y c + ot
c + t t c + ou yu
c + o u c + cu yu
c + u u

Four patterns:
1. o and c lengthen to y
2. o lengthens to u
3. t ending a diphthong subscripts
4. u ending a diphthong stays strong

3. Compound verbs with prepositions ending in a consonant: Insert the augment
between the prepositional prefix and the verb stem. cxoXXu becomes
ccoXov.
4. Compound verbs with prepositions ending in a vowel: The final vowel of the
preposition is dropped and the c augment inserted in its place. ooxvctvu
becomes ocxvctvo in first aorist form which also uses an augment.

Contraction Examples
Here are examples of contraction in forming the imperfect active indicative, first
person singular:
c + o y yxouov c augment + oxouu
c + c y yctpov c augment + cctpu
c + o u upouyv c augment + opcoot
c + ot pov c augment + otpu
c + ot xo8oouv c augment + otxo8ocu

ctt Imperfect Indicative
Singular Plural
1. yyv I was ycv We were
2. y You were yvc You were
3. yv He/she/it was ycov They were

Be able to chant this frequent form:

Chant Imperfect Indicative of ctt (by columns)
yyv ycv
y yvc
yv ycov

The imperfect tense of ctt appears frequently. You should try to master these forms
well.

cu Imperfect Active Indicative (Irregulars)
Singular Plural
1. ctov I was having ctocv We were having
2. ctc You were having ctcvc You were having
3. ctc(v) He/she/it was having ctov They were having

Note: This is an exception. The augment is a contraction of c + c ct. Another
exceptional augmented form is 0cXu, which takes a prefixed y, becoming y0cXcv in
Mat. 18:30. Just be aware that there are such exceptions.
c8t8ocxcv ouvou cv v cuvou ouvuv.
He was teaching them in their synagogue (Mat. 13:54).

cxctvo 8c cXccv cpt vou voou vou cuovo ouvou.
But that one was speaking concerning the temple of his body (Jn. 2:21).


ouvo op ctvucxcv vt yv cv v ov0pu.
For he was knowing what was in man (Jn. 2:25).
Vocabulary
oo0vcxu I die (111)
cxct there (105)
cu until (146)
t8ou behold (200)
tvo in order that (663)
Iuovvy, -ou, o John (135)
cv on the one hand, indeed (179)
oXo, -y, -ov whole, entire (109)
ovc when (103)
cuv with (128)
Memory Verse: Mat. 6:9, the Lords Prayer
Check out the MP3 rap on the CD or web site.

Hovcp yuv o cv vot oupovot:
Father our, the one in the heavens;

otoc0yvu vo ovoo cou:
hallowed be the name your
Chapter 13: Third Declension Nouns 82

13
Third Declension Nouns
You will be able to

1. recognize the third declension nouns,
2. recognize and understand the changes that take place when the endings are added
to third declension nouns,
3. reproduce the basic variations of the third declension nouns,
4. gain more practice in translating and working with Greek,
6. memorize Mat. 6:10a in Greek.

Congratulations! After mastering this chapter, you will know all the basic noun forms
in the New Testament.
Introduction
Thus far we have learned second declension nouns, which have a stem ending in
omicron, and first declension nouns, which have a stem ending in either alpha or eta.
Third declension nouns have stems that end in a consonant. When the endings are added,
the consonant will go through various predictable transformations.
Unlike the first and second declensions, which build their forms from the nominative,
third declension nouns will be built from the genitive. Thus, in the third declension, you
must be aware of the genitive form of the noun.
To find the stem of third declension nouns, take the o off the genitive form.
Key Letter Box
The following consonants in the voiced and unvoiced columns are called stops
because of the way the air flow stops when pronouncing them. The aspirates are
fricatives. These letters will be transformed when the sigma ending of the third
declension is added. (Mounce, Basics, 78)

Unvoiced Voiced Aspirate
Labial q
Velar x
Dental v 8 0

Sigma Addition
The consonants (labials, velars, dentals) change in the following ways when the sigma
ending is added. The two letters contract into one. In the case of the dentals the dental is
dropped.

Labials: , , or q + c
Velar: x, , or + c (copx + cop [x+])
Dentals: v, 8, or 0 + c c (cXt8 + cXt [8+])

Nu drops out when followed by a sigma (Dat. Pl.).
Introduction
We will learn four paradigms that are typical of third declension nouns. The adjective
o, oco, ov (each, all) will be examined as a 3-1-3 adjective (third-first-third
declension).
Take the o ending off the genitive form to find the stem. In the nominative singular a
sigma is added to the stem, causing the final consonant of the stem to change. Because
this declension is so different and occurs so frequently, it is good to learn how to chant
through the opt, ovoo, and tcvt charts.

Third Declension Endings
M/F Singular Plural Neut. Singular Plural
Nom. - -c -- -o
Gen. -o -uv -o -uv
Dat. -t -ct -t -ct
Acc. -o -o -- -o

Kappa Final Stems
cop, copxo, y (flesh)
Singular Plural
Nom. cop copxc
Gen. copxo copxuv
Dat. copxt copt(v)
Acc. copxo copxo

Tau/Delta Final Stems
opt, optvo, y (grace)
Singular Plural
Nom. opt optvc
Gen. optvo optvuv
Dat. optvt optct(v)
Acc. optvo optvo


Notice that the accusative singular is optvo while the interactive Mastering New
Testament Greek program has optv. Both are valid forms, but it is more useful to learn
the chart as it is here.

Iota Final Stems (consonantal iota)
tcvt, tcvcu, y (faith)
Singular Plural
Nom. tcvt tcvct
Gen. tcvcu tcvcuv
Dat. tcvct tcvcct(v)
Acc. tcvtv tcvct

-ov Final Stems
ovoo, ovoovo, vo (name)
Singular Plural
Nom. ovoo ovoovo
Gen. ovoovo ovoovuv
Dat. ovoovt ovooct(v)
Acc. ovoo ovoovo

Rho Final Stems
ovyp, ovpo, o (father)
Singular Plural
Nom. ovyp ovcpc
Gen. ovpo ovcpuv
Dat. ovpt ovpoct(v)
Acc. ovcpo ovcpo
Voc. ovcp ovcpc

Note the dropping or lessening of the medial vowel y.

Diphthong -cu Ending Stems
tcpcu, -cu, o (priest)
Singular Plural
Nom. tcpcu tcpct
Gen. tcpcu tcpcuv
Dat. tcpct tcpcuct(v)
Acc. tcpco tcpct


o (all)
Singular Plural
Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nom. o oco ov ovvc ocot ovvo
Gen. ovvo ocy ovvo ovvuv ocuv ovvuv
Dat. ovvt oc ovvt oct(v) ocot oct(v)
Acc. ovvo ocov ov ovvo oco ovvo
Chant Third Declension by column
Nom. Sg. opt tcvt ovoo
Gen. optvo tcvcu ovoovo
Dat. optvt tcvct ovoovt
Acc. optvo tcvtv ovoo

Nom. Pl. optvc tcvct ovoovo
Gen. optvuv tcvcuv ovoovuv
Dat. optct(v) tcvcct(v) ovooct(v)
Acc. optvo tcvct ovoovo

opt utv xot ctpyvy oo 0cou ovpo yuv xot xuptou Iycou Xptcvou.
Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ (Rom. 1:7).

o cv vot ycpot vy copxo ouvou
who in the days of his flesh (Heb. 5:7)

ovt ov vo cv v xoc , y ct0uto vy copxo
for all that is in the world, the lust of the flesh (1 Jn. 2:16)
Vocabulary
ovyp, ov8po, o man, husband (216)
octXcu, -cu, o king (115)
8uvot, -cu, y power, miracle (119)
ovoo, -ovo, vo name, reputation (231)
o, oco, ov all, each, every (1,244)
ovyp, ovpo, o father (413)
tcvt, tcvcu, y faith, belief (243)
vcuo, -ovo, vo spirit, wind (379)
cop, copxo, y flesh, body (147)
opt, -tvo, y grace, kindness (155)

Memory Verse: Mat. 6:10a
cX0cvu y octXcto cou:
Let come the kingdom your

cvy0yvu vo 0cXyo cou,
let happen the will your
Chapter 14: Second Aorist Verbs 87

14
Second Aorist Verbs
You will be able to

1. recognize and write the second aorist paradigm,
2. write out the second aorist stems of the verbs learned in previous lessons,
3. translate the second aorist form,
6. memorize Mat. 6:10b in Greek.
Introduction
In English we have two ways of forming the past tense.

1. Add the -ed suffix to the word:
I laugh at Elliotts jokes (present).
I laughed at Elliotts jokes (past).

2. Change the form of the verb:
Zach runs down the court (present).
Zach ran down the court (past).
Comparison with Greek
Like English, Greek forms the aorist in two ways.
The first aorist is formed from the present stem with an augment and suffixed co. The
second aorist is built from a different aorist stem but both aorists take an augment and
add second active personal endings that are identical to the imperfect forms.
The aorist is the most frequently used tense in the New Testament. Both the first and
second aorists are usually translated as a simple past (e.g., he came, or he comes). The
two types of aorists function in exactly the same way in sentences. The second aorist is
presented first because of its similarity to the imperfect.
The aorist is used when the action is viewed as a whole and complete (e.g., he
loosed). The aorist is the most frequent tense form and is used as a background tense by
writers as opposed to the present tense form which is used to foreground material. The
imperfect is used for continuous/durative/iterative (aktionsart) or dwelled upon (aspect)
action (e.g., he was loosing). The actual time or tense of the action is triggered more by
temporal pointers like adverbs, prepositional phrases and conjunctions than the aorist

tense form itself. The aorist can be used for actions which are past, present,
omnitemporal or timeless. Thus, the aorist is extremely flexible. For our purposes we
will initially just translate it as a simple past (e.g. he loosed). While the endings parallel
those of the imperfect, note carefully that the second aorist stem is different. There is no
way to predict how the second aorist stem is formed; thus, it must be learned by memory.
First aorists use the present stem.
Form
The second aorist is built from the second aorist verb stem. It is preceded by an c
augment and followed by secondary endings, like the imperfect.

Augment Verb stem Connecting
vowel
Secondary
endings
I took
c + Xo + o + v cXoov
Aug Stem CV Ending

The connecting vowel is o before and v, and c elsewhere.

Second Aorist Active Indicative of Xoovu
Singular Plural
1. cXoov I took cXoocv We took
2. cXoc You took cXocvc You took
3. cXoc(v) He/she/it took cXoov They took

Note: The v, c, c, cv, vc, v endings are the same as for the imperfects.
Note: Sometimes the third person plural ending will be -ov, as in ct ov (they said),
rather than the expected ctov (they said).

Second Aorist Middle Indicative of tvoot
Singular Plural
1. ccvoyv I became ccvoc0o We became
2. ccvou You became ccvcc0c You became
3. ccvcvo He/she/it became ccvovvo They became

Note: The yv, ou, vo, c0o, c0c, vvo endings are the same as for the imperfects.
The aorist and future passives will be formed from a different stem and learned later.
Note that this aorist paradigm is deponent. Middles are I brought (for myself).
Augments
Aorist Augments = Imperfect Augments
The augment is added in four ways:


rules:

Vowels Diphthongs
c + o y c + ot
c + c y c + ct
c + y y c + ot
c + t t c + ou yu
c + o u c + cu yu
c + u u

Four patterns:
(1) o and c lengthen to y.
(2) o lengthens to u.
(3) t ending becomes a diphthong subscript.
(4) u ending of a diphthong stays strong.

3. Compound verbs with prepositions ending in a consonant: insert the augment
ccoXov.
preposition is dropped and the c augment is inserted in its place. ooxvctvu
becomes ocxvctvo.

Aorist augments work the same way as these imperfects you have already learned.
When you see an augment, think secondary tense (aorist or imperfect).
Aorist Stems of Verbs
Here is a list of second aorist forms of verbs already learned. Master these forms.

Present Second Aorist
ocpoot oyX0ov I departed
oo0vcxu oc0ovov I died
oXXu coXov I threw
opou ct8ov I saw (cf. Xc u, ooot)
tvoot ccvoyv I became
tvucxu cvuv I knew
ctccpoot ctcyX0ov I entered
ccpoot cyX0ov I went out
cpoot yX0ov I came, went
cuptcxu cupov I found
cu ccov I had
Xoovu cXoov I took
Xcu ctov I said

xot coXcv ct vyv yv.
And he threw [it] to the earth (Rev. 8:5).

cv v xoc yv, xot o xoco 8t ouvou ccvcvo.
He was in the world, and the world was made by him (Jn. 1:10).

xot ctcv o Iycou, Et xpto cu ct vov xocov vouvov yX0ov.
And Jesus said, For judgment I came into this world (Jn. 9:39).

Vocabulary
oto, -ovo, vo blood (97)
otpu I raise, take up (101)
8t8ocxu I teach (97)
t8to, -o, -ov ones own (114)
xoXo, -y, -ov good (100)
cXXu I am about to, intend (109)
o8o, -ou, y way (101)
oXu, oXXy, oXu much, many (416)
cuo, -ovo, vo body(142)
uy, -y, y soul, life (103)
Memory Verse: Mat. 6:10a-c
Let come the kingdom your

let happen the will your

u cv oupov xot ct y:
as in heaven so also on earth;
Chapter 15: First Aorist Verbs 91

15
First Aorist Verbs
You will be able to

1. recognize and write the first aorist paradigm,
2. write the first aorist stems of the verbs learned in previous lessons,
3. translate the first aorist indicative form,
6. memorize Mat. 6:11 in Greek.
Introduction
In English we have two ways of forming the past tense:

1. Add the ed suffix to the word:
I laugh at Elliotts jokes (present).
I laughed at Elliotts jokes (past).
2. Change the form of the verb:
Zach runs down the court (present).
Zach ran down the court (past).
Like the English, Greek forms the Aorist in two ways. The first aorist is formed off the
present stem, with an augment and a suffixed co. The second aorist is built from a
different aorist stem that adds endings identical to the imperfect.
The aorist is used for when the action is viewed as a whole and complete (e.g., he
loosed). The aorist is the most frequent tense form and is used as a background tense by
writers as opposed to the present tense form which is used to foreground material. The
imperfect is used to portray action in progress or dwelled upon (aspect), and can be
used of action that is continuous/durative/iterative (Aktionsart). The actual time or tense
of the action is triggered more by temporal pointers like adverbs, prepositional phrases
and conjunctions than the aorist tense form itself. The aorist can be used for actions
which are past, present, omnitemporal or timeless. Thus the aorist is extremely
flexible.Both the first and second aorists are usually translated as a simple past (e.g., he
came). However, they may sometimes be translated by the English perfect (e.g., has
spoken or he speaks). The imperfect is used to portary action as developing, unfolding
or dwelled upon (e.g. he was loosing).

First Aorist Form
The first aorist is built from the first aorist verb stem. It is preceded by an c augment
and followed by secondary endings like the imperfect. The future was constructed by
inserting a c between the stem and ending. So the first aorist is formed by inserting a co
between the stem and secondary pronominal endings.

Augment Verb stem Tense formative Secondary
endings
You loosed
c + Xu + co + cXuco
Aug Stem Tense connective Ending

Aorist Active Indicative of Xuu
Singular Plural
1. cXuco I loosed cXucocv We loosed
2. cXuco You loosed cXucovc You loosed
3. cXucc(v) He/she/it loosed cXucov They loosed

Note: The -, c, c, cv, vc, v endings are the same as the imperfects except that in the
first person singular the v is dropped.

Aorist Middle Indicative of Xuu
Singular Plural
1. cXucoyv I loosed
(for myself)
cXucoc0o We loosed
(for ourselves)
2. cXucu You loosed
(for yourself)
cXucoc0c You loosed
(for yourselves)
3. cXucovo He/she/it loosed
cXucovvo They loosed
(for themselves)

Note: The yv, u, vo, c0o, c0c, vvo endings are the same as the imperfects except
in the second person singular, where the ou shifts to u.
Augments
By now you know how the augment is added (see chaps. 12 and 14). Sorry for the
repetition, but just to refresh your memory. The augment is added in four ways:

1. before consonants it is c.
2. before vowels the augment contracts with the vowel according to the following
rules:


Vowels Diphthongs
c + o y c + ot
c + c y c + ct
c + y y c + ot
c + t t c + ou yu
c + o u c + cu yu
c + u u

Four patterns:
(1) o and c lengthen to y.
(2) o lengthens to u.
(3) t ending becomes a diphthong subscript.
(4) u ending of a diphthong stays strong.

3. Compound verbs with prepositions ending in a consonant: Insert the augment
between the prepositional prefix and the verb stem. cv8uu becomes cvc8uco (I
clothed)
preposition is dropped and the c augment is inserted in its place. ooXuu
becomes ocXuco (I released).
Ending TransformationsSigma Addition
The sigma ending is added in basically the same way as the sigma was added for future
tense verbs with the similar transformations (see chap. 10).

Velars: (x, , or ) + c becomes .
8t8ocxu + co c8t8oo (I taught)
Labials: (, , or q) + c becomes .
Xcu + co cXco (I saw)
Dentals: (v, 8, or 0) + c drops the dental.
ct0u + co cctco (I persuaded)

With liquids (X and p) and nasals ( and v), lemoners, often the sigma is dropped
and the preceding vowel in the stem is changed.

cvu + co cctvo
oocvcXXu + co occvctXo

If the stem ends in a sibilant (c, ), the sibilant is dropped and the sigma of the ending
is kept.

cu + co = ccuco


These transformations are not always predictable. Thus it is necessary to be able to
recognize the aorist for each verb.
Here is a list of first aorist active indicative forms of verbs already learned.

Present First Aorist
oxouu yxouco I heard
oocvcXXu occvctXo I sent
Xcu cXco I saw
poqu cpoo I wrote
8t8ocxu c8t8oo I taught
tcvcuu ctcvcuco I believed
0cXu y0cXyco I wished
cvu cctvo I remained
xptvu cxptvo I judged
cu ccuco I saved
Chant: First Aorist
cXuco (I loosed) (-- pronounce noise sound aahh)
--, -, -c, -cv, -vc, -v

cXucoyv (I loosed myself)
-yv, -u, -vo, -c0o, -oc0c, -ovvo

xot yxoucov quvy coXy cx vou oupovou.
And they heard a loud voice from heaven (Rev. 11:12).

cu ovvovc c8t8oo cv cuvou xot cv v tcp.
I always taught in synagogue and in the temple (Jn. 18:20).

Epoo utv cv v ctcvoX.
I wrote to you in the letter (1 Cor. 5:9).

Vocabulary
oXXo, -y, -o other (155)
opvo, -ou, o bread (97)
8ct it is necessary (101)
coucto, -o, y authority (100)
cvcpo, -o, -ov different (98)
cvt yet, still (93)
oq0oXo, -ou, o eye (100)
vcxvov, -ou, vo child (99)
voo, -ou, o place (94)
qu, quvo, vo light (73)
Review
Mat. 6:9: Hovcp yuv o cv vot oupovot:
Mat. 6:10 cX0cvu y octXcto cou:
Memory Verse: Mat. 6:11
vov opvov yuv vov ctouctov
the bread our the daily portion

8o ytv cycpov:
Give us today;
Chapter 16: Aorist and Future Passive Verbs 96

16
Aorist and Future Passive Verbs
You will be able to

1. recognize and write the aorist and future passive indicative paradigms,
2. know the passive stem forms of some of the major verbs learned in previous
lessons,
3. translate aorist and future passive indicative forms,
Introduction
Passive verbs indicate subjects are acted on by the action of the verbs. In English, we
form the past passive indicative by using a helping verb (e.g., I was struck by the foul
ball). Similarly, the future passive indicative is formed with the helping will be (e.g., I
will be flown to Indianapolis) indicating expectation.
Rather than using a helping verb, Greek uses a different ending to indicate the passive
indicative for aorist and future tenses.
In the lexicon this stem will be the sixth (last) principal part (aorist passive). We have
already worked with the first three (present, future, aorist; vid Appendix 4 which lists the
principal parts of the major verbs).

Present Future Aorist Perfect Perf Mid/Pass. Aorist Pass.
oXXu oXu coXov cXyxo cXyot cXy0yv

The Greek aorist and future passive forms are built from the sixth principal part of the
verb. They are easily recognized because of the characteristic 0 just before the ending.
Like other aorist tense verb forms, aorist passives take the augment.

Aorist and Future Passive Forms
The aorist passives are formed by adding 0y before the ending:
c + Xu + 0y + v cXu0yv
Aug Stem Passive
connective
Secondary
Active
Ending
I was loosed

The future passives add 0yc before the ending and drop the augment.

Xu + 0yc + oot Xu0ycoot
Stem Passive
connective
Primary Mid/Pass
Ending
I will be loosed
Passive Connective Transformations
When a stem ends in a consonant the following changes take place when the 0y is
added.

Velars: x or becomes
8tux + 0y c8tu0yv (I was pursued)
Labials: or becomes q
Xct + 0y cXctq0yv (I was left)
q causes the 0 to drop out
poq + 0y cpoqyv (I was written)
Dentals: v, 8, or 0 becomes c
ct0 + 0y cctc0yv (I was persuaded)
Sibilant: , becomes c
8oo + 0y c8ooc0yv (I was glorified)

Consonant Shifts
Velars: x, + 0 = 0
Labials: , + 0 = q0 [q+0q]
Dentals: v, 8, 0 + 0 = c0
Sibilants: + 0 = c0

A simple way to remember this is single consonantal velars (x, ) go to the double
lettered (ch) palatal (). Single consonantal labials (, ) go to double lettered (ph) labial
(q). The dentals (v, 8, 0) and sibilant () both reduce to a sigma (c).


First Aorist Passive Indicative of Xuu
Singular Plural
1. cXu0yv I was loosed cXu0ycv We were loosed
2. cXu0y You were loosed cXu0yvc You were loosed
3. cXu0y He/she/it was loosed cXu0ycov They were loosed

Note the active secondary endings: v, , , cv, vc, cov. The third singular and plural
are different than what weve already learned, but the rest is exactly the same.

Future Passive Indicative of Xuu
Singular Plural
1. Xu0ycoot I will be loosed Xu0ycoc0o We will be loosed
2. Xu0yc You will be
loosed
Xu0yccc0c You will be loosed
3. Xu0yccvot He/she/it will be
loosed
Xu0ycovvot They will be loosed

Note the passive primary endings: oot, , cvot, oc0o, cc0c, ovvot. You already
know these.
Middles/Deponent
Some verbs that are middle/deponent in the present will use a passive form in the aorist
(e.g., ocxpt0yv) rather than the expected middle (deponent) form. Regardless of the
form (middle or passive), these types of aorist verbs will be translated with an active
sense. Thus, ocxpt0yv is translated I answered. Others have both middle (ccvoyv)
and passive forms (ccvy0yv) both of which are translated active I became.


Aorist Passive Stems
Present Active Aorist Passive Future Passive
oocvcXXu occvoXyv
oXXu cXy0yv Xy0ycoot
tvoot ccvy0yv
tvucxu cvuc0yv vuc0ycoot
8t8ocxu c8t8o0yv
8uvoot y8uvy0yv
cctpu ycp0yv ccp0ycoot
cuptcxu cupc0yv cupc0ycoot
0cXu y0cXy0yv
xptvu cxpt0yv xpt0ycoot
Xoovu cXyq0yv
Xcu cppc0yv
opou uq0yv oq0ycoot
tcvcuu ctcvcu0yv
opcuoot copcu0yv
cu ccu0yv cu0ycoot

cpoot does not have an aorist/future passive stem form (relax!).

Second Aorist Passive Indicative of poqu (I write)
Singular Plural
1. cpoqyv I was written cpoqycv We were written
2. cpoqy You were written cpoqyvc You were written
3. cpoqy He/she/it was written cpoqycov They were written

The second aorist passive has no theta in the tense stem, but the endings are the same
as the first aorist passive.
Chant for the Aorist Passive Indicative (API) Verb
(I was loosed) (-- pronounce noise sound aahh)

cXu0yv -v, -, --, -cv, -vc, -cov

Chant for the Future Passive Indicative (FPI) Verb
(I will be loosed)

Xu0ycoot -oot, -, -cvot, -oc0o, -cc0c, -ovvot


Acxpt0ycov xot ctov ouv, O ovyp yuv Apoo ccvtv.
They answered and said to him, Our father is Abraham (Jn. 8:39).

Kot ovc ct8cv o 8poxuv ovt cXy0y ct vyv yv
And when the dragon saw that he was cast to the earth (Rev. 12:13)

Ouvo ccvtv Iuovvy o ovtcvy: ouvo ycp0y oo vuv vcxpuv.
This is John the Baptist; he was raised from [among] the dead (Mat. 14:2).
Vocabulary
otuv, -uvo, o age, eternity (122)
oXXyXuv one another (100)
optcpcu, -cu, o high priest (122)
uvy, -otxo, y woman (215)
8uvoot I can, am able (210)
c0vo, -ou, vo nation (162)
oco, -y, -ov as great as (110)
oXt, -cu, y city (162)
vc and, and so (215)
ctp, ctpo, y hand (177)
Review
Mat. 6:10: cX0cvu y octXcto cou:
Mat. 6:11: vov opvov yuv vov ctouctov
8o ytv cycpov:
xot oqc ytv vo oqctXyovo yuv,
and forgive for us the debts our

Chapter 17: Contract Verbs 101

17
Contract Verbs
You will be able to

1. identify contract verb formations,
2. implement the rules of vowel contraction,
3. recognize and write the paradigms of key contract verbs,
4. translate contract verb forms,
Introduction
Verbs with stems ending in o, c, or o are known as contract verbs. For example, in the
verb ooou the stem ends with alpha. When pronominal endings are added to the
verb, the final vowel of the stem and the connecting vowel of the ending contract
according to five rules.
Contractions take place in the present and imperfect tenses.

oo + o + o + cv ooucv

In the aorist and future, where the suffix c is used, the final stem vowel lengthens.

oo + o + c + ocv ooycocv
Rules of Contraction (FOLDS)
Rule 1: Likes go long. Two like vowels combine into their common long vowel.

o + o o c + y y o + u u
Example: Xypo + u Xypu

Two exceptions:
c + c ct o + o ou
Example: otc + cvc otctvc


Rule 2: O overcomes. An o or u will overcome an o, c, or y, becoming u.

o + o u c + u u
Example: ooo + u oou

Exception:
c + o ou o + c ou
Example: otc + ocv otoucv

Rule 3: First overcomes. When an o, c, or y come together, whichever comes first
becomes its own matching long vowel.

o + c or o + y = long o c + o y
Example: ooo + cvc ooovc

Rule 4: Same vowel with diphthong drops. A vowel similar to the first vowel of a
diphthong drops out.

o + ou ou c + ct ct
Example: otc + ct otct

Rule 5: Dissimilar vowel with diphthong contracts. A vowel dissimilar to the
diphthong that follows it will contract, using the preceding rules

a. unless the third vowel is an upsilon, in which case the upsilon drops out.
b. unless the third vowel is an iota, in which case the iota becomes an iota subscript.

Exceptions:
o + ct ot c + ot ot o + ot
Contraction Charts (for reference only)
When a vowel in the left row is combined with a vowel or dipthong in the top line, the
resulting contraction appears where the coordinates meet.
Vowel and Vowel Contraction

o c y t u o u
o o o o ot ou u u
c y ct y ct cu ou u
o u ou u ot ou ou u

Vowel and Diphthong Contraction

ct ou ot
o g g u
c ct ou ot
o ot ot ou ot

Paradigms
Three typical contract verb paradigms will be presented. These represent o, c, and o
type verbs. As you look through the paradigms, you should reflect on the contract rules
that are being used in the contraction process. Do not memorize these. Learn to figure
them out by using the rules.

Present Active Indicative of ooou
Singular Plural
1. oou (ou) I love ooucv (oocv) We love
2. oog (oct) You love ooovc (ocvc) You love
3. oog (oct) He/she/it loves oouct(v) (oouct) They love

Present Active Indicative of otcu
Singular Plural
1. otu (cu) I do otoucv (cocv) We do
2. otct (cct) You do otctvc (ccvc) You do
3. otct (cct) He/she/it does otouct(v) (couct) They do

Present Active Indicative of Xypou
Singular Plural
1. Xypu (ou) I fill Xypoucv (oocv) We fill
2. Xypot (oct) You fill Xypouvc (ocvc) You fill
3. Xypot (oct) He/she/it fills Xypouct(v) (oouct) They fill
Liquid/Nasal Verbs
Liquid verbs have stems ending in X, , v, or p (Lemoners). X and p are liquids, and v
and are nasals, but verbs ending in any of these four consonants are grouped together
because they form their futures in the same way. In the future active and middle
indicative, the tense suffix c is replaced with an c, which contracts according to the
normal contraction rules. Thus the future of xptvu becomes xptvu (cu contraction)
instead of xptvcu.
Tt 8c c xoXctvc, Kuptc xuptc, xot ou otctvc o Xcu;
And why do you call me, Lord, Lord, and do not do what I say? (Lk. 6:46).

xot o ovyp ou ooycct ouvov xot po ouvov cXcucoc0o.
And my father will love him, and we will come to him (Jn. 14:23).

oXXo XoXoucv 0cou coqtov cv ucvypt
But we speak Gods wisdom in a mystery (1 Cor. 2:7).

Vocabulary
ct if, that (504)
cc0tu I eat (158)
ou I live (140)
yvcu I seek (117)
y or, either (343)
xoXcu I call (148)
XoXcu I speak, say (296)
opoxoXcu I urge, exhort (109)
Xypou I complete, fill (86)
otcu I do, make (568)
Review
Mat. 6:10: cX0cvu y octXcto cou:
Mat. 6:11: vov opvov yuv vov ctouctov
8o ytv cycpov:
Mat. 6:12a: xot oqc ytv vo oqctXyovo yuv,
Memory Verse: Mat. 6:12b
u xot yct oqyxocv vot oqctXcvot yuv:
as also we we forgave the debtors our;

Chapter 18: Perfect Verbs 105

18
Perfect Verbs
You will be able to

1. recognize and write the perfect active indicative paradigms,
2. recognize pluperfect active indicative paradigms,
3. know the perfect stem forms of some of the major verbs learned in previous
lessons,
4. translate perfect and pluperfect indicative forms,
Introduction and Translation
The perfect tense form is used by an author to portray an action as a state of being
often frontgrounding the action, singling out the action for special attention. Porter
points out that the perfect may refer to past events and be translated like an aorist (e.g. Jn.
12:40 he blinded their eyes), a present (Jn. 12:23 the hour is come) and rarely even as
a future (1 Jn. 2:5 the love of God will be completed). There are also
omnitemporal/gnomic and timeless uses as well (1 Jn. 4:12 no one has ever seen God)
and iterative uses (Jn. 16:23 these things I have repeatedly spoken to you) (Porter,
Idioms, 40f). The diversity of meanings will be narrowed down based on the lexical
meaning of a particular verb or by contextual indicators. For now we will translate it
with the simple helping verb have but realize that its base meaning is frontgrounding a
state of affairs.
Perfect Formation
The perfect is the last Greek tense to be learned. It is formed by attaching both a prefix
and a suffix to the perfect active stem. The perfect suffix is xo, while the perfect prefix is
derived by reduplication of the initial consonant.

Reduplication Stem Perfect
connective
Pronominal
ending
Perfect tense
form
Xc + Xu + xo + vc XcXuxovc

Reduplication Patterns
Consonantal reduplication: When a verb begins with a consonant, the consonant is
doubled and attached to the front of a word with a connecting epsilon (Xc + Xuxo).

Exceptions: q, , or 0

If the initial consonant of the verb is q, , or 0, the reduplicated consonant will be
(for q), x (for ), or v (for 0). See Mounce, Basics, 222.

qovcpou becomes cqovcpuxo (I have shown)
optoot becomes xcoptcot (I have given freely)
0cpocuu becomes vc0cpocuot ( I have been healed)

Vocalic reduplication: When a verb begins with a vowel or diphthong, the vowel is
lengthened: cXtu becomes yXtxo and otvcu becomes vyxo.
Doubled consonant or p: If a word begins with two consonants or a rho, an epsilon is
usually added instead of reduplication: tvucxu (stem vu-) becomes cvuxo.
Compound verbs: The reduplicated form comes between the verb and the initial
preposition: oocvcXXu becomes occvoXxo.
Adding Perfect Kappa
Contract verbs lengthen their final stem vowel preceding the perfect x ending:
ooou becomes yoyxo.
If a verb stem ends in v, 8, or 0, the consonant is dropped when the perfect x is added:
cXtu (stem cXt8-) becomes yXtxo.
The middle/passives reduplicate on the front end but do not add the xo suffix on the
back end.

Perfect Active Indicative of Xuu
Singular Plural
1. XcXuxo I have loosed XcXuxocv We have loosed
2. XcXuxo You have loosed XcXuxovc You have loosed
3. XcXuxc(v) He/she/it has loosed XcXuxoct(v) They have loosed

Note that the active endings are used: , , c, cv, vc, ct(v). The first singular drops
the v, and the third plural goes to ct(v).


Perfect Middle/Passive Indicative of Xuu
Singular Plural
1. XcXuot I have been loosed XcXuc0o We have been loosed
2. XcXucot You have been
loosed
XcXuc0c You have been loosed
3. XcXuvot He/she/it has been
loosed
XcXuvvot They have been loosed

Translate perfect middle/passives as passive unless the particular verb or context
dictates otherwise. Middles will, as normal, be understood as emphasizing the subjects
participation in the action of the verb and translated active or for the subjects benefit
(have loosed [for himself]). There is no xo suffix. Primary endings are added directly,
with no theme vowel (c, o) and lemoners drop their consonant as the ending is added.
The contract verbs will lengthen their stem vowel and other consonantal ending verbs
will make various consonantal shifts:

ot, cot, vot, c0o, c0c, vvot
ccccot, ccccot, ccccvot . . . (from cuu)
xcxptot, xcxptcot, xcxptvot (from xptvu)
cqtXyot, cqtXycot cqtXyvot... (from qtXcu)
cpoot, cpoot, cpovot (from poqu)
Second Perfect
A few verbs do not take the xo perfect tense marker but still follow the reduplication
pattern. Mounce (Basics, 224) notes four common second perfect verbs, to which a fifth
can be added:

oxouu becomes oxyxoo
tvoot becomes covo
poqu becomes cpoqo
cpoot becomes cXyXu0o
Xoovu becomes ctXyqo

Second Perfect Middle/Passive add the endings directly onto the base form without an
intervening xo (Stevens, New Testament Greek, 255).

cvucot, cvucot, cvucvot . . . = I have been known (tvucxu) (for the
second person singular, the doubled sigma reduces to a single sigma for
euphonic purposes).

Ot8o
ot8o is an odd verb that is a perfect but translated as a present. You should be aware of
its irregular form. Mathewson insightfully proffers that it retains its perfect aspect.

1. ot8o I know ot8ocv we know
2. ot8o you know ot8ovc you know
3. ot8c(v) he/she/it knows ot8oct(v) they know
Pluperfect ParadigmAugmented Perfect
Pluperfect tense is rare and expresses action completed in the past with a terminated
effect some time in the past. The pluperfect is formed by adding an augment to the
perfect form and using the suffixes illustrated below. Some pluperfects, however, do not
add an augment (Mk. 14:44).

1. cXcXuxctv I had loosed cXcXuxctcv we had loosed
2. cXcXuxct you had loosed cXcXuxctvc you had loosed
3. cXcXuxct he/she/it had loosed cXcXuxctcov they had loosed

In its form, you can think of the pluperfect as an augmented perfect. The ct connecting
diphthong also can trigger you to think of the pluperfect.
Principal Parts
For Greek verbs there are six principal parts from which the paradigms are built. You
now know how all the parts function. When you look verbs up in the lexicon, these six
principal parts will be listed:

Present Future Aorist Active
ooou ooycu yoyco

Perfect Active Perfect Mid/Pass Aorist Passive
yoyxo yoyot yoy0yv

Chant Perfect Active Indicative (RAI) Verb

XcXuxo --, -, -c, -cv, -vc, -ct

Chant Perfect Middle/Passive Indicative (RM/PI) Verb

XcXuot -cot, -vot, -c0o, -c0c, -vvot

Perfect Indicative Verb Stems
Present Active Perfect Active Perfect Mid/Pass
ooou yoyxo yoyot I love
oxouu oxyxoo I hear
oocvcXXu occvoXxo occvoXot I send
oXXu cXyxo cXyot I throw
tvoot covo ccvyot I become
tvucxu cvuxo cvucot I know
poqu cpoqo cpoot I write
cpoot cXyXu0o I come
cuptcxu cupyxo I find
cu ccyxo I have
xoXcu xcxXyxo xcxXyot I call
xptvu xcxptxo xcxptot I judge
XoXcu XcXoXyxo XcXoXyot I speak
Xoovu ctXyqo I take, receive
Xcu ctpyxo ctpyot I say
cvu ccvyxo I remain
opou cupoxo I see
tcvcuu ctcvcuxo ctcvcuot I believe
otcu cotyxo cotyot I do, make
opcuoot copcuot I go
cu cccuxo ccccot I save

O yv o opy, o oxyxoocv, o cupoxocv
What was from the beginning, which we have heard, which we have seen (1 Jn. 1:1)

Xcct ouv, Not, xuptc, cu ctcvcuxo ovt cu ct o Xptcvo.
She said to him, Yes, Lord, I have believed that you are the Christ (Jn. 11:27).
(The perfects here refer to present states and may be translated present: I
believe)

xot yct ctcvcuxocv xot cvuxocv ovt cu ct o oto vou 0cou.
And we have believed and have known that you are the holy one of God (Jn. 6:69).
(Likewise these refer to present states so may be translated present: We
believe and know that...)

Vocabulary
cvvou I beget (97)
8txotocuvy, -y, y righteousness (92)
co v if, when (351)
ctpyvy, -y, y peace (92)
ot8o I know (318)
otxto, -o, y house (93)
opou I see (454)
cptovcu I walk, live (95)
u how (103)
qocoot I fear (95)
Memory Verse: Mat. 6:12b-13a

xot y ctccvcx yo ct ctpocov,
and not (you) lead us into temptation,
Chapter 19: Present Participles 111

19
Present Participles
You will be able to

1. understand how the participle works in English and Greek as a verbal adjective,
substantive, and adverb;
2. recognize and write the participle forms in the present active indicative
paradigms;
3. translate present participle forms,
Introduction
In Greek, participles are used in much the same way as they are in English. Present
participles are formed in English by adding -ing to the verbal form (e.g., walking). A
participle is a verbal adjective.
The participle is a critical part of the Greek language. Care must be taken to recognize
its forms. One must also know the diverse ways it is translated, whether as an adjective or
as an adverb.
Verbal Adjective
A participle has both verbal and adjectival qualities. Participles are like verbs in that
they are formed from several Greek tenses (present, aorist, perfect, and a few futures) and
have voice (active, middle, passive). They can take direct objects like verbs and may be
modified by an adverb or prepositional phrase (e.g., She found the child lying in bed).
Participles are like adjectives in that they have gender, number, and case. They may be
used as an adjectival modifier or as a substantive.
Adjective or Adverb
A Greek participle may be translated adverbially or adjectivally. As an adverb the
participle tells when, how, why, or in what circumstances the verb is functioning. The
adverbial present participle points to and modifies the verb by using words like while
or when (e.g., While surfing the web, he found that site).
A participle can also function as an attributive adjective. Connecting words like who
or which will often be used to translate these types of participles (e.g., The man who is

sitting is the chief). The participle here is translated like a relative clause (who/which + is
. . .).
A participle can also function like a substantive adjective (The one who is sitting there
is the organizer).
Participle as Adjective
You can tell when a participle is being used adjectivally because, as an attributive
adjective, it will modify a noun or pronoun. It will usually come with an article, and the
context will show which noun or pronoun the participle modifies. When translating a
Greek present participle, we may use a simple English participle, which is usually a word
ending in ing.
In the phrase the man speaking, speaking modifies man and indicates which
man is being referred to.

ouvo ccvtv o opo vyv o8ov copct (Mat. 13:19).
This is [the seed] that was sown along the path.

Notice the prepositional phrase inserted between the definite article and its participle
(Wenham, Elements, 151).
A participle, like other adjectives, may be used as a substantive when it has the article
and no modified noun or pronoun. In this case the participle acts as a noun. Often these
will be translated with the helping words the one (who is).

o Xcuv vouvo cv v tcp
the one saying these things in the temple
Participle as Adverb
A participle may be used as an adverb modifying the verb in some way. It usually does
not take an article (i.e., it is anarthrous). Often an adverbial participle will be translated
as a temporal clause. It may also be taken as causative (because of loosing),
concessive (although loosing), or instrumental (by loosing) as well. One should note
also if a participle is anarthrous it still may be attributive if it is close and grammatically
attaches to a noun, or it may be a predicate use of the participle as a verbal adjective. So
when a form is anarthrous it is ambiguous and context must help sort out which usage is
being employed.
If the present tense participle is used, it refers to something that happens at the same
time as the main verb (e.g., while walking). If an aorist tense participle is used, the
action of the participle was before the action of the main verb (e.g., after walking).
There may be exceptions to this. If a perfect tense participle is used, its action was
completed, with continuing results (e.g., after having walked).
There are only twelve future participles in the New Testament, and they indicate action
that is expected or intended (e.g., before walking) (Mounce, Basics, 262f.).

Participle Time
The time of the participle is relative to the time of the main verb. In present participles,
the action of the participle may be simultaneous, prior to or subsequent to the action of
the main verb: While walking, he saw the heron. Generally we will use the
simultaneous reading while. Porter generalizes that when the participle precedes the
verb in the order of the sentence it is often antecedent action (after loosing). If the
participle comes after the main verb it is usually simultaneous (while loosing) or
subsequent action (before loosing)(Porter, Idioms, 188). Note that the participle action
matches the past tense of the main verb: both happen at the same time. In aorist
participles, the participial action takes place prior to the action of the main verb: After
walking, he saw the heron. The aorist may describe attendant circumstances, with action
taking place at the same time as the main verb, although this is rare. The time of the
happening is not the point in the present participle form. Rather aspect is the main
feature with the present being used to foreground, denote process, immediacy, with the
aorist being more wholistic, complete background form and with the perfect being a
frontgrounded state of being.
Translating Participles
The adjectival participle will often be translated by using the English participle (-
ing) with some connecting words such as who, which, or the one who (e.g., The
one speaking to me wrote the book).
Adverbial participles will often be translated in a temporal clause by using while,
after, or before (e.g., After speaking, the teacher prayed). Adverbial participles may
also indicate purpose (e.g., He went in order to find his car), be causative (e.g., He went
because of loosing his car), or express means (e.g., by going early, he found a seat). For
our purposes here, we will translate adverbial participles as temporal, while loosing
(Stevens, New Testament Greek, 297f.).
Greek Present Participle
We will be learning the present active, middle/passive, and future participles in this
lesson. Active participles are used when the word the participle modifies is doing the
action (e.g., The man skating by is a friend).
The middle/passive forms should generally be translated as passive (on deponents, see
below). A passive participle is used where the word modified receives the action of the
participle (e.g., The man being stung by the bees ran for cover).
Remember that a middle/passive participle should be translated active if it comes from
a deponent verb (e.g., cpoot becomes a participle as cpocvo and is translated as
active).
Present Participle Forms
Present active participles are built from the present verb stem. In the masculine and
neuter the sign of the participle (ovv) is added, followed by the third declension noun
endings:

Xu + ovv + o Xuovvo

The present active feminine participle is formed by using ou as the sign of the
participle, to which the first declension endings are suffixed:

Xu + ouc + y Xuoucy

Middle/passive participles are formed using the present verb stem adding -ocv as a
middle/passive participle indicator and the second declension case endings for the
masculine and neuter:

Xu + ocv + o Xuocvo

The feminine uses first declension endings:

Xu + ocv + y Xuocvy

The participial forms are fairly easily learned. The difficulty is in knowing how to
translate them. Here is a chart about present participles that may help:

Adverbial
participle has
no Art.
[while, because
of, by]
Adjectival
attributive has Art.
before noun it
modifies.
Adjectival
substantive has
Art. but no
noun/pronoun to
modify.
Present Active while loosing the loosing girl the one loosing
Present Middle while loosing
himself
the girl loosing
herself
the ones loosing
themselves
Present Passive while being
loosed
the girl being
loosed
the one being
loosed

Present Active Participles
3 1 3
Singular Masculine Feminine Neuter
Nom. Xuuv Xuouco Xuov
Gen. Xuovvo Xuoucy Xuovvo
Dat. Xuovvt Xuouc Xuovvt
Acc. Xuovvo Xuoucov Xuov
Plural
Nom. Xuovvc Xuoucot Xuovvo
Gen. Xuovvuv Xuoucuv Xuovvuv
Dat. Xuouct(v) Xuoucot Xuouct(v)
Acc. Xuovvo Xuouco Xuovvo


Present Middle/Passive Participles
2 1 2
Nom. Xuocvo Xuocvy Xuocvov
Gen. Xuocvou Xuocvy Xuocvou
Dat. Xuocv Xuocv Xuocv
Acc. Xuocvov Xuocvyv Xuocvov
Plural
Nom. Xuocvot Xuocvot Xuocvo
Gen. Xuocvuv Xuocvuv Xuocvuv
Dat. Xuocvot Xuocvot Xuocvot
Acc. Xuocvou Xuocvo Xuocvo

Rather than memorize these large paradigms, it is better to learn the nominative and
genitive forms. Once you have those two forms in mind, the rest follow suit according to
the normal 3-1-3 or 2-1-2 pattern. In short, the following is what you should be able to
chant through.

Future Forms
The future participle occurs only twelve times in the New Testament. It is used in
situations where something is purposed, intended, or expected and can be either
punctiliar or durative (Mounce, 262) We will describe how it is formed so you will be
able to recognize it, but there is no need to memorize a whole paradigm for it. We will
translate it will be loosing or just simply loosing.
In forming the future participle, a c is added to the present verb stem, followed by the
third declension participle endings for the masculine and neuter and by first declension
participle endings for the feminine participles.

Xu + c + ovvo Xucovvo Xu + c + oucy Xucoucy
Xu + c + ocvo Xucocvo Xu + 0yc + ocvoXu0ycocvo


Present Active Participle of ctt
3 1 3
Nom. uv ouco ov
Gen. ovvo oucy ovvo
Dat. ovvt ouc ovvt
Acc. ovvo oucov ov
Plural
Nom. ovvc oucot ovvo
Gen. ovvuv oucuv ovvuv
Dat. ouct(v) oucot ouct(v)
Acc. ovvo ouco ovvo
Negating a Participle
ou is used for negating indicative verb forms. Participles are not considered indicatives
so y will be used to negate participles (e.g., The one who is not studying failed the test).
Adjectival (+ art. [usually])
Attributivemodifies a noun or pronoun
The girl sitting there went to Gordon.
Substantiveno noun to modify. Add one, who, or which
The one sitting there went to Gordon.

Adverbial (no art. [often]) Add while, after, or after having
Present: While sitting there, she dreamed of Greek.
Aorist: After sitting there, she dreamed of Greek.
Perfect: After having sat there, she dreamed of Greek.

Active: The one walking by is my friend (substantive).
Passive: The one being taken away is my friend (substantive).
After being seated, the owner came (adverbial).
T couptov Xcct vov Iycouv cpocvov po ouvov.
The next day he saw Jesus coming to him (Jn. 1:29).

o tcvcuuv ct ouvov ou xptvcvot: o 8c y tcvcuuv
The one believing in him is not judged; but the one not believing (Jn. 3:18)

xot yX0ov ct Koqopvoou yvouvvc vov Iycouv.
And they came to Capernaum seeking Jesus (Jn. 6:24).

Chant Present Active Participle (just be able to figure out the
Mid./Pass.)
3 1 3
Vocabulary
oxoXou0cu I follow (90)
cvutov before (94)
0oXocco, -y, y sea, lake (91)
xo0yot I sit (91)
xotpo, -ou, o time (85)
ouvc and not, neither/nor (87)
tvu I fall (90)
ou, o8o, o foot (93)
poccpoot I come/go to (86)
poccuoot I pray (85)
Memory Verse: Review + Mat. 6:13b
xot y ctccvcx yo
and not (you) lead us

ct ctpocov, oXXo pucot
into temptation, but (you) deliver

yo oo vou ovypou.
us from the evil (one).
Chapter 20: Aorist Participles 118

20
Aorist Participles
You will be able to

1. understand how the participle works in English and Greek as a verbal attributive
adjective, substantive adjective, and adverb;
2. recognize and write the participle forms in the aorist active, middle, and passive
paradigms;
3. translate aorist participle forms;
4. gain more practice in translating and working with Greek; and
Introduction
In Greek, present participles are used in much the same way as they are in English.
Present participles are formed in English by adding -ing to the verbal form (e.g.,
walking). A participle is a verbal adjective.
Aorist participles typically indicate action before the action of the main verb (see chap.
19). The aorist participles are also used for action as a complete whole. In such cases, the
aorist is used merely to state that an action took place. It need not specify when (past,
present, or future) the action actually took place.
Adjective or Adverb
A Greek participle may be translated adverbially or adjectivally. As an adverb the
participle tells when, how, why, or in what circumstances the verb is functioning. The
adverbial participle modifies and points to the verb. The aorist adverbial participle is
usually translated with the temporal preposition after (e.g., After surfing the web, he
found the information). The adverbial usage is usually anarthrous (does not have the
article).
The adjectival use is usually marked with the article before the noun modified or
before the substantival participle. The participle can function as an attributive adjective.
Often connecting words like who or which will be used to translate these types of
participles (e.g., The man who sat there is the chief). It can also be used like a substantive
adjective (The one who sat there is the organizer). Or it can, when anarthrous, be used as
a predicate adjective (The organizer is the one sitting there).

Participle and Time
The time of the participle is relative to the time of the main verb. In aorist participles,
the action often takes place before the action of the main verb: After talking, he saw his
friend. The aorist may also describe attendant circumstances, with action taking place at
the same time as the main verb. Writers use the aorist to portray complete/wholistic
action in a backgrounding manner.
The aorist adjectival participle will often be translated by using the English past tense
verb rather than an ing English participle, adding who, which, or the one who
(e.g., The one who spoke to me wrote the book, or The one who loosed me entered the
temple). Adverbial participles will often be translated in a temporal clause by using
while, after, or before (e.g., After laughing, the boy left).
We will be learning the aorist active, middle, and passive as well as noting second
aorist forms. Active participles are used when the word the participle modifies is doing
the action (e.g., The man who skated by is a friend).
A middle participle usually is translated as an active emphasizing the subjects
participation in the action of the verb. However, it may indicate that the action occurs for
the benefit of the subject. Mounce calls this the self-interest nuance (Basics, 224). E.g.,
The woman who freed herself went to the library.
A passive participle is used when the word modified receives the action of the
participle (e.g., The boy who was stung by the bees ran for cover.) The aorist active and
middle forms are built from the aorist stem. Aorist passive participles are built from the
aorist passive stem. Here is a chart about aorist participles:

Adverbial participle
has no Art.
Adjectival
before noun it
modifies.
Adjectival substantive
has Art. but no noun to
modify.
Aorist Active after loosing (the girl) who
loosed
the one who loosed
Aorist Middle after loosing
himself
(the girl) who
loosed herself
the ones who loosed
themselves
Aorist Passive after being loosed (the girl) who was
loosed
the one who was loosed

Sometimes the participle may act as a main verb as Wallaces chart on the semantic
range of the participle indicates (Wallace, 269).

Verbal Adjectival
Independent (Verbal)
Imperatival
Indicative
(Substantival)
Subject, object, etc.
Dependent (Adverbial)
Temporal, Causal,
Means, Manner, etc.
(Adjectival)
Attributive
Predicate

First Aorist Participle Forms
Aorist active participles are built from the aorist verb stem. The first aorist suffix co is
added to the stem. Then, in the masculine and neuter, the sign of the participle (vv) is
added, followed by the third declension noun endings. Note: There is no augment on
participles.
Stem Aor. Ptc. vv Third Declension Masc./Neut. Participle
Xu + co + vv + o Xucovvo

The aorist active feminine is formed by adding the first aorist suffix co, followed by
the sign of the participle (c) and the first declension endings.

Stem Aor. Ptc. c First Declension Fem. Participle
Xu + co + c + y Xucocy

Aorist middle participles are similar in form to present middle participles. The main
difference is that the aorists have the first aorist co suffix attached to the stem.

Stem Aor. Mid. Ptc. Second Declension Masc. Participle
Xu + co + cv + o Xucocvo

Finally, the aorist passive stem, marked with the characteristic 0c, is followed by vv
and the third/first/third declension endings.

Stem Aor. Pass. Ptc. vv Third Declension Masc./Neut. Participle
Xu + 0c + vv + o Xu0cvvo

First Aorist Active Participles (recognize these forms)
3 1 3
Nom. Xuco Xucoco Xucov
Gen. Xucovvo Xucocy Xucovvo
Dat. Xucovvt Xucoc Xucovvt
Acc. Xucovvo Xucocov Xucov

Plural
Nom. Xucovvc Xucocot Xucovvo
Gen. Xucovvuv Xucocuv Xucovvuv
Dat. Xucoct(v) Xucocot Xucoct(v)
Acc. Xucovvo Xucoco Xucovvo

First Aorist Middle Participles
2 1 2
Nom. Xucocvo Xucocvy Xucocvov
Gen. Xucocvou Xucocvy Xucocvou
Dat. Xucocv Xucocv Xucocv
Acc. Xucocvov Xucocvyv Xucocvov
Plural
Nom. Xucocvot Xucocvot Xucocvo
Gen. Xucocvuv Xucocvuv Xucocvuv
Dat. Xucocvot Xucocvot Xucocvot
Acc. Xucocvou Xucocvo Xucocvo

First Aorist Passive Participles
3 1 3
Nom. Xu0ct Xu0ctco Xu0cv
Gen. Xu0cvvo Xu0ctcy Xu0cvvo
Dat. Xu0cvvt Xu0ctc Xu0cvvt
Acc. Xu0cvvo Xu0ctcov Xu0cv
Plural
Nom. Xu0cvvc Xu0ctcot Xu0cvvo
Gen. Xu0cvvuv Xu0ctcuv Xu0cvvuv
Dat. Xu0ctct(v) Xu0ctcot Xu0ctct(v)
Acc. Xu0cvvo Xu0ctco Xu0cvvo

First Aorist Active Participles (know these forms cold)
3 1

2 1 2


3 1 3
Second Aorist Participles
The second aorist participles use the second aorist stem, to which the present active
participle endings (3-1-3) are suffixed:

t8uv, t8ovvo, t8ovvt, etc.
cX0uv, cX0ovvo, cX0ovvt, cX0ovvo, etc.
ctuv, ctovvo, ctovvt, ctovvo, etc.

The second aorist passive uses the same endings as the first aorist passive participles
except they are built off the passive stem.

poqct, poqcvvo, etc. [Note the 0 is dropped]

In translating the aorist participle attributively or substantivally, there is often no ing
added: The one who came, or, The woman who was seated.

ouvo oxouco ovt Iycou yxct cx vy Iou8oto . . . oyX0cv.
This one, after hearing that Jesus had come out of Judea, . . . went (Jn. 4:47).

ot vcxpot oxoucouctv vy quvy vou utou, . . . xot ot oxoucovvc
ycouctv.
The dead will hear the voice of the Son, . . . and the ones who hear will live (Jn.
5:25).

xot cupovvc ouvov cpov vy 0oXoccy ctov ouv, Pot
And after finding him on the other side of the sea, they said to him, Rabbi (Jn.
6:25).
Chant for Aorist Active and Passive Participles (be able figure out the
Middles)
Masc. Fem. Neut.


Vocabulary
ovootvu I go up (82)
opu I rule, begin (in mid.) (86)
cxocvo, -y, -ov each, every (82)
cxoXXu I drive out (81)
xou and I, but I (81)
xovootvu I go down (83)
o XXov more, rather (81)
yvyp, -o, y mother (83)
oou where, since (82)
ucvc therefore, so (that) (83)
Chapter 21: Perfect Participles 124

21
Perfect Participles
You will be able to

1. understand how the participle works in English and Greek as a verbal adjective,
adverb, and substantive;
2. recognize and write the participle forms in the active, middle, and passive
paradigms;
3. translate perfect participle forms and be able to recognize and translate
periphrastics and genitive absolutes;
Introduction
Perfect participles are used when the action being described is a state of being
frontground or dwelled upon. Perfect participles can be translated by using the helping
verb having (e.g., having spoken). When used adverbially, the temporal preposition
after may be used (e.g., after having driven). It also may be simultaneous (while),
causal (because), instrumental (by) or concessive (even though).
Perfect Participle Forms
The perfect participle is formed from the perfect stem (fourth principal part). In the
masculine and neuter -ov is added to the stem, followed by the third declension endings.
In the feminine -ut is added to the stem, followed by the first declension endings:

Reduplication Stem Perfect Ptc. Third declension Masc./Neut. participle
Xc + Xu + x + ov + o XcXuxovo

Perfect middle/passive participles use the same endings as the present middle/passive
participles (-cv + 2-1-2 declension endings). The only difference is that the perfect
participles are built on the perfect stem and have a perfect reduplication on the front and
there is no connecting vowel.

Reduplication Stem Mid./Pass. Ptc. Second declension Masc. participle
Xc + Xu + cv + o XcXucvo


Perfect Active Participles (be able to recognize)
3 1 3
Nom. XcXuxu XcXuxuto XcXuxo
Gen. XcXuxovo XcXuxuto XcXuxovo
Dat. XcXuxovt XcXuxutg XcXuxovt
Acc. XcXuxovo XcXuxutov XcXuxo
Plural
Nom. XcXuxovc XcXuxutot XcXuxovo
Gen. XcXuxovuv XcXuxutuv XcXuxovuv
Dat. XcXuxoct(v) XcXuxutot XcXuxoct(v)
Acc. XcXuxovo XcXuxuto XcXuxovo

Perfect Middle/Passive Participles
2 1 2
Nom. XcXucvo XcXucvy XcXucvov
Gen. XcXucvou XcXucvy XcXucvou
Dat. XcXucv XcXucv XcXucv
Acc. XcXucvov XcXucvyv XcXucvov
Plural
Nom. XcXucvot XcXucvot XcXucvo
Gen. XcXucvuv XcXucvuv XcXucvuv
Dat. XcXucvot XcXucvot XcXucvot
Acc. XcXucvou XcXucvo XcXucvo
Contract verbs the vowel lengthens
yoyxu, yoyxovo, . . . (Masc.)
yoyxuto, yoyxuto . . . (Fem.)
yoyxo, yoyxovo . . . (Neut.)
yoycvo (Masc.), yoycvy (Fem.), yoycvov (Neut.) ...
Second Perfect Participles
Several verbs form their perfect participles from an irregular stem. They are all active
and are fairly rare. You should be aware that they occur and be able to recognize them.
Here are three examples:

tvoot covu, -ovo
cpoot cXyXu0u, -ovo
ct0u cot0u, -ovo


Perfect ot8o (I know) (Stevens, 323)
2 1 2
Nom. ct8u ct8uto ct8o
Gen. ct8ovo ct8uto ct8ovo
Dat. ct8ovt ct8utg ct8ovt
Acc. ct8ovo ct8utov ct8o
Plural
Nom. ct8ovc ct8utot ct8ovo
Gen. ct8ovuv ct8utuv ct8ovuv
Dat. ct8oct(v) ct8utot ct8oct(v)
Acc. ct8ovo ct8uto ct8ovo

Chant This: Perfect Active Participles
3 1 3

2 1 2

O cv oo cvoto ccvtv, ot 8c xcxXycvot oux ycov otot.
The wedding is ready, but those having been called were not worthy (Mat. 22:8).

vo ccvvycvov cx vy copxo cop ccvtv.
The one having been born of the flesh is flesh (Jn. 3:6).

cXcov ouv ot Iou8otot v vc0cpocucv, 2oovov ccvtv.
Therefore the Jews were saying to him who had been cured, It is the Sabbath (Jn.
5:10).


Participle Translation Charts
Active
Participle
Adverbial has no
Art..
Adjectival attributive
has Art. before noun
it modifies.
has Art. but no noun.
Present While loosing (The boy) who is
loosing
The one loosing
Aorist After loosing (The girl) who was
loosing
The one who was
loosing
(The girl) who
loosed
The one who loosed
Perfect After having
loosed
(The crowd) having
loosed
The ones having
loosed

Middle
Participle
Adverbial has no
Art.
it modifies.
Present While loosing
himself
(The boy) who is
loosing himself
The one loosing
himself
Aorist After loosing
herself
(The girl) who was
loosing herself
The one who was
loosing himself
(The girl) who
loosed herself
The one who loosed
himself
loosed themselves
(The crowds) having
loosed themselves
The ones having
loosed themselves

As usual, the middle/deponents are translated as active//passives as passives.
Passive
Participle
Adverbial has no
Art.
it modifies.
Present While being
loosed
(The boy) who is
being loosed
The one being loosed
Aorist After being loosed (The girl) who was
being loosed
The one who was
being loosed
Perfect After having been
loosed
(The crowd) having
been loosed
The ones having been
loosed
Introduction to Periphrastics
English often uses helping verbs to aid in designating verb tense (e.g., will go) or to
specify a change in voice (e.g., he was led). While Greek usually indicates tense by
prefixes and suffixes to the verb, it also uses ctt + participle to indicate a single verbal
idea. ctt + participle is called a periphrastic construction.

Periphrastic Forms
Periphrastic constructions are formed with present and perfect participle forms. The
ctt may be of any tense. When using the present participle, the tense of the ctt form
matches the tense with which it is translated. With the perfect participle, the perfect tense
uses the present forms of ctt, and the pluperfect tense uses the imperfect forms.

Gal. 1:23 (Imperfect ctt + present ptc.)
ovov 8c oxouovvc ycov ovt
But only, they kept hearing that

Mat. 16:19 (Future ctt + perfect ptc.)
ccvot 8c8ccvov cv vot oupovot
will have been bound in heaven (Hewitt, New Testament Greek, 151f.)
Translating Periphrastics
Translate the periphrastic form as the normal tense of the verb. While there may be an
emphasis on continuous aspect of the verb, the context will determine if the aspect is the
actual focus of the construction. Normally, however, translate periphrastic constructions
like the regular verb tense (Mounce, Basics, 277). Note the absence of the aorist
participle. Some think that it is because of the durative/continuous/process force
reflected in the periphrastic. Porter observes that no elements may be inserted between
the auxiliary verb (ctt) and the participle except those which complete or modify the
participle (Porter, Idioms, 45).

Translated Tense Periphrastic Construction
Present Present ctt + Present participle
Imperfect Imperfect ctt + Present participle
Future Future ctt + Present participle
Perfect Present ctt + Perfect participle
Pluperfect Imperfect ctt + Perfect participle
Future Perfect Future ctt + Perfect participle

Present ctt ctt, ct, ccvtv, cccv, ccvc, ctct(v) (chap. 7) I am . . .
Future ctt ccoot, cc, ccvot, ccoc0o, cccc0c, ccovvot (chap. 10) I will be . . .
Imperfect ctt yyv, y, yv, ycv, yvc, ycov (chap. 12) I was . . .
Genitive Absolutes
A genitive absolute links a participle and a noun or pronoun in the genitive case and is
only loosely connected to the rest of the sentence. The subject of the sentence is not the
subject of this participial construction. The construction Participle (gen.) + noun/pronoun
(gen.) is called absolute from the Latin absolutus, which means separated
(Mounce, Basics, 275). The genitive noun is often taken as the subject of the participle.

This construction is used when there is a pronounced shift in characters in the narrative
(he/she to a different they etc.)(Stevens, 300).

Participle (gen.) + noun/pronoun (gen.)
Genitive Absolute Translation Examples
Tou 8c Iycou cvocvou cv By0ovtg cv otxtg 2tuvo vou Xcpou,
pocyX0cv ouv uvy
But when/after Jesus was in Bethany in the house of Simon the leper, a woman
came . . . (Mat. 26:67).

o op Iycou ccvcuccv oXou ovvo cv v vo.
For Jesus had withdrawn, a crowd being in the place (Jn. 5:13).
Vocabulary
ovotu I open (77)
ovtu I baptize (77)
cuocXtov, -ou, vo gospel (76)
opvupcu I witness (76)
cu I send (79)
ovypo, -o, -ov evil, bad (78)
pocuov, -ou, vo face (76)
cyctov, -ou, vo sign, miracle (77)
cvoo, -ovo, vo mouth (78)
uou I go away (79)
Chapter 22: Infinitives 130

22
Infinitives
You will be able to

1. understand how infinitives work in English and Greek as verbal nouns;
2. recognize and write the infinitive forms in the present, first and second aorist, and
perfect for the active, middle, and passive voices;
3. learn the many ways infinitives can be translated;
Introduction
Infinitives are indeclinable verbal nouns usually indicated in English by to + verb
(e.g., He went inside to call a friend). A finite verb is one that is limited by a subject. In
English, a nonfinite verb, or infinitive, is not limited by a particular subject.
In Greek an infinitive may take a subject, an object or be modified by some qualifier.
For example, He came to put the ball in the box uses the ball as the object of the
infinitive and in the box, which describes location, to modify the infinitive to put.
Functions
As a noun, an infinitive may function as the subject of a sentence (e.g., To swim in the
summer is fun) or the object of a finite verb (e.g., He told him to come.) However,
infinitives are not declined with case, gender or number like nouns. They are
indeclinable.
Thus Summers notes that in Mark 9:26, ucvc vou oXXou Xcctv ovt oc0ovcv
is translated so that many said that he was dead. Note that many is an accusative
plural, and yet it functions as the subject of the infinitive to say (Essentials, 157).
As a verb, the infinitive may take an object (e.g., I came not to destroy the law). It may
substitute for the imperatival verb sometimes. In Greek an infinitive may go with a noun
in the accusative that functions as its subject. It comes as either a present or aorist and
takes voice but not person.
As David Black has said, it should be noted that the infinitives may be rendered as
participles or as indicative verbs on occasion, although most often the English infinitive
(to + verb) will work (Its Still Greek to Me, 115). A Greek infinitive may also function
adverbially by telling when (before, after, while) a verbal action took place, cause
(because), purpose (in order that) or result (so that, with the result that).


Greek Infinitive Introduction
The Greek infinitive is found in the present, aorist, and perfect tenses. The infinitives
tense is determined by the stem from which it is built and from the context. In the
infinitive, the ending indicates aspect and have little to do with actual tense (time). y is
used, instead of ou, to negate an infinitive as we have seen for the participles. ou is
largely for the indicative and y for everything else.
Tense Means Aspect of Action
A movement must be made away from seeing infinitives as related to time. The tense
of the infinitive indicates aspect, or type, of action, rather than time. The present
represents action in progress. The aorist indicates complete action that simply says
something happened without indicating when. The perfect is used for state of being.
While learning infinitives, when the aspectual function of the infinitive is highlighted,
translate present tense infinitives to continue to x, Aorist tense to x, and perfects to
have x+ed.

Present = to continue to call (this is clumsy, so we will just use to call)
Aorist = to call
Perfect = to have called

Infinitive Forms
Active Middle Passive
Present Infinitive
Xuctv Xucc0ot Xucc0ot
to loose to loose oneself to be loosed

First Aorist Infinitive
Xucot Xucoc0ot Xu0yvot
to loose to loose oneself to be loosed

Perfect Infinitive
XcXuxcvot XcXuc0ot XcXuc0ot
to have loosed to have loosed oneself to have been loosed

Second Aorist Infinitive, Xctu (to leave)
Xtctv Xtcc0ot Xctq0yvot
to leave to leave oneself to be left

Present Infinitive of ctt
ctvot (to be)


oXX o co c ovtctv cv u8ovt cxctvo ot ctcv
But the one who sent me to baptize in [with] water, that one said to me (Jn. 1:33)

ou 8uvovot t8ctv vyv octXctov vou 0cou.
He is not able to see the kingdom of God (Jn. 3:3).

8to vouvo ouv oXXov cyvouv ouvov ot Iou8otot ooxvctvot.
Therefore because of this the Jews were seeking all the more to kill him (Jn. 5:18).
Articular Infinitive
A Greek infinitive may also function adverbially by telling when (before, after, while)
a verbal action took place, cause (because), purpose (in order that) or result (so that, with
the result that). Greek expresses the adverbial function by using a preposition + an article
+ infinitive. This type of infinitive is called an articular infinitive because it takes a
neuter article. The case of the article will match the infinitives function in the sentence.
The articular infinitive may also be used as a noun or adjective complement. Wallace
observes that only 291 of the 2291 uses of the infinitive have the article (Wallace, 264).
Hence most infinitives are anarthrous.
Thus, in ctov po vou vov xocov ctvot opo cot, the infinitive ctvot with the
preposition specifies the time of the verb more closely (before). It is translated, [The
glory] I had with you before the world was (Jn. 17:5; Wenham, Elements, 86).
Infinitives are frequently used with prepositions and the neuter article. In such cases,
the prepositions take on rather clearly defined roles:

8to + article + infinitive = because [causal usage]
ct + article + infinitive = in order that/to [purpose or result]
cv + article + infinitive = when, while [temporal, contemporaneous]
cvo + article + infinitive = after [temporal, antecedent action]
ptv + article + infinitive = before [temporal, subsequent action]
po + article + infinitive = before [temporal, subsequent action]
po + article + infinitive = in order that [purpose or result]

While often the preposition with the infinitive indicates time, it also is used to indicate
purpose (especially with ct and po). Purpose may also be expressed by an articular
infinitive with the article in the genitive or even an infinitive just by itself. With ucvc, it
often refers to a result (Mounce, Basics, 298).

Complementary Infinitives
As in English, infinitives can be used to complete the idea of the verb (e.g., Zach began
to run.) In Greek, several verbs are often followed by a complementary infinitive
(Mounce, Basics, 296):

8ct + infinitive = It is necessary + to run (inf.)
cccvt(v) + infinitive = It is permitted + to stand (inf.)
8uvoot + infinitive = I am able + to come (inf.)
cXXu + infinitive = I am about + to write (inf.)
Infinitives for Indirect Discourse
Machen notes that the infinitive + an accusative is used to express indirect discourse
(New Testament Greek, 139). ovt is also used to introduce indirect discourse (e.g. I told
you to go to the store).

cXcov ot ov0puot ouvov ctvot vov poqyvyv.
The men were saying that he was the prophet.

ypuvuv ouvov ctvot op ouvot.
asking him to remain with them (Jn. 4:40 vid. Wallace, Beyond, 604).

Chant: Infinitives (to loose)get the rhythm down
ctv cc0ot (Present)
ctv cc0ot yvot (2nd Aorist)
ot oc0ot yvot (1st Aorist)
vot c0ot (Perfect)
Vocabulary
otvcu I ask (70)
otuvto, -ov eternal (71)
ooxvctvu I kill (74)
xcqoXy, -y, y head (75)
tvu I drink (73)
Xotov, -ou, vo boat (68)
up, -o, vo fire (71)
vypcu I keep, guard (70)
u8up, -ovo, vo water (76)
otpu I rejoice (74)
Chapter 23: Subjunctive Verbs 134

23
Subjunctive Verbs
You will be able to

1. understand how subjunctives work in English and Greek to denote potential
action that may take place;
2. recognize and understand the four types of conditions;
3. recognize and write the subjunctive forms in the present and aorist for the active,
middle, and passive voices;
4. learn the many ways the subjunctive can be used;
Introduction
Thus far we have studied verbs in the indicative mood. Mood, as Porter has said, is an
indication of the attitude of the speaker toward reality (Idioms, 231). The indicative
mood is the mood a speaker/writer will use to portray reality as they perceive it and
indicative verbs express real action. One must be careful to realize the indicative does not
equal reality as liars may use the indicative to misrepresent reality. There are three Greek
moods of potential:

1. Subjunctive is the realm of the possible. May or might is often used in
translation (e.g., Zach may wash the car).
2. Imperative indicates expected action calling for volition and often with
expectation. The imperative often expresses a command (e.g., Zach, wash the car!
or prohibition: Zach, dont wash the car today).
3. Optative indicates a hoped-for circumstance that is often a remote possibility. In
Greek it is often used in prayer (e.g., Oh, that Zach would wash the car).

Aspect may be a useful way of thinking of the subjunctive. The present is used by the
writer to portray an unfolding of process, immediacy foregrounding the verb. The aorist
is used as a background form viewing the action as wholistic and complete.
Introduction to the Subjunctive
The subjunctive mood is the mood of potential or possibility. May and might are
the two key words often used in translating subjunctives. Subjunctives are easily
recognized by the trigger words that usually precede them. Their form is easily learned

since the endings are the same as the present active indicative except that the connecting
vowel is lengthened from omicron to omega and from epsilon to eta.
Form
The subjunctive present (action in progress or unfolding) is built from the present verb
stem as follows:

Xu + u + cv Xuucv We may continue loosing

The subjunctive aorist (whole or complete action) is built from the aorist verb stem
with a sigma and the same endings as the present. There is no initial augment. Augments
occur only in the indicative. Be able to chant through the present and first aorist
paradigms. They should sound very familiar.

Xu + c + u + cv Xucucv We may loose

Present Subjunctive of Xuu
Active Singular Plural
1. Xuu I may loose Xuucv We may loose
2. Xu You may loose Xuyvc You may loose
3. Xu He/she may
loose
Xuuct(v) They may
loose
Middle/
Passive
Singular Plural
1. Xuuot I may be
loosed
Xuuc0o We may be
loosed
2. Xu You may be
loosed
Xuyc0c You may be
loosed
3. Xuyvot He/she may be
loosed
Xuuvvot They may be
loosed


First Aorist Subjunctive of Xuu
1. Xucu I may loose Xucucv We may loose
2. Xuc You may loose Xucyvc You may loose
3. Xuc He/she may
loose
Xucuct(v) They may loose
Middle Singular Plural
1. Xucuot I may loose
myself
Xucuc0o We may loose
ourselves
2. Xuc You may loose
yourself
Xucyc0c You may loose
yourselves
3. Xucyvot He/she may
loose
himself/herself
Xucuvvot They may loose
themselves

Passive Singular Plural
1. Xu0u I may be
loosed
Xu0ucv We may be
loosed
2. Xu0 You may be
loosed
Xu0yvc You may be
loosed
3. Xu0 He/she may be
loosed
Xu0uct(v) They may be
loosed

Second Aorist Active Forms of Xctu
(to leave, fall short) (no sigma)
Singular Plural
1. Xtu Xtucv
2. Xt Xtyvc
3. Xt Xtuct(v)

Subjunctive of ctt
Singular Plural
1. u I may be ucv We may be
2. You may be yvc You may be
3. He/she may be uct(v) They may be
Subjunctive Triggers
The subjunctive aorist looks like the future indicative, so care must be taken to
distinguish the two. One way is to use subjunctive triggers, words that usually tip you off
that a subjunctive will follow. These are found in dependent clauses (He went so that he
might try the bike).

tvo in order that (used most often)
cov if
o ov whoever
cu until
Subjunctive Translation Examples
xot ovt ou pctov ctcv tvo vt opvupyc cpt vou ov0puou
And because he did not need that anyone might witness concerning man (Jn. 2:25)

tvo o o tcvcuuv cv ouv c uyv otuvtov
That anyone believing in him might have eternal life (Jn. 3:15)

oXXo vouvo Xcu tvo uct cu0yvc.
But I say these things that you might be saved (Jn. 5:34).
Four Types of Conditionals
Conditions have two parts: the protasis (if) and the apodosis (then). The simple form
is: If A then B. The protasis presents the condition, and the apodosis tells the
consequence. There are about 600 conditional statements in the New Testament. Here
are the basic structures but one must be careful to allow the pragmatic use in context to
determine how a particular condition is being used and to what desired effect on the
readers.

There are four types of conditions in Greek:
1. reality, assumed reality (for the sake of argument)
2. contrary to fact (presumed false)
3. possible (anticipation/expectation), and
4. possible but more contingent (less likely future).

One should be aware that levels of probability can better be derived from the contextual
indicators than the particular conditional form structure.
First Class Condition: Assumed Reality
Form: ct + indicative verb (protasis) + any apodosis.
Function: Assumes the reality of the condition (protasis). Assumption may not actually
be the case in reality, howevermay just be assumed for the sake of argument.

E.g., ct 8c vcuovt occ0c, oux ccvc uo voov.
But if (since) you are led by the Spirit, you are not under the law [= and indeed you
are so led] (Gal. 5:18).
Wallace observes only 37% of the 300 first class conditions fit with a since
translation of the first class conditional. He highlights 36 times where it cannot
possibly be since. For example, Mat. 12:27: if I cast out demons by

Beelzebub .... Clearly he is assuming it to make a point and not affirming its
reality (cf. 1 Cor. 15:13; Wallace, 310).
Second Class Condition: Assumed Impossibility (contrary to fact)
Form: ct + aorist/impf. indicative verb (protasis) + ov +
aorist/impf. indicative verb (apodosis)
Function: Assumes the condition is contrary to fact.

E.g., ct y u8c oux ov ou oc0ovcv o o8cXqo.
If you had been here, my brother would not have died [= but obviously you were not
herethus denying the protasis] (Jn. 11:32).
Third Class Condition: Possibility (anticipation/expectation)
Form: cov + subjunctive (protasis) + any apodosis
Function: Possibility future condition.

E.g., cov vouvov ooXucg, oux ct qtXo vou Kotcopo.
If you release this one, you are not a friend of Caesar [= you have not yet, but if you
do, then . . .] (Jn. 19:12).
Found about 300 times in the New Testament. Sometimes it will semantically share
the meaning of the first class conditions with the level of probability derived
from the context.
Fourth class condition: Possibility (rare)less likely future or more
contingent
Form: ct + optative mood (protasis) + optative (apodosis)

E.g., oXX ct xot ocotvc
But if you should suffer (1 Pet. 3:14) (cf. Summers, Essentials, 121; Dana and
Mantey, Manual Grammar, 289). Again the context will dictate the level
of possibility.
Various Subjunctive Functions
We have already discussed the role of the subjunctive in third class conditional
statements. The subjunctive has four other major functions:

1. Hortatory subjunctive urges the speaker and listeners to a certain behavior or
mind-set. This use requires the first person.
AtcX0ucv, xot t8ucv.
Let us go, and let us see (cf. Lk. 2:15).

2. Subordinate purpose or result clause is often introduced by tvo + subjunctive.
tvo opvupyc cpt vou quvo
in order that he might witness concerning the light (Jn. 1:7)


3. Prohibitive subjunctive uses the aorist with a negative and prohibits an action.
y ctccvcx yo ct ctpocov.
Lead us not into temptation (Mat. 6:13).

4. Deliberative subjunctive often is a rhetorical device not calling for an answer.
vt ctu utv;
What shall I say to you? (1 Cor. 11:22).
Negative Questions
There are two major ways to say no in Greek, using ou and y. ou is used with finite
verbs in the indicative. y is used with the moods of potential (subjunctive, imperative,
optative) and nonfinite verbal forms (participles, infinitives). Sometimes with
subjunctives, a double negative ou y is used for emphasis (Jn. 6:37). ou and y are
used in questions to elicit two quite different responses.

When a question begins with ou, the expected answer is yes.
You will study tonight, wont you? (implied yes answer)

When a question begins with y, the expected answer is no.
You arent going to study, are you? (implied negative answer)

One way to remember this is, May (y) means nay.
oux ctt oocvoXo; out Iycouv vov xuptov yuv cupoxo;
Am I not an apostle? [of course I am] Have I not seen Jesus our Lord? [of course I
have] (1 Cor. 9:1)

vt op; ct ytcvycov vtvc, y y otcvto ouvuv vyv tcvtv vou 0cou
xovopycct;
What then? If some did not believe, will their faithlessness nullify the faithfulness of
God? [no way] (Rom. 3:3)
Optatives
There are only sixty-seven optatives in the New Testament. We will not learn a
paradigm but you should be aware that they exist, express a wish, and that their form is
characterized by the connective ot, ot, or ct. Here are a few examples (Oh that . . .)
(Hewitt, New Testament Greek, 19394):

cvotvo aorist dep. 3sg tvoot Oh that it might be
8uvotyv present dep. 1sg 8uvoot Oh that I might be able
cty present active 3sg ctt Oh that he might be

cotcv present active 3pl cu Oh that they might have
0cXot present active 3sg 0cXu Oh that he might wish
otycotcv aorist active 3pl otcu Oh that they might make
Optative Translation Example
Tt ouv cpoucv; o voo oopvto; y cvotvo.
What shall we say then? Is the law sin? May it never be! (Rom. 7:7)

Chant: #24: Subjunctive (I may loose)
Xuu, -Xu, Xu, Xuucv, Xuyvc, Xuuct(v) Present Active Subj.
Xuuot, -, yvot, -uc0o, -yc0c, -uvvot Present Mid./Pass. Subj.

Aorist Active & Middle use the same endings as the present
Aorist Passive uses the Present Active endings

Vocabulary
ou I lead, bring (67)
ooXuu I set free (66)
ctvc if, whether (65)
cvvoXy, -y, y commandment (68)
xopo, -ou, o fruit (66)
tcvo, -y, -ov faithful (67)
pccuvcpo, -o, -ov elder (66)
pyo, -ovo, vo word (68)
coovov, -ou, vo Sabbath (68)
qcpu I bear, carry (66)
Chapter 24: Imperative Verbs 141

24
Imperative Verbs
You will be able to
1. understand how imperatives work in English and Greek as commands,
prohibitions, or entreaties;
2. recognize and write the imperative forms in the present and aorist tenses for the
active, middle, and passive voices;
Introduction
The imperative mood is used to express a command, entreaty, or prohibition. In
English the imperative is used only with the second person (e.g., [You] get in the car!).
The Greek imperative occurs in the present and aorist tenses. Both second and third
person (Let him/her/it do something) forms may be used.
Tense/Aspect
The imperative mood is built from both the present and the aorist stems. The present
denotes action as a process in progress (continue loosing) and does not necessarily
refer to the present time. The aorist form portrays action as a complete whole ([you]
loose)(Mathewson, 34). The two tense forms (present/aorist) will often be translated the
same way in English but one should be aware of the untranslatable differences between
the two.
Form
The form of the second person singular must be learned for each tense. The second
person plural form is the same as the present active indicative. You will have to use
context to distinguish the two. The third person singular replaces the final c of the second
person plural with an u. The third person plural replaces the second person plural c with
ucov. A handy way to learn the imperative endings is by learning them in a rhythmic
manner: (do as a rap softshoe) (E-toe-ti-toe-san, ou -stho, sthe, sthosan [with a lisp], etc.).


Chant: Imperative Endings tap-dance
2 sg 3 sg 2 pl 3 pl
Present Active c vu vc vucov
Present Mid/Pass ou c0u c0c c0ucov
First Aorist Active v vu vc vucov
First Aorist Middle ot c0u c0c c0ucov
First Aorist Passive vt vu vc vucov

Present/Process Action in Progress Imperative of Xuu
Active
Singular Plural
2. Xuc You loose! Xucvc You loose!
3. Xucvu Let him loose! Xucvucov Let them loose!

Middle/Passive
Singular Plural
2. Xuou You be loosed! Xucc0c You be loosed!
3. Xucc0u Let him be loosed! Xucc0ucov Let them be loosed!

Pedantically one may translate it you continue loosing, or let her continue loosing.

Note: The third person singular form replaces the final c of the second person plural
form with an u, while the third person plural form replaces it with ucov.

First Aorist/Wholistic Complete Action Imperative of Xuu
-- you loose, let her loose
Active Passive
2. Xucov Xucovc Xu0yvt Xu0yvc
3. Xucovu Xucovucov Xu0yvu Xu0yvucov

Middle
Singular Plural
2. Xucot (= Inf.) Xucoc0c
3. Xucoc0u Xucoc0ucov


Second Aorist/Wholistic Complete Action Imperative of Xctu
(I leave)
Active Passive
2. Xtc Xtcvc Xctq0yvt Xctq0yvc
3. Xtcvu Xtcvucov Xctq0yvu Xctq0yvucov

Middle
Singular Plural
2. Xtou Xtcc0c
3. Xtcc0u Xtcc0ucov

Imperative of ctt
Singular Plural
2. tc0t ccvc
3. ccvu ccvucov

Translated: you be, she must be...
Various Functions
Imperatives are used in several ways:

1. As a command:
ooovc vou c0pou uuv.
Love your enemies! (Mat. 5:44).

2. As a prohibition:
My qoou, vo txpov otvtov.
Fear not, little flock! (Lk. 12:32).

Mounce (Basics, 307f.) observes that a prohibition may also be made in several other
ways:
(1) ou + indicative (you shall not . . .)
(2) y + aorist subjunctive
(3) ou y + aorist subjunctive (strong negation)

3. As an entreaty, especially when speaking to a superior (Dana and Mantey,
Manual Grammar, 175f.; Summers, Essentials, 127):
Hovcp otc, vypycov ouvou cv v ovoovt cou.
Holy Father, keep them in your name (Jn. 17:11).
Xcct ouvot, Epcc0c xot occ0c. yX0ov ouv xot ct8ov.
He said to them, Come, and you will see. They came therefore and saw (Jn. 1:39).

Xcct ouv o Iycou, Hopcuou, o uto cou . ctcvcuccv o ov0puo.
Jesus said to him, Go, your son lives. The man believed (Jn. 4:50).

Xcct ouv o Iycou, Ectpc opov vov xpoovvov cou xot cptovct.
Jesus said to him, Arise, take your bed and walk (Jn. 5:8).
Vocabulary
ooyvo, -y, -ov beloved (61)
poovcu, -cu, o scribe (63)
8otovtov, -ou, vo demon (63)
8oxcu I think (62)
8oou I glorify, honor (61)
cu outside (63)
cpuvou I ask (63)
0cXyo, -ovo, vo will (62)
0povo, -ou, o throne (62)
opo, -ou, vo mountain (63)
Chapter 25: The -t Verbs 145

25
The -t Verbs
You will be able to

1. read and write the basic paradigms of the -t verbs,
2. understand how -t verbs relate to the verb forms we have learned thus far,
Introduction
So far we have worked with the -u conjugation, which is also called thematic
because its verbs use a connecting vowel (usually o or c) between the stem and the
ending. Another type of verb that is older, but by New Testament times played a less
important role in Koine Greek, is the mi (-t) or athematic verbs.

There are four types of -t verbs:
1. Omicron class (8t8ut, I give)
8t8ut is omicron class because the root is 8o-.
2. Alpha class (tcvyt, I set, stand)
tcvyt is alpha class because the root is cvo-.
3. Epsilon class (vt0yt, I put)
vt0yt is epsilon class because the root is 0c-.
4. Upsilon (8ctxvut, I show, explain)
8ctxvut is upsilon class because the root is 8ctxvu-.

With a few simple rules and knowledge of the endings, these verbs prove fairly
regular. The point is not to master them but to be able to recognize their forms.
Formation Rules
1. In the present and imperfect, the initial consonant is reduplicated and connected
with an iota (cf. perfect) (Mounce, Basics, 313f.).
8o (the root of 8t8ut) becomes 8t8o.
2. -t verbs do not take a connecting vowel before the pronominal endings. Rather,
the roots final vowel may be retained, lengthened, or omitted.
8t8o becomes 8t8u.

3. The present form takes the following pronominal endings (Learn these well):

Singular Plural
1. -t -cv
2. - -vc
3. -ct -oct

4. Most of the -t verbs use the tense suffix xo rather than the normal co (e.g.,
c8uxo). Dont confuse this with the perfects. Note that the present is different,
but the rest have rather normal endings that you already know.
8t8ut Paradigms (I give [root 8o])
Active Indicatives
Present Imperfect Future Aorist Perfect
Singular
1. 8t8ut c8t8ouv 8ucu c8uxo 8c8uxo
2. 8t8u c8t8ou 8ucct c8uxo 8c8uxo
3. 8t8uct(v) c8t8ou 8ucct c8uxc(v) 8c8uxc(v)
Plural
1. 8t8ocv c8t8ocv 8ucocv c8uxocv 8c8uxocv
2. 8t8ovc c8t8ovc 8uccvc c8uxovc 8c8uxovc
3. 8t8ooct(v) c8t8ocov 8ucouct(v) c8uxov 8c8uxov

Other Moods
Present
Subjunctive
Aorist
Subjunctive
Present
Imperative
Aorist
Imperative
Singular
1. 8t8u 8u
2. 8t8 8 8t8ou 8o
3. 8t8 8 8t8ovu 8ovu
Plural
1 8t8ucv 8ucv
2. 8t8uvc 8uvc 8t8ovc 8ovc
3. 8t8uct(v) 8uct(v) 8t8ovucov 8ovucov

Infinitives
Present Aorist
Active 8t8ovot 8ouvot
Middle 8t8oc0ot 8oc0ot
Passive 8t8oc0ot 8o0yvot


Present Middle/Passive Indicative
(note how regular)
Singular Plural
1. 8t8oot 8t8oc0o
2. 8t8ocot 8t8oc0c
3. 8t8ovot 8t8ovvot
Filling Out the Paradigm
Imperfect Mid./Pass.: c8t8oyv, c8t8oco, c8t8ovo, c8t8oc0o, c8t8oc0c,
c8t8ovvo
Future Middles: 8ucoot, 8uc, 8uccvot, 8ucoc0o, 8uccc0c, 8ucovvot
Future Passives: 8o0ycoot, 8o0yc, 8o0yccvot, 8o0ycoc0o, 8o0yccc0c,
8o0ycovvot
Aorist Middles: c8oyv, c8ou, c8ovo, c8oc0o, c8oc0c, c8ovvo
Aorist Passives: c8o0yv, c8o0y, c8o0y, c8o0ycv, c8o0yvc, c8o0ycov
Perfect Mid/Pass: 8c8oot, 8c8ocot, 8c8ovot, 8c8oc0o, 8c8oc0c, 8c8ovvot

Three other -t verb types are based on the final vowel of their root:
Alpha class: (tcvyt, I set, stand),
Epsilon class: (vt0yt, I put), and
Upsilon class: (8ctxvut, I show, explain).

We will now look more carefully at these. In this section we will focus on the present
tense only. The other tenses are fairly regular if the expected changes to the final vowels
are kept in mind. One should note that in the present and imperfect, the final vowel is
lengthened in the singular and shortened in the plural.

Present Paradigms
Singular
1. tcvyt vt0yt 8ctxvut
2. tcvy vt0y 8ctxvu/8ctxvuct
3. tcvyct(v) vt0yct(v) 8ctxvuct(v)
Plural
1. tcvocv vt0ccv 8ctxvucv
2. tcvovc vt0cvc 8ctxvuvc
3. tcvoct(v) vt0coct(v) 8ctxvuoct(v)

Although the normal t-verb paradigm for stems ending in u (e.g., ooXXut,
8ctxvut) would require 8ctxvu as the second person singular form, it appears as
8ctxvuct in its sole occurrence in the New Testament.

Exploring vt0yt
Imperfect Active: cvt0yv, cvt0ct, cvt0ct, cvt0ccv, cvt0cvc, cvt0ccov
Aorist Indicative: c0yxo, c0yxo, c0yxc(v), c0yxocv, c0yxovc, c0yxov
Present Subjunctive: vt0u, vt0, vt0, vt0ucv, vt0yvc, vt0uct(v)
Aorist Subjunctive: 0u, 0, 0, 0ucv, 0yvc, 0uct(v)
Present Active Imperative: vt0ct, vt0cvu, vt0cvc, vt0cvucov
Aorist Active Imperative: 0c, 0cvu, 0cvc, 0cvucov

Principal Parts
PresAI FAI AAI PerfAI PerfMI API
8t8ut 8ucu c8uxo 8c8uxo 8c8oot c8o0yv
vt0yt 0ycu c0yxo vc0ctxo vc0ctot cvc0yv
tcvyt cvycu ccvyco ccvyxo ccvoot ccvo0yv
8ctxvut 8ctu c8cto (8c8cto) 8c8ctot c8ct0yv
-t Participles
Participles are formed in a fairly regular manner with the initial reduplication in the
present but not in the aorist (all masculine singular examples here):

Present Participles
Active Masc. Fem. Neut.
Nom. 8t8ou 8t8ouco 8t8ov
Gen. 8t8ovvo 8t8oucy 8t8ovvo
Mid/Pass
Nom. 8t8ocvo 8t8ocvy 8t8ocvov
Gen. 8t8ocvou 8t8ocvy 8t8ocvou

Aorist Participles (just pop the 8t off the present ptc.)
Nom. 8ou 8ouco 8ov
Gen. 8ovvo 8oucy 8ovvo
Middle
Nom. 8ocvo 8ocvy 8ocvov
Gen. 8ocvou 8ocvy 8ocvou
Passive
Nom. 8o0ct 8o0ctco 8o0cv
Gen. 8o0cvvo 8o0ctcy 8o0cvvo


Perfect Participles (shift the 8t to 8c + perf. xov/xut )
Nom. 8c8uxu 8c8uxuto 8c8uxo
Gen. 8c8uxovo 8c8uxuto 8c8uxovo
Mid/Pass no perf. x
Nom. 8c8ocvo 8c8ocvy 8c8ocvov
Gen. 8t8ocvou 8c8ocvy 8c8ocvou
o ovyp oog vov utov xot ovvo 8c8uxcv cv v ctpt ouvou.
The Father loves the Son and has given all things into his hand (Jn. 3:35).

ouvu xot v ut c8uxcv uyv cctv cv couv.
So he gave to the son also to have life in himself (Jn. 5:26).

ooxptvcvot Iycou, Tyv uyv cou ucp cou 0ycct;
Jesus answered, Will you lay down your life for me? (Jn. 13:38).
Chant: -mi verb Spanish endings (Present)
8t8ut: -t, -, -ct(v), -cv, -vc, oct(v)
Vocabulary
ovtcvyt I raise, erect (108)
ooXXut I destroy (90)
oqtyt I let go, dismiss (143)
8t8ut I give, put (415)
y8y now, already (61)
tcvyt I set, stand (154)
xypuccu I proclaim (61)
opo8t8ut I entrust, hand over (119)
vt0yt I put, place (100)
qyt I say (66)
Chapter 26: Numbers and Interrogatives 150

26
Numbers and Interrogatives
You will be able to

1. recognize and translate interrogative statements,
2. recognize and translate indefinite pronouns,
3. recognize and translate basic Greek numbers,
Introduction
Thus far we have looked at the following types of pronouns: personal (e.g., cu ),
relative (e.g., o), demonstrative (e.g., ouvo), reflexive (myself [couvou], yourself
[ccouvou], him/her/itself [couvou]) and reciprocal (e.g., oXXyXuv). In this section we
will examine indefinite pronouns (someone/something) and interrogative pronouns (who?
which? what?).
Possessive Adjectives
Possessive adjectives are used in place of the genitive case of the personal pronouns
at times.
co -- my
co -- your
ycvcpo -- our
ucvcpo -- your (pl.)

Example:
otocov ouvou cv v oXy0ctg o Xoo o co oXy0cto ccvtv (Jn. 17:17)
sanctify them in the truth, your word is truth
Indefinite Pronouns (vt/vt, someone, anything)
This form is an enclitic and is often combined with o (ocvt).

Singular Plural
Masc.
and Fem.
Neut. Masc.
and Fem.
Neut.
Nom. vt vt vtvc vtvo
Gen. vtvo vtvo vtvuv vtvuv
Dat. vtvt vtvt vtct(v) vtct(v)
Acc. vtvo vt vtvo vtvo

Note that the word is an enclitic, with no accent of its own. These forms receive an
accent when given special emphasis or when beginning a clause. The two-syllable forms
also receive an accent when following a word with no accent on the ultima.

Example:
Kot oocvcXXouctv po ouvov vtvo vuv doptcotuv.
And they sent to him some of the Pharisees (Mk. 12:13).

We have looked at interrogative clauses, which use ou when expecting an affirmative
answer and y when calling for a negative one. Other questions may also be introduced
by the following interrogative adverbs:

ovc when?
ou where?
u how?
vt, vt who? which? what?

Other interrogatives are

8to vt why?
vt why?

Interrogative Pronoun (vt/vt who? which? what?)
Singular Plural
Masc.
and Fem.
Neut. Masc.
and Fem.
Neut.

Note that these forms are not enclitic; instead, they have their own accent. Note also
that the two-syllable forms are accented on the first syllable and that the acute accent on
vt and vt never changes to a grave accent. The accent is the only difference in form
from the indefinite pronoun vt/vt, which is enclitic.

Example:
y ouv cptvycyvc (worry) Xcovvc: Tt qoucv; y: Tt tucv; y:
Tt cptoXuc0o (wear)(Mat. 6:31).
Therefore do not worry saying, What shall we eat? or What shall we drink? or
What shall we wear?
Greek Numbers
There are two types of numbers:

1. Cardinal numbers (1, 2, 3 and counting)
2. Ordinal numbers (first, second, and third, telling order in a list)

In Greek ordinal numbers are expressed as shown:

puvo, -y, -ov first
8cuvcpo, -o, -ov second
vptvo, -y, -ov third
vcvopvo, -y, -ov fourth
Cardinal Numbers
Cardinal Numbers function like adjectives:

ct, to, cv 1 c 6
8uo 2 cvo 7
vpct, vpct, vpto 3 oxvu 8
vcccopc, -uv 4 cvvco 9
cvvc 5 8cxo 10
ctxoct 20
vptoxovvo 30
cxovov 100 vccccpoxovvo 40
tXtot, -ot, -o 1,000 cvvyxovvo
50
Teens
cv8cxo 8u8cxo vptcxot8cxo 8cxovcccopc 8cxocvvc ...
11 12 13 14 15
Tens
ctxoct vptoxovvo vcccopoxovvo cvvyxovvo cyxovvo...
20 30 40 50 60


Number One
The number one is often compounded (ou8ct, y8ct no one, nothing) and you
should be able to recognize how it is declined (Machen, New Testament Greek, 165;
Summers, Essentials, 138):

Masc. Fem. Neut.
Nom. ct to cv
Gen. cvo to cvo
Dat. cvt tg cvt
Acc. cvo tov cv
Example
ycov 8c cxct Xt0tvot u8ptot c xovo vov xo0optcov vuv Iou8otuv
xctcvot, upoucot (holding) ovo cvpyvo 8uo y vpct (Jn. 2:6)
But there was lying there six stone water jars according to the purification of the
Jews, holding two or three measures each
Chant Numbers: 1-10, 12, 100, 1000
ct, 8uo, vpct, vcccopc, cvvc,
c, cvo, oxvu, cvvco, 8cxo,
8u8cxo, cxovov, tXtot

Vocabulary
couvou, -y of him/her/itself (319)
co, -y, -ov my, mine (76)
tovtov, -ou, vo garment (60)
vu, vuxvo, y night (61)
ocvt, yvt, ovt whoever (153)
ou where? (48)
pocxuvcu I worship (60)
vt, vt someone, something (525)
vt, vt who? which? what? (555)
u8c here, hither (61)
Chapter 27: Comparatives, Conjunctions, Adverbs, and Clause Types 154

27
Comparatives, Conjunctions, Adverbs,
and Clause Types
You will be able to

1. recognize and translate comparatives;
2. recognize, classify, and translate conjunctions, adverbs and particles;
3. recognize, classify, and translate purpose, result, and other types of clauses;
5. translate John 1:110; and
Introduction to Comparative and Superlative Adjectives
In this chapter we will examine four syntactic odds and ends. Comparative adjectives
(e.g., greater) usually compare two items. Superlative adjectives (e.g., greatest) are used
when comparing more than two items. The issue is more the number of items being
compared than the inflection on the Greek form. A comparative may be used as a regular
adjective or as a superlative. Likewise a superlative may be used as a normal adjective or
comparative. Both may be used as a elative which is an intensification of the regular
adjectival usage [the very big baloon] (Wallace, The Basics of New Testament Syntax,
132ff).
Comparative Adjectives
Greek uses either the endings -tuv or -vcpo, -o, -ov, or the particle y (than) to
indicate a comparative. For example:

co (great) ctuv (greater)
txpo (small) txpovcpo (smaller)
oo0o (good) xpctccuv (better)

These are then declined like adjectives (ctuv, ctovo, ctovt...).
Wallace notes a regular adjective may be used as a comparative:
1) Comparative: Mat. 18:8 xoXov cot ccvtv ctccX0ctv ct vyv uyv xuXXov
it is better to enter into life crippled.

2) Superlative: Mt 22:38 ouvy ccvtv y coXy xot puvy cvvoXy
this is the greatest and first commandment

A comparative may function as a:
1) Regular adjective: Mat 12:6 Xcu utv ovt vou tcpou ctov ccvtv u8c
I tell you, [something] greater than the temple is here
2) Superlative: Luk 9:48 o txpovcpo octv utv ... ccvtv co
the least among you ... is greatest
3) Elative (sense of the adj. is intensified): Acts 13:31 o uq0y ct ycpo Xctou
who appeared for very many days
Superlative Adjectives
The superlative is rare in the New Testament. It is formed by suffixing either -vovo, -
y, -ov or -tcvo, -y, -ov. There may be a change in the stem as seen in the following
example. The most frequent is puvo (first) and ccovo (last). The superlative form
may function as a regular adjective or as a comparative or elative.

Adjective Comparative Superlative
txpo (little) cXoccuv (less) cXotcvo (least)
co (great) ctuv (greater) ctovcpo (greatest)
vco (new) vcuvcpo (newer) vcuvovo (newest)

Other superlatives are
utcvo, -y, -ov (highest) puvo, -y, -ov (first)
Xctcvo, -y, -ov (most) ccovo, -y, -ov (last)
Superlative as an elative: Mk 4:1 cuvocvot po ouvov oXo Xctcvo
a very great crowd gathered before him. (adj. sense instensified: very)
Superlative as comparative:
Mat 21:28 ov0puo ctcv vcxvo 8uo. xot poccX0cv v puv ctcv
a man had two sons. He came to the first and said...
(vid. Wallace, The Basics of New Testament Syntax, 132ff, for a more complete
discussion)
Conjunctions
Conjunctions connect words, phrases, clauses, or sentences. Dana and Manteys
classifications according to broader areas of meaning are helpful (Manual Grammar,
257).

Temporal
opt until ovc when
cct when ptv before
cct8y when u when, as
cu until
Causal

op for ovt because
8tovt because u since
cct since cct8y since

Purpose
tvo in order that
ou in order that
u in order that

Result
ucvc so that
tvo (may also sometimes mean) so that
u so as
ovt so that

Continuative
8c and, now ovt that
tvo that ouv then, now
xot and vc and

Adversative
oXXo but cvvot however
8c but ouv however
xot but
Particles
Perschbacher (New Testament Greek Syntax, 17184) identifies particles as small
indeclinable words that are not prepositions, conjunctions, adverbs, or interjections. The
following is a list of some of most frequently used particles:

oyv so be it, truly, amen
ov (untranslated; occurs with the various moods and often with
relative pronouns)
opo therefore, then
c indeed (emphasizes the word it goes with)
t8c look! notice, behold
t8ou look! notice, behold
cv indeed (often with the relative pronoun), on the one hand
vot yes, indeed
Adverbs
There are many ways in Greek by which the verb may be modified in an adverbial
sense of time, manner or place. In English, an adverb is often designated by the addition

of the ly ending (he went quickly). We can often convert adjectives into adverbs by
adding the ly ending (he was an articulate [adj.] speaker; he spoke articulately [adv.]).
In Greek we are familiar with several ways the verb may be modified in time, manner
and place already. One may use a participle in an adverbial manner (After leaving the
store, he went home; vid. chs. 20/21 Translating Participlesadverbial sense). Secondly,
the articular infinitive is also used in an adverbial manner (before Phillip called you, I
saw you....; vid. ch. 22 Articular Infinitives). Thirdly, many prepositional phrases have
an adverbial verb modifying function and indeed some adverbs actually became more
prepositional in their function and are classed as adverbial prepositions (i.e. cu
outside). Indeed, some words are classified as both improper prepositions and adverbs
and some are marked by the 0cv ending (otcu (prep. + genitive=after; otc0cv adv.
from behind). Fourthly, as in English where an adjective can be converted into an
adverb by changing the ending (articulate/articulately) so in Greek using the genitive
plural form an adverb may be formed by shifting the uv ending to an u (e.g. xoXuv
[good] becomes xoXu [well] (Stevens, 87f.). Finally, there are explicit adverbs which
help develop the meaning of the verb in time, manner, and location.
Time: ouptov (tomorrow), cycpov (today), c0c (yesterday), vu v (now) and
vovc (then), u ovc (ever, at any time)
Manner: ouvu (thus/in this manner), vocu (quickly)
Location: ovu (above), ovu0cv (from above), xovu (below), cxct (there),
cxct0cv (from there), u 8c (here), cvvcu0cv (from there);
vid. Porter, Idioms, 125.
Clause Type Introduction
We have studied nouns, verbs, prepositions, and other parts of speech. After studying
single words, we must move on to larger grammatical constructions. Clauses are a group
of connected words that contain a verb. Clauses can function substantively (like a noun),
adjectivally, or adverbially. We have already seen clauses in the four types of conditional
clauses (if x then y). The following will be an initial exploration into several types of
dependent clauses. For higher level analysis one will find wonderful resources in S.
Porters Idioms of the Greek New Testament (Sheffield, 1999), S. Levinsohns Discourse
Features of New Testament Greek (SIL, 2000) and Katharine Barnwells Introduction to
Semantics and Translation (SIL, 1980).

1. Substantive
I do not have what I need (functions as the object)
2. Adjective
He bought the ball that Coach Kessler had signed.
3. Adverb
I will come when I have finished playing with Elliott.

The various clause types follow. The four types of conditional clauses were covered in
chapter 23, on the subjunctive verb.

Purpose Clauses
A purpose clause gives an explanation of the object or goal that was pursued by the
main verb. They are retrospective, looking back and giving an explanation for why
something has occured. I stopped quickly to avoid running over Zachs bike. Greek
expresses purpose in at least three ways (Dana and Mantey, Manual Grammar, 28384):

1. With an infinitive:
My votcyvc ovt yX0ov xovoXucot vov voov.
Do not think that I came to destroy the law (Mat. 5:17).

2. With tvo or ou + subjunctive:
yX0cv . . . tvo opvupyc cpt vou quvo.
He came that he might bear witness concerning the light (Jn. 1:7).

3. With ct or po followed by an articular infinitive:
otouctv po vo 0co0yvot vot ov0puot.
They do [them] to be seen by men (Mat. 23:5).
Result Clauses
Result clauses describe the results that flow from the main verb. There are several
ways in which result clauses are marked in Greek. The difference between purpose and
result is often subtle in English.

1. The most common is ucvc or u + infinitive:
xot co v cu ocov vyv tcvtv ucvc opy c0tcvovot
And if I have all faith, so as to remove mountains (1 Cor. 13:2)

2. ucvc or ovt + indicative:
ucvc vov utov vov ovocvy c8uxcv
So that he gave his unique Son (Jn. 3:16)
Cause Clauses
Cause clauses are prospective, looking forward to a goal with intention. They are
often introduced with because. These types of clauses are generally introduced by
conjunctions like ovt or cct . They can be formed by participles and infintives as well
(Porter, Idioms, 237).
For example:
Jn 14:19 ovt cu u xot uct yccvc
because I live you shall also live.
Temporal Clauses
There are several ways to form clauses that indicate events taking place before, while,
or after the time of the main verb (Dana and Mantey, Manual Grammar, 28082):

1. With an indicative verb introduced by various prepositions and particles:

when ovc, cct8y, u
whenever ovov
while cu, opt, ou
until cu, opt
since u, ou

ovc cvcXcccv o Iycou vou Xoou vouvou, cvypcv.
When Jesus had finished these words, he departed (Mat. 19:1).

2. With the subjunctive and various prepositions or particles:

whenever ovov, cov
until cu, opt, cpt

cxct cvcvc cu ov ccX0yvc cxct0cv.
Remain there [in that place] until you leave there (Mk. 6:10).

3. With ptv + infinitive indicating before:
ctpyxo utv ptv cvcc0ot.
I have told you before it comes to pass (Jn. 14:29).

4. With a participle:
xot ccX0uv ct8cv oXuv oXov.
And when he came forth, he saw the great crowd (Mat. 14:14).
Vocabulary
8uo two (135)
8u8cxo twelve (75)
ct, to, cv one (344)
cxovov one hundred (11)
cvo seven (88)
y8ct, y8cto, y8cv no, no one (90)
ou8ct, ou8cto, ou8cv no, no one (234)
cvvc five (36)
vpct, vpto three (68)
tXto, -o8o, y thousand (23)
Chapter 28: Case Revisited 160

28
Case Revisited
You will be able to

1. recognize and translate the various nuances of the Greek case system (genitive,
dative),
3. translate John 1:1120, and
Introduction to Deep Case Structure
In chapter 4, the Greek five-case structure was introduced (nominative, genitive,
dative, accusative, and vocative). In order to translate correctly, one must be aware of the
great variation in the ways these cases are utilized in Greek. This chapter will show some
of the translation options for the genitive and dative cases. Context will ultimately
determine which option should be employed. One of the major problems with having just
one year of Greek is a this equals that view of translation. This section is meant to
expose you to some of the wide variety and numerous possibilities that come with a
deeper knowledge of Greek. This is a mere introduction to the next level of expanding
your understanding of Greek.
Genitive Introduction
Until now, we have seen the genitive as a case used for possession, translated of. The
genitive, however, is used much more widely than that. Its broader meaning is descriptive
and often specifies more exactly, defines more precisely, or limits the scope of the word
to which it is connected. Thus the genitive has an adjectival function. It also functions
like an adverb when it specifies time and place.
Possessive Genitive
The possessive genitive may be translated of or as a possessive noun or pronoun
(his/her). Possessive answers: whose? Descriptive answers: which?

vyv xotXtov vy yvpo
the mothers womb (Jn. 3:4)

vyv 8oov ouvou
his glory (Jn. 1:14)

Relational Genitive
The relational genitive specifies a family relationship (son, parent, wife).

y yvyp ouvou
his mother (Jn. 2:5)

2tuv Iuovvou
Simon, [son] of John (Jn. 21:15)

Mopto y vou KXuo
Mary the [wife] of Clopas (Jn. 19:25)
Descriptive Genitive
The descriptive genitive qualifies the noun, describing it in more detail.

O yXo vou otxou cou
the zeal of your house (Jn. 2:17) [specifies the focus of the zeal]

vou voou vou cuovo ouvou
the temple of his body (Jn. 2:21)
Subjective Genitive
The word in the genitive functions as the subject or produces the action of the verbal
idea implied in the noun it describes.

y ct0uto vy copxo
the lust of the flesh (1 Jn. 2:16) [the flesh lusts]

y ct0uto vuv oq0oXuv
the lust of the eyes (1 Jn. 2:16) [the eyes lust]
Objective Genitive
The genitive receives the action. It acts like an object to the action of the word it
modifies. These categories are not mutually exclusive. Sometimes a genitive may be both
objective and descriptive or just plain ambiguous at times.

y 8c vou vcuovo Xocqyto
the blasphemy against the Spirit (Mat. 12:31) [blaspheme the Holy Spirit]

o 0cptco vy y
the harvest of the earth (Rev. 14:15) [harvest the earth]
Time Genitive
Genitives of time function like adverbs. Genitives of time express time within which
something happens.


yX0cv po ouvov vuxvo.
he came to him during the night (Jn. 3:2).

cu vuv ycpuv Aout8
until the days of David (Acts 7:45)
Agency Genitive
The agency genitive identifies the agent that has been involved in an action.

ccovvot ovvc 8t8oxvot 0cou.
They shall all be taught by God (Jn. 6:45) (God is the agent teaching).
Deeper into the Dative
In chapter 4, the dative was given as the indirect object case (He hit the ball to Elliott).
It is also used to express self-interest, means, location, and point of time.
Indirect Object
ctcv ouvot Aucovc.
He said to them, Destroy (Jn. 2:19).

Perschbacher (New Testament Greek Syntax, 14452), Wallace (Beyond the Basics,
13775), and Dana and Mantey (Manual Grammar, 8391) provide rich discussions that
have been utilized here and that go beyond our present level of discussion. Daniel
Wallaces Basics of New Testament Syntax: An Intermediate Greek Grammar
(Zondervan, 2000) and David Blacks Its Still Greek to Me (Baker, 1998) are the most
readable and excellent introductions to the next level.
Dative of Interest
The dative of interest may express advantage or disadvantage. When expressing
advantage, it may be translated to or for. When expressing disadvantage, against
may be used (Wallace, Beyond the Basics, 142f.).

ucvc opvupctvc couvot
so that you witness against yourselves (Mat. 23:31)

My 0ycouptcvc utv 0ycoupou ct vy y.
Do not store up for yourselves treasure on earth (Mat. 6:19).
Dative of Location
The dative is often used with the prepositions cv (in) and po (to, toward) to
reference a particular physical location. However, the dative may also be used alone to
indicate location.

ot . . . o0yvot v Xotopt yX0ov.
the disciples came in a small boat (Jn. 21:8).

o 8c 8ouXo ou cvct cv v otxtg.
But the slave does not remain in the house (Jn. 8:35).
Dative of Sphere
The dative of sphere refers to an abstract realm, whereas the dative of location refers to
a specific physical location.

cxocvo xo0u popyvot v xop8tg
Let each one as he has purposed in [the sphere of his] heart (2 Cor. 9:7)

xot cu0u ctvou o Iycou v vcuovt ouvou
And immediately Jesus knew in [the sphere of] his spirit (Mk. 2:8).
Instrumental Dative
The dative often indicates the means by which something happens. It can designate the
instrument (impersonal) or agent (personal) that performs the action.

ct uoxoyv c0vuv, Xo xot cp
to the obedience of the Gentiles by word and deed (Rom. 15:18)

optvt ccvc cccccvot.
You have been saved by grace (Eph. 2:5).
Dative of Time
The dative may be used to refer to a particular point in time, in contrast to the genitive,
which describes time as time within which or time during which.

Kot v ycpg v vptv oo ccvcvo.
And on the third day there was a wedding (Jn. 2:1).

Hv 8c coovov cv cxctv v ycpg.
And it was the Sabbath on that day (Jn. 5:9).

The nominative and accusative could also be explored in this deeper way in any of the
intermediate or advanced grammars (Robertson, Wallace, Moulton, Burton,
Dana/Mantey, or the many Grace Theological Journal articles by James Boyer [vid. web
site or digital disk], etc). One interesting study which needs to be embarked on is also the
various uses of the article (cf. S. M. Baugh, A First John Reader (P. & R. Publishing
1999; 83-92; Dan Wallace is the king of the article as seen in pages 93-128 of his shorter
intermediate grammar--The Basics of New Testament Syntax, or 206-290 of his massive
grammar Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics).

Vocabulary
ocooot I greet (59)
8coot I take, receive (56)
8t8ocxoXo, -ou, o teacher (59)
ccpuvou I ask (56)
0cupcu I look at (58)
Xt0o, -ou, o stone (59)
cuvou I gather (59)
votouvo, -ouvy, -ouvov such (57)
uopu I am, exist (60)
opo, -o, y joy (59)
Commencement 165

Commencement
Well, the end has finally arrived. You have learned the basics of Greek grammar. Where
do you go from here?
There are basically three directions you may want to explore at this point:

1. Rapid reading of the New Testament (see the 1 John and John 1-5 easy reader
supplied on this disk),
2. Vocabulary development (check out the Vocabulary Builder on the disk. It will
take you down to all the words used nine times or more in the NT).
3. For more in-depth syntax I suggest Daniel Wallaces second-year grammar, The
Basics of New Testament Syntax [see below], or David Blacks useful guide, Its
Still Greek to Me [see below]), Stanley Porters Idioms of the Greek New
Testament, and Stephen Levinsohns Discourse Features of New Testament
Greek.
Indispensable Books
The Greek New Testament. Ed. B. Aland, K. Aland, J. Karavidopoulos, C. M. Martini,
B. M. Metzger. 4th rev. ed. Stuttgart: United Bible Societies, 1993. Usually cited as
UBS
4
; or
Novum Testamentum Graece. Ed. E. and E. Nestle, B. and K. Aland, J.
Karavidopoulos, C. M. Martini, B. M. Metzger. 27th ed. Stuttgart: Deutsche
Bibelgesellschaft, 1993. Usually cited as NA
27
.
There is also a copy of the complete Westcott/Hort/Robinson New Testament text
both on the web site and on this disk.
A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Chrisitan Literature. Ed.
W. Bauer, F. W. Danker, W. F. Arndt, and F. W. Gingrich, 3d ed. (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 2000). Expensive but a foundational tool! Usually cited
as BDAG.
Rapid Reading Tools
A rapid reading tool saves you from the drudgery of looking words up in the BDAG
Greek lexicon. Start with reading John 15 on the Mastering New Testament Greek disk.
First John has also been added in an easy-reader style. The point of these tools is to help
you do pleasure reading in the Greek New Testament. Yes, it should be a pleasure and a
delight.
Commencement 166

Other Reading Helps
Kubo, Sakae. A Readers Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament. Grand Rapids:
Zondervan, 1975.
Perhaps the way I enjoy reading the most is using Bible Works 7.0. This is the most
excellent concordancing reading tool available anywhere. It is published by
Hermeneutica and currently sells for about $350. It has full texts of the Septuagint,
New Testament in Greek, numerous English, Spanish, German, French, Latin, and
other translations. When you run your mouse across a word it automatically gives
you the translation and parsing. Click on a word, and it will do a concordance search
for the word in all the Septuagint, New Testament, or whatever. Its an incredible
tool and helps make reading Greek a pure pleasure. New Greek
concordancing/reading programs by Logos, Accordance (Mac only), or Bible
Windows may also fill a similar software role.
Vocabulary Builders
Three slender paperbacks and an ebook list the words of the Greek New Testament by
frequency:

Hildebrandt, Ted. Vocabulary Frequency List ebook. See the Adobe Acrobat PDF files
included on the Mastering New Testament Greek disk at the end of this textbook, if
you want to print the vocab list, and see the Vocabulary Builder if you want an
interactive flashcard-like approach on the computer. This list teaches you over 1,200
of the most frequently used Greek words, and its already on your disk.
Metzger, Bruce M. Lexical Aids for Students of New Testament Greek. 3d ed. Grand
Rapids: Baker, 1998.
Robinson, Thomas. Mastering Greek Vocabulary. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 1991.
Trenchard, Warren. The Students Complete Vocabulary Guide to the Greek New
Testament. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1992.
Advanced Studies
Grammars to work with at this point:

Barnwell, Katharine. Introduction to Semantics and Translation. Horsleys Green, UK.:
Summer Institute of Linguistics, 1980.
Black, David Alan. Its Still Greek to Me. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1998. Good for second-
year Greek.
---. (ed.) Linguistics and New Testament Interpretation: Essays on Discourse Analysis.
Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 1992.
Boyer, James...see a series of his excellent articles in the Grace Theological Journal
listed online and on this disk.
Burton, Ernest De Witt. Syntax of the Moods and Tenses in New Testament Greek.
Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1898 [vid. web site and this disk]
Carson, D. A. Exegetical Falacies. 2
nd
ed. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1996.
Commencement 167

Decker, Rodney J. Temporal Deixis of the Greek Verb in the Gospel of Mark with
Reference to Verbal Aspect. New York: Peter Lang, 2001.
Duvall, J. S. and George H. Guthrie. Biblical Greek Exegesis: A Graded Approach to
Learning Intermediate and Advanced Greek. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1998.
Erickson, Richard. A Beginners Guide to New Testament Exegesis. Downers Grove:
InterVarsity Press, 2005.
Fanning, Buist. M. Verbal Aspect in New Testament Greek. Oxford: Clarendon Press,
1990.
Levinsohn, Stephen. Discourse Features of New Testament Greek. Dallas: SIL
International, 2000.
Louw, J. P. Semantics of New Testament Greek. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1982.
Moulton, James H., Wilbert F. Howard, and Nigel Turner. A Grammar of New
Testament Greek. 4 vols. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 1908-76.
Perschbacher, Wesley J. New Testament Greek Syntax. Chicago: Moody, 1995. Useful.
Porter, Stanley. Idioms of the Greek New Testament. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic
Press, 1999.
---. Studies in the Greek New Testament: Theory and Practice. New York: Peter Lang,
1996.
---. A Handbook to the Exegesis of the New Testament. Leiden: Brill, 2002.
Robertson, A. T. A Grammar of the Greek New Testament in the Light of Historical
Research. Nashville: Broadman Press, 1923.
Silva, Moises. Biblical Words and Their Meanings: An Introduction to Lexical
Semantics. Grand Rapids: Zondervan 1983.
Wallace, Daniel B. Greek Grammar beyond the Basics: An Exegetical Syntax of the
Greek New Testament. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1996. Massive and
comprehensive.
. The Basics of New Testament Syntax: An Intermediate Greek Grammar. Grand
Rapids: Zondervan, 2000. Greek grammar lite.
Workbook Readers
Guthrie, George, and J. S. Duvall. Biblical Greek Exegesis: A Graded Approach to
Learning Intermediate and Advanced Greek. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1998.
Levinsohn, Stephen. Discourse Features of New Testament Greek. Dallas: SIL
International, 2000. A favorite of mine.
Mounce, William D. A Graded Reader of Biblical Greek. Grand Rapids: Zondervan,
1996. This is good for the summer after your first year.
Exegetical Dictionaries
For extensive word studies, the following dictionaries are very helpful:

Balz, Horst, and Gerhard Schneider, eds. Exegetical Dictionary of the New Testament. 3
vols. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 199093.
Brown, Colin, ed. New International Dictionary of New Testament Theology. 4 vols.
Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 197586. Highly recommended.
Commencement 168

Kittel, Gerhard, and Gerhard Friedrich, eds. Theological Dictionary of the New
Testament. Trans. G. W. Bromiley. 10 vols. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 196476.
Heavy! See James Barrs critique of TDNT in his book The Semantics of Biblical
Language (London: Oxford University Press, 1961).

These dictionary sets are fairly expensive but extremely helpful in their exhaustive
treatment of Greek words both in and outside of the New Testament. Colin Brown is my
favorite.
Concordances
Moulton, W. F., and A. S. Geden, A Concordance to the Greek Testament. Edinburgh: T.
& T. Clark, 1963.
Electronic Greek concordances are quite helpful. The best is Bible Works 7.0 (Win) from
Hermeneutica (about $350). It allows for advanced grammatical/morphological
searches or simple word searches in any of over thirteen languages. Programs by
Logos, Accordance, and Bible Windows should also be explored to see what works
best for you.

I hope you have enjoyed your study of Greek. This is a good time to return to why we
have undertaken this endeavor. The New Testament tells us about the person and work of
Jesus, Gods Son. It is the story of the journey of an early Christian community called the
church. Its words come with the power and authority of God and are refreshment for the
soul, giving eternal guidance that transcends our postmodern culture. If you have come to
the end of this study hating it because it was hard, you have accomplished little. If you
have come to love the language and now find that one of your greatest joys is to sit and
read the pages of the New Testament directly from the Greek text, you have gained a
valuable resource. The goal for this course was to develop a love and passion for reading
the New Testament in Greek. It has been hard, but the best things in life dont come easy.
You be the judge of how well the goal was accomplished.
It has made me laugh when I realize that the computer medium has allowed me to
share in your journey and to help you master New Testament Greek. Hours and hours of
5:00 A.M. typing and editing are finally over. I hope this new format brings glory to God
and his awesome Son! Amen!

vo vcXothe end
Works Cited 169

Works Cited
Black, David Alan. Its Still Greek to Me: An Easy-to-Understand Guide to Intermediate
Greek. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1998.
Dana, H. E., and Julius R. Mantey. A Manual Grammar of the Greek New Testament.
New York: Macmillan, 1957.
Hansen, Hardy, and Gerald M. Quinn. Greek: An Intensive Course. 2d rev. ed. New
York: Fordham University Press, 1992.
Hewitt, James A. New Testament Greek: A Beginning and Intermediate Grammar.
Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson, 1986.
Machen, J. Gresham. New Testament Greek for Beginners. New York: Macmillan, 1923.
Mounce, William D. Basics of Biblical Greek: Grammar. Grand Rapids: Zondervan,
1993.
Perschbacher, Wesley J. New Testament Greek Syntax. Chicago: Moody, 1995.
Porter, Stanley. Idioms of the Greek New Testament. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic
Press, 1999.
Stevens, Gerald L. New Testament Greek. 2d ed. Lanham, Md.: University Press of
America, 1997.
Summers, Ray. Essentials of New Testament Greek. Nashville: Broadman, 1950.
Wallace, Daniel B. Greek Grammar beyond the Basics: An Exegetical Syntax of the New
Testament. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1996.
Wenham, John W. The Elements of New Testament Greek. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1965.

Appendix 1
Vocabulary Lists by Chapter
In parentheses is the number of times the word occurs in the Greek New Testament.
Chapter 1
ocXo, -ou, o angel (175)angel
oyv truly, verily (129)amen
ov0puo, -ou, o man, human (550)anthropology
cu I (1,175)ego
0co, -ou, o God (1,317)theology
xot and, even, also (9,153)
xop8to, -o, y heart (156)cardiac
Xcu I say (2,354)
poqyvy, -ou, o prophet (144)prophet
Xptcvo, -ou, o Christ, Messiah, anointed one (529)Christ
Chapter 2
o8cXqo, -ou, o brother (343)
oxouu I hear, obey (428)
8oo, -y, y glory, fame (166)
cu I have, hold (708)
xoco, -ou, y world (186)
xupto, -ou, o lord, Lord, sir (717)
Xoo, -ou, o word (330)
uto, -ou, o son (377)
doptcoto, -ou, o Pharisee (98)
Chapter 3
oXXo but, yet (638)
oocvoXo, -ou, o apostle, sent one (80)
Xcu I see (133)
op for, then (1,041)
tvucxu I know (222)
Iycou, -ou, o Jesus (917)

Xoovu I take, receive (258)
Xuu I loose (42)
oupovo, -ou, o heaven (273)
tcvcuu I believe (241)
Chapter 4
ooou I love (143)
poqu I write (191)
8c but, and (2,792)
8ouXo, -ou, o servant, slave (124)
cuptcxu I find (176)
tcpov, -ou, vo temple (71)
Xoo, -ou, o people (142)
voo, -ou, o law (194)
otxo, -ou, o house (114)
u as, about, how (504)
Chapter 5
ooy, -y, y love (116)
oXy0cto, -o, y truth (109)
oopvto, -o, y sin (173)
octXcto, -o, y kingdom (162)
poqy, -y, y writing, Scripture (50)
cctpu I raise up (144)
cxxXycto, -o, y assembly, church (114)
cpov, -ou, vo work (169)
o0yvy, -ou, o disciple (261)
upo, -o, y hour (106)
Chapter 6
oo from (with gen.) (646)
8to through (with gen.) (667)
on account of (with acc.)
ct into (with acc.) (1,768)
cx out of (with gen.) (914)
cv in (with dat.) (2,752)
ct on, over (with gen.) (890)
on, at, on the basis of, against (with dat.)
on, to, toward, against (with acc.)
xovo down, against (with gen.) (473)
according to (with acc.)
cvo with (with gen.) (469)
after, behind (with acc.)

cpt about, concerning (with gen.) (333)
around, near (with acc.)
po to (with acc.) (700)
Chapter 7
oo0o, -y, -ov good (102)
oto, -o, -ov holy (233)
8txoto, -o, -ov righteous (79)
ctt I am (2,460)
co, coXy, co great, large (243)
vcxpo, -o, -ov dead (128)
ou, oux, ou no, not (1,606)
puvo, -y, -ov first (155)
quvy, -y, y voice (139)
Chapter 8
ouvo, -y, -o he/she/it (5595)
y, -y, y earth, land, region (250)
cu, yct I, we (2666)
ycpo, -o, y day (389)
ovt that, because (1,296)
ouv so, then, therefore (499)
oXo, -ou, o crowd (175)
opo from (with gen.) (194)
beside, with (with dat.)
alongside, beside (with acc.)
cu, uct you, you (pl.) (2,905)
uo by, at the hands of (with gen.)
under, below (with acc.) (220)
Chapter 9
oocvcXXu I send (132)
oXXu I throw (122)
0cXu I wish (208)
ouvu thus, so (208)
opcuoot I go (153)

Chapter 10
uy, -y, y life (135)
0ovovo, -ou, o death (120)
xptvu I judge (114)
cvu I remain (118)
ovo, -y, -ov only, alone (114)
vuv now (147)
ou8c and not, nor (143)
HouXo, -ou, o Paul (158)
cu I save (106)
vovc then (160)
Chapter 11
ocpoot I go away, leave (117)
cxctvo, -y, -o that (265)
xo0u as, just as (182)
o, y, o who, which (1365)
ovov when, whenever (123)
ouvo, ouvy, vouvo this (1388)
oXtv again, back (141)
ucp for, about (gen.) (150)
above, beyond (acc.)
Chapter 12
oo0vcxu I die (111)
cxct there (105)
cu until (146)
t8ou behold (200)
tvo in order that (663)
Iuovvy, -ou, o John (135)
cv on the one hand, indeed (179)
oXo, -y, -ov whole, entire (109)
ovc when (103)
cuv with (128)
Chapter 13
ovyp, ov8po, o man, husband (216)
octXcu, -cu, o king (115)
8uvot, -cu, y power, miracle (119)
ovoo, -ovo, vo name, reputation (231)

o, oco, ov all, each, every (1244)
ovyp, ovpo, o father (413)
tcvt, tcvcu, y faith, belief (243)
vcuo, -ovo, vo spirit, wind (379)
cop, copxo, y flesh, body (147)
opt, -tvo, y grace, kindness (155)
Chapter 14
oto, -ovo, vo blood (97)
otpu I raise, take up (101)
8t8ocxu I teach (97)
t8to, -o, -ov ones own (114)
xoXo, -y, -ov good (100)
cXXu I am about to, intend (109)
o8o, -ou, y way (101)
oXu, oXXy, oXu much, many (416)
cuo, -ovo, vo body(142)
uy, -y, y soul, life (103)
Chapter 15
oXXo, -y, -o other (155)
opvo, -ou, o bread (97)
8ct it is necessary (101)
coucto, -o, y authority (100)
cvcpo, -o, -ov different (98)
cvt yet, still (93)
oq0oXo, -ou, o eye (100)
vcxvov, -ou, vo child (99)
voo, -ou, o place (94)
qu, quvo, vo light (73)
Chapter 16
otuv, -uvo, o age, eternity (122)
oXXyXuv one another (100)
optcpcu, -cu, o high priest (122)
uvy, -otxo, y woman (215)
8uvoot I can, am able (210)
c0vo, -ou, vo nation (162)
oco, -y, -ov as great as (110)
oXt, -cu, y city (162)
vc and, and so (215)
ctp, ctpo, y hand (177)

Chapter 17
ct if, that (504)
cc0tu I eat (158)
ou I live (140)
yvcu I seek (117)
y or, either (343)
xoXcu I call (148)
XoXcu I speak, say (296)
opoxoXcu I urge, exhort (109)
Xypou I complete, fill (86)
otcu I do, make (568)
Chapter 18
cvvou I beget (97)
8txotocuvy, -y, y righteousness (92)
co v if, when (351)
ctpyvy, -y, y peace (92)
ot8o I know (318)
otxto, -o, y house (93)
opou I see (454)
cptovcu I walk, live (95)
u how (103)
qocoot I fear (95)
Chapter 19
oxoXou0cu I follow (90)
cvutov before (94)
0oXocco, -y, y sea, lake (91)
xo0yot I sit (91)
xotpo, -ou, o time (85)
ouvc and not, neither/nor (87)
tvu I fall (90)
ou, o8o, o foot (93)
poccpoot I come/go to (86)
poccuoot I pray (85)
Chapter 20
ovootvu I go up (82)
opu I rule, begin (mid) (86)
cxocvo, -y, -ov each, every (82)
cxoXXu I drive out (81)
xou and I, but I (81)

xovootvu I go down (83)
o XXov more, rather (81)
yvyp, -o, y mother (83)
oou where, since (82)
ucvc therefore, so that (83)
Chapter 21
ovotu I open (77)
ovtu I baptize (77)
cuocXtov, -ou, vo gospel (76)
opvupcu I witness (76)
cu I send (79)
ovypo, -o, -ov evil, bad (78)
pocuov, -ou, vo face (76)
cyctov, -ou, vo sign, miracle (77)
cvoo, -ovo, vo mouth (78)
uou I go away (79)
Chapter 22
otvcu I ask (70)
otuvto, -ov eternal (71)
ooxvctvu I kill (74)
xcqoXy, -y, y head (75)
tvu I drink (73)
Xotov, -ou, vo boat (68)
up, -o, vo fire (71)
vypcu I keep, guard (70)
u8up, -ovo, vo water (76)
otpu I rejoice (74)
Chapter 23
ou I lead, bring (67)
ooXuu I set free (66)
ctvc if, whether (65)
cvvoXy, -y, y commandment (68)
xopo, -ou, o fruit (66)
tcvo, -y, -ov faithful (67)
pccuvcpo, -o,-ov elder (66)
pyo, -ovo, vo word (68)
coovov, -ou, vo Sabbath (68)
qcpu I bear, carry (66)

Chapter 24
ooyvo, -y, -ov beloved (61)
poovcu, -cu, o scribe (63)
8otovtov, -ou, vo demon (63)
8oxcu I think (62)
8oou I glorify, honor (61)
cu outside (63)
cpuvou I ask (63)
0cXyo, -ovo, vo will (62)
0povo, -ou, o throne (62)
opo, -ou, vo mountain (63)
Chapter 25
ovtcvyt I raise, erect (108)
ooXXut I destroy (90)
oqtyt I let go, dismiss (143)
8t8ut I give, put (415)
y8y now, already (61)
tcvyt I set, stand (154)
xypuccu I proclaim (61)
opo8t8ut I entrust (119)
vt0yt I put, place (100)
qyt I say (66)
Chapter 26
couvou, -y of him/her/itself (319)
co, -y, -ov my, mine (76)
tovtov, -ou, vo garment (60)
vu, vuxvo, y night (61)
ocvt, yvt, ovt whoever (153)
ou where? (48)
pocxuvcu I worship (60)
vt, vt someone, something (525)
vt, vt who? which? (555)
u8c here, hither (61)
Chapter 27
8uo two (135)
8u8cxo twelve (75)
ct, to, cv one (344)
cxovov one hundred (11)
cvo seven (88)

y8ct, y8cto,
y8cv
no, no one (90)
ou8ct, ou8cto,
ou8cv
no, no one (234)
cvvc five (36)
vpct, vpto three (68)
tXto, -o8o, y thousand (23)
Chapter 28
ocooot I greet (59)
8coot I take, receive (56)
8t8ocxoXo, -ou, o teacher (59)
ccpuvou I ask (56)
0cupcu I look at (58)
Xt0o, -ou, o stone (59)
cuvou I gather (59)
votouvo, -ouvy,
-ouvov
such (57)
uopu I am, exist (60)
opo, -o, y joy (59)

vo vcXothe end

Appendix 2
Paradigms
Verbs
Present Tense
Singular Plural
1. Xuu I loose/am loosing Xuocv We loose/ are loosing
2. Xuct You loose/are loosing Xucvc You loose/are loosing
3. Xuct He/she/it looses/is
loosing
Xuouct(v) They loose/are loosing

Primary Pronominal Suffixes
-u I -ocv We
-ct You (thou) -cvc You (you-all)
-ct He/she/it -ouct(v) They

Singular Plural
(for myself)
(for ourselves)
(for yourself)
(for yourselves)
(for themselves)

Singular Plural


Middle/Passive Primary Endings
Singular Plural
1. -oot -oc0o
2. - (-cot) -cc0c
3. -cvot -ovvot

Present of ctt
Singular Plural
1. ctt I am cccv We are
2. ct You are ccvc You are
3. ccvt(v) He/she/it is ctct(v) They are
Contract Verbs
Singular Plural

Singular Plural

Singular Plural

3 1 3
Plural

2 1 2
Plural

3 1 3
Nom. uv ouco ov
Gen. ovvo oucy ovvo
Dat. ovvt ouc ovvt
Acc. ovvo oucov ov
Plural
Acc. ovvo ouco ovvo

Future Tense
Singular Plural

Singular Plural
(for myself)
(for ourselves)
(for yourself)
(for yourselves)
3. Xuccvot He/she/it will loose
(for themselves)

Singular Plural
1. Xu0ycoot I will be
loosed
Xu0ycoc0o We will be
loosed
2. Xu0yc You will be
loosed
Xu0yccc0c You will be
loosed
loosed
Xu0ycovvot They will be
loosed

Future of ctt
Singular Plural
Imperfect Tense
Singular Plural
3. cXuc(v) He/she/it was loosing cXuov They were loosing

Singular Plural
1. -v -cv
2. - -vc
3. -c -v

Learn: v c cv vc v (n s e men te n)

Singular Plural
1. cXuoyv I was being loosed cXuoc0o We were being loosed
2. cXuou You were being loosed cXucc0c You were being loosed
3. cXucvo He/she/it was being loosed cXuovvo They were being loosed

Singular Plural
1. -yv -c0o
2. -ou -cc0c
3. -vo -ovvo

Imperfect of ctt
Singular Plural
Aorist Tense
First Aorist Active Indicative of Xuu
Singular Plural

Note: , c, c, cv, vc, v endings are the same as the imperfects except in the first
person singular, where the v is dropped.

First Aorist Middle Indicative of Xuu
Singular Plural
1. cXucoyv I loosed
(for myself)
cXucoc0o We loosed
(for ourselves)
2. cXucu You loosed
(for yourself)
cXucoc0c You loosed
(for yourselves)
(for themselves)

Singular Plural

3 1 3
Plural

2 1 2
Plural


3 1 3
Plural

Singular Plural

Note: v, c, c, cv, vc, v endings are the same as the imperfects.

Singular Plural

Note: yv, ou, vo, c0o, cc0c, ovvo endings are the same as the imperfects.
Perfect Tense
Singular Plural

Singular Plural
2. XcXucot You have been loosed XcXuc0c You have been loosed
3. XcXuvot He/she/it has been
loosed
XcXuvvot They have been
loosed


Perfect Active Participles
3 1 3
Plural
Dat. XcXuxoct(v) XcXuxuto XcXuxoct(v)

2 1 2
Plural
Infinitive Forms
Present Infinitive


Second Aorist Infinitive (Xctu, to leave)

Perfect Infinitive

Present Infinitive of ctt: ctvot

Subjunctive Mood
Present Subjunctive of Xuu
1. Xuu Xuucv
2. Xu Xuyvc
3. Xu Xuuct(v)
Middle/Passive Singular Plural
1. Xuuot Xuuc0o
2. Xu Xuyc0c
3. Xuyvot Xuuvvot

First Aorist Subjunctive of Xuu
1. Xucu Xucucv
2. Xuc Xucyvc
3. Xuc Xucuct(v)
1. Xucuot Xucuc0o
2. Xuc Xucyc0c
3. Xucyvot Xucuvvot
1. Xu0u Xu0ucv
2. Xu0 Xu0yvc
3. Xu0 Xu0uct(v)

Second Aorist Active Subjunctive Forms of Xctu
Singular Plural
1. Xtu Xtucv
2. Xt Xtyvc
3. Xt Xtuct(v)

Subjunctive of ctt
Singular Plural
1. u ucv
2. yvc
3. uct(v)


Imperative Mood
Present Imperative of Xuu
2. Xuc Xucvc
3. Xucvu Xucvucov
Middle/Passive Singular Plural
2. Xuou Xucc0c
3. Xucc0u Xucc0ucov

First Aorist Imperative of Xuu
Active Passive
Middle
Singular Plural
2. Xucot Xucoc0c

Second Aorist Imperative of Xctu (I leave)
Active Passive
Middle
Singular Plural
1. Xtou Xtcc0c
2. Xtcc0u Xtcc0ucov

Imperative of ctt
Singular Plural
2. tc0t ccvc
3. ccvu ccvucov

-t Verbs
Active Indicatives
Singular
Plural

Present Middle/Passive Indicative
(note how regular)
Singular Plural
1. 8t8oot 8t8oc0o
2. 8t8ocot 8t8oc0c
3. 8t8ovot 8t8ovvot

Other Moods
Active
Present
Subjunctive
Aorist
Subjunctive
Present
Imperative
Aorist
Imperative
Singular
1. 8t8u 8u
2. 8t8 8 8t8ou 8o
Plural
1. 8t8ucv 8ucv

Present Infinitive Aorist Infinitive


Present Participles
Mid/Pass

Nom. 8ou 8ouco 8ov
Middle
Passive

Mid/Pass no perf. x
Other -t Verb Paradigms
Present Active Indicative
Singular
Plural


Second Declension Nouns
Masculine Second Declension Forms (Stem Ending in o)
Singular Plural
Gen. Xoou of a word Xouv of words (possessive)
Dat. Xo to a word Xoot to words (indirect object)

Neuter Second Declension Forms (Stem Ending in o)
tcpov = temple
Singular Plural
Dat. tcp to a temple tcpot to temples (indirect object)

poqy writing, Scripture
Singular Plural
Nom. poqy a writing poqot writings (subject of sentence)
Gen. poqy of a writing poquv of writings (possessive)
Dat. poq to a writing poqot to writings (indirect object)
Acc. poqyv a writing poqo writings (direct object)

upo = hour
Singular Plural
Gen. upo of an hour upuv of hours (possessive)
Dat. upg for an hour upot for hours (indirect object)


Masculine First Declension Forms (Stem Ending in y)
poqyvy = prophet
Singular Plural
Third Declension Nouns
Kappa Final Stems
cop, copxo (flesh)
Singular Plural
Nom./Voc. cop copxc
Gen. copxo copxuv
Dat. copxt copt(v)
Acc. copxo copxo

Singular Plural
Nom./Voc. opt optvc
Gen. optvo optvuv
Dat. optvt optct(v)
Acc. optvo optvo

Iota Final Stems
Singular Plural
Nom./Voc. tcvt tcvct
Gen. tcvcu tcvcuv
Acc. tcvtv tcvct

-ov Final Stems
Singular Plural
Nom./Voc. ovoo ovoovo
Gen. ovoovo ovoovuv
Acc. ovoo ovoovo


o (all)
Singular Plural

Definite Article (the) Forms
Singular Plural

Adjectives
Paradigm of oo0o (good)
2 1 2
Dat. oo0 oo0 oo0
Plural
oo, from
ct, on, upon
8to, through
po, to
cx, out of ct, into
cv, in
cvo, with
cuv, with
cpt,
around,
about
xovo, against
xovo, down

Paradigm for adjectives ending in c, t, or p
8txoto (righteous)
2 1 2
Nom.
8txoto 8txoto 8txotov
Gen. 8txotou 8txoto 8txotou
Dat. 8txot 8txotg 8txot
Acc. 8txotov 8txotov 8txotov
Voc. 8txotc 8txoto 8txotov
Plural
Nom./Voc. 8txotot 8txotot 8txoto
Gen. 8txotuv 8txotuv 8txotuv
Dat. 8txotot 8txotot 8txotot
Acc. 8txotou 8txoto 8txoto
Pronouns
Personal Pronouns
First Person Paradigm
Singular Plural
Nom. cu I yct we
Acc. c me yo us

Second Person Paradigm
Singular Plural
Nom. cu you uct you (you-all)
Acc. cc you uo you

Third Person Paradigm: Three Genders
Masculine
Singular Plural


Feminine
Singular Plural

Neuter
Singular Plural
cxctvo (that/those)
Singular Plural
2 1 2 2 1 2

ouvo (this/these)
Singular Plural
2 1 2 2 1 2
Relative Pronouns
o (who/which)
Singular Plural
2 1 2 2 1 2
Nom. o y o ot ot o
Dat. ot ot ot
Acc. ov yv o ou o o


Reflexive Pronouns
Singular Plural
2 1 2 1

Singular Plural

Singular Plural
2 1 2 2 1 2

Appendix 3
Chapter Summaries
Chapter 1 Summary: The Alphabet
o / A Alpha sounds like a in father.
/ B Beta sounds like b in Bible.
/ I Gamma sounds like g in gone.
8 / A Delta sounds like d in dog.
c / E Epsilon sounds like e in met.
/ Z Zeta sounds like z in daze when it begins a word, dz when its
in the middle of a word.
y / H Eta sounds like e in obey.
0 / O Theta sounds like th in think.
t / I Iota short sounds like the i in sit.
Iota long sounds like the i in machine.
In initial position on Hebrew name, it sounds like a y.
x / K Kappa sounds like k in kitchen.
X / A Lambda sounds like l in law.
/ M Mu sounds like m in mother.
v / N Nu sounds like n in new.
/ 2 Xsi sounds like x in axe.
o / O Omicron sounds like o in not.
Some pronounce it like modern Greek long o as in obey.
/ H Pi sounds like p in peach.
p / P Rho sounds like r in rod.
c / 2 Sigma sounds like s in set.
Sigma looks like when it comes at the end of a word (final
sigma)coqo (wise).
v / T Tau sounds like t in talk.
u / Y Upsilon sounds like u in universe.
q / d Phi sounds like ph in phone.
/ X Chi sounds like ch in chemical.
/ + Psi sounds like ps in lips.
u / O Omega sounds like o in tone.

Vowels: Short: c, o; Long: y, u; Either: o, t, u

Eight diphthongs: otai as in aisle, ctei as in eight, otoi as in oil, utui as in
suite, ouau as in sauerkaut, cu, yueu as in feud, ouou as in soup (two letters, one
sound)
Iota subscripts: g, ,
Nasal gamma: g sound changes to an n sound when put before: , x, , . ocXo
pronounced: angelos. This is called a nasal gamma.

Chapter 2 Summary: Accents, Syllables, and English Grammar
Four Syllable Rules
1. A consonant or pronounceable consonant cluster (i.e., any consonant combination
that can begin a Greek word) goes with the vowel that follows it.
2. Split two consonants if they are the same letter or if they create an
unpronounceable combination (i.e., any consonant combination that cannot begin
a Greek word).
3. Split two vowels (except for diphthongs), allowing only one vowel or diphthong
per syllable.
4. Split compound words into their original parts before applying the rules of
syllable division.

Syllable Names
xo co world
po qy vy prophet
o 8cX qo brother
Three Accents
1. Acute ( ) angles upward, originally indicating a rising pitch. Xcu
2. Grave ( ) angles downward, originally indicating a falling pitch. o8cXqo
3. Circumflex ( ) angles upward then downward, originally indicating a rising then
falling pitch. ouvou
Potential Accent Placement
1 Acute may occur on any of the last three syllables.
2. Circumflex may occur only on the last two syllables (but only if the vowel is
long).
3. Grave may occur only on the last syllable.
Six Accent Rules
1. Nouns are retentive. They attempt to keep their accents on the syllable of the base
form.
2. Verbs are recessive. Their accent recedes toward the first syllable as far as
possible.
3. If the ultima is long, then the antepenult cannot be accented.
4. If the ultima is long and the penult is accented, then that accent must be an acute.
5. If the ultima is short and the penult is both long and accented, that accent must be
a circumflex.
6. If an acute is on the ultima, it becomes a grave when followed by another word.

Words with No Accents
1. Proclitic comes before the word that carries the accent. o Xoo
2. Enclitic comes after the word that carries the accent. puvo ou
Breathing Marks
1. Smooth breathing ( ) does not affect pronunciation: o8cXqo
2. Rough breathing ( ) adds an h sound before the sound of the initial vowel: uto
Punctuation Marks
1. Period ( . ) Xoo.
2. Comma ( , ) Xoo,
3. Colon ( : ) Xoo:
4. Question Mark ( ; ) Xoo;
Apostrophe
Vowels that drop out are marked with an apostrophe (e.g., its).

8to + ouvou becomes 8t ouvou
Coronis
xot + cu becomes xou (Jn. 1:31, 33) (internal breathing mark)
Diaeresis ( )
H co t o Isaiah (Jn. 1:23) (shows a vowel is pronounced separately)
Quick Review of English Grammar
Parts of Speech
1. Noun names a person, place, thing or idea (e.g., book).
2. Adjective is a word used to qualify the meaning of the noun (e.g., good book).
3. Definite Article is a word that specifies a particular noun (e.g., the book). The
indefinite article is a.
4. Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun (e.g., the book, it).
5. Preposition is a relational word that connects an object (often a noun) to its
antecedent (e.g., in the book).
6. Verb is often an action or state-of-being word that makes a statement, asks a
question, or gives a command (e.g., read).
7. Adverb qualifies the meaning of the verb (e.g., read quickly).
8. Particle is indeclinable and assists in expressing the meaning of the sentence.
Sentence Parts (2vvo)
The sentence is divided into two parts:

1. Subject, about which something is said. Terry went to the store.
2. Predicate, what is said about the subject. Joy walked home. Predicate Nominative:
It is I.

Phrase
A phrase is a group of words used as a single part of speech (e.g., Read in the
morning).
Clause
A clause is a group of words that includes a subject and predicate. A clause has a verb;
a phrase does not (e.g., The person who owns the store).
Vanquishing Verbs
Tense generally describes the time of action (present, future, past). However, Greek
tenses are used to denote aspect, or type, of action, rather than time. Joy walks everyday
(present tense).
Aspect denotes the type of action:
In progress, immediacy, foregrounded (the event as a process): I was studying.
Complete whole (the event simply happened): I studied.
Perfect (the event happened, with effects continuing into the present): I have
studied.
Voice shows who does or receives the action of the verb.
Active: Subject does the action: Zachary shot the ball.
Middle: Subject does action on or for itself: Zachary was hit.
Passive: Subject is acted upon: Zachary hit himself.
Mood shows how something is said
Indicative: Statement of fact: He learned Greek well.
Subjunctive: Desire, prossible: He may learn Greek well.
Imperative: Command: Learn Greek!
Optative: Wish, remote possibility: Oh that you might learn Greek
Nouns
Nouns in Greek have gender, number and case.
Gender: The Greek has masculine, feminine, and neuter genders.
Number: As an s often marks an English word as being plural, Greek has, likewise,
endings that mark whether a noun is singular or plural (e.g., book, books).
Case: In English we have three cases that are seen in how we use our pronouns.

1. Subjective or Nominative Case:
She = subject (She did it.)
2. Objective or Accusative Case:
Her = object (The car hit her.)
3. Possessive or Genitive Case:
Hers = possessive (The car was hers.)

Greek adds two more cases:
4. Dative case: The case marking the indirect object.
(I told the story to the apostles.)
5. Vocative case: The case of direct address.
(O Lord, save me.)

Chapter 3 Summary: Present Active Verbs
Verbs are words of action or state of being.
Tense: Present, past, future. (I swim, I swam, I will swim). In Greek, tense forms are
used not so much to refer to time (when the event happened), but to aktionsart (how the
action takes place [punctiliar, durative, iterative, inceptive, gnomic/omnitemporal,
timeless) but most of all to aspect (how the writer portrays the action of the verb):
Present/imperfect: progress, immediacy, description, foregrounding; aorist:
whole/complete background; and perfect/pluperfect: state of affairs, frontgrounding
dwelt upon action.
Voice
1. Active voice: The subject does the action of the verb. (He hit the ball.)
2. Passive voice: The subject receives the action of the verb. (He was hit by the
ball.)
3. Middle voice: Emphasizes the subjects particpation in the action of the verb
(most frequently translated active), for the interest or benefit of the subject (loose
[for herself]; more rarely the subject acts on him/herself (reflexive), or members
of a group interact among themselves (reciprocal). Middles will usually be
translated active. Some consider many of the middles as deponent (missing the
active form) hence they are translated as active as well.
Mood
Mood refers to the kind of reality of the action, or how the action of the verb is
regarded.

1. Indicative mood: The verb portrays reality or indicates that something simply
happened.
2. Imperative mood: The verb gives a command, entreaty or exhortation.
3. Subjunctive mood: The verb expresses a wish, possibility, or potentiality.
Person
1. First person indicates the person(s) speaking (I studied Greek.)
2. Second person indicates the person(s) spoken to (you [singular or plural]). (You
studied Greek.)
3. Third person indicates the person(s) or thing(s) spoken about (he, she, they, it).
(She studied Greek.)
Verbs must agree with their subjects in both person and number.
He rides the wave. They ride the wave.

Translation
We will translate the Present tense either undefined (event simply happens) or
continuous aspect (event was a process). The present tense form however can refer
to events past, present, future, omnitemporal or timeless. It is important to realize that
aspect seems to be more the function of the present tense form (progress, immediacy,
description, foregrounding material). The time will be more a function of the adverbial,
prepositional or conjunctions of the context than of the strict tense form.

1. Undefined action: I loose, I run
2. Continuous action: I am loosing, I am running
Historical Present
Greek will often use the present tense to reference an event that actually happened in
the past.

Singular Plural
1. Xuu I loose/am loosing Xuocv We loose/ are loosing
2. Xuct You loose/are loosing Xucvc You loose/are loosing
3. Xuct He/she/it looses/is loosing Xuouct(v) They loose/are loosing

Pronominal Suffixes
-u I -ocv we
-ct you -cvc you (you-all)
-ct he/she/it -ouct(v) they
Movable Nu (v )
Sometimes a nu ( v ) is added to the end of words ending in ct or c, especially when it
is followed by a word that begins with a vowel.
Parsing Format
Tense, voice, mood, person, number, lexical from, English meaning.
Xuu PAI, 1 sg. from Xuu I loose, destroy

Chapter 4 Summary: Second Declension Nouns
A noun is commonly defined as a word that stands for a person, place or thing.
Natanya = person; store = place; book = thing.
Declensions: First, Second, Third
A declension is a grouping of nouns that are inflected with a shared set of endings.

1. First declension nouns are characterized by an y or o and are mostly feminine.
2. The second declension nouns are characterized by an o as the final letter of the
stem. They are largely masculine or neuter.
3. Third declension nouns have stems that end in a consonant.
Article the
Greek nouns are assumed to be indefinite unless marked by the definite article (the).
o = masculine (the); y = feminine (the); vo = neuter (the). The article can also, at
points, be translated as a personal pronoun (I, you, he/she/it, they), a demonstrative
pronoun (this/that//these/those) or a relative pronoun (who/which). Sometimes with
names and abstracts it is best left untranslated.
Gender
Greek nouns are masculine, feminine, or neuter in gender. Often this gender is more a
syntactic feature than a metaphysical statement as many inanimate objects are given
grammatical gender. Gender is indicated by the definite article.
As in English, Greek has both singular and plural nouns. The verb must match the
number of the subject noun the same way as in English: Students love Greek. The student
loves Greek.
Case Inflectional Forms
There are five inflectional forms that mark the various cases or roles that nouns play in
sentences.

Nominative form marks the subject of the sentence.
Music calms the heart.
Genitive form expresses a description or possession.
The Pharisee went to the house of God.
Dative form marks the indirect object, agency, location etc. (to, by, for, at, with):
He spoke a word to the apostle.
Accusative form indicates the object of the sentence.
Joy saw the ball.
Vocative form is used for direct address.
O Lord, how majestic is your name.


Masculine Second Declension Forms
Xoo = word
Singular Plural
Gen. Xoou of a word Xouv of words (possessive)
Dat. Xo to a word Xoot to words (indirect object)

Neuter Second Declension Forms
tcpov = temple
Singular Plural
Dat. tcp to a temple tcpot to temples (indirect object)

Chapter 5 Summary: First Declension Nouns
Singular Plural
Nom. poqy a writing poqot writings (subject of sentence)
Gen. poqy of a writing poquv of writings (possessive)
Dat. poq to a writing poqot to writings (indirect object)
Acc. poqyv a writing poqo writings (direct object)

upo = hour
Singular Plural
Gen. upo of an hour upuv of hours (possessive)
Dat. upg for an hour upot for hours (indirect object)

Masculine First Declension Forms
poqyvy = prophet
Singular Plural
The Article
Xoo word or a word Nom. sg. masc. (Acts 13:15)
o Xoo the word Nom. sg. masc. (Jn. 1:1)

Article Forms
Singular Plural

Chapter 6 Summary: Prepositions
Definition of Preposition
Prepositions are usually small function words that link or relate two words together.
Often they tell position in space or time: Put the book on the table.
Prepositional Phrase
A phrase is a string of closely connected words.
A prepositional phrase is usually composed of a preposition followed by a noun which
is called the object of the preposition.
Prep. + noun = in + the car (the car is the object of the preposition in)

oo, from
ct, on, upon
8to, through
po, to
cx, out of ct, into
cv, in
cvo, with
cuv, with
cpt,
around,
about
xovo, against
xovo, down

Ev op yv o Xoo,
in beginning was the Word,

xot o Xoo yv po vov 0cov.
and the Word was with God.

Chapter 7 Summary: Adjectives
Definition
An adjective is a word used to modify a noun or pronoun. The soft snow.
Three Uses of Adjectives
1. An attributive adjective attributes a characteristic to the noun it modifies. The
good book
2. A predicate adjective assigns a characteristic to the subject of the sentence. The
book is good.
3. As a substantive, an adjective acts independently, as a noun itself. The good die
young.

Adjective Paradigm
oo0o (good)
Declension 2 1 2
Dat. oo0 oo0 oo0
Plural

Attributive position = Adjective has article
o oo0o Xoo the good word
o Xoo o oo0o the good word

Predicate position = Adjective has no article
oo0o o Xoo the word is good
o Xoo oo0o the word is good

Substantive use: Adjective used as a noun
The substantive use often has the article.
ot 8c 8txotot ct uyv otuvtov
and the righteous unto eternal life (Mat. 25:46)


Present Indicative of ctt
Singular Plural
ctt I am cccv We are
ct You are ccvc You are
ccvt(v) He/she/it is ctct(v) They are

ou, oux, and ou
1. ou before a consonant;
2. oux before a vowel with a smooth breathing mark; and
3. ou before a vowel with a rough breathing mark.
Ev op yv o Xoo,
In beginning was the Word,

xot o Xoo yv po vov 0cov,
and the Word was with the God,

xot 0co yv o Xoo.
and God was the word.

Note: o Xoo is the subject of the last clause.

Chapter 8 Summary: Personal Pronouns
Definition: A pronoun is a word that stands in place of a noun usually for brevity or to
avoid repetition. The person or object to which the pronoun refers is called its
antecedent. It (the ball) hit him (Elliott) in the head.
Types of Pronouns
1. Personal pronouns stand in for a person: Bill did it. He was there.
2. Demonstrative pronouns point to a person or object that is near (this/these) or far
(that/those): This book belongs to that student.
3. Relative pronouns relate a subordinate clause to a noun: It is a great person who
attempts to master Greek.
4. Reciprocal pronouns state an interchange between two things/persons: They loved
one another.
5. Reflexive pronouns direct the action of the verb back to the subject: She hid
herself behind the door.
6. Interrogative pronouns ask a question: Who broke the chair?

First Person Pronoun Paradigm
Singular Plural
Nom. cu I yct we
Acc. c me yo us

Second Person Pronoun Paradigm
Singular Plural
Nom. cu you uct you
Acc. cc you uo you

Pronoun Enclitics: Many personal pronouns are enclitics
(e.g., ou, ot, c, cou, cot, cc).

Declension Format: Person + Case + Number
cu First nominative singular (I)
cot Second dative singular (to you)


Third Person Pronoun Paradigm: 3 Genders
Masculine
Singular Plural

Feminine
Singular Plural

Neuter
Singular Plural
Three Uses
ouvo can be used in three ways:

1. As a pronoun, matching its antecedent in number and gender and translated as
he, she, it, or they.
2. As a reflexive intensifier, when ouvo is used as an adjective in the predicate
position (usually in the nominative case) it is translated reflexively (e.g. he
himself will get the car).
3. Adjective meaning same, when ouvo is used in the attributive position.

Chapter 9 Summary: Present Middle/Passive Verbs
Definitions: There are two voices in English.
In the active voice, the subject of the sentence does the action: Zach hits the ball.
In the passive voice, the subject is acted on by the verb: Zach was hit by the ball.

Aktionsart: Punctiliar (single point in time): Zach is hit by the ball.
Continuous: Zach is being hit by the ball.

The middle has two functions:

1. As a true middle it is translated as active emphasizing the subjects participation
in the action of the verb. Some see most middles (75 percent) are deponent and
should be translated as active (Mounce): Tanya splashed Rebekah.
2. As expressing self-interest (you loose [for yourself]), or rarely reflexive sense (he
loosed himself).

Singular Plural
(for myself)
(for ourselves)
(for yourself)
(for yourselves)
(for themselves)

Singular Plural

Present Middle/Passive Indicative Primary Endings
Singular Plural
1. -oot -oc0o
2. - (-cot) -cc0c
3. -cvot -ovvot
Deponent Verbs
Deponent verbs are middle in form but translated as actives. This is a debated topic in
Greek. Others, including this writer, will simply take most of these forms as true middles
(emphasizing the subjects participation in the aciton of the verb and translating them
active). They have no active form and are easy to tell in vocabulary lists because they
have the middle ending -oot.


Frequently Used Deponent Verbs
opcuoot I go (132)
Accompanying Cases
Often with passives there is a need to express the agent, instrument, or means by which
the subject is acted on, by

1. using uo or 8to with the genitive to expresses agency (e.g., Elliott was hit by
Zach.), or
2. using the dative case to indicate means or instrument. The translation will use
with or by (e.g., Elliott was hit by the ball).

Compound Verbs
cpoot I go in, enter
ctccpoot I go in, enter (ct prefix).
ccpoot I go out, leave cx prefix).
8tcpoot I go through (8to prefix).

Chapter 10 Summary: Future Verbs
Introduction
In the present tense we say, We go to college.
In the past we say, We went to college.
In the future we say, We will go to college.

Singular Plural

Singular Plural
(for myself)
(for ourselves)
(for yourself)
(for yourselves)
3. Xuccvot He/she/ it will loose
(for themselves)

Future Connective c Transformations
Velars Dentals
x, , or + c v, 8, or 0 + c c
Labials Liquid (Lemoners)
, , or q + c X, , v, or p + c u
Sibilants
c or + c c

Future of the Verb of Being: ctt (I am)
Singular Plural
Deponent (lacking an active form) Futures
Sometimes there are verbs that in the present tense are not deponent but in the future
they are:

Present Future
oxouu oxoucoot I will hear
Xoovu Xyoot I will take, receive

Irregular Futures
Present Future
cpoot cXcucoot I will come, go
Xcu cpu I will say

Chapter 11 Summary: Demonstrative, Relative, Reflexive, and
Reciprocal Pronouns
Demonstratives are pointers. They point to things near (this/these) or things far
(that/those). These and those are the plural forms.

cxctvo that (plural = those)
ouvo / ouvy / vouvo this (plural = these)

cxctvo (that/those)
Singular Plural
2 1 2 2 1 2

ouvo (this/these)
Singular Plural
2 1 2 2 1 2
Relative Pronouns
Relative pronouns are words like who, whom, which, that, and whose.

o (who/which)
Singular Plural
2 1 2 2 1 2
Nom. o y o ot ot o
Dat. ot ot ot
Acc. ov yv o ou o o
Reflexive/Reciprocal Pronouns
Reflexive pronouns are used to indicate that the antecedent is acting on itself. This is
similar to one of the functions of the middle voice in Greek.


Terry threw himself into the water from the bridge.

Reciprocal pronouns are used to indicate that several subjects are acting on each other.
oXXyXuv (one another) is the reciprocal pronoun.

Reflexive Pronouns
Singular Plural
2 1 2 1

Singular Plural
2 1 2 1

Singular Plural
2 1 2 2 1 2

Chapter 12 Summary: Imperfect Verbs
Greek Imperfect
The Greek imperfect tense is used for unfolding action in progress or dwelled upon
action. In English, it will usually be translated with the helping verb was/were + the
participle form of the verb (e.g., was singing).

Augment + Verb stem + Connecting
vowel +
Secondary
active endings

c + Xu + o + v cXuov
Aug Stem CV Ending

The connecting vowel: o before and v and c elsewhere

Singular Plural
3. cXuc(v) He/she/it was
loosing
cXuov They were loosing

Singular Plural
1. -v -cv
2. - -vc
3. -c -v

Learn: cXuov, , c, cv, vc, v (n s e men t e n)

Singular Plural
1. cXuoyv I was being loosed cXuoc0o We were being loosed
2. cXuou You were being
loosed
cXucc0c You were being
loosed
3. cXucvo He/she/it was being
loosed
cXuovvo They were being
loosed

Singular Plural
1. -yv -c0o
2. -ou -c0c
3. -vo -vvo

Learn: cXuoyv, ou, vo, c0o, cc0c, ovvo
Augments
The augment (prefix) is added in four ways:

rules:

Vowels Diphthongs
c + o y c + ot
c + c y c + ct
c + y y c + ot
c + t t c + ou yu
c + o u c + cu yu
c + u u

Four patterns:
1. o and c lengthen to y
2. o lengthens to u
3. t ending a diphthong subscripts
4. u ending a diphthong stays strong
3. Compound verbs with prepositions ending in a consonant: insert the augment
ccoXXov.
4. Compound verbs with prepositions ending in a vowel: the final vowel of the
preposition is dropped and the c augment inserted in its place. ooxvctvu
becomes ocxvctvov.

Imperfect Indicative of ctt
Singular Plural


Memory Verse: Mat. 6:9, the Lords Prayer
Father our, the one in the heavens;

hallowed be the name your

Chapter 13 Summary: Third Declension Nouns
Transformations
Labials: , , or q + c
Velars: x, , or + c
Dentals: v, 8, or 0 + c c

Nu drops out when followed by a sigma.

Singular Plural
Nom./Voc. opt optvc
Gen. optvo optvuv
Dat. optvt optct(v)
Acc. optvo optvo

Iota Final Stems
Singular Plural
Nom./Voc. tcvt tcvct
Gen. tcvcu tcvcuv
Acc. tcvtv tcvct

-ov Final Stems
Singular Plural
Nom./Voc. ovoo ovoovo
Gen. ovoovo ovoovuv
Acc. ovoo ovoovo

o (all)
Singular Plural


Memory Verse: Mat 6:10a
Let come the kingdom your;

cvy0yvu vo 0cXyo cou.
let happen the will your.

Chapter 14 Summary: Second Aorist Verbs
Form: The second aorist is built from the second aorist verb stem. It is preceded by an
(c) augment and followed by secondary endings like the imperfect. The aorist is
understood as a backgrounding tense form portraying a complete or wholistic action. It is
the most frequently used tense form and the least semantically marked base for general
writing.

Augment + Verb stem + Connecting
vowel +
Secondary
endings

c + Xo + o + v cXoov
Aug Stem CV Ending

The connecting vowel is o before and v and c elsewhere

Singular Plural

Note: The v, c, c, cv, vc, v endings are the same as for the imperfects.

Singular Plural

Note: The yv, ou, vo, c0o, cc0c, ovvo endings are the same as for the imperfects.
Augments
Aorist augments = Imperfect augments
Here is a list of second aorist forms of verbs already learned. Master these forms.

Present Aorist
ocpoot oyX0ov I departed
oo0vcxu oc0ovov I died
oXXu coXov I threw
opou ct8ov I saw (cf. Xc u, ooot)
tvoot ccvoyv I became
tvucxu cvuv I knew

ctccpoot ctcyX0ov I entered
ccpoot cyX0ov I went out
cpoot yX0ov I came, went
cuptcxu cupov I found
cu ccov I had
Xoovu cXoov I took
Xcu ctov I said
Memory Verse: Mat. 6:10c
as in heaven so also on earth;

Chapter 15 Summary: First Aorist Verbs
Like English with the past, Greek forms the aorist in two ways. The first aorist is
formed off the present stem, with an augment and a suffixed co. The second aorist is
built from a different aorist stem, which adds endings identical to the imperfect. The
aorist is understood as a backgrounding tense form portraying a complete or wholistic
action. It is the most frequently used tense form and the least semantically marked base
for general writing.
First Aorist Form
Augment + Verb stem + Tense formative + Secondary
endings

c + Xu + co + cXuco
Aug Stem Tense connective Ending

Aorist Active Indicative of Xuu
Singular Plural

Note:The -, c, c, cv, vc, v endings are the same as the imperfects except that in the
first person singular the v is dropped.

Aorist Middle Indicative of Xuu
Singular Plural
1. cXucoyv I loosed
(for myself)
cXucoc0o We loosed
(for ourselves)
2. cXucu You loosed
(for yourself)
cXucoc0c You loosed
(for yourselves)
(for themselves)

Note: The yv, u, vo, c0o, c0c, vvo endings are the same as the imperfects except
in the second person singular, where the ou shifts to u.
Ending Transformations
The sigma ending is added in basically the same way as the sigma was added for future
tense verbs (see chap. 10).

Velars (x, , or ) + c becomes
8t8ocxu + co c8t8oo

Labials (, , or q) + c becomes
Xcu + co cXco
Dentals (v, 8, or 0) + c drops the dental
ct0u + co cctco

With liquids (X and p) and nasals ( and v), lemoners, often the sigma is dropped and
the preceding vowel in the stem is changed. cvu + co cctvo
Here is a list of first aorist active indicative forms of verbs already learned.

Present First Aorist
oxouu yxouco I heard
oocvcXXu occvctXo I sent
Xcu cXco I saw
poqu cpoo I wrote
8t8ocxu c8t8oo I taught
tcvcuu ctcvcuco I believed
0cXu y0cXyco I wished
cvu cctvo I remained
xptvu cxptvo I judged
cu ccuco I saved
Memory Verse: Mat. 6:11
the bread our the daily portion

8o ytv cycpov:
Give us today;

Chapter 16 Summary: Aorist and Future Passive Verbs
Introduction
Passive verbs go with subjects acted on by the action of the verbs. In English, we form
the past passive indicative by using a helping verb (e.g., I was struck by the foul ball).
Similarly, the future passive indicative is formed with the helping will be (e.g., I will
be flown to Indianapolis).
Form: The aorist passives are formed by adding 0y before the ending:

c + Xu + 0y + v cXu0yv
Aug. Stem Passive connective Ending I was loosed

The future passives add 0yc before the ending and drop the augment.

Xu + 0yc + oot Xu0ycoot
Stem Passive connective Ending I will be loosed

Passive Connective Transformations
Consonant Shifts
Velars: x, + 0 =
Labials: , + 0 = q
Dentals: v, 8, 0 + 0 = c
Sibilants: , , + 0 = c

Singular Plural

Singular Plural
1. Xu0ycoot I will be loosed Xu0ycoc0o We will be loosed
2. Xu0yc You will be loosed Xu0yccc0c You will be loosed
loosed
Xu0ycovvot They will be loosed

Passive Stems
Present Active Aorist Passive Future Passive
oocvcXXu occvoXyv
oXXu cXy0yv Xy0ycoot
tvoot ccvy0yv
tvucxu cvuc0yv vuc0ycoot
8t8ocxu c8t8o0yv
8uvoot y8uvy0yv
cctpu ycp0yv ccp0ycoot
cuptcxu cupc0yv cupc0ycoot
0cXu y0cXy0yv
xptvu cxpt0yv cxpt0ycoot
Xoovu cXyq0yv
Xcu cppc0yv
tcvcuu ctcvcu0yv
opcuoot copcu0yv
cu ccu0yv cu0ycoot

Chapter 17 Summary: Contract Verbs
Introduction
Verbs with stems ending in o, c, or o are known as contract verbs. For example, in the
verb ooou the stems ends with alpha. When pronominal endings are added to the
verb, the final vowel of the stem and the connecting vowel of the ending contract
according to five rules.
Contractions take place in the present and imperfect tenses.
Rules of Contraction
Rule 1: Likes go long. Two like vowels combine into their common long vowel.
o + o o c + y y o + u u
Rule 2: O overcomes. An o or u will overcome an o, c, or y; becoming u.
o + o u c + u u
Rule 3: First overcomes. When an o, c, or y come together, whichever comes first
becomes its own matching long vowel.
o + c or o+ y long o c + o y
Rule 4: Same vowel, diphthong drops. A vowel similar to the first vowel of a
diphthong drops out.
o + ou ou c + ct ct
Rule 5: Dissimilar diphthong contracts. A vowel dissimilar to the diphthong that
follows it will contract using the preceding rules
a. unless the third vowel is an upsilon, in which case the upsilon drops out.
b. unless the third vowel is an iota, in which case the iota becomes an iota
subscript.
Exceptions: o + ct = ot c + ot = ot o + = ot

Singular Plural

Singular Plural

Singular Plural
Memory Verse: Review + Mat. 6: 12b


Chapter 18 Summary: Perfect Verbs
Introduction
The Greek perfect is used to indicate that an action states of being focusing on the
action by frontgrounding it. It is used when the action is to be dwelt upon (e.g., I have
prepared for the game).
Perfect Translation
While the perfect is generally translated into English using the helping verb have,
sometimes the meaning of the verb makes it clear that the action is completed and its
effects continue into the present

Redup. Stem Perfect connective Pronominal ending
Xc + Xu + xo + vc XcXuxovc
Reduplication Patterns
Consonantal reduplication: When a verb begins with a consonant, the consonant is
doubled and attached to the front of a word with a connecting epsilon (Xc + Xuxo).
Vocalic reduplication: When a verb begins with a vowel or diphthong, the vowel is
lengthened (cXtu becomes yXtxo and otvcu becomes vyxo).
Doubled consonant or p: If a word begins with two consonants or a rho, an epsilon is
usually added instead of reduplication. (tvucxu, stem vu-, becomes cvuxo).
Compound verbs: The reduplicated form comes between the verb and the initial
preposition: oocvcXXu becomes occvoXxo.
Adding Perfect Kappa
Contract verbs lengthen their final stem vowel preceding the perfect x ending:
ooou becomes yoyxo.
If a verb stem ends in v, 8, or 0, the consonant is dropped when the perfect x is added:
cXtu (stem cXt8-) becomes yXtxo.

Singular Plural

Note the active secondary endings are used: , , c, cv, vc, v. The first singular drops
the v.

Singular Plural
2. XcXucot You have been loosed XcXuc0c You have been loosed
3. XcXuvot He/she/it has been loosed XcXuvvot They have been loosed
Ot8o
ot8o is a perfect but translated as a present, with irregular forms:

1. ot8o I know ot8ocv We know
2. ot8o You know ot8ovc You know
3. ot8c(v) He knows ot8oct(v) They know
Pluperfect Paradigm
Pluperfect tense is rare and expresses action completed in the past with a terminated
effect some time in the past.

1. cXcXuxctv I had loosed cXcXuxctcv We had loosed
2. cXcXuxct You had loosed cXcXuxctvc You had loosed
3. cXcXuxct He/she/it had
loosed
cXcXuxctcov They had loosed
Principal Parts
For Greek verbs there are six principal parts from which the paradigms are built. You
now know how all the parts function.

Present Future Aorist Active
ooou ooycu yoyco

Perfect Active Perfect Mid/Pass Aorist Passive
yoyxo yoyot yoy0yv

Perfect Indicative Verb Stems
Present Active Perfect Active Perfect Mid/Pass
ooou yoyxo yoyot I love
oxouu oxyxoo I hear
oocvcXXu occvoXxo occvoXot I send
oXXu cXyxo cXyot I throw
tvoot covo ccvyot I become
tvucxu cvuxo cvucot I know
poqu cpoqo cpoot I write
cpoot cXyXu0o I come
cuptcxu cupyxo I find
cu ccyxo I have
xoXcu xcxXyxo xcxXyot I call

xptvu xcxptxo xcxptot I judge
XoXcu XcXoXyxo XcXoXyot I speak
Xcu ctpyxo ctpyot I say
cvu ccvyxo I remain
opou cupoxo I see
tcvcuu ctcvcuxo ctcvcuot I believe
otcu cotyxo cotyot I do, make
opcuoot copcuot I go
cu cccuxo ccccot I save
and not (you) lead us into temptation,

Chapter 19 Summary: Present Participles
Introduction
In Greek, participles are used in much the same way as they are in English. Present
participles are formed in English by adding -ing to the verbal form (e.g., walking). A
participle is a verbal (with present, aorist, active/passive tenses) adjective (with gender,
number, case).
Participle as Adjective
You can tell when a participle is being used adjectivally because, as an attributive
adjective, it will modify a noun or pronoun (e.g., the running car). It will usually come
with a definite article. When translating a Greek present participle, we may use a simple
English participle, which is usually a word ending in ing. A participle, like other
adjectives, may be used as a substantive when it has the article and no modified noun or
pronoun (e.g., running is fun).
Participle as Adverb
A participle may be used as an adverb modifying the verb in some way. It usually does
not take a definite article (i.e., it is anarthrous). Often the adverbial participles will be
translated as a temporal clause. If the present tense is used, it will refer to something that
happens at the same time as the main verb (e.g. while walking). If an aorist tense
participle is used, the action of the participle was before the action of the main verb (e.g.,
after walking). If a perfect tense participle is used, its action was completed, with
continuing results (e.g., after having walked) or state of affairs.
The adjectival participle will often be translated by using the English participle (-
ing) with some connecting words such as who, which, or the one who (e.g., The
one speaking to me wrote the book).
Present Participle Forms
In the masculine and neuter the sign of the participle (ovv) is added, followed by the
third declension noun endings:
Xu + ovv + o Xuovvo

The present active feminine participle is formed by using ou as the sign of the
participle, to which the first declension endings are suffixed:
Xu + ouc + y Xuoucy

Middle/passives participles are formed using the present verb stem adding -ocv as a
middle/passive participle indicator and the second declension case endings for the
masculine and neuter:
Xu + ocv + o Xuocvo


The feminine uses first declension endings:
Xu + ocv + y Xuocvy

Present
Participle

has no Art..
Adjectival
attributive has
Art. before noun
it modifies.
Adjectival
substantive has Art.
but no noun/pronoun
to modify.
Active while loosing the loosing girl the one loosing
Middle while loosing
himself
the girl loosing
herself
the ones loosing
themselves
Passive while being loosed the girl being
loosed
the one being loosed

3 1 3
Plural

Present Middle/Passive Participles (recognize these)
3 3
Plural

3 1 3
Nom. uv ouco ov
Gen. ovvo oucy ovvo
Dat. ovvt ouc ovvt
Acc. ovvo oucov ov
Plural
Acc. ovvo ouco ovvo

Present Active Participles (know these forms)

Memory Verse: Review + Mat. 6:13b
and not (you) lead us into temptation

oXXo pucot yo oo vou ovypou.
but (you) deliver us from the evil (one).

Chapter 20 Summary: Aorist Participles
The aorist adjectival participle will often be translated by using the English participle
(-ing or -ed) with some connecting word like who, which, or the one who
(e.g., The one who spoke to me wrote the book). Adverbial participles will often be
translated in a temporal clause by using while, after, or before (e.g., After laughing, the
boy left).
First Aorist Participle Forms
Stem Aor. Ptc. vv Third Declension Aorist Active Ptc.
Xu + co + vv + o Xucovvo

Stem Aor. Ptc. c First Declension Aorist Active Ptc.
Xu + co + c + y Xucocy

Stem Aor. Mid. Ptc. Second Declension Aorist Middle Ptc.
Xu + co + cv + o Xucocvo

Stem Aor. Pass. Ptc. vv Third Declension Aorist Passive Ptc.
Xu + 0c + vv + o Xu0cvvo

3 1 3
Plural

2 1 2
Plural

3 1 3
Plural

First Aorist Active Participles (know these forms cold)
3 1 3

2 1 2

3 1 3


Aorist Participle

has no Art.
Adjectival attributive has
Art. before noun it
modifies.
Adjectival substantive has
Art. but no noun to
modify.
Active after loosing (the girl) who loosed the one who loosed
Middle after loosing
himself
(the girl) who loosed
herself
the ones who loosed
themselves
Passive after being loosed (the girl) who was loosed the one who was loosed

Chapter 21 Summary: Perfect Participles
Introduction
Perfect participles are used when the action being described an existing state of affairs.
Perfect participles can be translated by using the helping verb having (e.g., having
spoken). When used adverbially, the temporal preposition after may be used (e.g., after
having driven).
Perfect Participle Forms
Xc + Xu + x + ov + o XcXuxovo
Xc + Xu + cv + o XcXucvo

Perfect Active Participles (be able to recognize)
3 1 3
Plural
Dat. XcXuxoct(v) XcXuxutot XcXuxoct(v)

2 1 2
Plural

Perfect Active Participles (know these by heart)
3 1 3

Perfect Middle/Passives Participles
2 1 2

Participle Translation Charts (DA = definite article)
Active
Participle
Adverbial has no
Art..
Adjectival
before noun it
modifies.
Present While loosing (The boy) who is
loosing
The one loosing
Aorist After loosing (The girl) who
was loosing
The one who was
loosing
(The girl) who
loosed
The one who loosed
loosed
(The crowd)
having loosed
The ones having
loosed

Middle
Participle
Adverbial has no
Art..
Adjectival
before noun it
modifies.
Present While loosing
himself
(The boy) who is
loosing
The one loosing
Aorist After loosing
herself
(The girl) who
was loosing
The one who was
loosing
(The girl) who
loosed
The one who loosed
loosed themselves
(The crowd)
having loosed
themselves
The ones having
loosed themselves

As usual, the deponents may look middle/passive but are translated as active.

Passive
Participle
Adverbial has no
Art..
Adjectival
before noun it
modifies.
Present While being
loosed
(The boy) who is
being loosed
The one being loosed
Aorist After being loosed (The girl) who
was being loosed
The one who was
being loosed
Perfect After having been
loosed
(The crowd)
having been
loosed
The ones having been
loosed
Introduction to Periphrastics
ctt + participle is a periphrastic construction. Translate the periphrastic form as the
normal tense of the verb. Mounces chart is helpful at this point (Basics, 277):

Translated Tense Periphrastic Construction
Present Present ctt + Present participle
Imperfect Imperfect ctt + Present participle
Future Future ctt + Present participle
Perfect Present ctt + Perfect participle
Pluperfect Imperfect ctt + Perfect participle
Future Perfect Future ctt + Perfect participle
Genitive Absolutes
A genitive absolute links a participle and a noun or pronoun in the genitive case and is
only loosely connected to the rest of the sentence. The subject of the sentence is not the
subject of this participial construction.

Participle (gen.) + noun/pronoun (gen.)
o op Iycou ccvcuccv oXou ovvo cv v vo.
For Jesus had withdrawn, a crowd being in the place (Jn. 5:13).

Chapter 22 Summary: Infinitives
Introduction
Infinitives are verbal nouns usually indicated in English by a to + verb (e.g., He went
inside to call a friend.). While in English an infinitive does not take a subject, it may take
an object or be modified by some qualifier. For example: He came to put the ball in the
box uses the ball as the object and in the box, which describes location, to modify
the infinitive to put. With Greek infinitives, the tense indicates aspect rather than time
of action:

Present represents progress/immediacy foregrounding action.
Aorist indicates complete/whole background action.
Perfect represents state of affairs frontground/dwelt upon action.

As a noun, an infinitive can be the subject of a sentence or the object of a finite verb.
In Greek an infinitive may go with a noun in the accusative that functions as its subject.
Translations
Present = to continue to call (to call)
Past = to call
Perfect = to have called

Infinitive Forms
Present Infinitive
Second Aorist Infinitive (Xctu, to leave)
Perfect Infinitive
Present Infinitive of ctt
ctvot
Articular Infinitive
A Greek infinitive may also function adverbially by telling when a verbal action took
place. Greek expresses this function by using a preposition + an article + infinitive.

8to + article + infinitive = because
ct + article + infinitive = in order that
cv + article + infinitive = when, while
cvo + article + infinitive = after
ptv + article + infinitive = before

po + article + infinitive = before
po + article + infinitive = in order that
Complementary Infintives
8ct + infinitive = It is necessary to
cccvt(v) + infinitive = It is permitted to
8uvoot + infinitive = I am able to
cXXu + infinitive = I am about to
Infinitives for Indirect Discourse
Indirect discourse can be expressed with the infinitive + an accusative or with ovt as
an introductory word.

Chapter 23 Summary: Subjunctive Verbs
Introduction
There are three Greek moods of potential:

1. Subjunctive is the realm of the possible. May or might is often used in
translation (e.g., Zach may wash the car.)
2. Imperative indicates expected action. The imperative usually expresses a
command (e.g., Zach, wash the car!)
3. Optative indicates a hoped-for circumstance that is often a remote possibility. In
Greek it is often used in prayer. (e.g., Oh, that Zach would wash the car.)

Perfect is used for state of affairs frontground/dwelt upon action.

Introduction to the Subjunctive
The subjunctive mood is the mood of potential or possibility. May and might are
the two key words often used in translating subjunctives.
Form
The subjunctive present (continuous action) is built from the present verb stem as
follows:

Xu + u + cv Xuucv We may continue loosing

The subjunctive aorist (complete, whole) is built from the aorist verb stem with a
sigma and the same endings as the present. There is no initial augment.

Xu + c + u + cv Xucucv We may loose

Present/Unfolding, In progress Action Subjunctive
of Xu u (chant Present & First Aorist)
1. Xuu Xuucv
2. Xu Xuyvc
3. Xu Xuuct(v)
Middle/
Passive
Singular Plural
1. Xuuot Xuuc0o
2. Xu Xuyc0c
3. Xuyvot Xuuvvot

Aorist Action Subjunctive of Xuu
1. Xucu Xucucv
2. Xuc Xucyvc
3. Xuc Xucuct(v)
1. Xucuot Xucuc0o
2. Xuc Xucyc0c
3. Xucyvot Xucuvvot
1. Xu0u Xu0ucv
2. Xu0 Xu0yvc
3. Xu0 Xu0uct(v)

Second Aorist Subjunctive Forms of Xctu
Singular Plural
1. Xtu Xtucv
2. Xt Xtyvc
3. Xt Xtuct(v)

Subjunctive of ctt
Singular Plural
1. u ucv
2. yvc
3. uct(v)
Subjunctive Triggers
tvo in order that (used most often)
co v if
o ov whoever
cu until
Four Types of Conditionals
Conditions have two parts: the protasis (if) and the apodosis (then). The protasis
presents the condition and the apodosis tells the consequence.

1. First class condition: Reality (e.g., If you are led by the Spirit, you are not under
the law.)
Form: ct + indicative verb (protasis) + any apodosis.
Function: Affirms the reality of the condition (protasis).

2. Second class condition: Impossibility (contrary to fact) (e.g., If you had been here,
my brother would not have died.)

Form: ct + secondary indicative verb (protasis) + ov + secondary indicative verb
(apodosis)
Function: The condition is contrary to fact.
3. Third class condition: Possibility (e.g., If you release him, you are not Caesars
friend.)
Form: cov + subjunctive (protasis) + any apodosis
Function: Possible condition.
4. Fourth class condition: Possibility (rare) (e.g., If you should suffer, . . .)
Form: ct + optative mood (protasis) + optative (apodosis) rare
Context will often indicate the level of probability.
Various Subjunctive Functions
1. Hortatory subjunctive urges the speaker and listeners to a certain behavior or
mind-set. This use requires the first person.
AtcX0ucv, . . . xot t8ucv. Let us go . . . and let us see (cf. Lk. 2:15).
2. Subordinate purpose clause is often introduced by tvo + subjunctive.
tvo opvupyc cpt vou quvo, in order that he might witness concerning the
light (Jn. 1:7).
3. Prohibitive subjunctive uses the aorist with a negative and prohibits an action.
v ctccvcx yo ct ctpocov, Lead us not into temptation (Mat. 6:13).
4. Deliberative subjunctive often is a rhetorical device not calling for an answer.
vt ctu utv; What shall I say to you? (1 Cor. 11:22).
Negative Questions
When a question begins with ou, the expected answer is yes.
When a question begins with y, the expected answer is no.
One way to remember this is, May (y) means nay.
Optatives
There are only sixty-seven optatives in the New Testament. We will not learn a
paradigm, but you should be aware that they exist, express a wish, and that their form
is characterized by the connective ot, ot, or ct (Oh that . . .):

cvotvo, aorist dep. third sing., from tvoot, Oh may it be

Chapter 24 Summary: Imperative Verbs
Introduction
The imperative mood is used to express a command, entreaty, or prohibition. In
English the imperative is used only with the second person (e.g., [You] get in the car!).
The Greek imperative occurs in the present and aorist tenses. Both second and third
person (Let him/her/it) forms may be used.

Perfect is used for state of affairs frontground/dwelt upon action.

Form
Learn the little rhythm:

2 sg 3 sg 2 pl 3 pl
Present Active c vu vc vucov
Present Mid/Pass ou c0u c0c c0ucov
First Aorist Active v vu vc vucov
First Aorist Middle ot c0u c0c c0ucov
First Aorist Passive vt vu vc vucov

Present Action Imperative of Xuu
Active
Singular Plural
2. Xuc You loose! Xucvc You loose!
3. Xucvu Let him loose! Xucvucov Let them loose!

Middle/Passive
Singular Plural
2. Xuou You be loosed! Xucc0c You be loosed!
3. Xucc0u Let him be loosed! Xucc0ucov Let them be loosed!

First Aorist Action Imperative of Xuu
Active Passive
Middle
Singular Plural
2. Xucot Xucoc0c

Second Aorist Action Imperative of Xctu (I leave)
Active Passive

Middle
Singular Plural
2. Xtou Xtcc0c
3. Xtcc0u Xtcc0ucov

Imperative of ctt
Singular Plural
2. tc0t ccvc
3. ccvu ccvucov
Various Functions
1. As a command:
ooovc vou c0pou uuv.
Love your enemies! (Mat. 5:44).
2. As a prohibition:
My qoou, vo txpov otvtov
fear not, little flock! (Lk. 12:32).
3. As an entreaty, especially when speaking to a superior:
Hovcp otc, vypycov ouvou cv v ovoovt cou.
Holy Father, keep them in your name (Jn. 17:11).

Chapter 25 Summary: The -t Verbs
Introduction
There are four types of -t verbs:

1. Omicron class (8t8ut, I give), with the root 8o-.
2. Alpha class (tcvyt, I set, stand), with the root cvo-.
3. Epsilon class (vt0yt, I put), with the root 0c-.
4. Upsilon (8ctxvut, I show, explain), with the root 8ctxvu-.
Formation Rules
1. In the present and imperfect, the initial consonant is reduplicated and connected
with an iota (cf. perfect). 8o (the root of 8t8ut) becomes 8t8o.
2. -t verbs do not take a connecting vowel before the pronominal endings. Rather,
the roots final vowel may be retained, lengthened, or omitted. 8t8o becomes
8t8u.
3. The present form takes the following pronominal endings:

Singular Plural
-t -cv
- -vc
-ct -oct

4. Most of the -t verbs use the tense suffix xo rather than the normal co (e.g.,
c8uxo). Dont confuse this with the perfects.

Active Indicatives
Singular
Plural

Other Moods
Active
Present
Subjunctive
Aorist
Subjunctive
Present
Imperative
Aorist
Imperative
Singular
1. 8t8u 8u
2. 8t8 8 8t8ou 8o
Plural
1. 8t8ucv 8ucv

Infinitives
Present Infinitive Aorist Infinitive

Present Middle/Passive (note how regular)
Singular Plural
1. 8t8oot 8t8oc0o
2. 8t8ocot 8t8oc0c
3. 8t8ovot 8t8ovvot
Present Paradigms of Other -t Verbs
Singular
Plural

Present Participles
Mid/Pass


Nom. 8ou 8ouco 8ov
Middle
Passive

Mid/Pass no perf. x

Chapter 26 Summary: Numbers and Interrogatives
Introduction
Thus far we have looked at personal (e.g., cu ), relative (e.g., o), demonstrative (e.g.,
ouvo), reflexive pronouns (myself, yourself, him/her/itself), and reciprocal (e.g.,
oXXyXuv) pronouns. In this section we will examine indefinite pronouns
(someone/something) and reflexive pronouns (myself, yourself, him/her/itself).
Indefinite Pronouns (vt/vt, someone, anything)
This form is an enclitic and often combined with o (ocvt).

Singular Plural
Masc./Fem. Neut. Masc./Fem. Neut.

Note that the word is an enclitic, with no accent or with an accent on the second
syllable. The interrogative vt/vt (who? which? what?) has the accent on the first syllable
and is not an enclitic.

Interrogative Pronoun (vt/vt who? which? what?)
Singular Plural
Masc.
and Fem.
Neut. Masc.
and Fem.
Neut.

Note that the acute accent on vt and vt never changes to a grave accent.
Interrogatives
ovc when?
ou where?
u how?
8to vt why?
vt why?

Greek Numbers
There are two types of numbers:

1. Cardinal numbers (1, 2, 3, and counting)
2. Ordinal numbers (first, second, and third, telling order in a list)

In Greek ordinal numbers are expressed as shown:

puvo, -y, -ov first
Cardinal Numbers
Cardinal numbers function like adjectives:

ct, to, cv 1 c 6
8uo 2 cvo 7
vpct, vpct, vpto 3 oxvu 8
vcccopc, -uv 4 cvvco 9
cvvc 5 8cxo 10

8u8cxo 12
cxovov 100
tXtot, -ot, -o 1,000
Teens
cv8cxo 8u8cxo vptcxot8cxo 8cxovcccopc 8cxocvvc ...
11 12 13 14 15
Tens
ctxoct vptoxovvo vcccopoxovvo cvvyxovvo cyxovvo...
20 30 40 50 60

Number One
Masc. Fem. Neut.
Nom. ct to cv
Gen. cvo to cvo
Dat. cvt tg cvt
Acc. cvo tov cv

Chapter 27 Summary: Comparatives, Adverbs, Conjunctions, and
Clause Types
Comparative Adjectives
Greek uses either the endings -tuv or -vcpo, -o, -ov, or the particle y (than) to
indicate a comparative. For example:

co (great) ctuv (greater)
txpo (small) txpovcpo (smaller)
Superlative Adjectives
Adjective Comparative Superlative
txpo (little) cXoccuv (less) cXotcvo (least)
co (great) ctuv (greater) ctovcpo (greatest)
Conjunctions: Structural Markers
Temporal
opt until ovc when
cct when ptv before
cct8y when u when, as
cu until

Causal (retrospective, explanation why)
op for ovt because
8tovt because u since
cct since cct8y since

Purpose (prospective, goal, intention)
tvo in order that
ou in order that
u in order that

Result
ucvc so that
tvo (may also sometimes mean) so that
u so as
ovt so that

Continuative
8c and, now ovt that
tvo that ouv then, now
xot and vc and

Adversative
oXXo but cvvot however
8c but ouv however
xot but

Particles
oyv so be it, truly, amen
ov (untranslated; occurs with the various moods and often with
relative pronouns)
opo therefore, then
c indeed (emphasizes the word it goes with)
t8c look! notice, behold
t8ou look! notice, behold
cv indeed (often with the relative pronoun), on the one hand
vot yes, indeed

Adverbs
In Greek we are familiar with several ways the verb may be modified in time, manner
and place already.
1) One may use a participle in an adverbial manner (After leaving the store, he
went home;
2) The articular infinitive is also used in an adverbial manner (before Phillip
called you, I saw you....;).
3) Many prepositional phrases have an adverbial verb modifying function and
indeed some adverbs actually became more prepositional in their function and are classed
as adverbial prepositions (i.e. cu outside). Indeed, some words are classified as both
improper preposition and adverb and some are marked by the 0cv ending (otcu (prep.
+ genitive=after; otc0cv adv. from behind).
4) As in English where an adjective can be converted into an adverb by changing
the ending (articulate/articulately) so in Greek using the genitive plural form an adverb
may be form shifting the uv ending to an u (e.g. xoXuv [good] becomes xoXu
[well].
5) There are explicit adverbs which help develop the meaning of the verb in time,
manner, and location.
Time: ouptov (tomorrow), cycpov (today), c0c (yesterday), vu v (now) and
vovc (then), u ovc (ever, at any time)
Manner: ouvu (thus/in this manner), vocu (quickly)
Location: ovu (above), ovu0cv (from above), xovu (below), cxct (there),
cxct0cv (from there), u 8c (here), cvvcu0cv (from there);


Clause Type Introduction
1. Substantive
I do not have what I need (functions as the object).
2. Adjective
He bought the ball that Coach Kessler had signed (restrictive clause).
3. Adverb
I will come when I have finished playing with Elliott (modifies the verb).
Purpose Clauses
1. With an infinitive.
2. With tvo or ou + subjunctive.
3. With ct or po followed by an articular infinitive.
Result Clauses
1. The most common is ucvc or u + infinitive.
2. ucvc or ovt + indicative.
Temporal Clauses are formed
1. With an indicative verb introduced by various prepositions and particles:

ovc, cct8y, u when
ovov whenever
cu, opt, ou while
cu, opt until
u, ou since

2. With the subjunctive with various prepositions or particles:

ovov, cov whenever
cu, opt, cpt until

3. With ptv + infinitive indicating before
4. With a participle meaning while or after

Chapter 28 Summary: Case Revisited [TP ROADS]
Genitive Introduction
Until now, we have seen the genitive as a case used for possession, translated of.
Possessive Genitive
The possessive genitive may be translated of or with a possessive noun or pronoun
(his/her).
vyv xotXtov vy yvpo
the mothers womb (Jn. 3:4)
Relational Genitive
The relational genitive specifies a family relationship (son, parent, wife).
2tuv Iuovvou
Simon, [son] of John (Jn. 21:15)
Descriptive Genitive
The descriptive genitive qualifies the noun, describing it in more detail.
O yXo vou otxou cou
the zeal of your house (Jn. 2:17) (specifies the type of zeal)
Subjective Genitive
The word in the genitive functions as the subject or produces the action of the verbal
idea implied in the noun it describes.
y ct0uto vy copxo
the lust of the flesh (1 Jn. 2:16) (the flesh lusts)
Objective Genitive
The word in the genitive receives the action. It acts like an object to the action of the
word it modifies. These categories are not mutually exclusive. Sometimes a genitive may
be both objective and descriptive.
y 8c vou vcuovo Xocqyto
the blasphemy against the Spirit (Mat. 12:31)
Time Genitive
The genitive of time functions like an adverb. It expresses time within which
something happens.
yX0cv po ouvov vuxvo
He came to him during the night (Jn. 3:2).
Agency Genitive
The agency genitive identifies the agent that has been involved in an action.
ccovvot ovvc 8t8oxvot 0cou.
They shall all be taught by God (Jn. 6:45).

Deeper into the Dative [II LIST]
In chapter 4, the dative was given as the indirect object case (He hit the ball to Elliott).
It is also used to express self-interest, means, location, and point of time.
Indirect Object
ctcv ouvot Aucovc
He said to them, Destroy (Jn. 2:19).
The dative often accompanies the preposition cv.
Dative of Interest
The dative of interest may express advantage or disadvantage. When expressing
advantage, it may be translated to or for. When expressing disadvantage, against
may be used (Wallace, Beyond the Basics, 142f.).
ucvc opvupctvc couvot
so that you witness against yourselves (Mat. 23:31)
Dative of Location
The dative is often used with the prepositions cv (in) and po (to, toward) to
reference a particular physical location. However, the dative may also be used alone to
indicate location.
ot . . . o0yvot v Xotopt yX0ov.
the disciples came in a small boat (Jn. 21:8).
Dative of Sphere
The dative of sphere refers to an abstract realm, whereas the dative of location refers to
a specific physical location.
cxocvo xo0u popyvot v xop8tg
Let each one as he has purposed in [his] heart (2 Cor. 9:7)
Instrumental Dative
The dative often indicates the means by which something happens. It can designate the
instrument (impersonal) or agent (personal) that performs the action.
ct uoxoyv c0vuv, Xo xot cp
to the obedience of the Gentiles by word and deed (Rom. 15:18)
Dative of Time
The dative may be used to refer to a particular point in time, in contrast to the genitive
which describes time as time within which or time during which.
Kot v ycpg v vptv oo ccvcvo
And on the third day there was a wedding (Jn. 2:1).

Appendix 4: Verb Princial Parts

262
Appendix 4
Verb Principal Parts
Verbs Occurring Nine or More Times in the New Testament
Verbs are listed in their present active indicative first person singular forms. Deponent verbs
appear in the present middle/passive indicative form. Additional principal parts (PP)
appearing in the New Testament are listed below the main entry in the following order:
future active, aorist active, perfect active, perfect middle/passive, aorist passive.

Greek Verb English Meaning(s) Times in N.T.
oo0ootcu I do good 9
PP: ___, yo0ootyco, ___, ___, ___
ooXXtou I exult, am glad 11
PP: ___, yoXXtoco, ___, ___, yoXXto0yv
ooou I love 143
PP: ooycu, yoyco, yoyxo, yoyot, yoy0yv
otou I consecrate, make holy, sanctify 28
PP: ___, ytoco, ___, ytocot, ytoc0yv
ovocu I do not know 22
PP: ___, yvoyco, ___, ___, ___
oopou I buy 30
PP: ___, yopoco, ___, yopocot, yopoc0yv
ou I lead, bring, arrest 69
PP: ou, yoov, ___, ___, y0yv
o8txcu I wrong, do wrong 28
PP: o8txycu, y8txyco, y8txyxo, ___, y8txy0yv
o0cvcu I reject, nullify 16
PP: o0cvycu, y0cvyco, ___, ___, ___
ot pu I take up, take away, raise 101
PP: opu, ypo, ypxo, ypot, yp0yv

263
otvcu I ask 70
PP: otvycu, vyco, vyxo, ___, ___
oxoXou0cu I follow, accompany 90
PP: oxoXou0ycu, yxoXou0yco, yxoXou0yxo, ___, ___
oxouu I hear, understand, learn 428
PP: oxoucu, yxouco, oxyxoo, ___, yxou c0yv
oXctqu I anoint 9
PP: ___, yXcto, ___, ___, ___
oopvovu I sin 43
PP: oopvycu, yopvyco, yopvyxo, ___, ___
ovootvu I go up, ascend 82
PP: ovoycoot, ovcyv, ovocyxo, ___, ___
ovoXcu I look up, receive sight 25
PP: ___, ovcXco, ___, ___, ___
ovocXXu I announce, report 14
PP: ovocXu, ovyctXo, ___, ___, ovycXyv
ovotvucxu I read, read aloud 32
PP: ___, ovcvuv, ___, ___, ovcvuc0yv
ovoxou I compel, urge 9
PP: ___, yvoxoco, ___, ___, yvoxoc0yv
ovou I lead up; Mid.: set sail 23
PP: ___, ovyoov, ___, ___, ovy0yv
ovotpcu I take away, kill 24
PP: ovcXu, ovctXov, ___, ___, ovpc0yv
ovoxctot I recline (at table) 14
ovoxptvu I examine, question, judge 16
PP: ___, ovcxptvo, ___, ___, ovcxpt0yv
ovoXoovu I take up 13
PP: ___, ovcXoov, ___, ___, ovcXyq0yv
ovoouu I refresh; Mid: take rest 12
PP: ovooucu, ovcouco, ___, ovocouot, ovcou0yv
ovotvu I recline 12
PP: ___, ovcccov, ___, ___, ___
ovocvpcqu I overturn, return 9
PP: ovocvpcu, ovccvpco, ___, ___, ovccvpoqyv
ovovcXXu I rise 9
PP: ___, ovcvctXo, ovovcvoXxo, ___, ___
ovoqcpu I bring up, offer 10
PP: ___, ovyvcxo, ___, ___, ___
ovoupcu I depart 14
PP: ___, ovcupyco, ___, ___, ___

264
ovcu I endure 15
PP: ovcu, ovccov, ___, ___, ___
ov0tcvyt I resist, oppose 14
PP: ___, ovvccvyv, ov0ccvyxo, ___, ___
ovtcvyt I raise, cause to rise 108
PP: ovocvycu, ovccvyco, ___, ___, ___
ovotu I open 77
PP: ovotu, yvco, ovco, ovcot, yvot0yv
ovvtXcu I speak against, oppose 11
PP: ___, ovvctov, ___, ___, ___
oocXXu I announce, report 45
PP: oocXu, oyctXo, ___, ___, oycXyv
oou I lead away 15
PP: ___, oyoov, ___, ___, oy0yv
oopvcoot I deny 11
PP: oopvycoot, oypvycoyv, ___, ___, oypvy0yv
oct0cu I disbelieve, disobey 14
PP: ___, yct0yco, ___, ___, ___
ocpoot I depart 117
PP: ocXcucoot, oyX0ov, ocXyXu0o, ___, ___
ocu I have received, am distant 19
oo8t8ut I give back, pay 48
PP: oo8ucu, oc8uxo, ___, ___, oc8o0yv
oo8oxtou I reject 9
PP: ___, oc8oxtoco, ___, oo8c8oxtocot, oc8oxtoc0yv
oo0vcxu I die 111
PP: oo0ovouot, oc0ovov, ___, ___, ___
ooxoXuvu I reveal, uncover 26
PP: ooxoXuu, ocxoXuo, ___, ___, ocxoXuq0yv
ooxptvoot I answer, reply 230
PP: ___, ocxptvoyv, ___, ___, ocxpt0yv
ooxvctvu I kill 74
PP: ooxvcvu, ocxvctvo, ___, ___, ocxvov0yv
ooXoovu I take aside, receive 10
PP: ooXyoot, ocXoov, ___, ___, ___
ooXXut I destroy, ruin; Mid.: I die 90
PP: ooXccu, ouXcco, ooXuXcxo, ___, ___
ooXocoot I defend myself 10
PP: ___, ocXoycoyv, ___, ___, ocXoy0yv
ooXuu I release, divorce 66
PP: ooXucu, ocXuco, ___, ooXcXuot, ocXu0yv
oocvcXXu I send, send out 132

265
PP: oocvcXu, occvctXo, occvoXxo, occvoXot,
occvoXyv
oocvpcqu I turn away 9
PP: oocvpcu, occvpco, ___, occvpoot, occvpoqyv
oovt0yt I take off, lay aside 9
PP: ___, oc0yxo, ___, ___, ___
ovu I touch 39
PP: ___, yo, ___, ___, ___
opccxu I please 17
PP: opccu, ypcco, ___, ___, ___
opvcoot I deny, refuse 33
PP: opvycoot, ypvycoyv, ___, ypvyot, ___
opou I seize 14
PP: opocu, ypoco, ___, ___, ypoc0yv
opu I rule; Mid.: begin 86
PP: opoot, ypoyv, ___, ___, ___
oc0cvcu I am weak, sick, powerless 33
PP: ___, yc0cvyco, yc0cvyxo, ___, ___
ocooot I greet, salute 59
PP: ___, ycocoyv, ___, ___, ___
ovcvtu I look intently, gaze upon 14
PP: ___, yvcvtco, ___, ___, ___
ouo vu I grow, increase 23
PP: ouycu, yuyco, ___, ___, yuy0yv
oqotpcu I take away, cut off 10
PP: oqcXu, oqctXov, ___, ___, oqpc0yv
oqtyt I permit, let go, forgive 143
PP: oqycu, oqyxo, ___, oqcuot, oqc0yv
oqtcvyt I mislead, withdraw, depart 14
PP: oocvycoot, occvyco, ___, ___, ___
oqoptu I separate 10
PP: oqoptcu, oquptco, ___, oquptcot, oquptc0yv
oXXu I throw, put 122
PP: oXu, coXov, cXyxo, cXyot, cXy0yv
ovtu I baptize 77
PP: ovtcu, covtco, ___, covtcot, covtc0yv
ocovtu I torment 12
PP: ___, cocovtco, ___, ___, cocovtc0yv
octXcuu I rule, reign 21
PP: octXcucu, coctXcuco, ___, ___, ___
ocvou I bear, carry 27
PP: ocvocu, cocvoco, ___, ___, ___

266
Xocqycu I blaspheme, revile 34
PP: ___, cXocqyyco, ___, ___, cXocqyy0yv
Xcu I see, look at 132
PP: Xcu, cXco, ___, ___, ___
oou I cry aloud 12
PP: oycu, coyco, ___, ___, ___
ocxu I feed, graze 9
ouXoot I wish, want, determine 37
PP: ___, ___, ___, ___, couXy0yv
ocu I marry 28
PP: ___, coyco/cyo, coyxo, ___, coy0yv
cu I fill 11
cvvou I give birth to, become the father of, produce 97
PP: cvvycu, ccvvyco, ccvvyxo, ccvvyot, ccvvy0yv
cuoot I taste, eat 15
PP: cucoot, ccucoyv, ___, ___, ___
tvoot I become, am, happen 669
PP: cvycoot, ccvoyv, covo, ccvyot, ccvy0yv
tvucxu I know, learn, realize 222
PP: vucoot, cvuv, cvuxo, cvucot, cvuc0yv
vuptu I make known, reveal 25
PP: vuptcu, cvuptco, ___, ___, cvuptc0yv
poqu I write 191
PP: pou, cpoo, cpoqo, cpoot, cpoqyv
pyopcu I watch, keep awake 22
PP: ___, cpyopyco, ___, ___, ___
8otovtoot I am possessed by a demon 13
PP: ___, ___, ___, ___, c8otovtc0yv
8ct it is necessary (impersonal) 101
8ctxvut I show, explain 33
PP: 8ctu, c8cto, 8c8cto, ___, c8ct0yv
8coot I ask, beg, pray 22
PP: ___, ___, ___, ___, c8cy0yv
8cpu I beat 15
PP: ___, c8ctpo, ___, ___, c8opyv
8coot I take, receive 56
PP: ___, c8coyv, ___, 8c8cot, c8c0yv
8cu I tie, bind 43
PP: ___, c8yco, 8c8cxo, 8c8cot, c8c0yv
8toxovcu I serve, minister, wait upon 37
PP: 8toxovycu, 8tyxovyco, ___, ___, 8tyxovy0yv

267
8toxptvu I judge, discriminate 19
PP: ___, 8tcxptvo, ___, ___, 8tcxpt0yv
8toXcoot I dispute 13
PP: ___, 8tcXcoyv, ___, ___, 8tcXc0yv
8toXotoot I debate, reason 16
8toopvupoot I warn, testify solemnly 15
PP: ___, 8tcopvupoyv, ___, ___, ___
8tocptu I divide, distribute 11
PP: ___, 8tccptco, ___, 8toccptcot, 8tccptc0yv
8tocxoptu I scatter 9
PP: ___, 8tccxoptco, ___, 8tccxoptcot, 8tccxoptc0yv
8tovoccu I command, order 16
PP: 8tovou, 8tcvoo, 8tovcvoo, 8tovcvoot, 8tcvo0yv
8tovptu I stay, remain 9
PP: ___, 8tcvpto, ___, ___, ___
8toqcpu I differ, carry through 13
PP: ___, 8tyvcxo, ___, ___, ___
8t8ocxu I teach 97
PP: 8t8ou, c8t8oo, ___, ___, c8t8o0yv
8t8ut I give, entrust, yield 415
PP: 8ucu, c8uxo, 8c8uxo, 8c8oot, c8o0yv
8tcpoot I pass through 43
PP: 8tcXcucoot, 8tyX0ov, 8tcXyXu0o, ___, ___
8txotou I justify, pronounce righteous 39
PP: 8txotucu, c8txotuco, ___, 8c8txotuot, c8txotu0yv
8tou I thirst 16
PP: 8tycu, c8tyco, ___, ___, ___
8tuxu I pursue, persecute 45
PP: 8tuu, c8tuo, ___, 8c8tuot, c8tu0yv
8oxcu I think, suppose, seem 62
PP: 8ou, c8oo, ___, ___, ___
8oxtou I prove by testing, approve 22
PP: 8oxtocu, c8oxtoco, ___, 8c8oxtocot, ___
8oou I glorify, honor, praise 61
PP: 8oocu, c8ooco, ___, 8c8oocot, c8ooc0yv
8ouXcuu I serve, obey 25
PP: 8ouXcucu, c8ouXcuco, 8c8ouXcuxo, ___, ___
8uvoot I am powerful, am able 210
PP: 8uvycoot, ___, ___, ___, y8uvy0yv
cou I permit, let go 11
PP: cocu, ctoco, ___, ___, ___
ctu I come near 42

268
PP: ctu, ytco, ytxo, ___, ___
cctpu I raise up, restore, wake 144
PP: ccpu, yctpo, ___, cycpot, ycp0yv
cxovoXctu I leave behind, forsake 10
PP: cxovoXctu, cxovcXtov, ___, ___, cxovcXctq0yv
ct8ov (aorist; see opou) I saw, perceived 341
ctt I am, occur, live 2462
PP: ccoot, ___, ___, ___, ___
ctov (aorist; see Xc u) I said 1024
ctcou I lead in 11
PP: ___, ctcyoov, ___, ___, ___
ctccpoot I come in, go in, enter 194
PP: ctccXcucoot, ctcyX0ov, ctccXyXu0o, ___, ___
ctcopcuoot I enter, go in 18
cxo XXu I cast out 81
PP: cxoXu, ccoXov, ___, ___, ccXy0yv
cxxovu I cut out, cut off 10
PP: cxxou, ccxoo, ___, ___, ccxoyv
cxXcoot I pick out, choose 22
PP: ___, ccXcoyv, ___, cxXcXcot, ___
cxtvu I fall away, fail 10
PP: ___, ccccov, cxcvuxo, ___, ___
cxXyccoot I am astonished, amazed 13
PP: ___, ___, ___, ___, ccXoyv
cxopcuoot I go out 33
PP: cxopcucoot, ___, ___, ___, ___
cxvctvu I stretch out 16
PP: cxvcvu, ccvctvo, ___, ___, ___
cxcu I pour out 16
PP: cxcu, ccco, ___, ___, ccu0yv
cxuvvoot (cf. cxcu) I pour out 11
PP: ___, ___, ___, cxxcuot, ___
cXcu I convict, reprove, expose 17
PP: cXcu, yXco, ___, ___, yXc0yv
cXccu I have mercy 29
PP: cXcycu, yXcyco, ___, yXcyot, yXcy0yv
cXtu I hope 31
PP: cXtu, yXtco, yXtxo, ___, ___
cotvu I embark, step in 16
PP: ___, cvcyv, ___, ___, ___
cXcu I look at, consider 12

269
PP: ___, cvcXco, ___, ___, ___
cotu I mock 13
PP: cotu, cvcoto, ___, ___, cvcot0yv
cqovtu I manifest, reveal 10
PP: cqovtcu, cvcqovtco, ___, ___, cvcqovtc0yv
cv8ctxvut I show forth, demonstrate 11
PP: ___, cvc8ctoyv, ___, ___, ___
cv8uu I put on, clothe, wear 27
PP: ___, cvc8uco, ___, cv8c8uot, ___
cvcpcu I work, produce 22
PP: ___, cvypyco, cvypyxo, ___, ___
cvvcXXoot I command 15
PP: cvvcXouot, cvcvctXoyv, ___, cvvcvoXot, ___
cvvpcu I make ashamed 9
PP: ___, ___, ___, ___, cvcvpoyv
cou I lead out, bring out 12
PP: ___, cyoov, ___, ___, ___
coocvcXXu I send forth 13
PP: coocvcXu, coccvctXo, ___, ___, coccvoXyv
ccpoot I go out 218
PP: ccXcucoot, cyX0ov, ccXyXu0o, ___, ___
cccvt it is lawful (impersonal) 31
ctcvyt I amaze, am amazed, confuse 17
PP: ___, cccvyco, cccvyxo, ___, ___
cooXocu I confess, promise, admit 10
PP: cooXoycu, cuoXoyco, ___, ___, ___
cou0cvcu I despise 11
PP: ___, cou0cvyco, ___, cou0cvyot, cou0cvy0yv
cocXXoot I promise, announce 15
PP: ___, cyctXoyv, ___, cycXot, ___
cotpu I lift up 19
PP: ___, cypo, cypxo, ___, cyp0yv
cotcuvoot I am ashamed 11
PP: ___, ___, ___, ___, cotcuv0yv
ccpoot I come upon, appear, attack 9
PP: ccXcucoot, cyX0ov, ___, ___, ___
ccpuvou I ask, question 56
PP: ccpuvycu, cypuvyco, ___, ___, cypuvy0yv
ctoXXu I lay on, put on 18
PP: ctoXu, ccoXov, ___, ___, ___
cttvucxu I come to know, recognize 44
PP: ctvucoot, ccvuv, ccvuxo, ___, ccvuc0yv

270
ct8t8ut I hand over, deliver, surrender 9
PP: ct8ucu, cc8uxo, cc8c8uxo, ___, cc8o0yv
ctyvcu I search for 13
PP: ___, ccyvyco, ___, ___, ___
ct0ucu I desire 16
PP: ct0uycu, cc0uyco, ___, ___, ___
ctxoXcu I call, name; Mid: invoke 30
PP: ___, ccxoXcco, ___, ctxcxXyot, ccxXy0yv
ctXoovoot I take hold of, catch, arrest 19
PP: ___, ccXooyv, ___, ___, ___
ctcvu I continue, persist 16
PP: ctcvu, ccctvo, ___, ___, ___
cttvu I fall, upon, come upon 11
PP: ___, ccccov, ctcvuxo, ___, ___
cto0cu I desire 9
PP: ___, cco0yco, ___, ___, ___
ctcxcvoot I visit, care for 11
PP: ctcxcoot, cccxcoyv, ___, ___, ___
ctcvoot I understand 14
ctcvpcqu I turn to, return 36
PP: ctcvpcu, cccvpco, ___, ___, cccvpoqyv
ctvoccu I order, command 10
PP: ___, ccvoo, ___, ___, ___
ctvcXcu I complete, finish, perform 10
PP: ctvcXccu, ccvcXcco, ___, ___, ___
c tvt0yt I lay upon, inflict upon 39
PP: ct0ycu, cc0yxo/cc0yv, ___, ___, ___
ctvtou I rebuke, warn 29
PP: ___, ccvtyco, ___, ___, ___
ctvpcu I permit 18
PP: ___, ccvpco, ___, ___, ccvpoyv
cpooot I work 41
PP: ___, ypocoyv, ___, ctpocot, ___
cpoot I come, go 632
PP: cXcucoot, yX0ov, cXyXu0o, ___, ___
cpuvou I ask, request 63
PP: cpuvycu, ypuvyco, ___, ___, ___
cc0tu I eat 158
PP: qooot, cqoov, ___, ___, ___
cvotou I prepare 40
PP: cvotocu, yvotoco, yvotoxo, yvotocot, yvotoc0yv
cuocXtu I proclaim, preach good news 54

271
PP: ___, cuycXtco, ___, cuycXtcot, cuycXtc0yv
cu8oxcu I am pleased with 21
PP: ___, cu8oxyco, ___, ___, ___
cuXocu I bless 41
PP: cuXoycu, cuXoyco, cuXoyxo, cuXoyot, cuXoy0yv
cuptcxu I find 176
PP: cupycu, cupov, cupyxo, ___, cupc0yv
cuqpot vu I rejoice 14
PP: ___, ___, ___, ___, yuqpov0yv
cuoptcvcu I give thanks 38
PP: ___, cuoptcvyco, ___, ___, cuoptcvy0yv
cqtcvyt I stand over, come upon, attack 21
PP: ___, cccvyv, cqccvyxo, ___, ___
cu I have, keep 708
PP: cu, ccov, ccyxo, ___, ___
ou I live 140
PP: ycu, cyco, ___, ___, ___
yXou I am zealous 11
PP: ___, cyXuco, ___, ___, ___
yvcu I seek, desire, request 117
PP: yvycu, cyvyco, ___, ___, cyvy0yv
ootcu I make alive 11
PP: ootycu, cootyco, ___, ___, cooty0yv
ycoot I lead, guide, think, regard 28
PP: ___, yycoyv, ___, yyot, ___
y xu I have come 26
PP: yu, yo, yxo, ___, ___
0ovovou I put to death, kill 11
PP: 0ovovucu, c0ovovuco, ___, ___, c0ovovu0yv
0ovu I bury 11
PP: ___, c0oo, ___, ___, cvoqyv
0ouou I marvel, wonder (at) 43
PP: 0ouocoot, c0ouoco, ___, ___, c0ouoc0yv
0cooot I see, look at 22
PP: ___, c0cocoyv, ___, vc0coot, c0co0yv
0cXu I will, wish, desire 208
PP: 0cXycu, y0cXyco, ___, ___, y0cXy0yv
0cpocuu I heal 43
PP: 0cpocucu, c0cpocuco, ___, vc0cpocuot, c0cpocu0yv
0cptu I reap, harvest 21
PP: 0cptcu, c0cptco, ___, ____, c0cptc0yv
0cupcu I look at, see 58

272
PP: ___, c0cupyco, ___, ___, ___
0Xtu I press, oppress 10
PP: ___, ___, ___, vc0Xtot, c0Xtyv
0vcxu I die 9
PP: ___, ___, vc0vyxo, ___, ___
0uu I sacrifice, kill 14
PP: ___, c0uco, ___, vc0uot, cvu0yv
tooot I heal 26
PP: tocoot, tocoyv, ___, toot, to0yv
tcvyt I stand, set 153
PP: cvycu, ccvyco, ccvyxo/ccvyv, ccvoot, ccvo0yv
tcuu I am strong, able, healthy 28
PP: tcucu, tcuco, ___, ___, ___
xo0otpcu I tear down, conquer, destroy 9
PP: xo0cXu, xo0ctXov, ___, ___, ___
xo0optu I cleanse, purify 31
PP: xo0optu, cxo0optco, ___, xcxo0optcot, cxo0optc0yv
xo0cu8u I sleep 22
xo0yot I sit, live 91
PP: xo0ycoot, ___, ___, ___, ___
xo0tu I seat, sit 46
PP: xo0tcu, cxo0tco, xcxo0txo, ___, ___
xo0tcvyt/xo0tcvovu I set, appoint 21
PP: xovocvycu, xovccvyco, ___, ___, xovccvo0yv
xotu I burn 12
PP: ___, cxouco, ___, xcxouot, cxou0yv
xoXcu I call, invite 148
PP: xoXccu, cxoXcco, xcxXyxo, xcxXyot, cxXy0yv
xovootvu I go down, descend 81
PP: xovoycoot, xovcyv, xovocyxo, ___, ___
xovocXXu I proclaim 18
PP: ___, xovyctXo, ___, ___, xovycXyv
xovou I bring down 9
PP: ___, xovyoov, ___, ___, xovy0yv
xovotcuvu I put to shame 13
PP: ___, ___, ___, ___, xovcuv0yv
xovoxotu I burn down, consume 12
PP: xovoxoucu, xovcxouco, ___, ___, xovcxou0yv
xovoxctot I lie down, dine 12
xovoxptvu I condemn 18
PP: xovoxptvu, xovcxptvo, ___, xovoxcxptot, xovcxpt0yv

273
xovoXoovu I overtake, catch, seize 15
PP: ___, xovcXoov, xovctXyqo, xovctXyot, xovcXyq0yv
xovoXctu I leave, abandon 24
PP: xovoxctu, xovcXtov, ___, xovoXcXctot, xovcXctq0yv
xovoXuu I destroy, I lodge 17
PP: xovoXucu, xovcXuco, ___, ___, xovcXu0yv
xovovocu I observe, notice, consider 14
PP: ___, xovcvoyco, ___, ___, ___
xovovvou I come to, arrive 13
PP: ___, xovyvvyco, xovyvvyxo, ___, ___
xovopcu I abolish, bring to naught 27
PP: xovopycu, xovypyco, xovypyxo, xovypyot,
xovypy0yv
xovopvtu I mend, fit, perfect 13
PP: xovopvtcu, xovypvtco, ___, xovypvtcot, ___
xovocxcuou I prepare 11
PP: xovocxcuocu, xovccxcuoco, ___, xovccxcuocot, xovccxcuoc0yv
xovoqpovcu I despise, look down on 9
PP: xovoqpovycu, xovcpovyco, ___, ___, ___
xovcpooot I work out, achieve 22
PP: ___, xovctpocoyv, ___, xovctpocot, xovctpoc0yv
xovcpoot I come down, go down 16
PP: ___, xovyX0ov, ___, ___, ___
xovcc0tu I eat up, devour 14
PP: xovoqooot, xovcqoov, ___, ___, ___
xovcu I hold back, suppress, hold fast 17
PP: ___, xovccov, ___, ___, ___
xovyopcu I accuse 23
PP: xovyopycu, xovyopyco, ___, ___, ___
xovotxcu I live, dwell, inhabit 44
PP: ____, xovxyco, ___, ___, ___
xouooot I boast 37
PP: xouycoot, cxouycoyv, ___, xcxouyot, ___
xctot I lie, recline, am laid 24
xcXcuu I order, command 25
PP: ___, cxcXcuco, ___, ___, ___
xcp8otvu I gain, profit 17
PP: xcp8ycu, cxcp8yco, ___, ___, cxcp8y0yv
xypuccu I proclaim, preach 61
PP: xypuu, cxypuo, ___, ___, cxypu0yv
xXotu I weep 40
PP: xXoucu, cxXouco, ___, ___, ___

274
xXou I break 14
PP: ___, cxXoco, ___, ___, ___
xXctu I shut, lock 16
PP: xXctcu, cxXctco, ___, xcxXctcot, cxXctc0yv
xXcvu I steal 13
PP: xXcu, cxXco, ___, ___, ___
xXypovocu I inherit 18
PP: xXypovoycu, cxXypovoyco, xcxXypovoyxo, ___, ___
xotooot I sleep 18
PP: ___, ___, ___, xcxotyot, cxoty0yv
xotvou I make common, defile 14
PP: ___, cxotvuco, xcxotvuxo, xcxotvuot, ___
xoXXou I unite, join 12
PP: ___, ___, ___, ___, cxoXXy0yv
xotu I bring; Mid.: receive 10
PP: xotcoot, cxotco, ___, ___, ___
xotou I labor, work hard 23
PP: ___, cxotoco, xcxotoxo, ___, ___
xoccu I adorn, put in order 10
PP: ___, cxocyco, ___, xcxocyot, ___
xpou I cry out 55
PP: xpou, cxpoo, xcxpoo, ___, ___
xpovcu I grasp, attain 47
PP: xpovycu, cxpovyco, xcxpovyxo, xcxpovyot, ___
xptvu I judge, decide 114
PP: xptvu, cxptvo, xcxptxo, xcxptot, cxpt0yv
xpouu I knock 9
PP: ___, cxpouco, ___, ___, ___
xpuvu I conceal, hide 18
PP: ___, cxpuo, ___, xcxpuot, cxpuyv
xvtu I create, make 15
PP: ____, cxvtco, ___, cxvtcot, cxvtc0yv
xuXuu I forbid, hinder 23
PP: ___, cxuXuco, ___, ___, cxuXu0yv
XoXcu I speak, say 296
PP: XoXycu, cXoXyco, XcXoXyxo, XcXoXyot, cXoXy0yv
Xoovu I take, receive, seize 258
PP: Xyoot, cXoov, ctXyqo, ctXyot, cXyq0yv
Xovpcuu I serve, worship 21
PP: Xovpcucu, cXovpcuco, ___, ___, ___
Xcu I say, tell, declare 1329
PP: cpu, ctov, ctpyxo, ctpyot, cppc0yv

275
Xt0ou I stone 9
PP: ___, cXt0oco, ___, ___, cXt0oc0yv
Xotoot I calculate, account, reckon 40
PP: ___, cXotcoyv, ___, ___, cXotc0yv
Xucu I grieve 26
PP: ___, cXuyco, XcXuyxo, ___, cXuy0yv
Xuu I loose, destroy 42
PP: Xucu, cXuco, ___, XcXuot, cXu0yv
oxpo0ucu I am patient 10
PP: ___, coxpo0uyco, ___, ___, ___
ov0o vu I learn 25
PP: ___, co0ov, co0yxo, ___, ___
opvupcu I testify, bear witness 76
PP: ovupycu, copvupyco, copvupyxo, copvupyot, copvupy0yv
cXct it is a care 10
c XXu I am about to 109
PP: cXXycu, ___, ___, ___, ___
cvu I remain, stay, live 118
PP: cvu, cctvo, ccvyxo, ___, ___
cptu I divide, separate 14
PP: ___, ccptco, ccptxo, ccptcot, ccptc0yv
cptvou I am anxious, distracted 19
PP: cptyvcu, ccptvyco, ___, ___, ___
cvootvu I depart, pass over 12
PP: cvoycoot, cvcyv, cvocyxo, ___, ___
cvovocu I repent, change my mind 34
PP: cvovoycu, cvcvoyco, ___, ___, ___
cvocu I send for 9
PP: ___, cvcco, ___, ___, cvccq0yv
cvpcu I measure, apportion 11
PP: ___, ccvpyco, ___, ___, ccvpy0yv
tvcxoot I remember 23
PP: ___, ___, ___, cvyot, cvyc0yv
tccu I hate 40
PP: tcycu, ctcyco, ctcyxo, ctcyot, ___
vyovcuu I remember 21
PP: ___, cvyovcuco, ___, ___, ___
otcuu I commit adultery 15
PP: otcucu, cotcuco, ___, ___, cotcu0yv
vycvcuu I fast 20
PP: vycvcucu, cvycvcuco, ___, ___, ___
vtxou I conquer 28

276
PP: vtxycu, cvtxyco, vcvtxyxo, ___, cvtxy0yv
vtvu I wash 17
PP: ___, cvto, ___, ___, ___
vocu I understand 14
PP: ___, cvoyco, vcvoyxo, ___, ____
votu I suppose, think 15
PP: ___, cvotco, ___, ___, ___
cvtu I entertain, startle 10
PP: ___, ccvtco, ___, ___, ccvtc0yv
ypotvu I dry up, wither 15
PP: ___, cypovo, ___, cypoot, cypov0yv
ot8o (= perf. of stem ct8-) I know, understand 318
PP: ct8ycu, ___, ot8o, ___, ___
otxcu I live 9
otxo8ocu I build, edify, erect 40
PP: otxo8oycu, xo8oyco, ___, ___, otxo8oy0yv
ovuu/ovut I swear 26
PP: ___, uoco, ___, ___, ___
ootou I make like, liken, compare 15
PP: ootucu, uotuco, ___, ___, uotu0yv
ooXocu I confess, promise 26
PP: ooXoycu, uoXoyco, ___, ___, ___
ovct8tu I reproach, insult 9
PP: ___, uvct8tco, ___, ___, ___
ovoo u I name 10
PP: ___, uvooco, ___, ___, u vooc0yv
opou I see 113
PP: ooot, ct8ov, cupoxo/copoxo, ___, uq0yv
oqctXu I owe, ought 35
ot8cuu I teach, train, educate 13
PP: ___, cot8cuco, ___, cot8cuot, cot8cu0yv
opocXXu I command, order, charge 32
PP: ___, opyctXo, ___, opycXot, ___
opotvoot I come, arrive 37
PP: ___, opccvoyv, ___, ___, ___
opou I pass by 10
opo8t8ut I hand over, betray, entrust 119
PP: opo8ucu, opc8uxo, opo8c8uxo, opo8c8oot, opc8o0yv
opotvcoot I make excuse, refuse, reject 12
PP: ___, opvycoyv, ___, opvyot, ___
opoxoXcu I call, urge, exhort, console 109

277
PP: ___, opcxoXcco, ___, opoxcxXyot, opcxXy0yv
opoXoovu I take, receive, accept 49
PP: opoXyoot, opcXoov, ___, ___, opcXyq0yv
opovt0yt I set before 19
PP: opo0ycu, opc0yxo, ___, ___, opcvc0yv
opctt I have arrived, am present 24
PP: opccoot, ___, ___, ___, ___
opcpoot I pass by, pass away, arrive 29
PP: opcXcucoot, opyX0ov, opcXyXu0o, ___, ___
opcu I offer, afford 16
PP: opcu, opccov, ___, ___, ___
optcvyt I am present, approach, stand by 41
PP: opocvycu, opccvyco, opccvyxo, ___, opccvo0yv
oppyctooot I speak freely 9
PP: ___, coppyctocoyv, ___, ___, ___
ocu I suffer, endure 42
PP: ___, co0ov, cov0o, ___, ___
ovoccu I strike, hit 10
PP: ovou, covoo, ___, ___, ___
ouu I cease, stop 15
PP: oucoot, couco, ___, couot, ___
ct0u I persuade, convince 52
PP: ctcu, cctco, cot0o, cctcot, cctc0yv
ctvou I hunger 23
PP: ctvocu, cctvoco, ___, ___, ___
ctpou I test, tempt 38
PP: ___, cctpoco, ___, cctpocot, cctpoc0yv
cu I send 79
PP: cu, cco, ___, ___, ccq0yv
cv0cu I grieve 10
PP: cv0ycu, ccv0yco, ___, ___, ___
cptoXXu I clothe, put around 23
PP: cptoXu, cptcoXov, ___, cptcXyot, ___
cptovcu I walk, live 95
PP: cptovycu, cptcovyco, ___, ___, ___

278
cptcccuu I abound, am rich 39
PP: ___, ccptcccuco, ___, ___, ccptcccu0yv
cptvcvu I circumcise 17
PP: ___, cptcvcov, ___, cptvcvyot, cptcvy0yv
tou I take, seize 12
PP: ___, ctoco, ___, ___, ctoc0yv
tXyt I fill 24
PP: ___, cXyco, ___, ___, cXyc0yv
tvu I drink 73
PP: toot, ctov, cuxo, ___, ___
tpocxu I sell 9
PP: ___, ___, cpoxo, cpoot, cpo0yv
tvu I fall 90
PP: ccouot, cccov, cvuxo, ___, ___
tcvcuu I believe (in), have faith (in) 241
PP: tcvcucu, ctcvcuco, ctcvcuxo, ctcvcuot, ctcvcu0yv
Xovou I lead astray, misguide 39
PP: Xovycu, cXovyco, ___, cXovyot, cXovy0yv
Xcovou I grow, increase 9
PP: ___, cXcovoco, ___, ___, ___
Xy0uvu I multiply, increase 12
PP: Xy0uvu, cXy0uvo, ___, ___, cXy0uv0yv
Xypou I fill, finish, fulfill 86
PP: Xypucu, cXypuco, cXypuxo, cXypuot, cXypu0yv
Xouvcu I am rich, generous 12
PP: ___, cXouvyco, cXouvyxo, ___, ___
otcu I do, make 568
PP: otycu, cotyco, cotyxo, cotyot, ___
ototvu I shepherd, protect, rule 11
PP: otovu, cotovo, ___, ___, ___
opcuoot I go, live 153
PP: opcucoot, ___, ___, copcuot, copcu0yv
ovtu I give to drink, water 15
PP: ___, covtco, covtxo, ___, covtc0yv
poccu I do, perform 39
PP: opu, cpoo, cpoo, cpoot, ___
poou I lead forth, go before 20
PP: poou, poyoov, ___, ___, ___
poctov (cf. poXcu,
Xcu, ctov) I foretell 12
pocpoot I proceed 9
PP: pocXcucoot, poyX0ov, ___, ___, ___

279
pocu I accompany, help on ones journey 9
PP: ___, pocco, ___, ___, poccq0yv
poc8coot I receive, wait for 14
PP: ___, pocc8coyv, ___, ___, ___
poc8oxou I wait for, expect 16
poccpoot I come to, go to 86
PP: ___, pocyX0ov, poccXyXu0o, ___, ___
poccuoot I pray 85
PP: poccuoot, pocyuoyv, ___, ___, ___
poccu I attend to, pay attention to 24
PP: ___, ___, pocccyxo, ___, ___
pocxoXcoot I summon, invite, call 29
PP: ___, poccxoXccoyv, ___, pocxcXyot, ___
pocxopvcpcu I continue in/with 10
PP: pocxopvcpycu, ___, ___, ___, ___
pocxuvcu I worship 60
PP: pocxuvycu, poccxuvyco, ___, ___, ___
pocXoovu I receive, accept 12
PP: ___, poccXoov, pocctXyqo, ___, ___
pocvt0yt I add to, increase 18
PP: ___, pocc0yxo, ___, ___, poccvc0yv
pocqcpu I bring to, offer 47
PP: ___, pocyvcxo, poccvyvoo, ___, pocyvc0yv
poqyvcuu I prophesy, preach 28
PP: poqypcucu, cpoqyvcuco, ___, ___, ___
uv0ovoot I inquire, ask 12
PP: ___, cu0oyv, ___, ___, ___
uXcu I sell 22
PP: ____, cuXyco, ___, ___, ___
puoot I rescue, deliver 17
PP: pucoot, cppucoyv, ___, ___, cppuc0yv
coXcuu I shake 15
PP: ___, ccoXcuco, ___, cccoXcuot, ccoXcu0yv
coXtu I sound the trumpet 12
PP: coXtcu, ccoXtco, ___, ___, ___
ccoot I worship 10
ctou I am silent 10
PP: ___, cctyco, ___, ccctyot, ___
ctuou I am silent 10
PP: ctuycu, cctuyco, ___, ___, ___
cxov8oXtu I cause to stumble, cause to sin 29
PP: ___, ccxov8oXtco, ___, ___, ccxov8oXtc0yv

280
cctpu I sow (seed) 52
PP: ___, ccctpo, ___, ccopot, ccopyv
cXovtoot I have compassion, pity 12
PP: ___, ___, ___, ___, ccXovtc0yv
cou8ou I hasten, am eager 11
PP: cou8ocu, ccou8oco, ___, ___, ___
cvoupou I crucify 46
PP: cvoupucu, ccvoupuco, ___, ccvoupuot, ccvoupu0yv
cvyxu (cf. tcvyt) I stand, stand fast 10
PP: ___, ___, ccvyxo, ___, ___
cvyptu I establish, support 13
PP: cvyptu, ccvypto, ___, ccvyptot, ccvypt0yv
cvpcqu I turn, change 21
PP: ___, ccvpco, ___, ___, ccvpoqyv
cuyvcu I discuss, dispute 10
cuXXoovu I seize, conceive, arrest 16
PP: cuXXyoot, cuvcXoov, cuvctXyqo, ___, cuvcXyq0yv
cuqcpu I bring together 15
PP: ___, cuvyvcxo, ___, ___, ___
cuvou I gather together, invite 59
PP: cuvou, cuvyoov, ___, cuvyot, cuvy0yv
cuvcpoot I come together 30
PP: ___, cuvyX0ov, cuvcXyXu0o, ___, ___
cuvcu I oppress, hold fast, urge on 12
PP: cuvcu, cuvccov, ___, ___, ___
cuvtyt I understand 26
PP: cuvycu, cuvyxo, ___, ___, ___
cuvtcvyt I commend; Intrans: stand with 16
PP: ___, cuvccvyco, cuvccvyxo, ___, ___
cqou I slay, murder 10
PP: cqou, ccqoo, ___, ccqoot, ccqoyv
cqpotu I seal, mark 15
PP: ___, ccqpotco, ___, ccqpotcot, ccqpotc0yv
ctu I split, divide, tear 11
PP: ctcu, cctco, ___, ___, cctc0yv
cu I save, rescue 106
PP: cucu, ccuco, cccuxo, ccccot, ccu 0yv
voctvou I humble 14
PP: voctvucu, cvoctvuco, ___, ___, cvoctvu0yv
vopoccu I trouble, disturb 17
PP: ___, cvopoo, ___, vcvopoot, cvopo0yv
vcXctou I fulfill, make perfect 23

281
PP: ___, cvcXctuco, vcvcXctuxo, vcvcXctuot, cvcXctu0yv
vcXcuvou I die 11
PP: ___, cvcXcuvyco, vcvcXcuvyxo, ___, ____
vcXcu I finish, complete, fulfill 28
PP: vcXccu, cvcXcco, vcvcXcxo, vcvcXcxo, vcvcXccot, cvcXcc0yv
vypcu I keep, guard 70
PP: vypycu, cvypyco, vcvcypyxo, vcvypyot, cvypy0yv
vt0yt I put, place, set 100
PP: 0ycu, c0yxo, vc0ctxo, vc0ctot, cvc0yv
vtxvu I give birth to, bear 18
PP: vcoot, cvcxov, ___, ___, cvc0yv
vtou I honor 21
PP: vtycu, cvtyco, ___, vcvtyot, ___
voXou I dare 16
PP: voXycu, cvoXyco, ___, ___, ___
vpcqu I feed, nourish, train 9
PP: ___, c0pco, ___, vc0poot, ___
vpcu I run 20
PP: ___, c8poov, ___, ___, ___
vuovu I obtain, happen 12
PP: vcuoot, cvuov, vcvcuo, ___, ___
vuvu I smite, hit 13
utotvu I am healthy 12
uou I go away, go depart 79
uoxouu I obey, follow 21
PP: ___, uyxouco, ___, ___, ___
uovvou I meet, go to meet 10
PP: ___, uyvvyco, ___, ___, ___
uopu I am, exist 60
uocvu I remain, endure 17
PP: uocvu, u cctvo, uoccvyxo, ___, ___
uocvpcqu I return, turn back 35
PP: uocvpcu, uccvpco, ___, ___, ___
uovoccu I subject, subordinate 38
PP: ___, ucvoo, ___, uovcvoot, ucvoyv
ucvcpcu I lack, miss 16
PP: ___, ucvcpyco, ucvcpyxo, ___, ucvcpy0yv
uou I lift up, exalt 20
PP: uucu, uuco, ___, ___, uu 0yv
qotvu I shine, appear 31
PP: qovycoot, cqovo, ___, ___, cqovyv

282
qovcpou I reveal, make known 49
PP: qovcpucu, cqovcpuco, ___, cqovcpuot, cqovcpu0yv
qct8oot I spare, refrain 10
PP: qctcoot, cqctcoyv, ___, ___, ___
qcpu I bear, carry, endure 66
PP: otcu, yvcxo, ___, ___, yvc0yv
qcuu I flee, escape 29
PP: qcuoot, cquov, ___, ___, ___
qyt I say 66
PP: ___, cqy, ___, ___, ___
q0ctpu I ruin, corrupt, destroy 9
PP: ___, cq0ctpo, ___, ___, cq0opyv
qtXcu I love, like 25
PP: ___, cqtXyco, cqtXyxo, ___, ___
qocoot I fear 95
PP: ___, ___, ___, ___, cqoy0yv
qovcuu I kill, murder 12
PP: qovcucu, cqovcuco, ___, ___, ___
qpovcu I think 26
PP: qpovycu, ___, ___, ___, ___
quXoccu I guard, protect 31
PP: quXou, cquXoo, ___, ___, ___
quvcuu I plant 11
PP: ___, cquvcuco, ___, cquvcuot, cquvcu0yv
quvcu I call 43
PP: quvycu, cquvyco, ___, ___, cquvy0yv
quvtu I give light, enlighten 11
PP: quvtcu, cquvtco, ___, cquvtcot, cquvtc0yv
otpu I rejoice 74
PP: opycoot, ___, ___, ___, copyv
optoot I forgive, give freely 23
PP: optcoot, c optcoyv, ___, xcoptcot, coptc0yv
opvou I eat to the full, am satisfied 16
PP: ___, copvoco, ___, ___, copvoc0yv
pooot I use, employ 11
PP: ___, cpycoyv, ___, xcpyot, ___
pyovtu I warn 9
PP: pyovtcu, cpyovtco, ___, xcpyovtcot, cpyovtc0yv
upcu I make room, give way 10
PP: upycu, cupyco, ___, ___, ___
uptu I separate, depart 13
PP: uptcu, cuptco, ___, xcuptcot, cuptc0yv

283
cu8oot I lie 12
PP: cucoot, ccucoyv ___, ___, ___
uqcXcu I profit, benefit 15
PP: uqcXycu, uqcXyco, ___, ___, uqcXy0yv

Appendix 5: Total Review

284

Appendix 5
Total Review Quick Starters
Six Principal parts: Xu u (PAI); Xucu (FAI); cXuco (AAI); XcXuxo (RAI);
XcXu ot (R M/PI); cXu0yv (API)

Present Active Future Active
I loose/am loosing I will loose (+ c)
Xu u Xu cu
Xu ct Xu cct
Xu ct Xu cct
Xu ocv Xu cocv
Xu cvc Xu ccvc
Xu ouct(v) Xu couct(v)

Present Mid/Pass Future Middle
I am loosed I will loose myself
Xu oot Xu coot
Xu Xu c
Xu cvot Xu ccvot
Xu oc0o Xu coc0o
Xu cc0c Xu ccc0c
Xu ovvot Xu covvot
Remember LeMoNeRs
Contract Verbs Future Passive
ooou I will be loosed
otcu Xu0yc oot
Xypou Xu0yc
Xu0yc cvot
Xu0yc oc0o
Xu0yc cc0c
Xu0yc ovvot

Primary Active Endings:
u, ct, ct, ocv, cvc, ouct(v)
Primary Mid/Pass Endings:
oot, , cvot, oc0o, cc0c, ovvot

285
Six Principal parts: Xuu (PAI); Xucu (FAI); cXuco (AAI);
XcXuxo (RAI); XcXu ot (R M/PI); cXu0yv (API)
Secondary Endings

Imperfect Act 1
st
Aorist Act 2
nd
Aorist Act Perfect Active
I was loosing (Aug) I loosed (Aug+ co) I took (Aug+Root) I have loosed
cXu ov cXuco cXoo v XcXuxo
cXu c cXuco cXoc XcXuxo
cXu c(v) cXuc c(v) cXoc (v) XcXuxc (v)
cXu ocv cXuco cv cXoo cv XcXuxo cv
cXu cvc cXuco vc cXoc vc XcXuxo vc
cXu ov cXuco v cXoo v XcXuxo ct(v)

Impf Mid/Pass 1
st
Aorist Mid 2
nd
Aorist Mid Perfect Mid/Pass
I was being loosed I loosed myself I became I have been loosed
cXu oyv cXuco yv ccvo yv XcXu ot
cXu ou cXuc u ccv ou XcXu cot
cXu cvo cXuco vo ccvc vo XcXu vot
cXu oc0o cXuco c0o ccvo c0o XcXu c0o
cXu cc0c cXuco c0c ccvc c0c XcXu c0c
cXu ovvo cXuco vvo ccvo vvo XcXu vvot
(Redup + xo)
1
st
Aorist Pass 2
nd
Aor Pass Pluperfect
I was loosed I was raised I had loosed
cXu0y v ycp0y v cXcXuxct v
cXu0y ycp0y cXcXuxct
cXu0y ycp0y cXcXuxct
cXu0y cv ycp0y cv cXcXuxct cv
cXu0y vc ycp0y vc cXcXuxct vc
cXu0y cov ycp0y cov cXcXuxct cov

ctt: I am, I was, I will be
ctt, ct, ccvtv, cccv ccvc, ctct(v) Secondary Active Endings: (Aug. or Redupl.)
yyv, y, yv ycv, yvc, ycov v, , c, cv, vc, v
ccoot, cc, ccvot, Secondary Mid. Endings :
ccoc0o, cccc0c, ccovvot oyv, ou, cvo, oc0o, cc0c, ovvo


286
Nouns

Nom. = Subject; Gen. = of a word; Dat. = to/by/for/at a word; Acc. = Object

2 1 2 Article
word (m.) writing (f.) temple (n.) the (m.) the (f.) the (n.)
Nom. Sg. Xoo poqy tcpov o y vo
Gen. Sg. Xoou poqy tcpou vou vy vou
Dat. Sg. Xo poq tcp v v v
Acc. Sg. Xoov poqyv tcpov vov vyv vo

Nom. Pl. Xoot poqot tcpo ot ot vo
Gen. Pl. Xouv poquv tcpuv vuv vuv vuv
Dat. Pl. Xoot poqot tcpot vot vot vot
Acc. Pl. Xoou poqo tcpo vou vo vo

3 3 3
grace (f.) faith (f.) name (n.)
Nom. Sg. opt tcvt ovoo
Gen. Sg. optvo tcvcu ovoovo
Dat. Sg. optvt tcvct ovoovt
Acc. Sg. optvo tcvtv ovoo

Nom. Pl. optvc tcvct ovoovo
Gen. Pl. optvuv tcvcuv ovoovuv
Dat. Pl. optct(v) tcvcct(v) ovooct(v)
Acc. Pl. optvo tcvct ovoovo

All-ways remember: o, oco, ov

287

Pronouns

Personal Pronouns
I you he she it
Nom. Sg. cu cu ouvo ouvy ouvo
Gen. Sg. ou cou ouvou ouvy ouvou
Dat. Sg. ot cot ouv ouv ouv
Acc. Sg. c cc ouvov ouvyv ouvo

Nom. Pl. yct uct ouvot ouvot ouvo
Gen. Pl. yuv uuv ouvuv ouvuv ouvuv
Dat. Pl. ytv utv ouvot ouvot ouvot
Acc. Pl. yo uo ouvou ouvo ouvo

This: ouvo , vouvou, vouv, vouvov ouvot, vouvuv, vouvot , vouvou
ouvy, vouvy , vouv, vouvyv ouvot, vouvuv, vouvot , vouvo
vouvo , vouvou, vouv, vouvo vouvo vouvuv, vouvot , vouvo

That: cxctvo, cxctvy, cxctvo (2-1-2 regular)
cxctvou cxctvy, cxctvou etc.

Reciprocal Pronoun
oXXyXuv one another

Relative Pronouns
who (m.) who (f.) which (n.)
Nom. Sg. o y o
Gen. Sg. ou y ou
Dat. Sg.
Acc. Sg. ov yv o

Nom. Pl. ot ot o
Gen. Pl. uv uv uv
Dat. Pl. ot ot ot
Acc. Pl. ou o o

Reflexive Pronouns
couvou, couv ... couvy, couv ... myself
ccouvou, ccouv ... ccouvy, ccouv ... yourself
couvou, couvy, couvou himself, herself, itself


288
Participle Paradise

Present Active Participles (while loosing(-Art), one loosing(Subst. -Noun), the soldier
loosing(+Art)
3 1 3

Present Middle/Passive Participles (while being loosed, one being loosed...)
2 1 2

Present Active Participle of ctt (while being, one being, the soldier being)
3 1 3
Nom. uv ouco ov
Gen. ovvo oucy ovvo

First Aorist Active Participles (after loosing, one loosed, the soldier who loosed)
3 1 3

First Aorist Middle Participles (after loosing herself, one who loosed herself, ...)
2 1 2

First Aorist Passive Participles (after being loosed, one being loosed...)
3 1 3

Second Aorists Ptc. (after seeing, after coming, after saying)...present Ptc. endings
t8uv, t8ovvo, t8ovvt ... (ct8ov I saw)
cX0uv, cX0ovvo, cX0ovvt ... (yX0ov I came)
ctuv, ctovvo, ctovvt . . . (ctov I said)

Perfect Active Participles (after having loosed, one who has loosed...)
3 1 3
Perfect Middle/Passive Participles (after having been loosed, one who has been
loosed) 2 1 2

289
Verb Principle Parts
5 verbal bad boys (cf. Appendix #4)

Present Form Future 2nd Aorist Perfect Aor. Pass.
cpoot cXcucoot yX0ov cXyXu0o ---
Xcu/opou ooot ct8ov cupoxo uq0yv
Xcu cpu ctov ctpyxo cppc0yv
qcpu otcu yvcxo cvyvoo yvc0yv
cc0tu qooot cqoov --- ---

Periphrastics:
Translated tense Periphrastic Construction
Present Present ctt + Present Ptc
Imperfect Imperfect ctt + Present Ptc
Future Future ctt + Present Ptc
Perfect Present ctt + Perf Ptc
Pluperfect Imperfect ctt + Perf Ptc
Future Perfect Future ctt + Perf Ptc

Greek Tricky Little Buggers
y Art. Nom. Sg. Fem (the) o Art. Masc. Sg. Nom. (the)
y 2
rd
Sg. IAI ctt you were
y Relative Pron. Fem. (who) o Rel. Pron. Masc. (who)
y Rel. Pron. Fem. Gen. Sg.
y Conjunction = or, than, either yv 3
rd
Sg. IAI ctt s/he was
y 3
rd
Sg. PASubjunctive from ctt (may s/he) yv Rel. Pron. Fem. Acc. Sg. (who)

ouvy 3
rd
Sg. Fem. Nom. she (ouvo) ou Neg. Adv. no
ouvy Dem. Pron. Fem. Nom. Sg.this (ou vo) ou Rel. Pron. Gen. Sg. who

Adjectives:
Attributive: The good person (2 forms) -- adj has Article
o oo0o ov0puo or o ov0puo o oo0o
Predicate: The person is good. (2 forms) -- no Article on adj
o ov0puo oo0o or oo0o o ov0puo
Substantive: the good one: Adjective plays noun when no noun modified found:
Adjective Paradigm: 2-1-2 oo0o, oo0y, oo0ov

290

Prepositions Chart
cpt cvo -- with
around, on, cu v - - with
about ct -- upon

po cv oo
to in from

ct cx
into out of
8to -- through xovo
against, down

291
Moody Review Charts: Infinitives, Imperatives, Subjunctives

Infinitives Imperatives
Present - to continue to loose Present Aorist
Xuctv Xucc0ot 2 Xuc Xucov
First Aorist - to loose 3 Xucvu Xucovu
Xucot Xucoc0ot Xu0yvot 2 Xucvc Xucovc
Second Aorist 3 Xucvucov Xucovucov
Xoctv Xocc0ot Xoyvot Middle/Pass Middle
Perfect -- to have loosed 2 Xuou Xucot
XcXuxcvot XcXuc0ot 3 Xucc0u Xucoc0u
2 Xucc0c Xucoc0c
Endings 3 Xucc0ucov Xucoc0ucov
ctv cc0ot (Present) Passive
ctv cc0ot yvot (2nd Aorist) Xu0yvt
ot oc0ot yvot (1
st
Aorist) Xu0yvu
vot c0ot (Perfect) Xu0yvc
Xu0yvucov

Endings - rap
c -vu -vc -vucov
ou -c0u -c0c -0ucov
v -vu -vc -vucov
ot -c0u -c0c -0ucov
vt -vu -vc -vucov

Mi Verbs -- 8t8ut (8o); tcvyt (cvo); vt0yt (0c); 8ctxvut (8ctxv)
Present: 8t8ut, 8t8u, 8t8uct, 8t8ocv, 8t8ovc, 8t8ooct
Spanish endings: -t, -o, -ct, -cv, -vc, -oct
Present & Imperfect take 8t
Perfect: add 8 redup to the Aorist

Imperf: c8t8ouv, c8t8ou, c8t8ou, c8t8ocv, c8t8ovc, c8t8ocov
Future: 8ucu, 8ucct, 8ucct, 8ucocv, 8uccvc, 8ucouct
Aorist: c8uxo, c8uxo, c8uxc, c8uxocv, c8uxovc, c8uxov
Subjunctive: Present 8t8u, 8t8, 8t8, 8t8ucv...
Aorist: 8u, 8, 8, 8ucv ... Pres Imper: 8t8ou, 8t8ovu... Aor: 8o, 8ovu...

Present tense: immediacy, process, foreground
Aorist tense: complete, wholistic, it happened (simply), background
Perfect tense: frontground, more distant, overviewish, reflective

292
Moody Review Charts: Subjunctives

Subjunctives (I may/might, let us)
Present Aorist
Xuu Xucu
Xu Xuc
Xu Xuc
Xuucv Xucucv
Xuyvc Xucyvc
Xuuct Xucuct
Mid/Pass Middle
Xuuot Xucuot
Xu Xuc
Xuyvot Xuyvot
Xuuc0o Xucuc0o
Xuyc0c Xucyc0c
Xuuvvot Xucuvvot
Passive
Xu0u
Xu0
Xu0
Xu0ucv
Xu0yvc
Xu0uct
Endings
-u, -, -, -ucv, -yvc, -uct (Active)
-ot, -, -yvot, -uc0o, -yc0c, -uvvot (M/P and Aor Mid)
-u, -, -, -ucv, -yvc, -uct (Aor Pass)

vt/vt [someone/anything]; vt/vt [who/which/what?];
ct/to/cv, 8uo, vpct, vcccopc, cvvc, c, cvo, oxvu, cvvco, 8cxo, 8u8cxo,
cxovov, tXtot

Genitive: R TOP ADS: Relational [wife of], Time [during], Objective [blasphemy of God],
Possessive [of], Agency [by], Descriptive, Subjective [lust of flesh]
Dative: II LIST: Indirect Object [spoke to him]; Interest [for]; Location [in],
Instrumental [by]; Sphere [in]; Time [on/at]; Comparative/Superlatives/Elative:...

Appendix 6: 27 Greek Chants

293
Appendix 6
27 Greek Chants
Chant #1: Present Active Indicative (PAI) Verb

Xuu (I loose/am loosing) Xuocv (we loose/are loosing)
Xuct (you loose/are loosing) Xucvc (you loose/are loosing)
Xuct (s/he/it looses/is loosing) Xuouct(v) (they loose/are loosing)

Chant #2: 2-1-2 Nouns
2 1 2
Xoo (word: Subject) poqy (writing: Subject) tcpov (temple: Subject)
Xoou (of a word) poqy (of a writing) tcpou (of a temple)
Xo (to/by/for a word) poq (to/by/for a writing) tcp (to/by/for a temple)
Xoov (word: Object) poqyv (writing: Object) tcpov (temple: Object)

Xoot (words: Subject) poqot (writings: Subject) tcpo (temples: Subject)
Xouv (of words) poquv (of writings) tcpuv (of temples)
Xoot (to/by/for words) poqot (to/by/for writings) tcpot (to/by/for temples)
Xoou (words: Object) poqo (writings: Object) tcpo (temples: Object)

Chant #3: 11 Prepositional Moves

ct (hands pat on head)
cpt (right hand pointing finger circle head)
po (finger point to heart)
ct (hands into heartcollapse chest)

8to (finger pushing again through the back)
cv (arms in hugging self)
cx (finger push out from heart; close)
oo (arms extend out fingers pointing out front)

xovo (hands push against each other in front)
cuv (one arm wave around shoulder of invisible buddy--with)
cvo (two arms around shoulders of invisible buddy both sides--with)

294

Chant #4: Present Act Indicative (PAI) ctt Verb

ctt (I am) cccv (we are)
ct (you are) ccvc (you are)
ccvtv (s/he/it is) ctct(v) (they are)

Chant #5: Personal PronounCow call

1
st
Person Sg. 2
nd
Person Sg. 1
st
Person Pl.
cu (I: Sujbect) cu (you: Subject) yct (we: Subject)
ou (my) cou (your) yuv (our)
ot (to/for/at me) cot (to/for/at you) ytv (to/for/at us)
c (me: Object) cc (you: Object) yo (us: Object)

ouvo (he)
ouvy (she)
ouvo (it)

Chant #6: Present Middle/Passive Indicative (PM/PI) Verb

Xuoot (I am loosed/loose myself)
-, -cvot, -oc0o, -cc0c, -ovvot

Chant #7: Future Active Indicative (FAI) Verb

Xucu (I will loose) Xucocv (we will loose)
Xucct (you will loose) Xuccvc (you will loose)
Xucct (s/he/it will loose) Xucouct(v) (they will loose)

Chant #8: Future Middle Indicative (FMI) Verb
Xucoot (I will loose myself)

Chant #9: Imperfect Active Indicative (IAI) Verb

cXuov (I was loosing)
-v, -, -c, -cv, -vc, -v


295
Chant #10: Imperfect Middle/Passive Indicative (IM/PI) Verb

cXuoyv (I was being loosed)
-ou, -cvo, -oc0o, -cc0c, -ovvo

Chant #11: Imperfect Act Indicative (IAI) ctt Verb

yyv (I was) ycv (we were)
y (you were) yvc (you were)
yv (s/he/it was) ycov (they were)

Chant #12: 3-3-3 Nouns
3 3 3
opt (grace: Subject) tcvt (faith: Subject) ovoo (name: Subject)
optvo (of grace) tcvcu (of a writing) ovoovo (of a name)
optvt (to/for/at grace) tcvct (to/for/at a writing) ovoovt (to/for/at a name)
optvo (grace: Object) tcvtv (writing: Object) ovoo (name: Object)

optvc (words: Subject) tcvct (writings: Subject) ovoovo (names: Subject)
optvuv (of words) tcvcuv (of writings) ovoovuv (of names)
optct(v) (to/for/at grace) tcvcct(v) (to/for/at writings) ovooct(v) (to/for names)
optvo (words: Object) tcvct (writings: Object) ovoovo (temples: Object)

Chant #13: First Aorist Active Indicative (AAI) Verb

cXuco (I loosed) (-- pronounce noise sound aahh)
--, -, -c, -cv, -vc, -v

Chant #14: First Aorist Middle Indicative (AMI) Verb

cXucoyv (I loosed myself)
-u, -ovo, -oc0o, -oc0c, -ovvo

Chant #15: First Aorist Passive Indicative (API) Verb

cXu0yv (I was loosed) (-- pronounce noise sound aahh)
-v, -, --, -cv, -vc, -cov

Chant #16: Future Passive Indicative (FPI) Verb

Xu0ycoot (I will be loosed) (-- pronounce noise sound aahh)

296

Chant #17: Perfect Active Indicative (RAI) Verb

XcXuxo (I have loosed) (-- pronounce noise sound aahh)
--, -, -c, -cv, -vc, -ct

Chant #18: Perfect Middle/Passive Indicative (RM/PI) Verb

XcXuot (I have been loosed)
-cot, -vot, -c0o, -c0c, -vvot

Chant #19: 5 Verbal Bad Boys (chant)to be developed

Present Form Future 2nd Aorist Perfect Aor. Pass.
cpoot cXcucoot yX0ov cXyXu0o ---
opou ooot ct8ov cupoxo uq0yv
Xcu cpu ctov ctpyxo cppc0yv
qcpu otcu yvcxo cvyvoo yvc0yv
cc0tu qooot cqoov --- ---

Chant #20: Present Active Participles (PAPtc)

Present Active Participles (while loosing(-DA), one loosing(Subst. -Noun), the soldier
loosing(+DA))
3 1 3

Chant #21: Aorist Active Participles (AAPtc)

First Aorist Active Participles (after loosing, one loosed, the soldier who loosed)
3 1 3

First Aorist Passive Participles (after being loosed, one being loosed...)
3 1 3


297
Chant #22: Perfect Active Participles (RAPtc)

Perfect Active Participles (after having loosed, one who has loosed...)
3 1 3

Chant #23: Infinitive Endings (to loose)

Present ctv cc0ot
Second Aor. ctv cc0ot yvot
First Aor. ot oc0ot yvot
Perfect vot c0ot

Chant: #24: Subjunctive (I may loose)

Xuu, -Xu, Xu, Xuucv, Xuyvc, Xuuct(v) Present Active Subj.
Xuuot, -, yvot, -uc0o, -yc0c, -uvvot Present Mid./Pass. Subj.

Chant #25: Imperative Endings Chantyou loose

Present (e toe-te-toesan, etc.)
-c, -vu, -vc, -vucov (Active)
-ou, -c0u, -c0c, -c0ucov (M/Pass)
First Aorist
-v, -vu, -vc, -vucov (Active)
-ot, -c0u, -c0c, -c0ucov (Mid)
-vt, -vu, -vc, -vucov (Pass)

Chant #26: -t Verb endings (Spanish endings)8t8ut (I give)

8t8ut: -t, -, -ct, -cv, -vc, -oct

Chant #27: Counting to ten

ct 1 c 6
8uo 2 cvo 7
vpct 3 oxvu 8
vcccopc 4 cvvco 9
cvvc 5 8cxo 10

Chant #28 : Genitive = TP ROADS: time [--], possession, relational, objective,
agency, descriptive, subjective
Dative = II LIST: indirect obj., interest, location, instrumental, sphere, time [*]
Appendix 7: Lords Prayer

298

Appendix 7
Lords Prayer (Mat. 6:9b-13)


8o ytv cycpov:

u xot yct oqyxocv
vot oqctXcvot yuv:

xot y ctccvcx yo ct
ctpocov,
oXXo pucot yo oo vou ovypou.


English-Greek Glossary
Words Occurring Nine or More Times in the New
Testament
abandon, I abandon xovoXctu
able txovo, -y, -ov
able, I am able 8uvoot
able, I am able tcuu
abolish, I abolish xovopcu
abound, I abound cptcccuu
about cpt (+ gen.)
about cpt (+ acc.)
about u
about ucct
about to, I am about to cXXu
above ovu
above covu
above covu (+ gen.)
above ct (+ dat.)
above ucp (+ acc.)
above all oXtcvo
Abraham Apoo, o
abyss oucco, -ou, y
accept, I accept opoXoovu
accept, I accept pocXoovu
accompany, I accompany oxoXou0cu
accompany, I accompany pocu
according to xovo (+ acc.)

account, I account Xotoot
accurately oxptu
accusation otvto, -o, y
accuse, I accuse xovyopcu
accuser (devil) covovo, -o, o
Achaia Aoto, -o, y
achieve, I achieve xovcpooot
Adam A8o, o
add to, I add to pocvt0yt
admit, I admit cooXocu
adorn, I adorn xoccu
adultery, I commit
adultery otcuu
afar oxpo0cv
afford, I afford opcu
after cvo ( + acc.)
after otcu
afterward ucvcpo, -o, -ov
again ovu0cv
again oXtv
against xovo (+ gen.)
against cvo ( + gen.)
against po (+ acc.)
age otuv, -uvo, o
Agrippa Apto, -o, o
akin to cucvy, -c
alas ouot
alien cvo, -y, -ov
alive, I make alive ootcu
all oo, -oco, -ov
all o, oco, ov
Almighty ovvoxpovup, -opo, o
alms cXcyocuvy, -y, y
alone ovo, -y, -ov
alongside of opo (+ acc.)
already y8y

also xot
altar 0uctocvy ptov, -ou, vo
always ovvovc
am amazed, I am amazed ctcvyt
am, I am tvoot
am, I am ctt
am, I am uopu
amaze, I amaze ctcvyt
amazed, I am amazed cxXyccoot
amen oyv
among cv (+ dat.)
Ananias Avovto, -ou, o
ancestor ovyp, ovpo, o
ancient opoto, -oto, otov
and 8c
and xot
and vc
and from there xoxct0cv
and I xou
and if xov
and not yvc
and not ou8c
and not ouvc
and that one xoxctvo, -y, -o
and then xoxct0cv
and there xoxct
Andrew Av8pco, -ou, o
angel ocXo, -ou, o
anger 0uo, -ou, o
anger opy, -y, y
animal ov, -ou, vo
announce, I announce ovocXXu
announce, I announce oocXXu
announce, I announce cocXXoot
anoint, I anoint oXctqu
Anointed one Xptcvo, -ou, o

another oXXo, -y, -ov
another cvcpo, -o, -ov
anothers oXXovpto, -o, -ov
answer, I answer ooxptvoot
Antioch Avvtocto, -o, y
anxious, I am anxious cptvou
any o, oco, ov
anyone vt, vt
apart from upt (+ gen.)
Apollos AoXXu, -u, o
apostle oocvoXo, -ou, o
appear, I appear ccpoot
appear, I appear qotvu
appearance pocuov, -ou, vo
appoint, I appoint xo0tcvyt/xo0tcvovu
apportion, I apportion cvpcu
apprentice o0yvy, -ou, o
approach, I approach optcvyt
approve, I approve 8oxtou
archetype vuo, -ou, o
arm ctp, ctpo, y
army opcoXy, -y, y
around cpt (+ acc.)
arrest, I arrest ou
arrest, I arrest ctXoovoot
arrest, I arrest cuXXoovu
arrival opoucto, -o, y
arrive, I arrive xovovvou
arrive, I arrive opcpoot
arrive, I arrive opotvoot
arrived, I have arrived opctt
as xo0ocp
as xo0u
as oto, -o, -ov
as u
as ucct

as a gift 8upcov
as far as opt, opt (+ gen.)
as far as cu (+ gen.)
as far as cpt ( + gen.)
as great as oco, -y, -ov
as many as oco, -y, -ov
ascend, I ascend ovootvu
ashamed, I am ashamed cotcuvoot
Asia Acto, -o, y
ask, I ask otvcu
ask, I ask 8coot
ask, I ask ccpuvou
ask, I ask cpuvou
ask, I ask uv0ovoot
assembly cxxXycto, -o, y
assistant uypcvy, -ou, o
astonished, I am
astonished cxXyccoot
astray, I lead astray Xovou
at ct (+ dat.)
at opo (+ acc.)
at po (+ dat.)
at all u
at all times ovvovc
at some time ovc
at that time vovc
at the same time oo
attack, I attack ccpoot
attack, I attack cqtcvyt
attain, I attain xpovcu
attend to, I attend to poccu
authority coucto, -o, y
away cu

Babylon BouXuv, -uvo, y
bad xoxo, -y, -ov

bad ovypo, -o, -ov
badly xoxu
baptism ovtco, -ovo, vo
Baptist (John the Baptist) ovtcvy, -ou, o
baptize, I baptize ovtu
Barabbas Bopoo, -o, o
Barnabas Bopvoo, -o, o
barracks opcoXy, -y, y
basis 0ccXtov, -ou, vo
bear witness,
I bear witness opvupcu
bear, I bear ocvou
bear, I bear vtxvu
bear, I bear qcpu
beat, I beat 8cpu
beautiful xoXo, -y, -ov
beautifully xoXu
because of 8to (+ acc.)
because 8tovt
because cct
because cct8y
because ovt
because of optv (+ gen.)
become, I become tvoot
bed xXtvy, -y, y
bed xpoovvo, -ou, o
before cpoc0cv
before cvutov (+ gen.)
before ptv (+ gen.)
before po (+ gen.)
before povcpo, -o, -ov
beg, I beg 8coot
begin, I begin
(in middle voice) opu
beginning opy, -y, y
behavior ovocvpoqy, -y, y

behind cvo ( + acc.)
behind otcu
behold! (you) behold! t8ou (see ct 8ov)
behold, (you) behold t8c
belief tcvt, -cu, y
believe (in), I believe (in) tcvcuu
believer (subst.) tcvo, -y, -ov
belly ocvyp, -vpo, y
belly xotXto, -o, y
belong to one t8to, -o, -ov
beloved ooyvo, -y, -ov
beloved qtXo, -y, -ov
below xovu
below uoxovu
benefit, I benefit uqcXcu
beside opo (+ dat.)
Bethany By0ovto, -o, y
betray, I betray opo8t8ut
better xpctccuv/xpctvvuv, -ov
between cvou
between cvou ( + gen.)
beyond cpov (+ gen.)
bind, I bind 8cu
bird cvctvov, -ou, vo
birth to, I give birth to cvvou
birth to, I give birth to vtxvu
blaspheme, I blaspheme Xocqycu
blasphemy Xocqyto, -o, y
bless, I bless cuXocu
blessed oxopto, -o, -ov
blessing cuXoto, -o, y
blind (person) vuqXo, -y, -ov
blood oto, -ovo, vo
blow Xyy, -y, y
boast, I boast xouooot
boasting xouyo, -ovo, vo

boasting xouyct, -cu, y
boat Xotov, -ou, vo
body cop, copxo, y
boldness oppycto, -o, y
bond 8cco, -ou, o
book tXtov, -ou, vo
book tXo, -ou, y
both oqovcpot, -ot, -o
boundary optov, -ou, vo
bowels cXovov, -ou, vo
bowl qtoXy, -y, y
boy ot, ot8o, o, y
branch xXo8o, -ou, o
bread opvo, -ou, o
break, I break xXou
breath vcuo, -ovo, vo
bridegroom vuqto, -ou, o
bright Xopo, -o, -ov
bright Xcuxo, -y, -ov
bring down, I bring down xovou
bring out, I bring out cou
bring to naught, I bring
to naught xovopcu
bring to, I bring to pocqcpu
bring together, I bring
together cuqcpu
bring up, I bring up ovoqcpu
bring, I bring ou
bring, I bring xotu
brother o8cXqo, -ou, o
build, I build otxo8ocu
building otxo8oy, -y, y
burn down, I burn down xovoxotu
burn, I burn xotu
bury, I bury 0ovu
but oXXo

but 8c
but Xyv
but not y8c
buy, I buy oopou
by oo (+ gen.)
by 8to (+ gen.)
by cv (+ dat.)
by cvo ( + gen.)
by opo (+ gen.)
by po (+ dat.)
by uo (+ gen.)

Caesar Kotcop, -opo, o
Caesarea Kotcopcto, -o, y
Caiaphas Kotoqo, -o, o
calculate, I calculate Xotoot
call xXyct, -cu, y
call, I call ctxoXcu
call, I call xoXcu
call, I call opoxoXcu
call, I call pocxoXcoot
call, I call quvcu
called xXyvo, -y -ov
calling xXyct, -cu, y
camp opcoXy, -y, y
Capernaum Koqopvoou, y
captain cxovovvopy, -ou, o
captain cvpovyo, -ou, o
care for, I care for ctcxcvoot
carefully oxptu
carry through, I carry
through 8toqcpu
carry, I carry ocvou
carry, I carry qcpu
cast out, I cast out cxoXXu
catch, I catch ctXoovoot

catch, I catch xovoXoovu
cause otvto, -o, y
cause of stumbling cxov8oXov, -ou, vo
cause to rise, I cause
to rise ovtcvyt
cause to sin, I cause
to sin cxov8oXtu
cause to stumble, I cause
to stumble cxov8oXtu
cease, I cease ouu
centurion cxovovvopy, -ou, o
Cephas Kyqo, -o, o
chain oXuct, -cu, y
change my mind,
I change my mind cvovocu
change, I change cvpcqu
charge, I charge opocXXu
chaste op0cvo, -ou, y/o
chief priest optcpcu, -cu, o
child vyto, -o, -ov
child ot8tov, -ou, vo
child ot, ot8o, o, y
child vcxvov, -ou, vo
choose, I choose cxXcoot
chosen cxXcxvo, -y, -ov
Christ Xptcvo, -ou, o
church cxxXycto, -o, y
church (unified) cuo, -ovo, vo
circumcise, I circumcise cptvcvu
circumcision cptvoy, -y, y
city oXt, -cu, y
clean xo0opo, -o, -ov
cleanse, I cleanse xo0optu
clothe, I clothe cv8uu
clothe, I clothe cptoXXu
cloud vcqcXy, -y, y
cock oXcxvup, -opo, o

colt uXo, -ou, o
come down, I come
down xovcpoot
come in, I come in ctccpoot
come near, I come near ctu
come to know, I come
to know cttvucxu
come to, I come to xovovvou
come to, I come to poccpoot
come together, I come
together cuvcpoot
come upon, I come upon ccpoot
come upon, I come upon cttvu
come upon, I come upon cqtcvyt
come! 8cuvc
come, I come cpoot
come, I come opotvoot
come, I have come yxu
coming opoucto, -o, y
command, I command 8tovoccu
command, I command cvvcXXoot
command, I command ctvoccu
command, I command xcXcuu
command, I command opocXXu
commander cvpovyo, -ou, o
commandment cvvoXy, -y, y
commend, I commend cuvtcvyt
commit adultery,
I commit adultery otcuu
common xotvo, -y, -ov
communion xotvuvto, -o, y
comparable oto, -o, -ov
compare, I compare ootou
compassion cXovov, -ou, vo
compassion, I have
compassion cXovtoot
compel, I compel ovoxou

complete vcXcto, -o, -ov
complete, I complete ctvcXcu
complete, I complete vcXcu
conceal, I conceal xpuvu
conceive, I conceive cuXXoovu
concerning cpt (+ gen.)
condemn, I condemn xovoxptvu
condemnation xptct, -cu, y
confess, I confess cooXocu
confess, I confess ooXocu
confidence oppycto, -o, y
conflict oXco, -ou, o
confuse, I confuse ctcvyt
congregation cxxXycto, -o, y
conquer, I conquer xo0otpcu
conquer, I conquer vtxou
conscience cuvct8yct, -cu, y
consecrate, I consecrate otou
consecrated oto, -to, -ov
consider! (you) consider t8ou (see ct 8ov)
consider, I consider cXcu
consider, I consider xovovocu
considerable txovo, -y, -ov
consolation opoxXyct, -cu, y
console, I console opoxoXcu
consume, I consume xovoxotu
continue in/with,
I continue in/with pocxopvcpcu
continue, I continue ctcvu
convict, I convict cXcu
convince, I convince ct0u
corner uvto, -o, y
corpse cuo, -ovo, vo
corrupt, I corrupt q0ctpu
costly vtto, -o, -ov
couch xXtvy, -y, y

council cuvc8ptov, -ou, vo
counsel ouXy, -y, y
country opo, -ou, o
country (open) upo, -o, y
courtyard ouXy, -y, y
covenant 8to0yxy, -y, y
covetousness Xcovcto, -o, y
create, I create xvtu
crippled uXo, -y, -ov
crop xopo, -ou, o
cross cvoupo, -ou, o
crowd Xoo, -ou, o
crowd oXo, -ou, o
crown cvcqovo, -ou, o
crucify, I crucify cvoupou
crumb xXoco, -ovo, vo
cry aloud, I cry aloud oou
cry out, I cry out xpou
crying xXou0o, -ou, o
cup ovyptov, -ou, vo
cup qtoXy, -y, y
custom c0o, -ou, vo
cut off, I cut off oqotpcu
cut off, I cut off cxxovu
cut out, I cut out cxxovu

Damascus Aoocxo, -ou, y
danger xtv8uvo, -ou, o
dare, I dare voXou
darkness cxovto, -o, y
darkness cxovo, -ou, vo
daughter 0uovyp, -vpo, y
David Aout8, o
dawn ovovoXy, -y, y
day ycpo, -o, y
daylight ycpo, -o, y

deacon 8toxovo, -ou, o, y
dead vcxpo, -o, -ov
dead person (subst.) vcxpo, -o, -ov
deaf xuqo, -y, -ov
death 0ovovo, -ou, o
debate, I debate 8toXotoot
deceit 8oXo, -ou, o
decide, I decide xptvu
decision xpto, -ovo, vo
declare, I declare Xcu
decree 8to0yxy, -y, y
deed cpov, -ou, vo
deed poo, -ovo, vo
defend myself, I defend
myself ooXocoot
defile, I defile xotvou
delight opo, -o, y
deliver, I deliver ct8t8ut
deliver, I deliver puoot
deliverance cuvypto, -o, y
delusion Xovy, -y, y
demon 8otovtov, -ou, vo
demonstrate,
I demonstrate cv8ctxvut
denarius (silver coin) 8yvoptov, -ou, vo
deny, I deny oopvcoot
deny, I deny opvcoot
depart, I depart ovoupcu
depart, I depart ocpoot
depart, I depart oqtcvyt
depart, I depart cvootvu
depart, I depart uou
depart, I depart uptu
descend, I descend xovootvu
descendant vcxvov, -ou, vo
descendant uto, -ou, o

descendants ccpo, -ovo, vo
desert cpyo, -ou, y
deserted cpyo, -ov
desire ct0uto, -o, y
desire 0cXyo, -ovo, vo
desire, I desire ct0ucu
desire, I desire cto0cu
desire, I desire yvcu
desire, I desire 0cXu
despise, I despise cou0cvcu
despise, I despise xovoqpovcu
destroy, I destroy ooXXut
destroy, I destroy xo0otpcu
destroy, I destroy xovoXuu
destroy, I destroy Xuu
destroy, I destroy q0ctpu
destruction ouXcto, -o, y
determine, I determine ouXoot
devil 8tooXo, -ov
devour, I devour xovcc0tu
die, I die oo0vcxu
die, I die 0vcxu
die, I die (in middle
voice) ooXXut
differ, I differ 8toqcpu
diligence cou8y, -y, y
dine, I dine xovoxctot
disbelieve, I disbelieve oct0cu
disciple o0yvy, -ou, o
discriminate,
I discriminate 8toxptvu
discuss, I discuss cuyvcu
disease voco, -ou, y
dishonest o8txo, -ov
disobey, I disobey oct0cu
dispute cvoct, -cu, y

dispute, I dispute 8toXcoot
dispute, I dispute cuyvcu
distant, I am distant ocu
distracted, I am
distracted cptvou
distribute, I distribute 8tocptu
disturb, I disturb vopoccu
diverse otxtXo, -y, -ov
divide, I divide ctu
divide, I divide 8tocptu
divide, I divide cptu
divorce, I divorce ooXuu
do good, I do good oo0ootcu
do wrong, I do wrong o8txcu
do, I do otcu
do, I do poccu
donkey, young donkey uXo, -ou, o
door 0upo, -o, y
door uXy, -y, y
dove cptcvcpo, -o, y
down xovu
down from xovo (+ gen.)
dragon 8poxuv, -ovvo, o
drink, I drink tvu
drink, I give to drink ovtu
dry up, I dry up ypotvu
dumb/mute xuqo, -y, -ov
during 8to (+ gen.)
during xovo (+ acc.)
dwell, I dwell xovotxcu

each ovo (+ acc.)
each cxocvo, -y, -ov
eager, I am eager cou8ou
eagerness cou8y, -y, y
ear ou, uvo, vo

earlier puvo, -y, -ov
early put
early in the morning put
earth y, y, y
earthquake cctco, -ou, o
east ovovoXy, -y, y
eat to the full, I eat
to the full opvou
eat up, I eat up xovcc0tu
eat, I eat cuoot
eat, I eat cc0tu
eating puct, -cu, y
edification otxo8oy, -y, y
edify, I edify otxo8ocu
educate, I educate ot8cuu
Egypt Atuvo, -ou, y
either/or y
elder pccuvcpo, -o, -ov
elect cxXcxvo, -y, -ov
Elijah HXto, -ou, o
Elizabeth EXtcocv, y
embark, I embark cotvu
employ, I employ pooot
empty xcvo, -y, -ov
end ccovo, -y, -ov
end vcXo, -ou, vo
endurance uoovy, -y, y
endure, I endure ovcu
endure, I endure ocu
endure, I endure uocvu
endure, I endure qcpu
enemy c0po, -o, -ov
enlighten, I enlighten quvtu
enter, I enter ctccpoot
enter, I enter ctcopcuoot
entertain, I entertain cvtu

entirely oXo, -y, -ov
entrance uXuv, -uvo, o
entreaty 8cyct, -cu, y
entrust, I entrust 8t8ut
entrust, I entrust opo8t8ut
envy q0ovo, -ou, o
Ephesus Eqcco, -ou, y
epistle ctcvoXy, -y, y
erect, I erect otxo8ocu
error Xovy, -y, y
escape, I escape qcuu
especially oXtcvo
establish, I establish cvyptu
eternal otuvto, -o, -ov
eternity otuv, -uvo, o
even c
even cvt
even xot
even as xo0ocp
even as xo0u
even as uccp
evening oto, -o, -ov
ever ovc
every cxocvo, -y, -ov
every o, oco, ov
evil xoxto, -o, y
evil xoxo, -y, -ov
evil ovypo, -o, -ov
evil spirit 8otovtov, -ou, vo
exalt, I exalt uou
exalted uyXo, -y, -ov
examine, I examine ovoxptvu
example vuo, -ou, o
exceedingly Xtov
exceedingly cqo8po
except oXXo

except Xyv (+ gen.)
excuse, I make excuse opotvcoot
exhort, I exhort opoxoXcu
exhortation opoxXyct, -cu, y
exist, I exist uopu
expect, I expect poc8oxou
explain, I explain 8ctxvut
expose, I expose cXcu
exult, I exult ooXXtou
eye oq0oXo, -ou, o

face pocuov, -ou, vo
faction otpcct, -cu, y
fail, I fail cxtvu
faith tcvt, -cu, y
faithful tcvo, -y, -ov
faithless otcvo, -ov
fall asleep, I fall asleep xotooot
fall away, I fall away cxtvu
fall upon, I fall upon cttvu
fall, I fall tvu
false prophet cu8opoqyvy, -ou, o
falsehood cu8o, -ou, vo
family cvco , -o, y
family cvo, -ou, vo
famine Xto, -ou, o,
far away (from) oxpov
farmer cupo, -ou, o
fast, I fast vycvcuu
father ovyp, ovpo, o
father, I become
the father of cvvou
favor cu8oxto, -o, y
favor opt, -tvo, y
favor optco, -ovo, vo
fear qoo, -ou, o

fear, I fear qocoot
feast copvy, -y, y
feed, I feed ocxu
feed, I feed vpcqu
Felix dyXt, -txo, o
fellow slave cuv8ouXo, -ou, o
fellow worker cuvcpo, -ov
fellow countryperson cucvy, -c
fellowship xotvuvto, -o, y
Festus dycvo, -ou, o
fetter 8cco, -ou, o
few oXto, -y, -ov
field opo, -ou, o
field upo, -o, y
field uptov, -ou, vo
fig tree cuxy, -y, y
fill, I fill cu
fill, I fill tXyt
fill, I fill Xypou
find, I find cuptcxu
finish, I finish ctvcXcu
finish, I finish Xypou
finish, I finish vcXcu
fire up, -o, vo
first oopy, -y, y
first puvo, -y, -ov
first fruits oopy, -y, y
fish t0u, -uo, o
fish net 8txvuov, -ou, vo
fit, I fit xovopvtu
five cvvc
flee, I flee qcuu
flesh cop, copxo, y
follow, I follow oxoXou0cu
follow, I follow uoxouu
food opvo, -ou, o

food puo, -ovo, vo
food puct, -cu, y
food vpoqy, -y, y
fool (subst.) upo, -o, -ov
foolish oqpuv, -ov
foolish upo, -o, -ov
foot ou, o8o, o
for ovvt (+ gen.)
for op
for cct
for ct (+ acc.)
for ovt
for po (+ gen.)
for ucp (+ gen.)
for the sake of optv (+ gen.)
for this reason 8to
forbid, I forbid xuXuu
foreign cvo, -y, -ov
foretell, I foretell poctov (cf. poXcu)
forgive, I forgive oqtyt
forgive, I forgive optoot
former povcpo, -o, -ov
fornication opvcto, -o, y
fornicator opvo, -ou, o
forsake, I forsake cxovoXctu
fortress opcoXy, -y, y
fortunate oxopto, -o, -ov
forty vcccopoxovvo
foundation 0ccXtov, -ou, vo
foundation 0ccXto, -ou, o
foundation xovooXy, -y, y
fountain yy, -y, y
four vcccopc, -o
fourth (part) vcvopvo, -y, -ov
free cXcu0cpo, -o, -ov
freedom cXcu0cpto, -o, y

frequently oXXoxt
friend qtXo, -y, -ov
from oo (+ gen.)
from cx (+ gen.)
from opo (+ gen.)
from afar oxpo0cv
from above ovu0cv
from here cvvcu0cv
from Nazareth Noupoto, -ou, o
from that place cxct0cv
from this cvvcu0cv
from where o0cv
from where? o0cv
from within ccu0cv
from without cu0cv
fruit xopo, -ou, o
fulfill, I fulfill Xypou
fulfill, I fulfill vcXctou
fulfill, I fulfill vcXcu
full ccvo, -y, -ov
full Xypy, -c
fullness Xypuo, -ovo, vo

gain, I gain xcp8otvu
Galilean IoXtXoto, -o, -ov
Galilee IoXtXoto, -o, y
garment tovtov, -ou, vo
gate uXy, -y, y
gateway uXuv, -uvo, o
gather together, I gather
together cuvou
gaze upon, I gaze upon ovcvtu
Gehenna ccvvo, -y, y
generation cvco , -o, y
generous, I am generous Xouvcu
Gentile EXXyv, -yvo, o

Gentiles oxpoucvto, -o, y
Gentiles c0vo, -ou, vo
gentleness pouvy, -yvo, y
gift 8upco, -o, y
gift 8upov, -ou, vo
gift optco, -ovo, vo
girl 0uovyp, -vpo, y
girl ot, ot8o, o, y
give back, I give back oo8t8ut
give freely, I give freely optoot
give thanks, I give
thanks cuoptcvcu
give way, I give way upcu
give, I give 8t8ut
glad, I am glad ooXXtou
glorify, I glorify 8oou
glory 8oo, -y, y
go away, I go away uou
go before, I go before poou
go down, I go down xovootvu
go down, I go down xovcpoot
go in, I go in ctccpoot
go in, I go in ctcopcuoot
go out, I go out cxopcuoot
go out, I go out ccpoot
go to meet, I go to meet uovvou
go to, I go to poccpoot
go up, I go up ovootvu
go, I go opcuoot
go, I go cpoot
go, I go uou
goal vcXo, -ou, vo
God 0co, -ou, o, y
god 0co, -ou, o, y
God oupovo, -ou, o
goddess 0co, -ou, o, y

godless occy, -c
godliness cucccto, -o, y
gold puctov, -ou, vo
gold puco, -ou, o
golden pucou, -y, -ouv
good oo0o, -y, -ov
good xoXo, -y, -ov
good news cuocXtov, -ou, vo
good will cu8oxto, -o, y
goodness pycvovy, -yvo, y
goods (pl) cxcuo, -ou, vo
gospel cuocXtov, -ou, vo
governor ycuv, -ovo, o
grace (divine) opt, -tvo, y
grain ctvo, -ou, o
grasp, I grasp xpovcu
grass opvo, -ou, o
grave vyctov, -ou, vo
graze, I graze ocxu
great co, coXy, co
great oXu, oXXy, oXu
greater cptccovcpo, -o, -ov,
greatly Xtov
greatly cqo8po
greediness Xcovcto, -o, y
Greek EXXyv, -yvo, o
greet, I greet ocooot
greeting ococo, -ou, o
grief Xuy, -y, y
grieve, I grieve Xucu
grieve, I grieve cv0cu
grow, I grow ouovu
grow, I grow Xcovou
guard (a guard) quXoxy, -y, y
guard, I guard vypcu
guard, I guard quXoccu

guide, I guide ycoot
guile 8oXo, -ou, o
guilty cvoo, -ov

Hades (hell) g8y, -ou, o
hair 0pt, vpto, y
hand ctp, ctpo, y
hand over, I hand over ct8t8ut
hand over, I hand over opo8t8ut
happen, I happen tvoot
happen, I happen vuovu
happy oxopto, -o, -ov
harvest 0cptco, -ou, o
harvest, I harvest 0cptu
haste cou8y, -y, y
hasten, I hasten cou8ou
hate, I hate tccu
have faith (in), I have
faith (in) tcvcuu
have, I have cu
hay opvo, -ou, o
he ouvo, -y, -o
he ouvo, ouvy, vouvo
head xcqoXy, -y, y
heal, I heal 0cpocuu
heal, I heal tooot
healthy uty, -c
healthy, I am healthy tcuu
healthy, I am healthy utotvu
hear, I hear oxouu
hearing oxoy, -y, y
heart xop8to, -o, y
heart cXovov, -ou, vo
heathen EXXyv, -yvo, o
heathen/Gentiles c0vo, -ou, vo
heaven oupovo, -ou, o

heavenly coupovto, -tov
heavenly oupovto, -ov
heir xXypovoo, -ou, o
hell ccvvo, -y, y
hell (Hades) g8y, -ou, o
help on ones journey, I
help on ones journey pocu
helper cuvcpo, -ov
here u8c
Herod Hp8y, -ou, o
hidden xpuvo, -y, -ov
hide, I hide xpuvu
high uyXo, -y, -ov
high priest optcpcu, -cu, o
highest utcvo, -y, -ov
hill opo, -ou, vo
hinder, I hinder xuXuu
Hinnom Valley ccvvo, -y, y
hit, I hit ovoccu
hit, I hit vuvu
hither u8c
hold back, I hold back xovcu
hold fast, I hold fast xovcu
hold fast, I hold fast cuvcu
holiness otoco, -ou, o
holy oto, -to, -ov
holy, I make holy otou
honest oXy0y, -c
honor vty, -y, y
honor, I honor 8oou
honor, I honor vtou
hope cXt, -t8o, y
hope, I hope cXtu
horn xcpo, -ovo, vo
horse to, -ou, o
hostile c0po, -o, -ov

hour upo, -o, y
house otxto, -o, y
house otxo, -ou, o
house master otxo8ccovy, -ou, o
householder otxo8ccovy, -ou, o
how ou
how great? oco, -y, -ov
how much? oco, -y, -ov
how? u
however Xyv
human ov0puo, -ou, o
humankind xoco, -ou, o
humble, I humble voctvou
humility pouvy, -yvo, y
hunger Xto, -ou, o,
hunger, I hunger ctvou
husband ovyp, ov8po, o
husband ov0puo, -ou, o
hypocrite uoxptvy, -ou, o

I cu, cou; yct, yuv
I also xou
I die vcXcuvou
I manifest cqovtu
I proclaim xypuccu
I sleep xo0cu8u
I stand tcvyt
idol ct8uXov, -ou, vo
if co v
if ct
if ctvc
ignorant oqpuv, -ov
image ct 8uXov, -ou, vo
image ctxuv, -ovo, y
image vuo, -ou, o
immediately opvt

immediately cu0cu
immediately cu0u
immediately opopyo
immorality opvcto, -o, y
impious occy, -c
impossible o8uvovo, -ov
impure oxo0opvo, -ov
impurity oxo0opcto, -o, y
in cv (+ dat.)
in ct (+ dat.)
in ccu
in behalf of, for ucp (+ gen.)
in front of cpoc0cv
in order that ct (+ acc.)
in order that tvo
in order that ou
in order that ucvc
in presence of opo (+ dat.)
in this manner ouvu , ouvu
in vain xcvo, -y, -ov
incapable o8uvovo, -ov
increase, I increase ouovu
increase, I increase Xcovou
increase, I increase Xy0uvu
increase, I increase pocvt0yt
indeed c
indeed cv
indeed yv
infant vyto, -o, -ov
infant ot8tov, -ou, vo
inflict upon, I inflict
upon ctvt0yt
inhabit, I inhabit xovotxcu
inherit, I inherit xXypovocu
inheritance xXypovoto, -o, y
injustice o8txto, -o, y

inquire, I inquire uv0ovoot
inside ccu
inside ccu0cv
instead of ovvt (+ gen.)
instruction 8t8ocxoXto, -o, y
insult, I insult ovct8tu
intellect vou, voo, o
into ct (+ acc.)
invite, I invite xoXcu
invite, I invite pocxoXcoot
invite, I invite cuvou
invoke, I invoke
(in middle voice) ctxoXcu
involved in cvoo, -ov
Isaac Icoox, o
Isaiah Hcoto, -ou, o
Iscariot Icxoptu0, Icxoptuvy, o
island vyco, -ou, y
Israel IcpoyX, o
Israelite IcpoyXtvy, -ou, o
it ouvo, -y, -o
it is a concern cXct
it is lawful cccvt
it is necessary 8ct
it, this one ouvo, ouvy, vouvo

Jacob Ioxu, o
James Ioxuo, -ou, o
jealousy yXo, -ou, o
jealousy q0ovo, -ou, o
Jerusalem IcpocoXuo, vo/y
Jerusalem IcpoucoXy, y
Jesus Iycou, -ou, o
Jew Iou8oto, -o, -ov
Jewish Iou8oto, -o, -ov
John Iuovvy, -ou, o

join, I join xoXXou
Jonah Iuvo, -o, o
Joppa Ioy, -y, y
Jordan (river) Iop8ovy, -ou, o
Joseph Iucyq, o
Joshua Iycou, -ou, o
journey o8o, -ou, y
joy opo, -o, y
Judea Iou8oto, -o, y
Judah Iou8o, -o, o
Judas Iou8o, -o, o
judge xptvy, -ou, o
judge xvtct, -cu, y
judge, I judge ovoxptvu
judge, I judge 8toxptvu
judge, I judge xptvu
judgment xpto, -ovo, vo
judgment xptct, -cu, y
judgment opy, -y, y
judgment seat yo, -ovo, vo
jurisdiction coucto, -o, y
just 8txoto, -o, -ov
just as xo0ocp
just as uccp
just now opvt
justice 8txotocuvy, -y, y
justify, I justify 8txotou

keep awake, I keep
awake pyopcu
keep, I keep cu
keep, I keep vypcu
kill, I kill ovotpcu
kill, I kill ooxvctvu
kill, I kill 0ovovou
kill, I kill 0uu

kill, I kill qovcuu
kind deed cXcyocuvy, -y, y
kindness pycvovy, -yvo, y
king octXcu, -cu, o
kingdom octXcto, -o, y
knee ovu, -ovo, vo
knock, I knock xpouu
know (not), I do not
know ovocu
know, I know tvucxu
know, I know ot8o (perfect from ct8-)
knowledge vuct, -cu, y
knowledge ctvuct, -cu, y
known vucvo, -y, -ov
known, I make known qovcpou

labor xoo, -ou, o
labor, I labor xotou
lack, I lack ucvcpcu
laid, I am laid xctot
lake Xtvy, -y, y
lamb opvtov, -ou, vo
lame opoXuvtxo, -y, -ov
lame uXo, -y, -ov
lamp Xoo, -o8o, y
lamp Xuvo, -ou, o
lampstand Xuvto, -o, y
land y, y, y
land upo, -o, y
language Xucco, -y, y
large co, coXy, co
last ccovo, -y, -ov
late oto, -o, -ov
later ucvcpo, -o, -ov
law voo, -ou, o
Law voo, -ou, o

law, pertaining to the law votxo, -y, -ov
lawless ovoo, -ov
lawlessness ovoto, -o, y
lawyer (subst.) votxo, -y, -ov
lay aside, I lay aside oovt0yt
lay on, I lay on ctoXXu
lay upon, I lay upon ctvt0yt
Lazarus Aoopo, -ou, o
lead away, I lead away oou
lead forth, I lead forth poou
lead in, I lead in ctcou
lead out, I lead out cou
lead up, I lead up ovou
lead, I lead ou
lead, I lead ycoot
leader ycuv, -ovo, o
learn, I learn oxouu
learn, I learn tvucxu
learn, I learn ov0o vu
least cXotcvo, -y, -ov
leather bottle ocxo, -ou, o
leave behind, I leave
behind cxovoXctu
leave, I leave xovoXctu
leaven uy, -y, y
left (as opposed to right) cuuvuo, -ov
leper Xcpo, -o, -ov
leprous Xcpo, -o, -ov
lest yovc
let go, I let go oqtyt
let go, I let go cou
let it be so oyv
letter ctcvoXy, -y, y
letter (of the alphabet) poo, -ovo, vo
liable cvoo, -ov
liar cucvy, -ou, o

liberty cXcu0cpto, -o, y
licentiousness occXcto, -o, y
lie cu8o, -ou, vo
lie down, I lie down xovoxctot
lie, I lie cu8oot
lie, I lie (recline) xctot
life to, -ou, o
life uy, -y, y
lift up, I lift up cotpu
lift up, I lift up uou
light qu, quvo, vo
light, I give light quvtu
lightning ocvpoy, -y, y
like ooto, -o, -ov
like votouvo, -ouvy, -ouvov
like ucct
like, I like qtXcu
like, I make like ootou
liken, I liken ootou
likeness ctxuv, -ovo, y
likewise ootu
likewise ucouvu
lion Xcuv, -ovvo, o
little txpo, -o, -ov
live, I live ctt
live, I live ou
live, I live xo0yot
live, I live xovotxcu
live, I live cvu
live, I live otxcu
live, I live cptovcu
live, I live opcuoot
living body cuo, -ovo, vo
living thing ov, -ou, vo
lock, I lock xXctu
lodge, I lodge xovoXuu

look at, I look at Xcu
look at, I look at cXcu
look at, I look at 0cooot
look at, I look at 0cupcu
look down on, I look
down on xovoqpovcu
look intently, I look
intently ovcvtu
look up, I look up ovoXcu
look, (you) look t8c (see ct8ov)
loose, I loose Xuu
lord 8ccovy, -ou, o
Lord xupto, -ou, o
lot xXypo, -ou, o
love ooy, -y, y
love, I love ooou
love, I love qtXcu

Macedonia Moxc8ovto, -o, y
Magdalene Mo8oXyvy, -y, y
maid servant ot8tcxy, -y, y
majesty 8oo, -y, y
make ashamed, I make
ashamed cvvpcu
make common, I make
common xotvou
make known, I make
known vuptu
make, I make xvtu
make, I make otcu
male opcyv, -cv
malice xoxto, -o, y
man ovyp, ov8po, o
man ov0puo, -ou, o
management otxovoto, -o, y
manager otxovoo, -ou, o
manifest qovcpo, -o, -ov

manner vpoo, -ou, o
many oXu, oXXy, oXu
mark vuo, -ou, o
mark, I mark cqpotu
marketplace oopo, -o, y
marriage oo, -ou, o
marry, I marry ocu
Martha Mop0o, -o, y
martyr opvu, -upo, o
marvel, I marvel 0ouou
Mary Mopto, -o, y
master 8ccovy, -ou, o
master xupto, -ou, o
master pot, o
matter poo, -ovo, vo
mattress xpoovvo, -ou, o
measure cvpov, -ou, vo
measure, I measure cvpcu
measuring rod xoXoo, -ou, o
meat offered to an idol ct8uXo0uvo, -ov
meet, I meet uovvou
member o8cXqo, -ou, o
member cXo, -ou, vo
mend, I mend xovopvtu
mercy cXco, -ou, vo
mercy, I have mercy cXccu
messenger ocXo, -ou, o
messenger oocvoXo, -ou, o
Messiah Xptcvo, -ou, o
middle cco, -y, -ov
might xpovo, -ou, vo
mighty tcupo, -o, -ov
mina (large monetary
unit) vo, vo, y
mind xop8to, -o, y
mind vou, voo, o

mind, 8tovoto, -o, y
mine co, -y, -ov
minister, I minister 8toxovcu
ministry 8toxovto, -o, y
miracle 8uvot, -cu, o
miracle cyctov, -ou, vo
Miriam Mopto, y
misguide, I misguide Xovou
mislead, I mislead oqtcvyt
miss, I miss ucvcpcu
mock, I mock cotu
money opuptov, -ou, vo
month yv, yvo, o
monument vyo, -ovo, vo
monument vyctov, -ou, vo
moon ccXyvy, -y, y
more o XXov
more cptccovcpo, -o, -ov,
more abundantly cptccovcpu
more severe ctpuv, -ov
more than covu
more than opo (+ acc.)
Moses Muucy, -cu, o
mother yvyp, yvpo, y
mountain opo, -ou, vo
mouth cvoo, -ovo, vo
much oXu, oXXy, oXu
multiply, I multiply Xy0uvu
multitude oXo, -ou, o
multitude Xy0o, -ou, vo
murder qovo, -ou, o
murder, I murder cqou
murder, I murder qovcuu
mute/dumb xuqo, -y, -ov
my co, -y, -ov
mystery ucvyptov, -ou, vo

naked uvo, -y, -ov
name ovoo, -ovo, vo
name, I name ctxoXcu
name, I name ovoou
nation c0vo, -ou, vo
nation quXy, -y, y
nature quct, -cu, y
Nazarene Noupoto, -ou, o
Nazareth Noopc0, Noopcv
near cu
near ct (+ gen.)
near Xyctov (+ gen.)
near po (+ dat.)
necessity ovoxy, -y, y
need ucvcpyo, -ovo, vo
need (a) pcto, -o, y
neighbor (subst. use
of adverb) Xyctov, o
neighboring cptupo, -ov
neither yvc
neither ou8c
neither ouvc
never ou8covc
new xotvo, -y, -ov
new vco, -o, -ov
next ctvo
night vu, vuxvo, y
ninth cvovo, -y, -ov
no longer yxcvt
no longer ouxcvt
no one y8ct, y8cto, y8cv
no one ou8ct, ou8cto, ou8cv
nobody y8ct, y8cto, y8cv
noise quvy, -y, y
none ou8ct, ou8cto, ou8cv

nor y8c
nor yvc
nor ou8c
nor ouvc
not (question implies
yes) ou, oux, ou, out
not (question implies
no) y
not even y8c
not even ou8c
not know, I do not know ovocu
not yet ouu
nothing y8ct, y8cto, y8cv
nothing ou8ct, ou8cto, ou8cv
notice, I notice xovovocu
nourish, I nourish vpcqu
now opvt
now y8y
now vuv
now vuvt
nullify, I nullify o0cvcu
number opt0o, -ou, o

O! u
oath, an oath opxo, -ou, o
obedience uoxoy, -y, y
obey, I obey 8ouXcuu
obey, I obey uoxouu
object cxcuo, -ou, vo
observe, I observe xovovocu
obtain, I obtain vuovu
occasion upo, -o, y
occur, I occur ctt
of oo (+ gen.)
of opo (+ gen.)
of herself couvou, -y,

of himself couvou, -y,
of itself couvou, -y,
of myself couvou, -y
of what sort oto, -o, -ov
of what sort? oto, -o, -ov
offer, I offer ovoqcpu
offer, I offer opcu
offer, I offer pocqcpu
offering 0ucto, -o, y
offering, act of offering pocqopo, -o, y
office otxovoto, -o, y
often oXXoxt
ointment upov, -ou, vo
old opoto, -oto, otov
old oXoto, -o -ov
older one pccuvcpo, -o, -ov
olive oil cXotov, -ou, vo
olive tree cXoto, -o, y
omen vcpo, -ovo, vo
on ct (+ gen.)
on ct (+ dat.)
on ct (+ acc.)
on po (+ dat.)
on account of 8to (+ acc.)
on account of cvcxo (+ gen.)
on the one hand cv
on the other side, (land) cpov
once oo
once ovc
once for all oo
one ct, to, cv
one another oXXyXuv
one hundred cxovov
ones own t8to, -o, -ov
only ovocvy, -c
only ovo, -y, -ov

only Xyv
open, I open ovotu
opinion vuy, -y, y
oppose, I oppose ov0tcvyt
oppose, I oppose ovvtXcu
oppress, I oppress 0Xtu
oppress, I oppress cuvcu
oppression 0Xtt, -cu, y
or y
order cvvoXy, -y, y
order vot, -cu, y
order, I order 8tovoccu
order, I order ctvoccu
order, I order xcXcuu
order, I order opocXXu
other oXXo, -y, -ov
other cvcpo, -o, -ov
other Xoto, -y, -ov
other(s) Xoto, -ou, o
ought, I ought oqctXu
out cu
out of cx (+ gen.)
outside cu
outside cu (+ gen.)
outside cu0cv
over covu
over covu (+ gen.)
over ct (+ gen.)
overtake, I overtake xovoXoovu
overturn, I overturn ovocvpcqu
owe, I owe oqctXu

pain Xuy, -y, y
palace ouXy, -y, y
parable opooXy, -y, y
paralytic opoXuvtxo, -y, -ov

pardon oqcct, -cu, y
parent ovcu, -cu, o
part cXo, -ou, vo
part cpo, -ou, vo
partner xotvuvo, -ou, o,
party otpcct, -cu, y
pass away, I pass away opcpoot
pass by, I pass by opou
pass by, I pass by opcpoot
pass over, I pass over cvootvu
pass through, I pass
through 8tcpoot
passion ct0uto, -o, y
passion 0uo, -ou, o
Passover oco, vo
patience oxpo0uto, -o, -y
patience uoovy, -y, y
patient, I am oxpo0ucu
Paul HouXo, -ou, o
pay attention to, I pay
attention to poccu
pay, I pay oo8t8ut
peace ctpyvy, -y, y
pearl opoptvy, -ou, o
people Xoo, -ou, o
people quXy, -y, y
perceived, I perceived ct8ov
perfect vcXcto, -o, -ov
perfect, I make perfect vcXctou
perfect, I perfect xovopvtu
perform, I perform ctvcXcu
perform, I perform poccu
perfume upov, -ou, vo
perhaps yovc
permit, I permit oqtyt
permit, I permit cou

permit, I permit ctvpcu
persecute, I persecute 8tuxu
persecution 8tuo, -ou, o
persist, I persist ctcvu
person pocuov, -ou, vo
person uy, -y, y
persuade, I persuade ct0u
Peter Hcvpo, -ou, o
petition 8cyct, -cu, y
Pharisee doptcoto, -ou, o
Philip dtXto, -ou, o
pick out, I pick out cxXcoot
piety cucccto, -o, y
pig otpo, -ou, o
pigeon cptcvcpo, -o, y
Pilate HtXovo, -ou, o
pity, I pity cXovtoot
place voo, -ou, o
place uptov, -ou, vo
place, I place vt0yt
plague Xyy, -y, y
plan otxovoto, -o, y
plan po0cct, -cu, y
plant, I plant quvcuu
please, I please opccxu
pleased with, I am
pleased with cu8oxcu
pleasing cuopccvo, -ov
poor vuo, -y, -ov
portion xXypo, -ou, o
position vot, -cu, y
possessed by a demon,
I am possessed 8otovtoot
pour out, I pour out cxcu
pour out, I pour out cxuvvoot
power 8uvot, -cu, o

power coucto, -o, y
power tcu, -uo, y
power xpovo, -ou, vo
power ctp, ctpo, y
powerful 8uvovo, -y, -ov
powerful, I am powerful 8uvoot
powerless o8uvovo, -ov
powerless oc0cvy, -c
powerless, I am
powerless oc0cvcu
praise cotvo, -ou, o
praise cuXoto, -o, y
praise, I praise 8oou
pray, I pray 8coot
pray, I pray poccuoot
prayer poccuy, -y, y
preach xypuccu
preach good news,
I preach good news cuocXtu
preach, I preach poqyvcuu
preaching xypuo, -ovo, vo
precious vtto, -o, -ov
prepare, I prepare cvotou
prepare, I prepare xovocxcuou
prepared cvoto, -y, -ov
presence opoucto, -o, y
present, I am present opctt
present, I am present optcvyt
press, I press 0Xtu
price vty, -y, y
pride xouyo, -ovo, vo
pride xouyct, -cu, y
priest tcpcu, -cu, o
principle voo, -ou, o
prison quXoxy, -y, y
prisoner 8ccto, -ou, o

proceed, I proceed pocpoot
proclaim, I proclaim cuocXtu
proclaim, I proclaim xovocXXu
proclamation xypuo, -ovo, vo
produce, I produce cvvou
produce, I produce cvcpcu
profit, I profit xcp8otvu
profit, I profit uqcXcu
promise cocXto, -o, y
promise, I promise cooXocu
promise, I promise cocXXoot
promise, I promise ooXocu
pronounce righteous,
I pronounce righteous 8txotou
proof opvuptov, -ou, vo
prophecy poqyvcto, -o, y
prophesy, I prophesy poqyvcuu
prophet poqyvy, -ou, o
prostitute opvy, -y, y
protect, I protect ototvu
protect, I protect quXoccu
proud uyXo, -y, -ov
prove by testing,
I prove by testing 8oxtou
prudent qpovto, -ov
punishment cx8txyct, -cu, y
pure xo0opo, -o, -ov
purify, I purify xo0optu
purpose ouXy, -y, y
purpose vuy, -y, y
purpose po0cct, -cu, y
pursue, I pursue 8tuxu
put around, I put around cptoXXu
put in order, I put
in order xoccu
put on, I put on cv8uu
put on, I put on ctoXXu

put to death, I put
to death 0ovovou
put, I put oXXu
put, I put vt0yt

quantity cvpov, -ou, vo
question, I question ovoxptvu
question, I question ccpuvou
questioning 8toXotco, -ou, o
(questions with negative
answers) yvt
quickly vocu
quickly vou (from vou)

rabbi pot, o
race cvco , -o, y
race cvo, -ou, vo
raise up, I raise up cctpu
raise, I raise otpu
raise, I raise ovtcvyt
rather oXXo
rather o XXov
read aloud, I read aloud ovotvucxu
read, I read ovotvucxu
ready cvoto, -y, -ov
real ovvu
realize, I realize tvucxu
really c
really ovvu
reap, I reap 0cptu
reason, I reason 8toXotoot
reasoning 8toXotco, -ou, o
rebellion cvoct, -cu, y
rebuke, I rebuke ctvtou
receive, I receive (in
middle voice) xotu

receive sight, I receive
sight ovoXcu
receive, I receive ooXoovu
receive, I receive 8coot
receive, I receive Xoovu
receive, I receive opoXoovu
receive, I receive poc8coot
receive, I receive pocXoovu
received, I have received ocu
reckon, I reckon Xotoot
recline, I recline ovotvu
recline, I recline xctot
recline, I recline (at
table) ovoxctot
recognize, I recognize cttvucxu
redemption ooXuvpuct, -cu, y
reed xoXoo, -ou, o
refrain, I refrain (from) qct8oot
refresh, I refresh ovoouu
refuse, I refuse opvcoot
refuse, I refuse opotvcoot
regard, I regard ycoot
regarding cpt (+ acc.)
region y, y, y
region optov, -ou, vo
region upo, -o, y
regulation 8txotuo, -ovo, vo
reign, I reign octXcuu
reject, I reject o0cvcu
reject, I reject oo8oxtou
reject, I reject opotvcoot
rejoice, I rejoice cuqpot vu
rejoice, I rejoice otpu
related cucvy, -c
relative cucvy, -c
release ooXuvpuct, -cu, y

release, I release ooXuu
remain, I remain 8tovptu
remain, I remain cvu
remain, I remain uocvu
remaining Xoto, -y, -ov
remember, I remember tvcxoot
remember, I remember vyovcuu
remission oqcct, -cu, y
repent, I repent cvovocu
repentance cvovoto, -o, y
reply, I reply ooxptvoot
report oxoy, -y, y
report, I report ovocXXu
report, I report oocXXu
reproach, I reproach ovct8tu
reprove, I reprove cXcu
reputation opvupto, o, y
reputation ovoo, -ovo, vo
request, I request cpuvou
request, I request yvcu
request, I request opotvcoot
rescue, I rescue puoot
rescue, I rescue cu
resist, I resist ov0tcvyt
respected vtto, -o, -ov
rest xovoouct, -cu, y
rest (the others) Xoto, -ou, o
restore, I restore cctpu
resurrection ovocvoct, -cu, y
return, I return ovocvpcqu
return, I return ctcvpcqu
return, I return uocvpcqu
reveal, I reveal ooxoXuvu
reveal, I reveal vuptu
reveal, I reveal cqovtu
reveal, I reveal qovcpou

revelation ooxoXut, -cu, y
revile, I revile Xocqycu
reward tc0o, -ou, o
rich Xoucto, -o, -ov
rich, I am rich cptcccuu
rich, I am rich Xouvcu
right (hand) 8cto, -o, -ov
righteous 8txoto, -o, -ov
righteous deed 8txotuo, -ovo, vo
righteousness 8txotocuvy, -y, y
rise, I rise ovovcXXu
risk xtv8uvo, -ou, o
river ovoo, -ou, o
road o8o, -ou, y
robber Xcvy, -ou, o
robe cvoXy, -y, y
rock cvpo, -o, y
rod po8o, -ou, y
Roman Puoto, -o, -ov
Roman; a Roman
(subst.) Puoto, -o, -ov
room, I make room upcu
rooster oXcxvup, -opo, o
root pto, -y, y
ruin, I ruin ooXXut
ruin, I ruin q0ctpu
rule xpovo, -ou, vo
rule, I rule opu
rule, I rule octXcuu
rule, I rule ototvu
ruler opy, -y, y
ruler opuv, -ovvo, o
ruler of all ovvoxpovup, -opo, o
run, I run vpcu
rust puct, -cu, y


Sabbath coovov, -ou, vo
sacrifice 0ucto, -o, y
sacrifice, I sacrifice 0uu
Sadducee 2o88ouxoto, -ou, o
said, I said ctov
saints (pl.) oto, -to, -ov
salute, I salute ocooot
salvation cuvypto, -o, y
Samaria 2oopcto, -o, y
Samaritan 2ooptvy, -ou, o
same ouvo, -y, -o
sanctification otoco, -ou, o
sanctify, I sanctify otou
sandal uo8yo, -ovo, vo
Sanhedrin cuvc8ptov, -ou, vo
Satan covovo, -o, o
satisfied, I am satisfied opvou
Saul 2oouX, o
Saul 2ouXo, -ou, o
save, I save cu
Savior cuvyp, -ypo, o
saw, I saw ct8ov
say, I say XoXcu
say, I say Xcu
say, I say qyt
saying pyo, -ovo, vo
scatter, I scatter 8tocxoptu
scepter po8o, -ou, y
scribe poovcu, -cu, o
Scripture poqy, -y, y
scroll tXtov, -ou, vo
sea 0oXocco, -y, y
seal cqpot, -t8o, y
seal, I seal cqpotu
search for, I search for ctyvcu
season xotpo, -ou, o

seat, I seat xo0tu
second 8cuvcpo, -o, -ov
secret ucvyptov, -ou, vo
sect otpcct, -cu, y
see! (you) see! t8ou (see ct 8ov)
see, I see Xcu
see, I see 0cooot
see, I see 0cupcu
see, I see opou
seed ccpo, -ovo, vo
seek, I seek yvcu
seem, I seem 8oxcu
seize, I seize opou
seize, I seize xovoXoovu
seize, I seize Xoovu
seize, I seize tou
seize, I seize cuXXoovu
select cxXcxvo, -y, -ov
self ouvo, -y, -o
self uy, -y, y
sell, I sell tpocxu
sell, I sell uXcu
send for, I send for cvocu
send forth, I send forth coocvcXXu
send out, I send out oocvcXXu
send, I send oocvcXXu
send, I send cu
sensuality occXcto, -o, y
separate, I separate oqoptu
separate, I separate cptu
separate, I separate uptu
serpent 8poxuv, -ovvo, o
servant 8toxovo, -ou, o, y
servant 8ouXo, -ou, o
servant uypcvy, -ou, o
serve, I serve 8toxovcu

serve, I serve 8ouXcuu
serve, I serve Xovpcuu
service 8toxovto, -o, y
set tcvyt
set before, I set before opovt0yt
set sail, I set sail
(in middle voice) ovou
set, I set xo0tcvyt/xo0tcvovu
set, I set vt0yt
setting forth po0cct, -cu, y
seven cvo
seventh c8oo, -y, -ov
sexually immoral person opvo, -ou, o
shake, I shake coXcuu
shame, I put to shame xovotcuvu
sharer xotvuvo, -ou, o,
she ouvo, -y, -o
she, ouvo, ouvy, vouvo
sheep poovov, -ou, vo
shepherd otyv, -cvo, o
shepherd, I shepherd ototvu
shine, I shine qotvu
shining Xopo, -o, -ov
shirt tvuv, -uvo, o
show forth, I show forth cv8ctxvut
show, I show 8ctxvut
shut, I shut xXctu
sick oc0cvy, -c
sick ovypo, -o, -ov
sick, I am sick oc0cvcu
sickness oc0cvcto, -o, y
Sidon 2t8uv, -uvo, y
sight oq0oXo, -ou, o
sign cyctov, -ou, vo
Silas 2tXo, -o, o
silent, I am silent ctou

silent, I am silent ctuou
silver opuptov, -ou, vo
similar ooto, -o, -ov
similarly ucouvu
Simon 2tuv, -uvo, o
sin oopvto, -o, y
sin opovuo, -ovo, vo
sin, I sin oopvovu
since cct
since cct8y
since oou
sinful oopvuXo, -ov
single ct, to, cv
sinner oopvuXo, -ov
sir xupto, -ou, o
sister o8cXqy, -y, y
sit, I sit xo0yot
sit, I sit xo0tu
six c
sixth cxvo, -y, -ov
sixty cyxovvo
sky oupovo, -ou, o
slander Xocqyto, -o, y
slanderous 8tooXo, -ov
slave 8ouXo, -ou, o
slay, I slay cqou
sleep, I sleep xotooot
small txpo, -o, -ov
small oXto, -y, -ov
smallest cXotcvo, -y, -ov
smite, I smite vuvu
smoke xovo, -ou, o
snake oqt, -cu, o
so opo
so op
so ootu

so ouvu , ouvu
so vc
so great vocouvo, -ouvy, -ouvov
so much vocouvo, -ouvy, -ouvov
so that tvo
so that ucvc
Sodom 2o8oo, -uv, vo
soldier cvpovtuvy, -ou, o
Solomon 2oXouv, -uvo, o
somehow u
someone ovyp, ov8po, o
someone ct, to, cv
someone vt, vt
something vt, vt
son uto, -ou, o
soul uy, -y, y
sound quvy, -y, y
source pto, -y, y
sow (seed), I sow (seed) cctpu
spare, I spare qct8oot
speak against, I speak
against ovvtXcu
speak freely, I speak
freely oppyctooot
speak, I speak XoXcu
spirit vcuo, -ovo, vo
Spirit vcuo, -ovo, vo
spiritual vcuovtxo, -y, -ov
split, I split ctu
spring yy, -y, y
staff po8o, -ou, y
stand by, I stand by optcvyt
stand fast, I stand fast cvyxu (cf. tcvyt)
stand over, I stand over cqtcvyt
stand with, I stand with
(intrans.) cuvtcvyt
stand, I stand cvyxu (cf. tcvyt)

star ocvyp, -cpo, o
startle, I startle cvtu
statement Xoo, -ou, o
stay, I stay 8tovptu
stay, I stay cvu
steadfastness oxpo0uto, -o, -y
steal, I steal xXcvu
step in, I step in cotvu
steward (house) otxovoo, -ou, o
stick po8o, -ou, y
still cvt
stomach cvoo, -ovo, vo
stone Xt0o, -ou, o
stone, I stone Xt0ou
stop, I stop ouu
storehouse 0ycoupo, -ou, o
strange oXXovpto, -o, -ov
strange cvo, -y, -ov
street Xovcto, -o, y
strength tcu, -uo, y
stretch out, I stretch out cxvctvu
strife cpt, -t8o, y
strife cvoct, -cu, y
strike, I strike ovoccu
strong 8uvovo, -y, -ov
strong tcupo, -o, -ov
strong, I am strong tcuu
subject, I subject uovoccu
subordinate,
I subordinate uovoccu
such votouvo, -ouvy, -ouvov
such as oto, -o, -ov
such as this votouvo, -ouvy, -ouvov
suffer, I suffer ocu
suffering o0yo, -ovo, vo
sufficient txovo, -y, -ov

summon, I summon pocxoXcoot
sun yXto, -ou, o
supper 8ctvov, -ou, vo
support, I support cvyptu
suppose, I suppose 8oxcu
suppose, I suppose votu
suppress, I suppress xovcu
surrender, I surrender ct8t8ut
swear, I swear ovut
swine otpo, -ou, o
sword ootpo, -y, y
synagogue cuvouy, -y, y
synagogue leader optcuvouo, -ou, o

tabernacle cxyvy, -y, y
table vpoco, -y, y
take aside, I take aside ooXoovu
take away, I take away otpu
take away, I take away ovotpcu
take away, I take away oqotpcu
take hold of, I take
hold of ctXoovoot
take off, I take off oovt0yt
take rest, I take rest
(in middle voice) ovoouu
take up, I take up otpu
take up, I take up ovoXoovu
take, I take 8coot
take, I take Xoovu
take, I take opoXoovu
take, I take tou
talent (large unit
of money) voXovvov, -ou, vo
taste, I taste cuoot
tax collector vcXuvy, -ou, o
teach, I teach 8t8ocxu
teach, I teach ot8cuu

teacher 8t8ocxoXo, -ou, o
teacher pot, o
teaching 8t8ocxoXto, -o, y
teaching 8t8oy, -y, y
tear 8oxpuov, -ou, vo
tear down, I tear down xo0otpcu
tear, I tear ctu
tell, I tell Xcu
temple voo, -ou, o
temple (precinct) tcpov, -ou, vo
tempt, I tempt ctpou
temptation ctpoco, -ou, o
temptation cxov8oXov, -ou, vo
ten 8cxo
tent cxyvy, -y, y
terror qoo, -ou, o
test ctpoco, -ou, o
test, I test ctpou
testify solemnly,
I testify solemnly 8toopvupoot
testify, I testify opvupcu
testimony opvupto, o, y
testimony, a testimony opvuptov, -ou, vo
than y
thanks opt, -tvo, y
thanksgiving cuoptcvto, -o, y
that ct (+ acc.)
that tvo
that ou
that ovt
that u
that (one) cxctvo, -y, -o
that not yovc
the o, y, vo
then opo
then op

then 8c
then ctvo
then cctvo
then vovc
then, so, therefore ouv
there cxct
therefore opo
therefore 8tovt
therefore ucvc
therefore, 8to
thief xXcvy, -ou, o
thing pyo, -ovo, vo
think, I think 8oxcu
think, I think ycoot
think, I think votu
think, I think qpovcu
third (part) vptvo, -y, -ov
thirst, I thirst 8tou
thirty vptoxovvo
this ouvo, ouvy, vouvo
this (here) o8c, y8c, vo8c
this one ouvo, ouvy, vouvo
Thomas Ouo, -o, o
thorn oxov0o, -y, y
thorn bush oxov0o, -y, y
thousand tXtot, -ot, -o
thousand, a tXto, -o8o, y
three vpct, vpto
three times vpt
throne 0povo, -ou, o
through 8to (+ gen.)
throw, I throw oXXu
thunder povvy, -y, y
thus ouvu , ouvu
tie, I tie 8cu
time ycpo, -o, y

time povo, -ou, o
time (appointed) xotpo, -ou, o
Timothy Tto0co, -ou, o
title ovoo, -ovo, vo
Titus Ttvo, -ou, o
to ct (+ acc.)
to ct (+ acc.)
to po (+ acc.)
to which ou
today cycpov
together oo
together oo0uo8ov
tomb vyo, -ovo, vo
tomb vyctov, -ou, vo
tomorrow ouptov
tomorrow couptov
tone quvy, -y, y
tongue Xucco, -y, y
tooth o8ou, -ovvo, o
torment, I torment ocovtu
touch, I touch ovu
toward ct (+ acc.)
toward po (+ acc.)
tradition opo8oct, -cu, y
train, I train ot8cuu
train, I train vpcqu
trap cxov8oXov, -ou, vo
treasure 0ycoupo, -ou, o
tree 8cv8pov, -ou, vo
tree uXov, -ou, vo
trespass opovuo, -ovo, vo
tribe quXy, -y, y
tribune (military)
commanding 1,000 tXtopo, -ou, o
trouble 0Xtt, -cu, y
trouble xoo, -ou, o

trouble, I trouble vopoccu
true oXy0y, -c
true oXy0tvo, -y, -ov
truly oXy0u
truly oyv
truly vot
trumpet coXt, -to, y
trumpet, I sound
the trumpet coXtu
trust tcvt, -cu, y
trusting tcvo, -y, -ov
trustworthy tcvo, -y, -ov
truth oXy0cto, -o, y
tunic tvuv, -uvo, o
turn away, I turn away oocvpcqu
turn back, I turn back uocvpcqu
turn to, I turn to ctcvpcqu
turn, I turn cvpcqu
twelve 8u8cxo
twenty ctxoct
two 8uo
Tyre Tupo, -ou, y

unbelief otcvto, -o, y
unbelieving otcvo, -ov
unchastity opvcto, -o, y
uncircumcision oxpoucvto, -o, y
unclean oxo0opvo, -ov
unclean xotvo, -y, -ov
uncleanness oxo0opcto, -o, y
uncover, I uncover ooxoXuvu
under uo (+ gen.)
under uoxovu
understand, I understand oxouu
understand, I understand ctcvoot
understand, I understand vocu

understand, I understand ot8o (perfect from ct8-)
understand, I understand cuvtyt
understanding 8tovoto, -o, y
understanding vou, voo, o
undertaking poo, -ovo, vo
underworld oucco, -ou, y
undeservedly 8upcov
unique ovocvy, -c
unite, I unite xoXXou
universe xoco, -ou, o
unjust o8txo, -ov
unleavened ouo, -ov
unrighteousness o8txto, -o, y
until opt, opt
until cu
until cu (+ gen.)
until cpt
up ovo (+ acc.)
upright 8txoto, -o, -ov
upward ovo (+ acc.)
upward ovu
urge on, I urge on cuvcu
urge, I urge ovoxou
urge, I urge opoxoXcu
use, I use pooot

varied otxtXo, -y, -ov
vengeance cx8txyct, -cu, y
verily oyv
very Xtov
vessel cxcuo, -ou, vo
vestibule uXuv, -uvo, o
village xuy, -y, y
vine ocXo, -ou, y
vineyard ocXuv, -uvo, o
virgin op0cvo, -ou, y/o

visible qovcpo, -o, -ov
vision opoo, -ovo, vo
visit, I visit ctcxcvoot
voice quvy, -y, y

wages tc0o, -ou, o
wait for, I wait for poc8coot
wait for, I wait for poc8oxou
wait upon, I wait upon 8toxovcu
wake, I wake cctpu
walk, I walk cptovcu
wall (city wall) vcto, -ou, vo
wandering Xovy, -y, y
want, I want ouXoot
war oXco, -ou, o
warn, I warn 8toopvupoot
warn, I warn ctvtou
warn, I warn pyovtu
wash, I wash vtvu
watch (of the night) quXoxy, -y, y
watch, I watch pyopcu
water u8up, -ovo, vo
water, I water ovtu
way o8o, -ou, y
way (of life) vpoo, -ou, o
Way, the Way o8o, -ou, y
we cu, cou; yct, yuv
we yct
weak oc0cvy, -c
weak, I am weak oc0cvcu
weakness oc0cvcto, -o, y
wealth Xouvo, -ou, o
wear, I wear cv8uu
wedding oo, -ou, o
weep, I weep xXotu
weeping 8oxpuov, -ou, vo

well xoXu
what o, y, o
what is right pycvovy, -yvo, y
what? oto, -o, -ov
what? vt, vt
whatever ocvt, yvt, ovt
wheat ctvo, -ou, o
when cct8y
when ct (+ gen.)
when ovc
when? ovc
whence o0cv
whenever ovov
where oou
where ou
where? ou
whether ct
whether ctvc
which o, y, o
which? oto, -o, -ov
which? vt, vt
whichever ocvt, yvt, ovt
while ovc
white Xcuxo, -y, -ov
whither? ou
who o, y, o
who? vt, vt
whoever ocvt, yvt, ovt
whole oXo, -y, -ov
whole uty, -c
why? vt, vt
widow ypo, -o, y
wife uvy, -otxo, y
wild beast 0yptov, -ou, vo
wilderness cpyo, -ou, y
will 0cXyo, -ovo, vo

will, I will 0cXu
wind ovco, -ou, o
wind vcuo, -ovo, vo
wine otvo, -ou, o
wineskin ocxo, -ou, o
wisdom vuct, -cu, y
wisdom coqto, -o, y
wise coqo, -y, -ov
wise qpovto, -ov
wish 0cXyo, -ovo, vo
wish, I wish ouXoot
wish, I wish 0cXu
with cvo ( + gen.)
with opo (+ gen.)
with opo (+ dat.)
with cpt (+ acc.)
with po (+ acc.)
with cu v (+ dat.)
with one mind oo0uo8ov
withdraw, I withdraw oqtcvyt
wither, I wither ypotvu
without upt (+ gen.)
witness opvupto, o, y
witness opvuptov, -ou, vo
witness opvu, -upo, o
woe ouot
woman uvy, -otxo, y
womb ocvyp, -vpo, y
womb xotXto, -o, y
wonder vcpo, -ovo, vo
wonder, I wonder 0ouou
wood uXov, -ou, vo
word Xoo, -ou, o
Word Xoo, -ou, o
word pyo, -ovo, vo
work cpov, -ou, vo

work hard, I work hard xotou
work out, I work out xovcpooot
work, I work cvcpcu
work, I work cpooot
workman cpovy, -ou, o
world xoco, -ou, o
world (inhabited) otxoucvy, -y, y
worse ctpuv, -ov
worship, I worship Xovpcuu
worship, I worship pocxuvcu
worship, I worship ccoot
worthy oto, -o, -ov
wound Xyy, -y, y
wrath 0uo, -ou, o
wrath (of God) opy, -y, y
wreath cvcqovo, -ou, o
write, I write poqu
writing poqy, -y, y
writings poo, -ovo, vo
wrong, I wrong o8txcu

year cvtouvo, -ou, o
year cvo, -ou, vo
yeast uy, -y, y
yes vot
yet cvt
yield, I yield 8t8ut
you cu, cou; uct, uuv
you-all uct, uuv
young vco, -o, -ov
young person vcovtcxo, -ou, o
your co, cy, cov
your ucvcpo, -o, -ov
yours co, cy, cov
yourself,
of yourself (reflexive) ccouvou, -y

youth vcovtcxo, -ou, o

zeal yXo, -ou, o
zealous, I am zealous yXou
Zebedee Zcc8oto, -ou, o
Zechariah Zoopto, -ou, o

Greek-English Glossary
Words Occurring Nine or More Times in the New
Testament
Verbs are listed in their present active indicative first person singular forms. Deponent
verbs appear in the present middle/passive indicative form. Additional principal parts
(PP) appearing in the New Testament are listed below the main entry in the following
order: future active, aorist active, perfect active, perfect middle/passive, aorist passive.

Greek Word

English Meaning(s)
Part of
Speech
Times in N.T.
(all uses)
Apoo, o Abraham Verb 73
oucco, -ou, y abyss, underworld Noun 9
oo0ootcu I do good Verb 9
PP: ___, yo0ootyco, ___, ___, ___
oo0o, -y, -ov good Adj 102
ooXXtou I exult, am glad Verb 11
PP: ___, yoXXtoco, ___, ___, yoXXto0yv
ooou I love Verb 143
PP: ooycu, yoyco, yoyxo, yoyot, yoy0yv
ooy, -y, y love Noun 116
ooyvo, -y, -ov beloved Adj 61
ocXo, -ou, o angel, messenger Noun 175
otou I consecrate, make holy, sanctify Verb 28
PP: ___, ytoco, ___, ytocot, ytoc0yv
otoco, -ou, o sanctification, holiness Noun 10
oto, -to, -ov holy, consecrated; Pl.: saints Adj 233
ovocu I do not know Verb 22
PP: ___, yvoyco, ___, ___, ___
oopo, -o, y marketplace Noun 11
oopou I buy Verb 30
PP: ___, yopoco, ___, yopocot, yopoc0yv
Apto, -o, o Agrippa Noun 11
opo, -ou, o field, country Noun 36

365
ou I lead, bring, arrest Verb 69
PP: ou, yoov, ___, ___, y0yv
A8o, o Adam Noun 9
o8cXqy, -y, y sister Noun 26
o8cXqo, -ou, o brother, member Noun 343
g8y, -ou, o Hades (hell) Noun 10
o8txcu I wrong, do wrong Verb 28
PP: o8txycu, y8txyco, y8txyxo, ___, y8txy0yv
o8txto, -o, y unrighteousness, injustice Noun 25
o8txo, -ov unjust, dishonest Adj 12
o8uvovo, -ov powerless, incapable, impossible Adj 10
ouo, -ov unleavened Adj 9
o0cvcu I reject, nullify Verb 16
PP: o0cvycu, y0cvyco, ___, ___, ___
Atuvo, -ou, y Egypt Noun 25
oto, -ovo, vo blood Noun 97
otpcct, -cu, y sect, faction, party Noun 9
otpu I take up, take away, raise Verb 101
PP: opu, ypo, ypxo, ypot, yp0yv
otvcu I ask Verb 70
PP: otvycu, vyco, vyxo, ___, ___
otvto, -o, y cause, accusation Noun 20
otuv, -uvo, o age, eternity Noun 122
otuvto, -o, -ov eternal Adj 71
oxo0opcto, -o, y uncleanness, impurity Noun 10
oxo0opvo, -ov unclean, impure Adj 32
oxov0o, -y, y thorn, thorn bush Noun 14
oxoy, -y, y report, hearing Noun 24
oxoXou0cu I follow, accompany Verb 90
PP: oxoXou0ycu, yxoXou0yco, yxoXou0yxo, ___, ___
oxouu I hear, understand, learn Verb 428
PP: oxoucu, yxouco, oxyxoo, ___, yxou c0yv
oxptu accurately, carefully Adv 9
oxpoucvto, -o, y uncircumcision, Gentiles Noun 20
oXctqu I anoint Verb 9
PP: ___, yXcto, ___, ___, ___
oXcxvup, -opo, o rooster, cock Noun 12
oXy0cto, -o, y truth Noun 109
oXy0y, -c true, honest Adj 26
oXy0tvo, -y, -ov true Adj 28
oXy0u truly Adv 18
oXXo but, except, rather Conj 637
oXXyXuv one another Adj 100

366
oXXo, -y, -ov other, another Adj 154
oXXovpto, -o, -ov anothers, strange Adj 14
oXuct, -cu, y chain Noun 11
oo at the same time, together Adv 10
oopvovu I sin Verb 43
PP: oopvycu, yopvyco, yopvyxo, ___, ___
oopvto, -o, y sin Noun 173
oopvuXo, -ov sinful Adj 47
oopvuXo, -ov sinner Noun 47
oyv truly, amen, let it be so Particle 129
ocXo, -ou, y vine Noun 9
ocXuv, -uvo, o vineyard Noun 23
oqovcpot, -ot, -o both Adj 14
ov (untranslated contingency) Particle 166
ovo (+ acc.) upward, up, each Prep 13
ovootvu I go up, ascend Verb 82
PP: ovoycoot, ovcyv, ovocyxo, ___, ___
ovoXcu I look up, receive sight Verb 25
PP: ___, ovcXco, ___, ___, ___
ovocXXu I announce, report Verb 14
PP: ovocXu, ovyctXo, ___, ___, ovycXyv
ovotvucxu I read, read aloud Verb 32
PP: ___, ovcvuv, ___, ___, ovcvuc0yv
ovoxy, -y, y necessity Noun 17
ovoxou I compel, urge Verb 9
PP: ___, yvoxoco, ___, ___, yvoxoc0yv
ovou I lead up; Mid.: set sail Verb 23
PP: ___, ovyoov, ___, ___, ovy0yv
ovotpcu I take away, kill Verb 24
PP: ovcXu, ovctXov, ___, ___, ovpc0yv
ovoxctot I recline (at table) Verb 14
ovoxptvu I examine, question, judge Verb 16
PP: ___, ovcxptvo, ___, ___, ovcxpt0yv
ovoXoovu I take up Verb 13
PP: ___, ovcXoov, ___, ___, ovcXyq0yv
Avovto, -ou, o Ananias Noun 11
ovoouu I refresh; Mid.: take rest Verb 12
PP: ovooucu, ovcouco, ___, ovocouot, ovcou0yv
ovotvu I recline Verb 12
PP: ___, ovcccov, ___, ___, ___
ovocvoct, -cu, y resurrection Noun 42
ovocvpcqu I overturn, return Verb 9
PP: ovocvpcu, ovccvpco, ___, ___, ovccvpoqyv

367
ovocvpoqy, -y, y conduct, behavior Noun 13
ovovcXXu I rise Verb 9
PP: ___, ovcvctXo, ovovcvoXxo, ___, ___
ovovoXy, -y, y east, dawn Noun 11
ovoqcpu I bring up, offer Verb 10
PP: ___, ovyvcxo, ___, ___, ___
ovoupcu I depart Verb 14
PP: ___, ovcupyco, ___, ___, ___
Av8pco, -ou, o Andrew Noun 13
ovco, -ou, o wind Noun 31
ovcu I endure Verb 15
PP: ovcu, ovccov, ___, ___, ___
ovyp, ov8po, o man, husband, someone Noun 216
ov0tcvyt I resist, oppose Verb 14
PP: ___, ovvccvyv, ov0ccvyxo, ___, ___
ov0puo, -ou, o man, human, husband Noun 550
ovtcvyt I raise, cause to rise Verb 108
PP: ovocvycu, ovccvyco, ___, ___, ___
ovotu I open Verb 77
PP: ovotu, yvco, ovco, ovcot, yvot0yv
ovoto, -o, y lawlessness Noun 15
ovoo, -ov lawless Adj 9
ovvt (+ gen.) instead of, for Prep 22
ovvtXcu I speak against, oppose Verb 11
PP: ___, ovvctov, ___, ___, ___
Avvtocto, -o, y Antioch Noun 18
ovu above, upward Adv 9
ovu0cv from above, again Adv 13
oto, -o, -ov worthy, comparable Adj 41
oocXXu I announce, report Verb 45
PP: oocXu, oyctXo, ___, ___, oycXyv
oou I lead away Verb 15
PP: ___, oyoov, ___, ___, oy0yv
oo once, once for all Adv 14
oopvcoot I deny 11
PP: oopvycoot, oypvycoyv, ___, ___, oypvy0yv
oopy, -y, y firstfruits, first Noun 9
oo, -oco, -ov all Adj 34
oct0cu I disbelieve, disobey Verb 14
PP: ___, yct0yco, ___, ___, ___
ocpoot I depart Verb 117
PP: ocXcucoot, oyX0ov, ocXyXu0o, ___, ___
ocu I have received, am distant Verb 19

368
otcvto, -o, y unbelief Noun 11
otcvo, -ov unbelieving, faithless Adj 23
oo (+ gen.) from, of, by Prep 646
oo8t8ut I give back, pay Verb 48
PP: oo8ucu, oc8uxo, ___, ___, oc8o0yv
oo8oxtou I reject Verb 9
PP: ___, oc8oxtoco, ___, oo8c8oxtocot, oc8oxtoc0yv
oo0vcxu I die Verb 111
PP: oo0ovouot, oc0ovov, ___, ___, ___
ooxoXuvu I reveal, uncover Verb 26
PP: ooxoXuu, ocxoXuo, ___, ___, ocxoXuq0yv
ooxoXut, -cu, y revelation Noun 18
ooxptvoot I answer, reply Verb 230
PP: ___, ocxptvoyv, ___, ___, ocxpt0yv
ooxvctvu I kill Verb 74
PP: ooxvcvu, ocxvctvo, ___, ___, ocxvov0yv
ooXoovu I take aside, receive Verb 10
PP: ooXyoot, ocXoov, ___, ___, ___
ooXXut I destroy, ruin; Mid.: I die Verb 90
PP: ooXccu, ouXcco, ooXuXcxo, ___, ___
AoXXu, -u, o Apollos Noun 10
ooXocoot I defend myself Verb 10
PP: ___, ocXoycoyv, ___, ___, ocXoy0yv
ooXuvpuct, -cu, y redemption, release Noun 10
ooXuu I release, divorce Verb 66
PP: ooXucu, ocXuco, ___, ooXcXuot, ocXu0yv
oocvcXXu I send, send out Verb 132
PP: oocvcXu, occvctXo, occvoXxo, occvoXot,
occvoXyv
oocvoXo, -ou, o apostle, messenger Noun 80
oocvpcqu I turn away Verb 9
PP: oocvpcu, occvpco, ___, occvpoot, occvpoqyv
oovt0yt I take off, lay aside Verb 9
PP: ___, oc0yxo, ___, ___, ___
ovu I touch Verb 39
PP: ___, yo, ___, ___, ___
ouXcto, -o, y destruction Noun 18
opo so, then, therefore Particle 49
opuptov, -ou, vo silver, money Noun 20
opccxu I please Verb 17
PP: opccu, ypcco, ___, ___, ___
opt0o, -ou, o number Noun 18

369
opvcoot I deny, refuse Verb 33
PP: opvycoot, ypvycoyv, ___, ypvyot, ___
opvtov, -ou, vo lamb Noun 30
opou I seize Verb 14
PP: opocu, ypoco, ___, ___, ypoc0yv
opcyv, -cv male Adj 9
opvt now, just now, immediately Adv 36
opvo, -ou, o bread, food Noun 97
opoto, -oto, otov old, ancient Adj 11
opy, -y, y beginning, ruler Noun 55
optcpcu, -cu, o high priest, chief priest Noun 122
optcuvouo, -ou, o synagogue leader Noun 9
opu I rule; Mid.: begin Verb 86
PP: opoot, ypoyv, ___, ___, ___
opuv, -ovvo, o ruler Noun 37
occy, -c godless, impious Adj 9
occXcto, -o, y sensuality, licentiousness Noun 10
oc0cvcto, -o, y weakness, sickness Noun 24
oc0cvcu I am weak, sick, powerless Verb 33
PP: ___, yc0cvyco, yc0cvyxo, ___, ___
oc0cvy, -c weak, sick, powerless Noun 26
Acto, -o, y Asia Noun 18
ocxo, -ou, o wineskin, leather bottle Noun 12
ocooot I greet, salute Verb 59
PP: ___, ycocoyv, ___, ___, ___
ococo, -ou, o greeting Noun 10
o cvyp, -cpo, o star Noun 24
ovcvtu I look intently, gaze upon Verb 14
PP: ___, yvcvtco, ___, ___, ___
ocvpoy, -y, y lightning Noun 9
ouXy, -y, y courtyard, palace Noun 12
ouo vu I grow, increase Verb 23
PP: ouycu, yuyco, ___, ___, yuy0yv
ouptov tomorrow Adv 14
ouvo, -y, -o he, she, it Pron 5596
ouvo, -y, -o self, same Pron 5596
oqotpcu I take away, cut off Adj 10
PP: oqcXu, oqctXov, ___, ___, oqpc0yv
oqcct, -cu, y pardon, remission Noun 17
oqtyt I permit, let go, forgive Verb 143
PP: oqycu, oqyxo, ___, oqcuot, oqc0yv
oqtcvyt I mislead, withdraw, depart Verb 14
PP: oocvycoot, occvyco, ___, ___, ___

370
oqoptu I separate Verb 10
PP: oqoptcu, oquptco, ___, oquptcot, oquptc0yv
oqpuv, -ov foolish, ignorant Adj 11
Aoto, -o, y Achaia Noun 10
opt, opt (+ gen.) as far as Prep 49
opt, opt until Conj 49

BouXuv, -uvo, y Babylon Noun 12
oXXu I throw, put Verb 122
PP: oXu, coXov, cXyxo, cXyot, cXy0yv
ovtu I baptize Verb 77
PP: ovtcu, covtco, ___, covtcot, covtc0yv
ovtco, -ovo, vo baptism Noun 19
ovtcvy, -ou, o Baptist (John the Baptist) Noun 12
Bopoo, -o, o Barabbas (son of Abba) Noun 11
Bopvoo, -o, o Barnabas Noun 28
ocovtu I torment Verb 12
PP: ___, cocovtco, ___, ___, cocovtc0yv
octXcto, -o, y kingdom Noun 162
octXcu, -cu, o king Noun 115
octXcuu I rule, reign Verb 21
PP: octXcucu, coctXcuco, ___, ___, ___
ocvou I bear, carry Verb 27
PP: ocvocu, cocvoco, ___, ___, ___
By0ovto, -o, y Bethany Noun 12
yo, -ovo, vo judgment seat Noun 12
tXtov, -ou, vo book, scroll Noun 34
tXo, -ou, y book Noun 10
to, -ou, o life Noun 10
Xocqycu I blaspheme, revile Verb 34
PP: ___, cXocqyyco, ___, ___, c Xocqyy0yv
Xocqyto, -o, y blasphemy, slander Noun 18
Xcu I see, look at Verb 132
PP: Xcu, cXco, ___, ___, ___
oou I cry aloud Verb 12
PP: oycu, coyco, ___, ___, ___
ocxu I feed, graze Verb 9
ouXy, -y, y counsel, purpose Noun 12
ouXoot I wish, want, determine Verb 37
PP: ___, ___, ___, ___, couXy0yv
povvy, -y, y thunder Noun 12
puo, -ovo, vo food Noun 17
puct, -cu, y eating, food, rust Noun 11

371

IoXtXoto, -o, y Galilee Noun 61
IoXtXoto, -o, -ov Galilean Adj 11
ocu I marry Verb 28
PP: ___, coyco/cyo, coyxo, ___, coy0yv
oo, -ou, o marriage, wedding Noun 16
op for, so, then Conj 1041
ocvyp, -vpo, y belly, womb Noun 9
c indeed, really, even Particle 25
ccvvo, -y, y Gehenna, hell, Hinnom Valley Noun 12
cu I fill Verb 11
cvco , -o, y generation, family, race Noun 43
cvvou I give birth to, become the
father of, produce Verb 97
PP: cvvycu, ccvvyco, ccvvyxo, ccvvyot, ccvvy0yv
cvo, -ou, vo race, family Noun 20
cuoot I taste, eat Verb 15
PP: cucoot, ccucoyv, ___, ___, ___
cupo, -ou, o farmer Noun 19
y, y, y earth, land, region Noun 250
tvoot I become, am, happen Verb 669
PP: cvycoot, ccvoyv, covo, ccvyot, ccvy0yv
tvucxu I know, learn, realize Verb 222
PP: vucoot, cvuv, cvuxo, cvucot, cvuc0yv
Xucco, -y, y language, tongue Noun 50
vuy, -y, y purpose, opinion Noun 9
vuptu I make known, reveal Verb 25
PP: vuptcu, cvuptco, ___, ___, cvuptc0yv
vuct, -cu, y knowledge, wisdom Noun 29
vucvo, -y, -ov known Adj 15
ovcu, -cu, o parent Noun 20
ovu, -ovo, vo knee Noun 12
poo, -ovo, vo letter (of the alphabet), writings Noun 14
poovcu, -cu, o scribe Noun 63
poqy, -y, y writing, Scripture Noun 50
poqu I write Verb 191
PP: pou, cpoo, cpoqo, cpoot, cpoqyv
pyopcu I watch, keep awake Verb 22
PP: ___, cpyopyco, ___, ___, ___
uvo, -y, -ov naked Adj 15
uvy, -otxo, y woman, wife Noun 215
uvto, -o, y corner Noun 9


372
8otovtoot I am possessed by a demon Verb 13
PP: ___, ___, ___, ___, c8otovtc0yv
8otovtov, -ou, vo demon, evil spirit Noun 63
8oxpuov, -ou, vo tear, weeping Noun 10
Aoocxo, -ou, y Damascus Noun 15
Aout8, o David Noun 59
8c but, and, then Conj/
Particle 2792
8cyct, -cu, y entreaty, petition Noun 18
8ct it is necessary (impersonal) Verb 101
8ctxvut I show, explain Verb 33
PP: 8ctu, c8cto, 8c8cto, ___, c8ct0yv
8ctvov, -ou, vo supper Noun 16
8cxo ten Adj 25
8cv8pov, -ou, vo tree Noun 25
8cto, -o, -ov right (hand) Adj 54
8coot I ask, beg, pray Verb 22
PP: ___, ___, ___, ___, c8cy0yv
8cpu I beat Verb 15
PP: ___, c8ctpo, ___, ___, c8opyv
8ccto, -ou, o prisoner Noun 16
8cco, -ou, o fetter, bond Noun 18
8ccovy, -ou, o master, lord Noun 10
8cuvc come! Adv 12
8cuvcpo, -o, -ov second Adj 43
8coot I take, receive Verb 56
PP: ___, c8coyv, ___, 8c8cot, c8c0yv
8cu I tie, bind Verb 43
PP: ___, c8yco, 8c8cxo, 8c8cot, c8c0yv
8yvoptov, -ou, vo denarius (silver coin) Noun 16
8to (+ gen.) through, during, by Prep 667
8to (+ acc.) on account of, because of Prep 667
8tooXo, -ov slanderous Adj 37
8tooXo, -ov devil Noun 37
8to0yxy, -y, y covenant, decree Noun 33
8toxovcu I serve, minister, wait upon Verb 37
PP: 8toxovycu, 8tyxovyco, ___, ___, 8tyxovy0yv
8toxovto, -o, y service, ministry Noun 34
8toxovo, -ou, o, y servant, deacon Noun 29
8toxptvu I judge, discriminate Verb 19
PP: ___, 8tcxptvo, ___, ___, 8tcxpt0yv
8toXcoot I dispute Verb 13
PP: ___, 8tcXcoyv, ___, ___, 8tcXc0yv

373
8toXotoot I debate, reason Verb 16
8toXotco, -ou, o reasoning, questioning Noun 14
8toopvupoot I warn, testify solemnly Verb 15
PP: ___, 8tcopvupoyv, ___, ___, ___
8tocptu I divide, distribute Verb 11
PP: ___, 8tccptco, ___, 8toccptcot, 8tccptc0yv
8tovoto, -o, y the mind, understanding Noun 12
8tocxoptu I scatter Verb 9
PP: ___, 8tccxoptco, ___, 8tccxoptcot, 8tccxoptc0yv
8tovoccu I command, order Verb 16
PP: 8tovou, 8tcvoo, 8tovcvoo, 8tovcvoot, 8tcvo0yv
8tovptu I stay, remain Verb 9
PP: ___, 8tcvpto, ___, ___, ___
8toqcpu I differ, carry through Verb 13
PP: ___, 8tyvcxo, ___, ___, ___
8t8ocxoXto, -o, y teaching, instruction Noun 21
8t8ocxoXo, -ou, o teacher Noun 59
8t8ocxu I teach Verb 97
PP: 8t8ou, c8t8oo, ___, ___, c8t8o0yv
8t8oy, -y, y teaching Noun 30
8t8ut I give, entrust, yield Verb 415
PP: 8ucu, c8uxo, 8c8uxo, 8c8oot, c8o0yv
8tcpoot I pass through Verb 43
PP: 8tcXcucoot, 8tyX0ov, 8tcXyXu0o, ___, ___
8txoto, -o, -ov righteous, just, upright Noun 79
8txotocuvy, -y, y righteousness, justice Noun 92
PP: 8txotucu, c8txotuco, ___, 8c8txotuot, c8txotu0yv
8txotuo, -ovo, vo regulation, righteous deed Verb 10
8txvuov, -ou, vo fish net Noun 12
8to therefore, for this reason Conj 53
8tovt because, therefore Conj 23
8tou I thirst Verb 16
PP: 8tycu, c8tyco, ___, ___, ___
8tuo, -ou, o persecution Noun 10
8tuxu I pursue, persecute Verb 45
PP: 8tuu, c8tuo, ___, 8c8tuot, c 8tu0yv
8oxcu I think, suppose, seem Verb 62
PP: 8ou, c8oo, ___, ___, ___
8oxtou I prove by testing, approve Verb 22
PP: 8oxtocu, c8oxtoco, ___, 8c8oxtocot, ___
8oXo, -ou, o guile, deceit Noun 11
8oo, -y, y glory, majesty Noun 166

374
8oou I glorify, honor, praise Verb 61
PP: 8oocu, c8ooco, ___, 8c8oocot, c8ooc0yv
8ouXcuu I serve, obey Verb 25
PP: 8ouXcucu, c8ouXcuco, 8c8ouXcuxo, ___, ___
8ouXo, -ou, o servant, slave Noun 124
8poxuv, -ovvo, o dragon, serpent Noun 13
8uvoot I am powerful, am able Verb 210
PP: 8uvycoot, ___, ___, ___, y8uvy0yv
8uvot, -cu, o power, miracle Noun 119
8uvovo, -y, -ov powerful, strong Adj 32
8uo two Adj 135
8u8cxo twelve Adj 75
8upco, -o, y gift Noun 11
8upcov as a gift, undeservedly Adv 9
8upov, -ou, vo gift Noun 19

cov if Conj 333
couvou, -y, of himself, of herself, of itself Pron 319
cou I permit, let go Verb 11
PP: cocu, ctoco, ___, ___, ___
c8oo, -y, -ov seventh Adj 9
ctu I come near Verb 42
PP: ctu, ytco, ytxo, ___, ___
cu near Adv 31
cctpu I raise up, restore, wake Verb 144
PP: ccpu, yctpo, ___, cycpot, ycp0yv
cxovoXctu I leave behind, forsake Verb 10
PP: cxovoXctu, cxovcXtov, ___, ___, cxovcXctq0yv
cu, cou; yct, yuv I; we Pron 2582
c0vo, -ou, vo nation, heathen/Gentiles 162
c 0o, -ou, vo custom Noun 12
ct if, whether Particle 568
ct8ov (aorist; see opou) I saw, perceived Verb 341
ct8uXo0uvo, -ov meat offered to an idol Adj 9
ct8uXov, -ou, vo image, idol Noun 11
ctxoct twenty Adj 11
ctxuv, -ovo, y image, likeness Noun 23
ctt I am, occur, live Verb 2462
PP: ccoot, ___, ___, ___, ___
ctov (aorist; see Xc u) I said Verb 1024
ctpyvy, -y, y peace Noun 92
ct (+ acc.) into, toward, to Prep 1767
ct, to, cv one, single, someone Adj 345

375
ctcou I lead in Verb 11
PP: ___, ctcyoov, ___, ___, ___
ctccpoot I come in, go in, enter Verb 194
PP: ctccXcucoot, ctcyX0ov, ctccXyXu0o, ___, ___
ctcopcuoot I enter, go in Verb 18
ctvo then, next Adv 15
ctvc . . . ctvc if/if, whether/or Particle 65
cx (+ gen.) from, out of Prep 914
cxocvo, -y, -ov each, every Adj 82
cxovov one hundred Adj 17
cxovovvopy, -ou, o centurion, captain Noun 20
cxo XXu I cast out Verb 81
PP: cxoXu, ccoXov, ___, ___, ccXy0yv
cx8txyct, -cu, y vengeance, punishmentq Noun 9
cxct there Adv 95
cxct0cv from that place Adv 27
cxctvo, -y, -o that (one) Pron 243
cxxXycto, -o, y church, congregation, assembly Noun 114
cxxovu I cut out, cut off Verb 10
PP: cxxou, ccxoo, ___, ___, ccxoyv
cxXcoot I pick out, choose Verb 22
PP: ___, ccXcoyv, ___, cxXcXcot, ___
cxXcxvo, -y, -ov chosen, elect, select Adj 22
cxtvu I fall away, fail Verb 10
PP: ___, ccccov, cxcvuxo, ___, ___
cxXyccoot I am astonished, amazed Verb 13
PP: ___, ___, ___, ___, ccXoyv
cxopcuoot I go out Verb 33
PP: cxopcucoot, ___, ___, ___, ___
cxvctvu I stretch out Verb 16
PP: cxvcvu, ccvctvo, ___, ___, ___
cxvo, -y, -ov sixth Adj 14
cxcu I pour out Verb 16
PP: cxcu, ccco, ___, ___, ccu0yv
cxuvvoot (cf. cxcu I pour out Verb 11
PP: ___, ___, ___, cxxcuot, ___
cXoto, -o, y olive tree Noun 15
cXotov, -ou, vo olive oil Noun 11
cXotcvo, -y, -ov least, smallest Adj 14
cXcu I convict, reprove, expose Verb 17
PP: cXcu, yXco, ___, ___, yXc0yv
cXccu I have mercy Verb 29
PP: cXcycu, yXcyco, ___, yXcyot, yXcy0yv

376
cXcyocuvy, -y, y alms, kind deed Noun 13
cXco, -ou, vo mercy Noun 27
cXcu0cpto, -o, y liberty, freedom Noun 11
cXcu0cpo, -o, -ov free Adj 23
EXtcocv, y Elizabeth Noun 9
EXXyv, -yvo, o Greek, Gentile, heathen Noun 25
cXtu I hope Verb 31
PP: cXtu, yXtco, yXtxo, ___, ___
cXt, -t8o, y hope Noun 53
couvou, -y of myself Adj 37
cotvu I embark, step in Verb 16
PP: ___, cvcyv, ___, ___, ___
cXcu I look at, consider Verb 12
PP: ___, cvcXco, ___, ___, ___
co, -y, -ov my, mine Adj 76
cotu I mock Verb 13
PP: cotu, cvcoto, ___, ___, cvcot0yv
cpoc0cv in front of, before Adv 48
cqovtu I manifest, reveal Verb 10
PP: cqovtcu, cvcqovtco, ___, ___, cvcqovtc0yv
cv (+ dat.) in, by, among Prep 2752
cvovo, -y, -ov ninth Adj 10
cv8ctxvut I show forth, demonstrate Verb 11
PP: ___, cvc8ctoyv, ___, ___, ___
cv8uu I put on, clothe, wear Verb 27
PP: ___, cvc8uco, ___, cv8c8uot, ___
cvcxo (+ gen.) on account of Prep 26
cvcpcu I work, produce Verb 22
PP: ___, cvypyco, cvypyxo, ___, ___
cvtouvo, -ou, o year Noun 14
cvoo, -ov involved in, liable, guilty Adj 10
cvvcXXoot I command Verb 15
PP: cvvcXouot, cvcvctXoyv, ___, cvvcvoXot, ___
cvvcu0cv from here, from this Adv 10
cvvoXy, -y, y commandment, order Noun 67
cvvpcu I make ashamed Verb 9
PP: ___, ___, ___, ___, cvcvpoyv
cvutov (+ gen.) before Prep 94
c six Adj 10
cou I lead out, bring out Verb 12
PP: ___, cyoov, ___, ___, ___
coocvcXXu I send forth Verb 13
PP: coocvcXu, coccvctXo, ___, ___, coccvoXyv

377
ccpoot I go out Verb 218
PP: ccXcucoot, cyX0ov, ccXyXu0o, ___, ___
cccvt it is lawful (impersonal) Verb 31
cyxovvo sixty Adj 9
ctcvyt I amaze, am amazed, confuse Verb 17
PP: ___, cccvyco, cccvyxo, ___, ___
cooXocu I confess, promise, admit Verb 10
PP: cooXoycu, cuoXoyco, ___, ___, ___
cou0cvcu I despise Verb 11
PP: ___, cou0cvyco, ___, cou0cvyot, cou0cvy0yv
coucto, -o, y authority, power, jurisdiction Noun 102
cu outside, out, away Adv 63
cu (+ gen.) outside, out of Prep 63
cu0cv from without, outside Adv 13
copvy, -y, y feast Noun 25
cocXto, -o, y promise Noun 52
cocXXoot I promise, announce Verb 15
PP: ___, cyctXoyv, ___, cycXot, ___
cotvo, -ou, o praise Noun 11
cotpu I lift up Verb 19
PP: ___, cypo, cypyxo, ___, cyp0yv
cotcuvoot I am ashamed Verb 11
PP: ___, ___, ___, ___, cotcuv0yv
covu above, over, more than Adv 19
covu (+ gen.) over, above Prep 19
c ouptov tomorrow Adv 17
cct because, since, for Conj 26
cct8y since, because, when Conj 10
cctvo then Adv 16
ccpoot I come upon, appear, attack Verb 9
PP: ccXcucoot, cyX0ov, ___, ___, ___
ccpuvou I ask, question Verb 56
PP: ccpuvycu, cypuvyco, ___, ___, cypuvy0yv
ct (+ gen.) on, over, when, near Prep 890
ct (+ dat.) on, in, above, at Prep 890
ct (+ acc.) in order that, that, on, to, for Prep 890
ctoXXu I lay on, put on Verb 18
PP: ctoXu, ccoXov, ___, ___, ___
cttvucxu I come to know, recognize Verb 44
PP: ctvucoot, ccvuv, ccvuxo, ___, ccvuc0yv
ctvuct, -cu, y knowledge Noun 20
ct8t8ut I hand over, deliver, surrender Verb 9
PP: ct8ucu, cc8uxo, cc8c8uxo, ___, cc8o0yv

378
ctyvcu I search for Verb 13
PP: ___, ccyvyco, ___, ___, ___
ct0ucu I desire Verb 16
PP: ct0uycu, cc0uyco, ___, ___, ___
ct0uto, -o, y desire, passion Noun 38
ctxoXcu I call, name; Mid.: invoke Verb 30
PP: ___, ccxoXcco, ___, ctxcxXyot, ccxXy0yv
ctXoovoot I take hold of, catch, arrest Verb 19
PP: ___, ccXooyv, ___, ___, ___
ctcvu I continue, persist Verb 16
PP: ctcvu, ccctvo, ___, ___, ___
cttvu I fall, upon, come upon Verb 11
PP: ___, ccccov, ctcvuxo, ___, ___
cto0cu I desire Verb 9
PP: ___, cco0yco, ___, ___, ___
ctcxcvoot I visit, care for Verb 11
PP: ctcxcoot, cccxcoyv, ___, ___, ___
ctcvoot I understand Verb 14
ctcvoXy, -y, y letter, epistle Noun 24
ctcvpcqu I turn to, return Verb 36
PP: ctcvpcu, cccvpco, ___, ___, cccvpoqyv
ctvoccu I order, command Verb 10
PP: ___, ccvoo, ___, ___, ___
ctvcXcu I complete, finish, perform Verb 10
PP: ctvcXccu, ccvcXcco, ___, ___, ___
ctvt0yt I lay upon, inflict upon Verb 39
PP: ct0ycu, cc0yxo/cc0yv, ___, ___, ___
ctvtou I rebuke, warn Verb 29
PP: ___, ccvtyco, ___, ___, ___
ctvpcu I permit Verb 18
PP: ___, ccvpco, ___, ___, ccvpoyv
coupovto, -tov heavenly Adj 19
cvo seven Adj 88
cpooot I work Verb 41
PP: ___, ypocoyv, ___, ctpocot, ___
cpovy, -ou, o workman Noun 16
cpov, -ou, vo work, deed Noun 169
cpyo, -ov deserted, empty Adj 48
cpyo, -ou, y desert, wilderness Noun 48
cpt, -t8o, y strife Noun 9
cpoot I come, go Verb 632
PP: cXcucoot, yX0ov, cXyXu0o, ___, ___

379
cpuvou I ask, request Verb 63
PP: cpuvycu, ypuvyco, ___, ___, ___
cc0tu I eat Verb 158
PP: qooot, cqoov, ___, ___, ___
ccovo, -y, -ov last, end Adj 52
ccu in, inside Adv 9
ccu0cv from within, inside Adv 12
cvcpo, -o, -ov other, another Adj 98
cvt still, yet, even Adv 93
cvotou I prepare Verb 40
PP: cvotocu, yvotoco, yvotoxo, yvotocot, yvotoc0yv
cvoto, -y, -ov ready, prepared Adj 17
cvo, -ou, vo year Noun 49
cuocXtu I proclaim, preach good news Verb 54
PP: ___, cuycXtco, ___, cuycXtcot, cuycXtc0yv
cuocXtov, -ou, vo good news, gospel Noun 76
cuopccvo, -ov pleasing Adj 9
cu8oxcu I am pleased with Verb 21
PP: ___, cu8oxyco, ___, ___, ___
cu8oxto, -o, y favor, good will Noun 9
cu0cu immediately Adv 36
cu0u immediately Adv 59
cuXocu I bless Verb 41
PP: cuXoycu, cuXoyco, cuXoyxo, cuXoyot, cuXoy0yv
cuXoto, -o, y blessing, praise Noun 16
cuptcxu I find Verb 176
PP: cupycu, cupov, cupyxo, ___, cupc0yv
cucccto, -o, y piety, godliness Noun 15
cuqpot vu I rejoice Verb 14
PP: ___, ___, ___, ___, yuqpov0yv
cuoptcvcu I give thanks Verb 38
PP: ___, cuoptcvyco, ___, ___, cuoptcvy0yv
cuoptcvto, -o, y thanksgiving Noun 15
cuuvuo, -ov left (as opposed to right) Adj 9
Eqcco, -ou, y Ephesus Noun 16
cqtcvyt I stand over, come upon, attack Verb 21
PP: ___, cccvyv, cqccvyxo, ___, ___
c0po, -o, -ov hostile Adj 32
c0po, -o, -ov enemy Noun 32
cu I have, keep Verb 708
PP: cu, ccov, ccyxo, ___, ___
cu until Conj 146
cu (+ gen.) until, as far as Prep 146

380

Zoopto, -ou, o Zechariah Noun 11
ou I live Verb 140
PP: ycu, cyco, ___, ___, ___
Zcc8oto, -ou, o Zebedee Noun 12
yXo, -ou, o zeal, jealousy Noun 16
yXou I am zealous Verb 11
PP: ___, cyXuco, ___, ___, ___
yvcu I seek, desire, request Verb 117
PP: yvycu, cyvyco, ___, ___, cyvy0yv
uy, -y, y yeast, leaven Noun 13
uy, -y, y life Noun 135
ov, -ou, vo animal, living thing Noun 23
ootcu I make alive Verb 11
PP: ootycu, cootyco, ___, ___, cooty0yv

y, y . . . y or, than, either/or Particle 343
ycuv, -ovo, o governor, leader Noun 20
ycoot I lead, guide, think, regard Verb 28
PP: ___, yycoyv, ___, yyot, ___
y8y now, already Adv 61
yxu I have come Verb 26
PP: yu, yo, yxo, ___, ___
HXto, -ou, o Elijah Noun 29
yct, yuv (see cu ) we Pron 864
yXto, -ou, o sun Noun 32
ycpo, -o, y day, daylight, time Noun 389
Hp8y, -ou, o Herod Noun 43
Hcoto, -ou, o Isaiah Noun 22

0oXocco, -y, y sea Noun 91
0ovovo, -ou, o death Noun 120
0ovovou I put to death, kill Verb 11
PP: 0ovovucu, c0ovovuco, ___, ___, c0ovovu0yv
0ovu I bury Verb 11
PP: ___, c0oo, ___, ___, cvoqyv
0ouou I marvel, wonder (at) Verb 43
PP: 0ouocoot, c0ouoco, ___, ___, c0ouoc0yv
0cooot I see, look at Verb 22
PP: ___, c0cocoyv, ___, vc0coot, c0co0yv
0cXyo, -ovo, vo will, wish, desire Noun 62
0cXu I will, wish, desire Verb 208
PP: 0cXycu, y0cXyco, ___, ___, y0cXy0yv

381
0ccXtov, -ou, vo foundation, basis Noun 11
0ccXto, -ou, o foundation Noun 12
0co, -ou, o, y God, god, goddess Noun 1317
0cpocuu I heal Verb 43
PP: 0cpocucu, c0cpocuco, ___, vc0cpocuot, c0cpocu0yv
0cptu I reap, harvest Verb 21
PP: 0cptcu, c0cptco, ___, ____, c0cptc0yv
0cptco, -ou, o harvest Noun 13
0cupcu I look at, see Verb 58
PP: ___, c0cupyco, ___, ___, ___
0yptov, -ou, vo wild beast Noun 46
0ycoupo, -ou, o treasure, storehouse Noun 17
0Xtu I press, oppress Verb 10
PP: ___, ___, ___, vc0Xtot, c0Xtyv
0Xtt, -cu, y trouble, oppression Noun 45
0vcxu I die Verb 9
PP: ___, ___, vc0vyxo, ___, ___
0pt, vpto, y hair Noun 15
0povo, -ou, o throne Noun 62
0uovyp, -vpo, y daughter, girl Noun 28
0uo, -ou, o wrath, anger, passion Noun 18
0upo, -o, y door Noun 39
0ucto, -o, y sacrifice, offering Noun 28
0uctocvy ptov, -ou, vo altar Noun 23
0uu I sacrifice, kill Verb 14
PP: ___, c0uco, ___, vc0uot, cvu0yv
Ouo, -o, o Thomas Noun 11

Ioxu, o Jacob Noun 27
Ioxuo, -ou, o James Noun 42
tooot I heal Verb 26
PP: tocoot, tocoyv, ___, toot, to0yv
t8c (see ct8ov) (you) look, behold Particle/
Interj 29
t8to, -o, -ov ones own, belong to one Adj 114
t8ou (see ct 8ov) (you) behold! see! consider! Particle 200
tcpcu, -cu, o priest Noun 31
tcpov, -ou, vo temple (precinct) Noun 71
IcpocoXuo, vo/y Jerusalem Noun 139
IcpoucoXy, y Jerusalem Noun 77
Iycou, -ou, o Jesus, Joshua Noun 917
txovo, -y, -ov sufficient, able, considerable Adj 39
tovtov, -ou, vo garment Noun 60

382
tvo in order that, that, so that Conj 779
Ioy, -y, y Joppa Noun 10
Iop8ovy, -ou, o Jordan (river) Noun 15
Iou8oto, -o, y Judea Noun 43
Iou8oto, -o, -ov Jew Noun 195
Iou8oto, -o, -ov Jewish Adj 195
Iou8o, -o, o Judas, Judah Noun 44
to, -ou, o horse Noun 17
Icoox, o Isaac Noun 20
Icxoptu0,
Icxoptuvy, o Iscariot Noun 11
IcpoyX, o Israel Noun 68
IcpoyXtvy, -ou, o Israelite Noun 9
tcvyt I stand, set Verb 153
PP: cvycu, ccvyco/ccvyv, ccvyxo, ccvoot, ccvo0yv
tcupo, -o, -ov strong, mighty Adj 29
tcu, -uo, y strength, power Noun 10
tcuu I am strong, able, healthy Verb 28
PP: tcucu, tcuco, ___, ___, ___
t0u, -uo, o fish Noun 20
Iuovvy, -ou, o John Noun 135
Iuvo, -o, o Jonah Noun 9
Iucyq, o Joseph Noun 35

xou (= xot cu ) and I, I also Particle 84
xo0otpcu I tear down, conquer, destroy Verb 9
PP: xo0cXu, xo0ctXov, ___, ___, ___
xo0ocp even as, as, just as Adv 13
xo0optu I cleanse, purify Verb 31
PP: xo0optu, cxo0optco, ___, xcxo0optcot, cxo0optc0yv
xo0opo, -o, -ov clean, pure Adj 27
xo0cu8u I sleep Verb 22
xo0yot I sit, live Verb 91
PP: xo0ycoot, ___, ___, ___, ___
xo0tu I seat, sit Verb 46
PP: xo0tcu, cxo0tco, xcxo0txo, ___, ___
xo0tcvyt/xo0tcvovu I set, appoint Verb 21
PP: xovocvycu, xovccvyco, ___, ___, xovccvo0yv
xo0u as, even as Adv 182
xot and, even, also Conj 9018
Kotoqo, -o, o Caiaphas Noun 9
xotvo, -y, -ov new Adj 42
xotpo, -ou, o time (appointed), season Noun 85

383
Kotcop, -opo, o Caesar Noun 29
Kotcopcto, -o, y Caesarea Noun 17
xotu I burn Verb 12
PP: ___, cxouco, ___, xcxouot, cxou0yv
xoxct and there Adv 10
xoxct0cv and from there, and then Adv 10
xoxctvo, -y, -o and that one Adj 22
xoxto, -o, y malice, evil Noun 11
xoxo, -y, -ov bad, evil Adj 50
xoxu badly Adv 16
xoXoo, -ou, o reed, measuring rod Noun 12
xoXcu I call, invite Verb 148
PP: xoXccu, cxoXcco, xcxXyxo, xcxXyot, cxXy0yv
xoXo, -y, -ov good, beautiful Adj 109
xoXu well, beautifully Adv 36
xov and if Particle 17
xovo, -ou, o smoke Noun 13
xop8to, -o, y heart, mind Noun 156
xopo, -ou, o fruit, crop Noun 66
xovo (+ gen.) down from, against Prep 469
xovo (+ acc.) according to, during Prep 469
xovootvu I go down, descend Verb 81
PP: xovoycoot, xovcyv, xovocyxo, ___, ___
xovooXy, -y, y foundation Noun 11
xovocXXu I proclaim Verb 18
PP: ___, xovyctXo, ___, ___, xovycXyv
xovou I bring down Verb 9
PP: ___, xovyoov, ___, ___, xovy0yv
xovotcuvu I put to shame Verb 13
PP: ___, ___, ___, ___, xovcuv0yv
xovoxotu I burn down, consume Verb 12
PP: xovoxoucu, xovcxouco, ___, ___, xovcxou0yv
xovoxctot I lie down, dine Verb 12
xovoxptvu I condemn Verb 18
PP: xovoxptvu, xovcxptvo, ___, xovoxcxptot, xovcxpt0yv
xovoXoovu I overtake, catch, seize Verb 15
PP: ___, xovcXoov, xovctXyqo, xovctXyot, xovcXyq0yv
xovoXctu I leave, abandon Verb 24
PP: xovoxctu, xovcXtov, ___, xovoXcXctot, xovcXctq0yv
xovoXuu I destroy, I lodge Verb 17
PP: xovoXucu, xovcXuco, ___, ___, xovcXu0yv
xovovocu I observe, notice, consider Verb 14
PP: ___, xovcvoyco, ___, ___, ___

384
xovovvou I come to, arrive Verb 13
PP: ___, xovyvvyco, xovyvvyxo, ___, ___
xovoouct, -cu, y rest Noun 9
xovopcu I abolish, bring to naught Verb 27
PP: xovopycu, xovypyco, xovypyxo, xovypyot, xovypy0yv
xovopvtu I mend, fit, perfect Verb 13
PP: xovopvtcu, xovypvtco, ___, xovypvtcot, ___
xovocxcuou I prepare Verb 11
PP: xovocxcuocu, xovccxcuoco, ___, xovccxcuocot, xovccxcuoc0yv
xovoqpovcu I despise, look down on Verb 9
PP: xovoqpovycu, xovcpovyco, ___, ___, ___
xovcpooot I work out, achieve Verb 22
PP: ___, xovctpocoyv, ___, xovctpocot, xovctpoc0yv
xovcpoot I come down, go down Verb 16
PP: ___, xovyX0ov, ___, ___, ___
xovcc0tu I eat up, devour Verb 14
PP: xovoqooot, xovcqoov, ___, ___, ___
xovcu I hold back, suppress, hold fast Verb 17
PP: ___, xovccov, ___, ___, ___
xovyopcu I accuse Verb 23
PP: xovyopycu, xovyopyco, ___, ___, ___
xovotxcu I live, dwell, inhabit Verb 44
PP: ____, xovxyco, ___, ___, ___
xovu below, down Adv 9
xouooot I boast Verb 37
PP: xouycoot, cxouycoyv, ___, xcxouyot, ___
xouyo, -ovo, vo boasting, pride Noun 11
xouyct, -cu, y boasting, pride Noun 11
Koqopvoou, y Capernaum Noun 16
xctot I lie, recline, am laid Verb 24
xcXcuu I order, command Verb 25
PP: ___, cxcXcuco, ___, ___, ___
xcvo, -y, -ov empty, in vain Noun 18
xcpo, -ovo, vo horn Noun 11
xcp8otvu I gain, profit Verb 17
PP: xcp8ycu, cxcp8yco, ___, ___, cxcp8y0yv
xcqoXy, -y, y head Noun 75
xypuo, -ovo, vo proclamation, preaching Noun 9
xypuccu I proclaim, preach Verb 61
PP: xypuu, cxypuo, ___, ___, cxypu0yv
Kyqo, -o, o Cephas Noun 9
xtv8uvo, -ou, o danger, risk Noun 9
xXo8o, -ou, o branch Noun 11

385
xXotu I weep Verb 40
PP: xXoucu, cxXouco, ___, ___, ___
xXoco, -ovo, vo crumb Noun 9
xXou0o, -ou, o crying Noun 9
xXou I break Verb 14
PP: ___, cxXoco, ___, ___, ___
xXctu I shut, lock Verb 16
PP: xXctcu, cxXctco, ___, xcxXctcot, cxXctc0yv
xXcvy, -ou, o thief Noun 16
xXcvu I steal Verb 13
PP: xXcu, cxXco, ___, ___, ___
xXypovocu I inherit Verb 18
PP: xXypovoycu, cxXypovoyco, xcxXypovoyxo, ___, ___
xXypovoto, -o, y inheritance Noun 14
xXypovoo, -ou, o heir Noun 15
xXypo, -ou, o lot, portion Noun 11
xXyct, -cu, y call, calling Noun 11
xXyvo, -y -ov called Adj 10
xXtvy, -y, y bed, couch Noun 9
xotXto, -o, y belly, womb Noun 22
xotooot I sleep, fall asleep Verb 18
PP: ___, ___, ___, xcxotyot, cxoty0yv
xotvo, -y, -ov (in) common, unclean Adj 14
xotvou I make common, defile Verb 14
PP: ___, cxotvuco, xcxotvuxo, xcxotvuot, ___
xotvuvto, -o, y fellowship, communion, participation Noun 19
xotvuvo, -ou, o, partner, sharer Noun 10
xoXXou I unite, join Verb 12
PP: ___, ___, ___, ___, cxoXXy0yv
xotu I bring; Mid.: receive Verb 10
PP: xotcoot, cxotco, ___, ___, ___
xotou I labor, work hard Verb 23
PP: ___, cxotoco, xcxotoxo, ___, ___
xoo, -ou, o labor, trouble Noun 18
xoccu I adorn, put in order Verb 10
PP: ___, cxocyco, ___, xcxocyot, ___
xoco, -ou, o world, universe, humankind Noun 186
xpoovvo, -ou, o mattress, bed Noun 11
xpou I cry out Verb 55
PP: xpou, cxpoo, xcxpoo, ___, ___
xpovcu I grasp, attain Verb 47
PP: xpovycu, cxpovyco, xcxpovyxo, xcxpovyot, ___
xpovo, -ou, vo power, might, rule Noun 12

386
xpctccuv/xpctvvuv, -ov better Adj 19
xpto, -ovo, vo judgment, decision Noun 27
xptvu I judge, decide Verb 114
PP: xptvu, cxptvo, xcxptxo, xcxptot, cxpt0yv
xptct, -cu, y judgment, condemnation Noun 47
xptvy, -ou, o judge Noun 19
xpouu I knock Verb 9
PP: ___, cxpouco, ___, ___, ___
xpuvo, -y, -ov hidden Adj 17
xpuvu I conceal, hide Verb 18
PP: ___, cxpuo, ___, xcxpuot, cxpuyv
xvtu I create, make Verb 15
PP: ____, cxvtco, ___, cxvtcot, cxvtc0yv
xvtct, -cu, y judge Noun 19
xupto, -ou, o Lord, master, sir Noun 717
xuXuu I forbid, hinder Verb 23
PP: ___, cxuXuco, ___, ___, cxuXu0yv
xuy, -y, y village Noun 27
xuqo, -y, -ov deaf, dumb/mute Noun 14

Aoopo, -ou, o Lazarus Name 15
XoXcu I speak, say Verb 296
PP: XoXycu, cXoXyco, XcXoXyxo, XcXoXyot, cXoXy0yv
Xoovu I take, receive, seize Verb 258
PP: Xyoot, cXoov, ctXyqo, ctXyot, cXyq0yv
Xoo, -ou, o people, crowd Noun 142
Xoo, -o8o, y lamp Noun 9
Xopo, -o, -ov bright, shining Adj 9
Xovpcuu I serve, worship Verb 21
PP: Xovpcucu, cXovpcuco, ___, ___, ___
Xcu I say, tell, declare Verb 1329
PP: cpu, ctov, ctpyxo, ctpyot, cppc0yv
Xcpo, -o, -ov leprous, (the) leper Adj 9
Xcuxo, -y, -ov white, bright Adj 25
Xcuv, -ovvo, o lion Noun 9
Xcvy, -ou, o robber Noun 15
Xtov greatly, exceedingly, very Adv 12
Xt0ou I stone Verb 9
PP: ___, cXt0oco, ___, ___, cXt0oc0yv
Xt0o, -ou, o stone Noun 59
Xtvy, -y, y lake Noun 11
Xto, -ou, o, hunger, famine Noun 12

387
Xotoot I calculate, account, reckon Verb 40
PP: ___, cXotcoyv, ___, ___, cXotc0yv
Xoo, -ou, o word, Word, statement Noun 330
Xoto, -y, -ov remaining, other Adj 55
Xoto, -ou, o the other(s), rest Noun 55
Xucu I grieve Verb 26
PP: ___, cXuyco, XcXuyxo, ___, cXuy0yv
Xuy, -y, y grief, pain Noun 16
Xuvto, -o, y lampstand Noun 12
Xuvo, -ou, o lamp Noun 14
Xuu I loose, destroy Verb 42
PP: Xucu, cXuco, ___, XcXuot, cXu0yv

Mo8oXyvy, -y, y Magdalene Noun 12
o0yvy, -ou, o disciple, apprentice Noun 261
oxopto, -o, -ov blessed, happy, fortunate Adj 50
Moxc8ovto, -o, y Macedonia Noun 22
oxpov far away (from) Adv 9
oxpo0cv from afar, afar Adv 14
oxpo0ucu I am patient Verb 10
PP: ___, coxpo0uyco, ___, ___, ___
oxpo0uto, -o, -y patience, steadfastness Noun 14
oXtcvo especially, above all Adv 12
oXXov more, rather Adv 81
ov0o vu I learn Verb 25
PP: ___, co0ov, co0yxo, ___, ___
opoptvy, -ou, o pearl Noun 9
Mop0o, -o, y Martha Noun 13
Mopto, -o, y Mary Noun 27
Mopto, y Miriam Noun 27
opvupcu I testify, bear witness Verb 76
PP: ovupycu, copvupyco, copvupyxo, copvupyot, copvupy0yv
opvupto, -o, y witness, testimony, reputation Noun 37
opvuptov, -ou, vo a testimony, witness, proof Noun 19
opvu, -upo, o witness, martyr Noun 35
ootpo, -y, y sword Noun 29
co, coXy, co large, great Adj 243
cXct it is a concern Verbal 10
c XXu I am about to Verb 109
PP: cXXycu, ___, ___, ___, ___
cXo, -ou, vo member, part Noun 34
cv indeed, on the one hand Particle 178

388
cvu I remain, stay, live Verb 118
PP: cvu, cctvo, ccvyxo, ___, ___
cptu I divide, separate Verb 14
PP: ___, ccptco, ccptxo, ccptcot, ccptc0yv
cptvou I am anxious, distracted Verb 19
PP: cptyvcu, ccptvyco, ___, ___, ___
cpo, -ou, vo part Noun 42
cco, -y, -ov middle Adj 58
ccvo, -y, -ov full Adj 9
cvo (+ gen.) with, by, against Prep 469
cvo (+ acc.) after, behind Prep 469
cvootvu I depart, pass over Verb 12
PP: cvoycoot, cvcyv, cvocyxo, ___, ___
cvovocu I repent, change my mind Verb 34
PP: cvovoycu, cvcvoyco, ___, ___, ___
cvovoto, -o, y repentance Noun 22
cvou between Adv 9
cvou (+ gen.) between Prep 9
cvocu I send for Verb 9
PP: ___, cvcco, ___, ___, cvccq0yv
cvpcu I measure, apportion Verb 11
PP: ___, ccvpyco, ___, ___, ccvpy0yv
cvpov, -ou, vo measure, quantity Noun 14
cpt until Conj 17
cpt (+ gen.) as far as Prep 17
y not (question implies no) Adv 1042
y8c but not, nor, not even Particle 56
y8ct, y8cto, y8cv no one, nobody, nothing Adj 90
yxcvt no longer Adv 22
yv indeed, surely Particle 18
yv, yvo, o month Noun 18
yovc lest, that . . . not, perhaps Particle/
Conj 25
yvc neither, and not, nor Conj 34
yvyp, yvpo, y mother Noun 83
yvt questions with negative answers Particle 17
txpo, -o, -ov small, little Adj 46
tvcxoot I remember Verb 23
PP: ___, ___, ___, cvyot, c vyc0yv
tccu I hate Verb 40
PP: tcycu, ctcyco, ctcyxo, ctcyot, ___
tc0o, -ou, o wages, reward Noun 29
vo, vo, y mina (large monetary unit) Noun 9

389
vyo, -ovo, vo tomb, monument Noun 10
vyctov, -ou, vo tomb, monument, grave Noun 40
vyovcuu I remember Verb 21
PP: ___, cvyovcuco, ___, ___, ___
otcuu I commit adultery Verb 15
PP: otcucu, cotcuco, ___, ___, cotcu0yv
ovocvy, -c only, unique Adj 9
ovo, -y, -ov only, alone Adj 114
upov, -ou, vo ointment, perfume Noun 14
ucvyptov, -ou, vo mystery, secret Noun 28
upo, -o, -ov foolish; fool (subst.) Adj 12
Muucy, -cu, o Moses Noun 80

Noopc0, Noopcv Nazareth Noun 12
Noupoto, -ou, o Nazarene, from Nazareth Noun 13
vot yes, truly Particle 33
voo, -ou, o temple Noun 45
vcovtcxo, -ou, o youth, young person Noun 11
vcxpo, -o, -ov dead; dead person (subst) Adj 128
vco, -o, -ov new, young Adj 23
vcqcXy, -y, y cloud Noun 25
vyto, -o, -ov infant, child Noun 15
vyco, -ou, y island Noun 9
vycvcuu I fast Verb 20
PP: vycvcucu, cvycvcuco, ___, ___, ___
vtxou I conquer Verb 28
PP: vtxycu, cvtxyco, vcvtxyxo, ___, cvtxy0yv
vtvu I wash Verb 17
PP: ___, cvto, ___, ___, ___
vocu I understand Verb 14
PP: ___, cvoyco, vcvoyxo, ___, ____
votu I suppose, think Verb 15
PP: ___, cvotco, ___, ___, ___
votxo, -y, -ov pertaining to the law; lawyer (subst.) Adj 9
voo, -ou, o law, Law, principle Noun 194
voco, -ou, y disease Noun 11
vou, voo, o mind, intellect, understanding Noun 24
vuqto, -ou, o bridegroom Nounn 16
vuv now Adv 147
vuvt now Adv 20
vu, vuxvo, y night Noun 61


390
cvtu I entertain, startle Verb 10
PP: ___, ccvtco, ___, ___, ccvtc0yv
cvo, -y, -ov strange, foreign, alien Adj 14
ypotvu I dry up, wither Verb 15
PP: ___, cypovo, ___, cypoot, cypov0yv
uXov, -ou, vo wood, tree Noun 20

o, y, vo the Def
Art 19,869
o8c, y8c, vo8c this (here) Adj 10
o8o, -ou, y way, road, journey, (the) Way Noun 101
o8ou, -ovvo, o tooth Noun 12
o0cv whence, from where Adv 15
ot8o (= perf. from ct8-) I know, understand Verb 318
PP: ct8ycu, ___, ot8o, ___, ___
otxcu I live Verb 9
PP: ___, ___, ___, ___, ___
otxto, -o, y house Noun 93
otxo8ccovy, -ou, o householder, house master Noun 12
otxo8ocu I build, edify, erect Verb 40
PP: otxo8oycu, xo8oyco, ___, ___, otxo8oy0yv
otxo8oy, -y, y building, edification Noun 18
otxovoto, -o, y management, office, plan Noun 9
otxovoo, -ou, o (house) steward, manager Noun 10
otxo, -ou, o house Noun 114
otxoucvy, -y, y (inhabited) world Noun 15
otvo, -ou, o wine Noun 34
oto, -o, -ov of what sort, such as, as Rel Pron 14
oXto, -y, -ov small, few Adj 40
oXo, -y, -ov whole Adj 109
oXo, -y, -ov entirely Adv 109
ovuu, ovut I swear Verb 26
PP: ___, uoco, ___, ___, ___
oo0uo8ov with one mind, together Adv 11
ooto, -o, -ov like, similar Adj 45
ootou I make like, liken, compare Verb 15
PP: ootucu, uotuco, ___, ___, uotu0yv
ootu likewise, so Adv 30
ooXocu I confess, promise Verb 26
PP: ooXoycu, uoXoyco, ___, ___, ___
ovct8tu I reproach, insult Verb 9
PP: ___, uvct8tco, ___, ___, ___
ovoo, -ovo, vo name, title, reputation Noun 230

391
ovoo u I name Verb 10
PP: ___, uvooco, ___, ___, uvooc0yv
ovvu really, real Adv/Adj 10
otcu behind, after Adv 35
oou where, since Particle 82
ou how, that, in order that Adv/
Conj 53
opoo, -ovo, vo vision Noun 12
opou I see Verb 113
PP: ooot, ct8ov, cupoxo/copoxo, ___, uq0yv
opy, -y, y anger, wrath (of God), judgment Noun 36
optov, -ou, vo boundary, region Noun 12
opxo, -ou, o an oath Noun 10
opo, -ou, vo mountain, hill Noun 63
o, y, o who, which, what Rel
Pron 1418
oco, -y, -ov as great as, as many as Adj 110
ocvt, yvt, o vt whoever, whatever, whichever Adj 144
ovov whenever Particle 123
ovc when, while Particle/
Conj 103
ovt that, because, for Conj 1293
ou where, to which Adv 24
ou, oux, ou, out not (question implies yes) Adv 1623
ouot woe, alas Interj 46
ou8c and not, not even, neither, nor Conj 143
ou8ct, ou8cto, ou8cv no one, none, nothing Adj 234
ou8covc never Adv 16
ouxcvt no longer Adv 47
ouv then, so, therefore Particle 498
ou u not yet Adv 26
oupovto, -ov heavenly Adj 9
oupovo, -ou, o heaven, sky, God Noun 273
ou, uvo, vo ear Noun 36
ouvc and not, neither, nor Adv 87
ouvo, ouvy, vouvo this Pron 1387
ouvo, ouvy, vouvo he, she, it, this one Subst 1387
ouvu, ouvu thus, so, in this manner Adv 208
out (see ou) not, no (question implies yes) Adv 54
oqctXu I owe, ought Verb 35
oq0oXo, -ou, o eye, sight, understanding Noun 100
oqt, -cu, o snake Noun 14
oXo, -ou, o crowd, multitude Noun 175

392
oto, -o, -ov late, evening Adj 15

o0yo, -ovo, vo suffering Noun 16
ot8cuu I teach, train, educate Verb 13
PP: ___, cot8cuco, ___, cot8cuot, cot8cu0yv
ot8tov, -ou, vo child, infant Noun 52
ot8tcxy, -y, y maidservant Noun 13
ot, ot8o, o, y child, boy, girl Noun 24
oXoto, -o -ov old Adj 19
oXtv again Adv 141
ovvoxpovup, -opo, o ruler of all, Almighty Noun 10
ovvovc always, at all times Adv 41
opo (+ gen.) from, of, by, with Prep 194
opo (+ dat.) beside, with, in presence of Prep 194
opo (+ acc.) alongside of, at, more than Prep 194
opooXy, -y, y parable Noun 50
opocXXu I command, order, charge Verb 32
PP: ___, opyctXo, ___, opycXot, ___
opotvoot I come, arrive Verb 37
PP: ___, opccvoyv, ___, ___, ___
opou I pass by Verb 10
opo8t8ut I hand over, betray, entrust Verb 119
PP: opo8ucu, opc8uxo, opo8c8uxo, opo8c8oot, opc8o0yv
opo8oct, -cu, y tradition Noun 13
opotvcoot I make excuse, refuse, reject, request Verb 12
PP: ___, opvycoyv, ___, opvyot, ___
opoxoXcu I call, urge, exhort, console Verb 109
PP: ___, opcxoXcco, ___, opoxcxXyot, opcxXy0yv
opoxXyct, -cu, y exhortation, consolation Noun 29
opoXoovu I take, receive, accept Verb 49
PP: opoXyoot, opcXoov, ___, ___, opcXyq0yv
opoXuvtxo, -y, -ov lame, paralytic Adj 10
opovuo, -ovo, vo trespass, sin Noun 19
opovt0yt I set before Verb 19
PP: opo0ycu, opc0yxo, ___, ___, opovc0yv
opopyo immediately Adv 18
opctt I have arrived, am present Verb 24
PP: opccoot, ___, ___, ___, ___
opcoXy, -y, y camp, army, fortress, barracks Noun 10
opcpoot I pass by, pass away, arrive Noun 29
PP: opcXcucoot, opyX0ov, opcXyXu0o, ___, ___
opcu I offer, afford Verb 16
PP: opcu, opccov, ___, ___, ___

393
op0cvo, -ou, y (o) virgin (chaste) Noun 15
optcvyt I am present, approach, stand by Verb 41
PP: opocvycu, opccvyco, opccvyxo, ___, opccvo0yv
opoucto, -o, y presence, arrival, coming Noun 24
oppycto, -o, y boldness, confidence Noun 31
oppyctooot I speak freely Verb 9
PP: ___, coppyctocoyv, ___, ___, ___
o, oco, ov all, every, any Adj 1243
oco, vo Passover Noun 29
ocu I suffer, endure Verb 42
PP: ___, co0ov, cov0o, ___, ___
ovoccu I strike, hit Verb 10
PP: ovou, covoo, ___, ___, ___
ovyp, ovpo, o father, ancestor Noun 413
HouXo, -ou, o Paul Noun 158
ouu I cease, stop Verb 15
PP: oucoot, couco, ___, couot, ___
ct0u I persuade, convince Verb 52
PP: ctcu, cctco, cot0o, cctcot, cctc0yv
ctvou I hunger Verb 23
PP: ctvocu, cctvoco, ___, ___, ___
ctpou I test, tempt Verb 38
PP: ___, cctpoco, ___, cctpocot, cctpoc0yv
ctpoco, -ou, o temptation, test Noun 21
cu I send Verb 79
PP: cu, cco, ___, ___, ccq0yv
cv0cu I grieve Verb 10
PP: cv0ycu, ccv0yco, ___, ___, ___
cvvc five Adj 38
cpov (+ gen.) beyond Prep 23
cpov (land) on the other side Adv 23
cpt (+ gen.) concerning, about Prep 333
cpt (+ acc.) around, about, regarding, with Prep 333
cptoXXu I clothe, put around Verb 23
PP: cptoXu, cptcoXov, ___, cptcXyot, ___
cptovcu I walk, live Verb 95
PP: cptovycu, cptcovyco, ___, ___, ___
cptcccuu I abound, am rich Verb 39
PP: ___, ccptcccuco, ___, ___, ccptcccu0yv
cptccovcpo, -o, -ov, greater, more Adv 16
cptccovcpu more abundantly Adv 12
cptcvcpo, -o, y pigeon, dove Noun 10

394
cptvcvu I circumcise Verb 17
PP: ___, cptcvcov, ___, cptvcvyot, cptcvy0yv
cptvoy, -y, y circumcision Noun 36
cptupo, -ov neighboring Adj 9
cvctvov, -ou, vo bird Noun 14
cvpo, -o, y rock Noun 15
Hcvpo, -ou, o Peter Noun 156
yy, -y, y spring, fountain Noun 11
tou I take, seize Verb 12
PP: ___, ctoco, ___, ___, ctoc0yv
HtXovo, -ou, o Pilate Noun 55
tXyt I fill Verb 24
PP: ___, cXyco, ___, ___, cXyc0yv
tvu I drink Verb 73
PP: toot, ctov, cuxo, ___, ___
tpocxu I sell Verb 9
PP: ___, ___, cpoxo, cpoot, cpo0yv
tvu I fall Verb 90
PP: ccouot, cccov, cvuxo, ___, ___
tcvcuu I believe (in), have faith (in) Verb 241
PP: tcvcucu, ctcvcuco, ctcvcuxo, ctcvcuot, ctcvcu0yv
tcvt, -cu, y faith, belief, trust Noun 243
tcvo, -y, -ov faithful, trustworthy, trusting;
believer (subst.) Adj 67
Xovou I lead astray, misguide Verb 39
PP: Xovycu, cXovyco, ___, cXovyot, cXovy0yv
Xovy, -y, y wandering, error, delusion Noun 10
Xovcto, -o, y street Noun 10
Xcovou I grow, increase Verb 9
PP: ___, cXcovoco, ___, ___, ___
Xcovcto, -o, y greediness, covetousness Noun 10
Xyy, -y, y plague, blow, wound Noun 22
Xy0o, -ou, vo multitude Noun 31
Xy0uvu I multiply, increase Verb 12
PP: Xy0uvu, cXy0uvo, ___, ___, cXy0uv0yv
Xyv but, however, only Adv 31
Xyv (+ gen.) except Prep 31
Xypy, -c full Adj 16
Xypou I fill, finish, fulfill Verb 86
PP: Xypucu, cXypuco, cXypuxo, cXypuot, cXypu0yv
Xypuo, -ovo, vo fullness Noun 17
Xyctov, o neighbor (subst. use of Adv) Noun 17
Xyctov (+ gen.) near Prep 17

395
Xotov, -ou, vo boat Noun 67
Xoucto, -o, -ov rich Adj 28
Xouvcu I am rich, generous Verb 12
PP: ___, cXouvyco, cXouvyxo, ___, ___
Xouvo, -ou, o wealth Noun 22
vcuo, -ovo, vo spirit, Spirit, wind, breath Noun 379
vcuovtxo, -y, -ov spiritual Adj 26
o0cv from where? Adv 29
otcu I do, make Verb 568
PP: otycu, cotyco, cotyxo, cotyot, ___
otxtXo, -y, -ov varied, diverse Adj 10
ototvu I shepherd, protect, rule Verb 11
PP: otovu, cotovo, ___, ___, ___
otyv, -cvo, o shepherd Noun 18
oto, -o, -ov of what sort? what? which? Pron 33
oXco, -ou, o war, conflict Noun 18
oXt, -cu, y city Noun 163
oXXoxt often, frequently Adv 18
oXu, oXXy, oXu many, much, great Adj 416
ovypo, -o, -ov evil, bad, sick Adj 78
opcuoot I go, live Verb 153
PP: opcucoot, ___, ___, copcuot, copcu0yv
opvcto, -o, y immorality, unchastity, fornication Noun 25
opvy, -y, y prostitute Noun 12
opvo, -ou, o fornicator, (sexually) immoral person Noun 10
oco, -y, -ov how great? how much? Pron 27
ovoo, -ou, o river Noun 17
ovc at some time, once, ever Particle 19
ovc when? Adv 29
ovyptov, -ou, vo cup Noun 31
ovtu I give to drink, water Verb 15
PP: ___, covtco, covtxo, ___, covtc0yv
ou where? whither? Adv 48
ou, o8o, o foot Nounn 93
poo, -ovo, vo deed, undertaking, matter Noun 11
poccu I do, perform Verb 39
PP: opu, cpoo, cpoo, cpoot, ___
pouvy, -yvo, y gentleness, humility Noun 11
pccuvcpo, -o, -ov elder, older one Adj 66
ptv (+ gen.) before Prep 13
po (+ gen.) before Prep 47
poou I lead forth, go before Verb 20
PP: poou, poyoov, ___, ___, ___

396
poovov, -ou, vo sheep Noun 39
poctov (cf. poXcu,
Xcu, ctov) I foretell Verb 12
pocpoot I proceed Verb 9
PP: pocXcucoot, poyX0ov, ___, ___, ___
po0cct, -cu, y setting forth, plan, purpose Noun 12
pocu I accompany, help on ones journey Verb 9
PP: ___, pocco, ___, ___, poccq0yv
po (+ gen.) for Prep 700
po (+ dat.) at, by, on, near Prep 700
po (+ acc.) toward, to, against, with Prep 700
poc8coot I receive, wait for Verb 14
PP: ___, pocc8coyv, ___, ___, ___
poc8oxou I wait for, expect Verb 16
poccpoot I come to, go to Verb 86
PP: ___, pocyX0ov, poccXyXu0o, ___, ___
poccuy, -y, y prayer Noun 36
poccuoot I pray Verb 85
PP: poccuoot, pocyuoyv, ___, ___, ___
poccu I attend to, pay attention to Verb 24
PP: ___, ___, pocccyxo, ___, ___
pocxoXcoot I summon, invite, call Verb 29
PP: ___, poccxoXccoyv, ___, pocxcXyot, ___
pocxopvcpcu I continue in/with Verb 10
PP: pocxopvcpycu, ___, ___, ___, ___
pocxuvcu I worship Verb 60
PP: pocxuvycu, poccxuvyco, ___, ___, ___
pocXoovu I receive, accept Verb 12
PP: ___, poccXoov, pocctXyqo, ___, ___
pocvt0yt I add to, increase Verb 18
PP: ___, pocc0yxo, ___, ___, poccvc0yv
pocqcpu I bring to, offer Verb 47
PP: ___, pocyvcxo, poccvyvoo, ___, pocyvc0yv
pocqopo, -o, y act of offering Noun 9
pocuov, -ou, vo face, appearance, person Noun 76
povcpo, -o, -ov former, before Adj/Adv 11
poqyvcto, -o, y prophecy Noun 19
poqyvcuu I prophesy, preach Verb 28
PP: poqypcucu, cpoqyvcuco, ___, ___, ___
poqyvy, -ou, o prophet Noun 144
put early, early in the morning Adv 12
puvo, -y, -ov first, earlier Adj 155
vuo, -y, -ov poor Adj 34

397
uXy, -y, y gate, door Noun 10
uXuv, -uvo, o gateway, entrance, vestibule Noun 18
uv0ovoot I inquire, ask Verb 12
PP: ___, cu0oyv, ___, ___, ___
up, -o, vo fire Noun 71
uXcu I sell Verb 22
PP: ____, cuXyco, ___, ___, ___
uXo, -ou, o colt, young donkey Noun 12
u how? Particle 102
u at all, somehow Particle 15

pot, o master, rabbi, teacher Noun 15
po8o, -ou, y rod, scepter, staff, stick Noun 12
pyo, -ovo, vo word, saying, thing Noun 68
pto, -y, y root, source Noun 17
puoot I rescue, deliver Verb 17
PP: pucoot, cppucoyv, ___, ___, cppuc0yv
Puoto, -o, -ov Roman; (a) Roman (subst.) Adj 12

coovov, -ou, vo Sabbath Noun 68
2o88ouxoto, -ou, o Sadducee Noun 14
coXcuu I shake Verb 15
PP: ___, ccoXcuco, ___, cccoXcuot, ccoXcu0yv
coXt, -to, y trumpet Noun 11
coXtu I sound the trumpet Verb 12
PP: coXtcu, ccoXtco, ___, ___, ___
2oopcto, -o, y Samaria Noun 11
2ooptvy, -ou, o Samaritan Noun 9
cop, copxo, y flesh, body Noun 147
covovo, -o, o Satan, accuser (= devil) Noun 36
2oouX, o Saul Noun 9
2ouXo, -ou, o Saul Noun 15
ccouvou, -y of yourself (reflexive) Pron 43
ccoot I worship Verb 10
cctco, -ou, o earthquake Noun 14
ccXyvy, -y, y moon Noun 9
cyctov, -ou, vo sign, miracle Noun 77
cycpov today Adv 41
ctou I am silent Verb 10
PP: ___, cctyco, ___, ccctyot, ___
2t8uv, -uvo, y Sidon Noun 9
2tXo, -o, o Silas Noun 12
2tuv, -uvo, o Simon Noun 75

398
ctvo, -ou, o wheat, grain Noun 14
ctuou I am silent Verb 10
PP: ctuycu, cctuyco, ___, ___, ___
cxov8oXtu I cause to stumble, cause to sin Verb 29
PP: ___, ccxov8oXtco, ___, ___, ccxov8oXtc0yv
cxov8oXov, -ou, vo cause of stumbling, trap, temptation Noun 15
cxcuo, -ou, vo vessel, object; goods (pl) Noun 23
cxyvy, -y, y tent, tabernacle Noun 20
cxovto, -o, y darkness Noun 16
cxovo, -ou, vo darkness Noun 31
2o8oo, -uv, vo Sodom Noun 9
2oXouv, -uvo, o Solomon Noun 12
co, cy, cov your, yours Adj 27
coqto, -o, y wisdom Noun 51
coqo, -y, -ov wise Adj 20
cctpu I sow (seed) Verb 52
PP: ___, ccctpo, ___, ccopot, ccopyv
ccpo, -ovo, vo seed, descendants Noun 43
cXovov, -ou, vo bowels, heart, compassion Noun 11
cXovtoot I have compassion, pity Verb 12
PP: ___, ___, ___, ___, ccXovtc0yv
cou8ou I hasten, am eager Verb 11
PP: cou8ocu, ccou8oco, ___, ___, ___
cou8y, -y, y haste, diligence, eagerness Noun 12
cvoct, -cu, y strife, rebellion, dispute Noun 9
cvoupo, -ou, o cross Noun 27
cvoupou I crucify Verb 46
PP: cvoupucu, ccvoupuco, ___, ccvoupuot, ccvoupu0yv
cvcqovo, -ou, o crown, wreath Noun 18
cvyxu (cf. tcvyt) I stand, stand fast Verb 10
PP: ___, ___, ccvyxo, ___, ___
cvyptu I establish, support Verb 13
PP: cvyptu, ccvypto, ___, ccvyptot, ccvypt0yv
cvoXy, -y, y robe Noun 9
cvoo, -ovo, vo mouth, stomach Noun 78
cvpovyo, -ou, o commander, captain Noun 10
cvpovtuvy, -ou, o soldier Noun 26
cvpcqu I turn, change Verb 21
PP: ___, ccvpco, ___, ___, ccvpoqyv
cu, cou; uct, uuv you; you-all Pron 2905
cucvy, -c related, akin to Adj 11
cucvy, -c relative, fellow countryperson Noun 11
cuyvcu I discuss, dispute Verb 10

399
cuxy, -y, y fig tree Noun 16
cuXXoovu I seize, conceive, arrest Verb 16
PP: cuXXyoot, cuvcXoov, cuvctXyqo, ___, cuvcXyq0yv
cuqcpu I bring together Verb 15
PP: ___, cuvyvcxo, ___, ___, ___
cuv (+ dat.) with Prep 128
cuvou I gather together, invite Verb 59
PP: cuvou, cuvyoov, ___, cuvyot, cuvy0yv
cuvouy, -y, y synagogue Noun 56
cuv8ouXo, -ou, o fellow slave Noun 10
cuvc8ptov, -ou, vo Sanhedrin, council Noun 22
cuvct8yct, -cu, y conscience Noun 30
cuvcpo, -ov fellow worker, helper Noun/
Adj 13
cuvcpoot I come together Verb 30
PP: ___, cuvyX0ov, cuvcXyXu0o, ___, ___
cuvcu I oppress, hold fast, urge on Verb 12
PP: cuvcu, cuvccov, ___, ___, ___
cuvtyt I understand Verb 26
PP: cuvycu, cuvyxo, ___, ___, ___
cuvtcvyt I commend; Intrans.: stand with Verb 16
PP: ___, cuvccvyco, cuvccvyxo, ___, ___
cqou I slay, murder Verb 10
PP: cqou, ccqoo, ___, ccqoot, ccqoyv
cqo8po exceedingly, greatly Adv 11
cqpotu I seal, mark Verb 15
PP: ___, ccqpotco, ___, ccqpotcot, ccqpotc0yv
cqpot, -t8o, y seal Noun 16
ctu I split, divide, tear Verb 11
PP: ctcu, cctco, ___, ___, cctc0yv
cu I save, rescue Verb 106
PP: cucu, ccuco, cccuxo, ccccot, ccu 0yv
cuo, -ovo, vo living body, corpse, (unified) church Noun 142
cuvyp, -ypo, o Savior Noun 24
cuvypto, -o, y salvation, deliverance Noun 46

voXovvov, -ou, vo talent (large unit of money) Noun 14
vot, -cu, y order, position Noun 9
voctvou I humble Verb 14
PP: voctvucu, cvoctvuco, ___, ___, cvoctvu0yv
vopoccu I trouble, disturb Verb 17
PP: ___, cvopoo, ___, vcvopoot, cvopo0yv
vocu quickly Adv 15

400
vou (from vou) quickly Adv 18
vc and, so Conj 215
vcto, -ou, vo (city) wall Noun 9
vcxvov, -ou, vo child, descendant Noun 99
vcXcto, -o, -ov complete, perfect Adj 19
vcXctou I fulfill, make perfect Verb 23
PP: ___, cvcXctuco, vcvcXctuxo, vcvcXctuot, cvcXctu0yv
vcXcuvou I die Verb 11
PP: ___, cvcXcuvyco, vcvcXcuvyxo, ___, ____
vcXcu I finish, complete, fulfill Verb 28
PP: vcXccu, cvcXcco, vcvcXcxo, vcvcXcxo, vcvcXccot, cvcXcc0yv
vcXo, -ou, vo end, goal Noun 40
vcXuvy, -ou, o tax collector Noun 21
vcpo, -ovo, vo wonder, omen Noun 16
vcccopoxovvo forty Adj 22
vcccopc, -o four Adj 41
vcvopvo, -y, -ov fourth (part) Adj 10
vypcu I keep, guard Verb 70
PP: vypycu, cvypyco, vcvcypyxo, vcvypyot, cvypy0yv
vt0yt I put, place, set Verb 100
PP: 0ycu, c0yxo, vc0ctxo, vc0ctot, cvc0yv
vtxvu I give birth to, bear Verb 18
PP: vcoot, cvcxov, ___, ___, cvc0yv
vtou I honor Verb 21
PP: vtycu, cvtyco, ___, vcvtyot, ___
vty, -y, y honor, price Noun 41
vtto, -o, -ov precious, costly, respected Adj 13
Tto0co, -ou, o Timothy Noun 24
vt, vt who? which? what? why? Pron 554
vt, vt someone, something, anyone Pron 532
Ttvo, -ou, o Titus Noun 13
votouvo, -ouvy,
-ouvov such, such as this, like Adj 57
voXou I dare Verb 16
PP: voXycu, cvoXyco, ___, ___, ___
voo, -ou, o place Noun 94
vocouvo, -ouvy,
-ouvov so great, so much Adj 20
vovc then, at that time Adv 160
vpoco, -y, y table Noun 15
vpct, vpto three Adj 69
vpcqu I feed, nourish, train Verb 9
PP: ___, c0pco, ___, vc0poot, ___

401
vpcu I run Verb 20
PP: ___, c8poov, ___, ___, ___
vptoxovvo thirty Adj 11
vpt three times Adv 12
vptvo, -y, -ov third (part) Adj 56
vpoo, -ou, o manner, way (of life) Noun 13
vpoqy, -y, y food Noun 16
vuovu I obtain, happen Verb 12
PP: vcuoot, cvuov, vcvcuo, ___, ___
vuo, -ou, o mark, image, example, (arche)type Noun 15
vuvu I smite, hit Verb 13
Tupo, -ou, y Tyre Noun 11
vuqXo, -y, -ov blind (person) Adj 50

utotvu I am healthy Verb 12
uty, -c healthy, whole Adj 11
u8up, -ovo, vo water Noun 76
uto, -ou, o son, descendant, offspring Noun 377
uct (see cu) you, you-all (pl.) Pron 1840
ucvcpo, -o, -ov your Adj 11
uou I go away, go, depart Verb 79
uoxoy, -y, y obedience Noun 15
uoxouu I obey, follow Verb 21
PP: ___, uyxouco, ___, ___, ___
uovvou I meet, go to meet Verb 10
PP: ___, uyvvyco, ___, ___, ___
uopu I am, exist Verb 60
ucp (+ gen.) in behalf of, for (the sake of) Prep 150
ucp (+ acc.) above, more than, beyond Prep 150
uypcvy, -ou, o servant, assistant Noun 20
uo (+ gen.) by Prep 220
uo (+ acc.) under (the authority of) Prep 220
uo8yo, -ovo, vo sandal Noun 10
uoxovu under, below Adv 11
uoxptvy, -ou, o hypocrite Noun 17
uocvu I remain, endure Verb 17
PP: uocvu, ucctvo, uoccvyxo, ___, ___
uoovy, -y, y patience, endurance Noun 32
uocvpcqu I return, turn back Verb 35
PP: uocvpcu, uccvpco, ___, ___, ___
uovoccu I subject, subordinate Verb 38
PP: ___, ucvoo, ___, uovcvoot, ucvoyv

402
ucvcpcu I lack, miss Verb 16
PP: ___, ucvcpyco, ucvcpyxo, ___, ucvcpy0yv
ucvcpyo, -ovo, vo need Noun 9
ucvcpo, -o, -ov later, afterward, at last Adj/Adv 12
uyXo, -y, -ov high, exalted, proud Adj 11
utcvo, -y, -ov highest Adj 13
uou I lift up, exalt Verb 20
PP: uucu, uuco, ___, ___, uu 0yv

qotvu I shine, appear Verb 31
PP: qovycoot, cqovo, ___, ___, cqovyv
qovcpo, -o, -ov manifest, visible Adj 18
qovcpou I reveal, make known Verb 49
PP: qovcpucu, cqovcpuco, ___, cqovcpuot, cqovcpu0yv
doptcoto, -ou, o Pharisee Noun 98
qct8oot I spare, refrain (from) Verb 10
PP: qctcoot, cqctcoyv, ___, ___, ___
qcpu I bear, carry, endure Verb 66
PP: otcu, yvcxo, ___, ___, yvc0yv
qcuu I flee, escape Verb 29
PP: qcuoot, cquov, ___, ___, ___
dyXt, -txo, o Felix Noun 9
qyt I say Verb 66
PP: ___, cqy, ___, ___, ___
dycvo, -ou, o Festus Noun 13
q0ctpu I ruin, corrupt, destroy Verb 9
PP: ___, cq0ctpo, ___, ___, cq0opyv
q0ovo, -ou, o envy, jealousy Noun 9
qtoXy, -y, y cup, bowl Noun 12
qtXcu I love, like Verb 25
PP: ___, cqtXyco, cqtXyxo, ___, ___
dtXto, -ou, o Philip Noun 36
qtXo, -y, -ov beloved, friend Noun 29
qocoot I fear Verb 95
PP: ___, ___, ___, ___, cqoy0yv
qoo, -ou, o fear, terror Noun 47
qovcuu I kill, murder Verb 12
PP: qovcucu, cqovcuco, ___, ___, ___
qovo, -ou, o murder Noun 9
qpovcu I think Verb 26
PP: qpovycu, ___, ___, ___, ___
qpovto, -ov prudent, wise Adj 14
quXoxy, -y, y guard, prison, watch (of the night) Noun 47

403
quXoccu I guard, protect Verb 31
PP: quXou, cquXoo, ___, ___, ___
quXy, -y, y tribe, nation, people Noun 31
quct, -cu, y nature Noun 14
quvcuu I plant Verb 11
PP: ___, cquvcuco, ___, cquvcuot, cquvcu0yv
quvcu I call Verb 43
PP: quvycu, cquvyco, ___, ___, cquvy0yv
quvy, -y, y sound, tone, voice, noise Noun 139
qu, quvo, vo light Noun 73
quvtu I give light, enlighten Verb 11
PP: quvtcu, cquvtco, ___, cquvtcot, cquvtc0yv

otpu I rejoice Verb 74
PP: opycoot, ___, ___, ___, copyv
opo, -o, y joy, delight Noun 59
optoot I forgive, give freely Verb 23
PP: optcoot, coptcoyv, ___, xcoptcot, coptc0yv
optv (+ gen.) for the sake of, because of Prep 9
opt, -tvo, y (divine) grace, favor, thanks Noun 155
optco, -ovo, vo gift, favor Noun 17
ctp, ctpo, y hand, arm, power Noun 177
ctpuv, -ov worse, more severe Adj 11
ypo, -o, y widow Noun 26
tXtopo, -ou, o military tribune commanding 1,000 Noun 21
tXto, -o8o, y a thousand Adj 23
tXtot, -ot, -o thousand Adj 11
tvuv, -uvo, o tunic, shirt Noun 11
otpo, -ou, o pig, swine Noun 12
opvou I eat to the full, am satisfied Verb 16
PP: ___, copvoco, ___, ___, copvoc0yv
opvo, -ou, o grass, hay Noun 15
pooot I use, employ Verb 11
PP: ___, cpycoyv, ___, xcpyot, ___
pcto, -o, y a need Noun 49
pyovtu I warn Verb 9
PP: pyovtcu, cpyovtco, ___, xcpyovtcot, cpyovtc0yv
pycvovy, -yvo, y goodness, kindness, what is right Noun 10
Xptcvo, -ou, o Christ, Messiah, Anointed One Noun 637
povo, -ou, o time Noun 54
puctov, -ou, vo gold Noun 12
puco, -ou, o gold Noun 10
pucou, -y, -ouv golden Adj 18

404
uXo, -y, -ov lame, crippled Adj 14
upo, -o, y (open) country, region, land, field Noun 28
upcu I make room, give way Verb 10
PP: upycu, cupyco, ___, ___, ___
uptu I separate, depart Verb 13
PP: uptcu, cuptco, ___, xcuptcot, cuptc0yv
uptov, -ou, vo place, field Noun 10
upt (+ gen.) without, apart from Prep 41

cu8oot I lie Verb 12
PP: cucoot, ccucoyv ___, ___, ___
cu8opoqyvy, -ou, o false prophet Noun 11
cu8o, -ou, vo lie, falsehood Noun 10
cucvy, -ou, o liar Noun 10
uy, -y, y soul, person, self Noun 109

u O! Interj 17
u8c here, hither Adv 61
upo, -o, y hour, occasion Noun 106
u as, that, about Adv 504
ucouvu likewise, similarly Adv 17
ucct as, like, about Particle 21
uccp just as, even as Particle 36
ucvc (u + vc) therefore, so that, in order that Particle/
Conj 83
uqcXcu I profit, benefit Verb 15
PP: uqcXycu, uqcXyco, ___, ___, uqcXy0yv
Vocabulary Builder 405

Greek Vocabulary Builder
down to 9 times

Ted Hildebrandt


Word Meaning Frequency
Set 1
o , y, vo the 19863
xot and, even, also 9018
ouvo, -y, -o he, she, it (pron.); self, same (adj.) 5596
auto-matic
cu, cou; uct, uuv you (sg.); you (pl.) 2905
8c but, and, then 2792
cv in, by, among (Dat.) 2752
en-code
cu, cou; yct, yuv I (sg.); we (pl.) 2582
ego
ctt I am, occur, live 2462
ct into, toward, to (Acc.) 1767
eis-egesis (read into a text)
ou no (question implies "yes") 1623
Set 2
o, y, o who, which, what 1418
ouvo, ouvy, vouvo this; he, she, it (subst.) 1387
Xcu I say, tell, declare 1329
eu-logy (speak well)
0co, -ou, o, y God, god, goddess 1317
"theo-logy"
ovt that, because, for 1293
o, oco, ov all, every, any 1243
Pan-American
y not (question implies "no") 1042
op for, so, then 1041
ctov I said 1024
Iycou, -ou, o Jesus, Joshua 917
Set 3
cx from, out of 914
ex-pire (breath out)
ct on, over, when (Gen.) 890
epi-demic (on the people)
ct on, in, above (Dat.) 890
ct across, over to, against (Acc.) 890
tvo in order that, that 779
xupto, -ou, o Lord, master, sir 717
cu I have, wear, keep 708
po for (Gen.) 700
po at, by (Dat.) 700
po toward, to, against (Acc.) 700

Set 4
tvoot I become, am, happen 669
8to through, during, by (Gen.) 667
dia-meter
8to on account of, because (Acc.) 667

oo from, of, by (Gen.) 646
apo-calypse (from the hidden)
oXXo but, except, rather 637
cpoot I come, go 632
otcu I do, make 568
poem (making or creation)
vt, vt who? which? what? why? 554
ov0puo man, human, husband 550
anthrop-ology (study of humankind)
vt, vt someone, something, anyone 532
Set 5
Xptcvo, -ou, o Christ, Messiah, Anointed one 529
u as, that, about 504
ct if, whether 502
ouv then, so, therefore 498
xovo down from, against (Gen.) 473
cata-pult
xovo according to, during (Acc.) 473
cvo with, against (Gen.) 469
cvo after, behind (Acc.) 469
meta-phor (to carry beyond)
oxouu I hear, understand, learn 428
acoustics
oXu, oXXy, oXu many, much, great 416
Set 6
8t8ut I give, entrust, yield 415
anti-dote
ovyp, ovpo, o father, ancestor 413
patristic (church fathers)
ycpo, -o, y day, daylight, time 389
vcuo, -ovo, vo spirit, Spirit, wind, breath 379
pneumonia (problem breathing)
uto, -ou, o son, descendant 377
ct, to, cv one, single, someone 345
o8cXqo, -ou, o brother, member 343
y or, than 343
ct8ov (opou) I saw, perceived 341
cov if 333

Set 7
cpt concerning, about (Gen.) 333
cpt around (Acc.) 333
peri-meter
Xoo, -ou, o word, Word, statement 330
logo, logic
couvou, -y, -ou of himself, of herself, of itself 319
ot8o I know, understand 318
XoXcu I speak, say 296
glosso-lalia (speak in tongues)
oupovo, -ou, o heaven, sky, God 273
Uranium
o0yvy, -ou, o disciple, apprentice 261
Xoovu I take, receive, seize 258
y, y, y earth, land, region 250
geo-graphy
Set 8
cxctvo, -y, -o that (one) 243
co, coXy, co large, great 243
mega-byte
tcvt, -cu, y faith, belief, trust 243
tcvcuu I believe (in), have faith (in) 241
ou8ct, ou8cto, ou8cv no one, none, nothing 234
oto, -o, -ov holy, consecrated, saints (pl.) 233
ooxptvoot I answer, reply 231
ovoo, -ovo, vo name, title, reputation 230
tvucxu I know, learn, realize 222
uo by (Gen.) 220
Set 9
uo under (Acc.) 220
hypo-dermic (under the skin)
ccpoo I go out 218
ovyp, ov8po, o man, husband, someone 216
poly-andry (many husbands)
uvy, -otxo, y woman, wife 215
gyne-cology
vc and, so 215
8uvoot I am powerful, am able 210
dyna-mic
0cXu I will, wish, desire 208
ouvu thus, so, in this manner 208
t8ou Behold! See! Consider! 200
Iou8oto Jewish (Adj.), Jew (Noun) 195


Set 10
ctccpoot I come in, go in, enter 194
voo, -ou, o law, Law, principle 194
opo Gen.: from 194
opo Dat.: beside, with 194
opo Acc.: alongside of 194
poqu I write 191
xoco, -ou, o world, universe, humankind 186
cosmo-logy, cosmic
xo0u as, even as 182
cv indeed, on the one hand 178
ctp, ctpo, y hand, arm, power 177
Set 11
cuptcxu I find 176
heuristic
ocXo, -ou, o angel, messenger 175
angel
oXo, -ou, o crowd, multitude 175
oopvto, -o, y sin 173
harmarti-ology (study of sin)
cpov, -ou, vo work, deed 169
ergo-nomics (study of work equipment design)
ov untranslated contingency particle 166
8oo, -y, y glory 166
dox-ology
oXt, -cu, y city 163
Indiana-polis
octXcto, -o, y kingdom 162
basilica
c0vo, -ou, vo nation, heathen/Gentiles (pl.) 162
Set 12
vovc then, at that time 160
cc0tu I eat 158
HouXo, -ou, o Paul 158
xop8to, -o, y heart, mind 156
Hcvpo, -ou, o Peter 156
puvo, -y, -ov first, earlier 155
proto-type
opt, -tvo, y grace, favor 155
oXXo, -y, -ov other, another 154
alle-gory
opcuoot I go, live 153
tcvyt I stand, set 153

Set 13
ucp in behalf of, for (Gen.) 150
ucp above (Acc.) 150
hyper-active
xoXcu I call, invite 148
vuv now 147
cop, copxo, y flesh 147
sarco-phagus
cu until (Conj.) 146
cu until, as far as (Impr Prep) 146
cctpu I raise up, restore, wake 144
poqyvy, -ou, o prophet 144
ocvt, yvt, o vt whoever, whatever, whichever 144
Set 14
ooou I love 143
oqtyt I permit, let go, forgive 143
ou8c and not, not even, neither, nor 143
Xoo, -ou, o people, crowd 142
laity
cuo, -ovo, vo body 142
somatic
oXtv again 141
palimpsest (written again manuscript)
ou I live 140
IcpocoXuo, vo / y Jerusalem 139
quvy, -y, y sound, voice, noise 139
phono-graph, phon-etics
8uo two 135
dual, dualism
Set 15
uy, -y, y life 135
zoology
Iuovvy, -ou, o John 135
oocvcXXu I send, send out 132
Xcu I see, look at 132
oyv truly, amen, let it be so 129
vcxpo, -o, -ov dead; dead person (subst.) 128
necro-polis (city of the dead)
cuv with (Dat.) 128
syn-chronize
8ouXo, -ou, o servant, slave 124
ovov whenever 123
otuv, -uvo, o age, eternity 122
aeon

Set 16
optcpcu, -cu, o high priest, chief priest 122
oXXu I throw, put 122
ballistics
0ovovo, -ou, o death 120
thanato-logy (study of death)
8uvot, -cu, o power, miracle 119
dynamite
opo8t8ut I hand over, betray, entrust 119
cvu I remain, stay, live 118
ocpoot I depart 117
yvcu I seek, desire, request 117
ooy, -y, y love 116
octXcu, -cu, o king 115
Set 17
cxxXycto, -o, y church, congregation, assembly 114
ecclesi-ology (study of the church)
t8to, -o, -ov one's own, belonging to one 114
idio-syncrasy, idiomatic
xptvu I judge, decide 114
critic
ovo, -y, -ov only, alone 114
monologue, monopoly
otxo, -ou, o house 114
opou I see 113
pan-orama (see all)
oo0vcxu I die 111
oco, -y, -ov as great as, as many as 110
oXy0cto, -o, y truth 109
cXXu I am about to 109
Set 18
oXo, -y, -ov Adj.: whole; Adv.: entirely 109
holo-caust
opoxoXcu I call, urge, exhort, console 109
ovtcvyt I raise, cause to rise 108
cu I save, rescue 106
upo, -o, y hour, time 106
uy, -y, y soul, person, self 109
psych-ology
ovc when, while 103
oo0o, -y, -ov good 102
coucto, -o, y authority, power, jurisdiction 102
xoXo, -y, -ov good 102

kaleidoscope (see beautiful)
Set 19
u how? 102
otpu I take up, take away, raise 101
8ct it is necessary, 101
o8o, -ou, y way, road, journey 101
oXXyXuv one another 100
oq0oXo, -ou, o eye, sight 100
ophthalmo-logy
vt0yt I put, place, set 100
antithesis (set against)
vcxvov, -ou, vo child, descendant 99
cvcpo, -o, -ov other, another 98
heterosexual
qoptcoto, -ou, o Pharisee 98
Set 20
oto, -ovo, vo blood 97
anaemia
opvo, -ou, o bread, food 97
cvvou I give birth to, produce 97
generation
8t8ocxu I teach 97
didactic
cxct there 95
cptovcu I walk, live 95
peripatetics
qocoot I fear 95
phobia
cvutov Gen.: before 94
voo, -ou, o place 94
topography
cvt still, yet, even 93
Set 21
otxto, -o, y house 93
ou, o8o, o foot 93
podium, monopod
8txotocuvy, -y, y righteousness, justice 92
ctpyvy, -y, y peace 92
0oXocco, -y, y sea 91
xo0yot I sit, live 91
oxoXou0cu I follow, accompany 90
ooXXut I destroy, ruin; I die (Mid.) 90
y8ct, y8cto, y8cv no one, nobody, nothing 90
tvu I fall 90

Set 22
cvo seven 88
heptagon (seven sided figure)
ouvc and not, neither, nor 87
opu I rule; begin (usually Mid.) 86
archbishop
Xypou I fill, finish, fulfill 86
poccpoot I come to, I go to 86
xotpo, -ou, o time (appointed), season 85
poccuoot I pray 85
xou and I, I also 84
yvyp, yvpo, y mother 83
ucvc therefore, so that, in order that 83
Set 23
ovootvu I go up, ascend 82
cxocvo, -y, -ov each, every 82
oou where, since 82
cxoXXu I cast out 81
xovootvu I go down, descend 81
o XXov more, rather 81
oocvoXo, -ou, o apostle, messenger 80
Muucy, -cu, o Moses 80
8txoto, -o, -ov righteous, just, upright 79
cu I send 79
Set 24
uou I go away, go, depart 79
ovypo, -o, -ov evil, bad, sick 78
cvoo, -ovo, vo mouth 78
stomach
ovotu I open 77
ovtu I baptize 77
baptize
cyctov, -ou, vo sign, miracle 77
co, -y, -ov my, mine 76
cuocXtov, -ou, vo good news, gospel 76
Evangelical
opvupcu I testify, bear witness 76
martyr
pocuov, -ou, vo face, appearance, person 76

Set 25
u8up, -ovo, vo water 76
8u8cxo twelve 75
xcqoXy, -y, y head 75
2tuv, -uvo, o Simon 75
ooxvctvu I kill 74
otpu I rejoice 74
Apoo, o Abraham 73
tvu I drink 73
qu, quvo, vo light 73
photo-graphy
otuvto, -o, -ov eternal 71
aeon
Set 26
tcpov, -ou, vo temple 71
hierarchy
up, -o, vo fire 71
otvcu I ask 70
vypcu I keep, guard 70
ou I lead, bring, arrest 69
vpct, vpto three 69
tri-angle
IcpoyX, o Israel 68
pyo, -ovo, vo word, saying, thing 68
rhetoric
coovov, -ou, vo Sabbath 68
cvvoXy, -y, y commandment, order 67
Set 27
tcvo, -y, -ov faithful, trusting 67
Xotov, -ou, vo boat 67
ooXuu I release, divorce 66
xopo, -ou, o fruit, crop 66
pccuvcpo, -o, -ov elder 66
presbyterian
qcpu I bear, carry, endure 66
Christo-pher (bearing Christ)
qyt I say 66
ctvc if, whether 65
poovcu, -cu, o scribe 63
grammar
8otovtov, -ou, vo demon, evil spirit 63


Set 28
cu Adv.: without 63
Prep.: outside
cpuvou I ask, request 63
opo, -ou, vo mountain, hill 63
8oxcu I think, suppose, seem 62
Docetism (Christ merely seemed human)
0cXyo, -ovo, vo will, wish, desire 62
0povo, -ou, o throne 62
throne
ooyvo, -y, -ov beloved 61
IoXtXoto, -o, y Galilee 61
8oou I praise, glorify 61
doxo-logy
y8y now, already 61
Set 29
xypuccu I proclaim, preach 61
vu, vuxvo, y night 61
u8c here, hither 61
tovtov, -ou, vo garment 60
pocxuvcu I worship 60
uopu I am, exist 60
ocooot I greet, salute 59
Aout8, o David 59
8t8ocxoXo, -ou, o teacher 59
cu0u immediately 59
Set 30
Xt0o, -ou, o stone 59
cuvou I gather together, invite 59
synagogue
opo, -o, y joy, delight 59
0cupcu I look at, see 58
theory
cco, -y, -ov middle 58
Meso-potamia (middle of the rivers)
votouvo, -ouvy, -ouvov such, such as this 57
8coot I take, receive 56
ccpuvou I ask, question 56
y8c but not, nor, not even 56
cuvouy, -y, y synagogue 56


Set 31
vptvo, -y, -ov third 56
opy, -y, y beginning, ruler 55
archaic
xpou I cry out 55
Xoto, -y, -ov remaining (Adj.); the rest (Noun) 55
HtXovo, -ou, o Pilate 55
8cto, -o, -ov right (hand) 54
cuocXtu I proclaim, preach good news 54
evangelize
out not, no (question implies "yes") 54
povo, -ou, o time 54
chrono-logy
8to therefore, for this reason 53
Set 32
cXt, -t8o, y hope 53
ou how, that, in order that 53
cocXto, -o, y promise 52
ccovo, -y, -ov last, end 52
eschato-logy (study of the end times)
o8tov, -ou, vo child, infant 52
ct0u I persuade, convince 52
cctpu I sow (seed) 52
coqto, -o, y wisdom 51
philo-sophy (love of wisdom)
Xucco, -y, y language, tongue 50
glosso-lalia (speaking in tongues)
poqy, -y, y writing, Scripture 50
graphics
Set 33
xoxo, -y, -ov bad, evil 50
caco-phany
oxopto, -o, -ov blessed, happy, fortunate 50
(macarism is a beatitude or blessing)
opooXy, -y, y parable 50
vuqXo, -y, -ov blind person 50
opo so, then, therefore 49
opt, opt Gen.: as far as 49
opt, opt Conj.: until 49
cvo, -ou, vo year 49
opoXoovu I take, receive, accept 49
qovcpou I reveal, make known 49


Set 34
pcto, -o, y a need, 49
oo8t8ut I give back, pay 48
cpoc0cv Gen.: in front of, before 48
cpyo, -ov Adj.: deserted; Noun: desert 48
hermit
ou where? whither? 48
oopvuXo, -ov Adj.: sinful; Noun: sinner 47
xpovcu I grasp, attain 47
xptct, -cu, y judgment, condemnation 47
crisis
ouxcvt no longer 47
po Gen.: before 47
pro-gress
Set 35
pocqcpu I bring to, offer 47
qoo, -ou, o fear, terror 47
phobia
quXoxy, -y, y a guard, prison 47
0yptov, -ou, vo wild beast 46
xo0tu I seat, sit 46
cathedral
txpo, -o, -ov small, little 46
micro-biology
ouot woe, alas 46
cvoupou I crucify 46
cuvypto, -o, y salvation 46
soteriology (study of salvation)
oocXXu I announce, report 45
Set 36
8tuxu I pursue, persecute 45
0Xtt, -cu, y trouble, oppression 45
voo, -ou, o temple 45
ooto, -o, -ov like, similar 45
homonym (sounds the same: their/there)
cttvucxu I come to know, recognize 44
Iou8o, -o, o Judas, Judah 44
xovotxcu I live, dwell, inhabit 44
oopvovu I sin 43
cvco, -o, y generation, family, race 43
genea-logy
8cuvcpo, -o, -ov second 43
Deuteronomy (second law)

Set 37
8cu I tie, bind 43
dia-dem
8tcpoot I pass through 43
Hp8y, -ou, o Herod 43
0ouou I wonder, marvel 43
0cpocuu I heal 43
therapeutic
Iou8oto, -o, y Judea 43
ccouvou, -y of yourself 43
ccpo, -ovo, vo seed 43
sperm
quvcu I call 43
phono-graph
ovocvoct, -cu, y resurrection 42
Set 38
ctu I come near 42
Ioxuo, -ou, o James 42
xotvo, -y, -ov new 42
Xuu I loose, destroy 42
cpo, -ou, vo part 42
ocu I suffer, endure 42
oto, -o, -ov worthy, comparable 41
axiom
cpooot I work 41
energy
cuXocu I bless 41
eulogy
ovvovc always 41
Set 39
optcvyt I am present, approach, stand by 41
cycpov today 41
vcccopc, -o four 41
vty, -y, y honor, price 41
Timothy (honoring God)
upt without, apart from 41
cvotou I prepare 40
xXotu I weep 40
Xotoot I calculate, account, reckon 40
logistics
tccu I hate 40
misogamy (hatred of marriage)
vyctov, -ou, vo tomb, monument 40

Set 40
otxo8ocu I build, edify, erect 40
oXto, -y, -ov small, few 40
oligarchy (rule by the few)
vcXo, -ou, vo end, goal 40
tele-scope
ovu I touch 39
haptic
ctvt0yt I lay upon, inflict upon 39
0upo, -o, y door 39
txovo, -y, -ov sufficient, able, considerable 39
cptcccuu I abound, am rich 39
Xovou I lead astray, misguide 39
planet (wandering heavenly body)
Set 41
poccu I do, perform 39
praxis
poovov, -ou, vo sheep 39
ct0uto, -o, y desire, passion 38
cuoptcvcu I give thanks 38
Eucharist
ctpou I test, tempt 38
cvvc five 38
penta-gon
uovoccu I subject, subordinate 38
opuv, -ovvo, o ruler 37
mon-arch
ouXoot I wish, want, determine 37
8tooXo, -ov Adj.: slanderous; Noun: Devil 37
Set 42
8toxovcu I serve, minister, wait upon 37
deacon
couvou, -y of myself 37
xouooot I boast 37
opvupto, -o, y witness, testimony 37
opotvoot I come, arrive 37
opo, -ou, o field, country 36
opvt now, just now, immediately 36
ctcvpcqu I turn to, return 36
cu0cu immediately 36
xoXu well, beautifully 36

Set 43
opy, -y, y anger 36
ou, uvo, vo ear 36
cptvoy, -y, y circumcision 36
poccuy, -y, y prayer 36
covovo, -o, o satan 36
dtXto, -ou, o Philip 36
uccp just as, even as 36
Iucyq, o Joseph 35
opvu, -upo, o witness, martyr 35
otcu behind, after 35
Set 44
oqctXu I owe, ought 35
uocvpcqu I return, turn back 35
oo, -oco, -ov all 34
tXtov, -ou, vo book, scroll 34
Bible
Xocqycu I blaspheme, revile 34
8toxovto, -o, y service, ministry 34
deacon
cXo, -ou, vo member, part 34
cvovocu I repent, change my mind 34
yvc neither, and not, nor 34
otvo, -ou, o wine 34
Set 45
vuo, -y, -ov poor 34
opvcoot I deny, refuse 33
oc0cvcu I am weak, sick, powerless 33
8ctxvut I show, explain 33
8to0yxy, -y, y covenant, decree 33
cxopcuoot I go out 33
vot yes, truly 33
oto, -o, -ov of what sort, what? which? 33
oxo0opvo, -ov unclean, impure 32
ovotvucxu I read, read aloud 32


Set 46
8uvovo, -y, -ov powerful, strong 32
dynamite
c0po, -o, -ov Adj.: hostile, Noun: enemy 32
opocXXu I command, order, charge 32
uoovy, -y, y patience, endurance 32
yXto, -ou, o sun 32
ovco, -ou, o wind 31
cu near 31
cXtu I hope 31
cccvt it is lawful 31
tcpcu, -cu, o priest 31
Set 47
xo0optu I cleanse, purify 31
catharize
oppycto, -o, y boldness, confidence 31
Xy0o, -ou, vo multitude 31
Xyv Adv.: but, however; Prep: except 31
ovyptov, -ou, vo cup 31
cxovo, -ou, vo darkness 31
qotvu I shine, appear 31
quXoccu I guard, protect 31
quXy, -y, y tribe, nation 31
phylum (large class of animals)
oopou I buy 30
agora (market)
Set 48
opvtov, -ou, vo lamb 30
8t8oy, -y, y teaching 30
didactic
ctxoXcu I call, name; Mid. invoke 30
ootu likewise, so 30
cuvct8yct, -cu, y conscience 30
cuvcpoot I come together 30
vuct, -cu, y knowledge, wisdom 29
gnostics
8toxovo, -ou, o, y servant, deacon 29
cXccu I have mercy 29
ctvtou I rebuke, warn 29


Set 49
HXto, -ou, o Elijah 29
t8c look, behold 29
tcupo, -o, -ov strong, mighty 29
Kotcop, -opo, o Caesar 29
ootpo, -y, y sword 29
tc0o, -ou, o wages, reward 29
opoxXyct, -cu, y exhortation, consolation 29
opcpoot I pass by, pass away, arrive 29
oco, vo Passover 29
o0cv from where? 29
Set 50
ovc at some time, once, ever 29
pocxoXcoot I summon, invite, call 29
cxov8oXtu I cause to stumble, cause to sin 29
scandalize
qcuu I flee, escape 29
fugitive
qtXo, -y, -ov beloved, friend 29
biblio-phile (loves books)
otou I consecrate, make holy, sanctify 28
o8txcu I wrong, do wrong 28
oXy0tvo, -y, -ov true 28
Bopvoo, -o, o Barnabas 28
ocu I marry 28
mono-gamy
Set 51
ycoot I lead, guide, think, regard 28
0uovyp, -vpo, y daughter, girl 28
0ucto, -o, y sacrifice, offering 28
tcuu I am strong, able, healthy 28
ucvyptov, -ou, vo mystery, secret 28
mystery
vtxou I conquer, win 28
Nicho-las (conquer people)
Xoucto, -o, -ov rich 28
poqyvcuu I prophesy, preach 28
vcXcu I finish, complete, fulfill 28
upo, -o, y country, region 28


Set 52
ocvou I bear, carry 27
cxct0cv from that place 27
cxcu I pour out, shed 27
cXco, -ou, vo mercy 27
cv8uu I put on, clothe, dress 27
Ioxu, o Jacob 27
xo0opo, -o, -ov clean, pure 27
catharsis
xovopcu I abolish, bring to naught 27
xpto, -ovo, vo judgment, decision 27
xuy, -y, y village 27
Set 53
Mopto, -o, y Mary 27
Mopto, y Mariam 27
oco, -y, -ov how great? how much? 27
co, cy, cov your, yours (singular) 27
cvoupo, -ou, o cross 27
o8cXqy, -y, y sister 26
oXy0y, -c true, honest 26
ooxoXuvu I reveal, uncover 26
apocalypse
oc0cvy, -c weak, sick, powerless 26
cvcxo on account of 26
Set 54
cct because, since, for 26
yxu I have come 26
tooot I heal 26
Xucu I grieve 26
ovuu I swear 26
ooXocu I confess, promise 26
ouu not yet 26
vcuovtxo, -y, ov spiritual 26
cvpovtuvy, -ou, o soldier 26
cuvtyt I understand 26

Set 55
qpovcu I think 26
ypo, -o, y widow 26
o8txto, -o, y unrighteousness, injustice 25
Atuvo, -ou, y Egypt 25
ovoXcu I look up, receive sight 25
c indeed, really, even 25
vuptu I make known, reveal 25
8cxo ten 25
deca-polis (ten city region)
8cv8pov, -ou, vo tree 25
rhodo-dendron (rose tree)
8ouXcuu I serve, obey 25
Set 56
EXXyv, -yvo, o Greek, Gentile, heathen 25
copvy, -y, y feast 25
xcXcuu I order, command 25
Xcuxo, -y, -ov white 25
ov0ovu I learn 25
mathematics
yovc lest, that not, perhaps 25
vcqcXy, -y, y cloud 25
opvcto, -o, y immorality, fornication 25
pronography
qtXcu I love, like 25
oxoy, -y, y report, hearing 24
Set 57
ovotpcu I take away, kill 24
oc0cvcto, -o, y weakness, sickness 24
ocvyp, -cpo, o star 24
asteroid
ctcvoXy, -y, y letter, epistle 24
xovoXctu I leave, abandon 24
xctot I lie, recline, am laid 24
vou, voo, o mind, intellect 24
noetic
ou where 24
ot, ot8o, o, y child, boy, girl 24
opctt I have arrived, am present 24

Set 58
opoucto, -o, y presence, arrival, coming 24
tXyt I fill 24
poccu I attend to, pay attention to 24
cuvyp, -ypo, o Savior 24
soteriology (study of salvation)
Tto0co, -ou, o Timothy 24
ocXuv, -uvo, o vineyard 23
ovou I lead up, Mid.: set sail 23
otcvo, -ov unbelieving, faithless 23
ouovu I grow, increase 23
8tovt because, therefore 23
Set 59
ctxuv, -ovo, y image, likeness 23
icon
cXcu0cpo, -o, -ov free 23
ov, -ou, vo animal, living thing 23
zoology
0uctocvyptov, -ou, vo altar 23
xovyopcu I accuse 23
categorize
xotou I labor, work hard 23
xuXuu I forbid, hinder 23
tvcxu I remember 23
mnemonics
vco, -o, -ov new, young 23
ctvou I hunger 23
Set 60
cpov Gen.: beyond 23
cptoXXu I clothe, put around 23
cxcuo, -ou, vo vessel, object; goods (pl.) 23
vcXctou I fulfill, make perfect 23
optoot I forgive, give freely 23
tXto, -o8o, y a thousand 23
ovocu I do not know 22
agnostic
ovvt Gen.: instead of, for 22
anti-thesis
pyopcu I watch, keep awake 22
8coot I ask, beg, pray 22

Set 61
8oxtou I prove by testing, approve 22
cxXcoot I pick out, choose 22
eclectic
cxXcxvo, -y, -ov chosen, elect, select 22
Hcoto, -ou, o Isaiah 22
0cooot I see, look at 22
theatre
xo0cu8u I sleep 22
xoxctvo, -y, -o and that one 22
xovcpooot I work out, achieve 22
xotXto, -o, y belly, womb 22
Moxc8ovto, -o, y Macedonia 22
Set 62
cvovoto, -o, y repentance 22
yxcvt no longer 22
Xyy, -y, y plague, blow, wound 22
Xouvo, -ou, o wealth 22
Pluto
uXcu I sell 22
cuvc8ptov, -ou, vo Sanhedrin, council 22
vccccpoxovvo forty 22
octXcuu I rule, reign 21
8t8ocxoXto, -o, y teaching, instruction 21
cvcpcu I work, produce 21
energy
Set 63
cu8oxcu I am pleased with 21
cqtcvyt I stand over, come upon, attack 21
0cptu I reap, harvest 21
xo0tcvyt I set, appoint 21
Xovpcuu I serve, worship 21
ido-latry
vyovcuu I remember 21
mnemonics
ctpoco, -ou, o temptation, test 21
cvpcqu I turn, change 21
vcXuvy, -ou, o tax collector 21
vtou I honor 21
Timothy (honoring God)

Set 64
uoxouu I obey, follow 21
tXtopo, -ou, o military tribune over 1000 21
ucct as, like, about 21
otvto, -o, y cause, accusation 20
oxpoucvto, -o, y uncircumcision, Gentiles 20
opuptov, -ou, vo silver, money 20
cvo, -ou, vo race, family 20
genus
ovcu, -cu, o parent 20
cxovovvopy, -ou, o centurion, captain 20
ctvuct, -cu, y knowledge 20
Set 65
ycuv, -ovo, o governor, leader 20
hegemony
Icoox, o Isaac 20
t0u, -uo, o fish 20
vycvcuu I fast 20
vuvt now 20
uXov, -ou, vo wood, tree 20
poou I lead forth, go before 20
cxyvy, -y, y tent, tabernacle 20
coqo, -y, -ov wise 20
soph-more (wise fool)
vocouvo, -ouvy, -ouvov so great, so much 20
Set 66
vpcu I run 20
uypcvy, -ou, o servant, assistant 20
uou I lift up, exalt 20
ocu I have received, am distant 19
ovtco, -ovo, vo baptism 19
cupo, -ou, o farmer 19
8toxptvu I judge, discriminate 19
8upov, -ou, vo gift 19
Doro-thy (gift of God)
cotpu I lift up 19
covu Adv.: above, Prep.: over 19

Set 67
ctXoovoot I take hold of, catch, arrest 19
coupovto, -tov heavenly 19
xotvuvto, -o, y fellowship 19
xpctccuv / xpctvvuv, -ov better 19
xptvy, -ou, o judge 19
critic
xvtct, -cu, y creation, creature 19
opvuptov, -ou, vo testimony, witness, proof 19
cptvou I am anxious, distracted 19
oXoto, -o, -ov old 19
Paleo-lithic (old stone age)
opovuo, -ovo, vo trespass, sin 19
Set 68
opovt0yt I set before 19
ovc when? 19
poqyvcto, -o, y prophecy 19
vcXcto, -o, -ov complete, perfect 19
oXy0u truly 18
Avvtocto, -o, y Antioch 18
ooxoXut, -cu, y revelation 18
apocalypse
ouXcto, -o, y destruction 18
opt0o, -ou, o number 18
arithmetic
Acto, -o, y Asia (province in west Turkey) 18
Set 69
Xocqyto, -o, y blasphemy, slander 18
8cyct, -cu, y entreaty, petition 18
8cco, -ou, o fetter, bond 18
ctcopcuoot I enter, go in 18
ctoXXu I lay on, put on 18
ctvpcu I permit 18
0uo, -ou, o wrath, anger 18
xovocXXu I proclaim 18
xovoxptvu I condemn 18
xcvo, -y, -ov empty, vain 18

Set 70
xXypovocu I inherit 18
xotooot I sleep 18
xoo, -ou, o labor, trouble 18
xpuvu I conceal, hide 18
cryptic
yv, yvo, o Particle: indeed; Noun: month 18
otxo8oy, -y, y building, edification 18
opopyo immediately 18
otyv, -cvo, o shepherd 18
oXco, -ou, o war, conflict 18
polemics
oXXoxt often, frequently 18
Set 71
pocvt0yt I add to, increase 18
uXuv, -uvo, o gateway, entrance, vestibule 18
cvcqovo, -ou, o crown, wreath 18
Stephen
vou quickly, at once, soon 18
vtxvu I give birth to, bear 18
qovcpo, -o, -ov manifest, visible 18
pucou, -y, -ouv golden 18
ovoxy, -y, y necessity 17
opccxu I please 17
oqcct, -cu, y pardon, remission 17
Set 72
puo, -ovo, vo food, 17
cxovov one hundred 17
cXcu I convict, reprove, expose 17
ctcvyt I amaze, am amazed, confuse 17
couptov tomorrow 17
cvoto, -y, -ov ready, prepared 17
0ycoupo, -ou, o treasure, storehouse 17
thesaurus
to, -ou, o horse 17
hippo-potamus (river horse)
Kotcopcto, -o, y Caesarea 17
xov and if 17

Set 73
xovoXuu I destroy, I lodge 17
xovcu I hold back, suppress, hold fast 17
xcp8otvu I gain, profit 17
xpuvo, -y, -ov hidden 17
cryptic
cpt Conj.: until; Prep.: as far as 17
yvt (used for questions with negative answer) 17
vtvu I wash 17
cptvcvu I circumcize 17
Xypuo, -ovo, vo fullness 17
Xyctov Noun: neighbor; Prep: near 17
Set 74
ovoo, -ou, o river 17
hippo-potamus
pto, -y, y root, source 17
puoot I rescue, deliver 17
vopoccu I trouble, disturb 17
uoxptvy, -ou, o hypocrite 17
uocvu I remain, endure 17
optco, -ovo, vo gift, favor 17
u O! 17
ucouvu likewise, similarly 17
o0cvcu I reject, nullify 16
Set 75
ovoxptvu I examine, question, judge 16
oo, -ou, o marriage, wedding 16
mono-gamy
8ctvov, -ou, vo supper 16
8ccto, -ou, o prisoner 16
8yvoptov, -ou, vo denarius, (silver coin) 16
8toXotoot I debate, reason 16
dialogue
8tovoccu I command, order 16
8tou I thirst 16
cxvctvu I stretch out 16
extend
cotvu I embark, step in 16

Set 76
cctvo then 16
ct0ucu I desire 16
ctcvu I continue, persist 16
cpovy, -ou, o workman 16
cuXoto, -o, y blessing, praise 16
eulogy
Eqcco, -ou, y Ephesus 16
yXo, -ou, o zeal, jealousy 16
xoxu badly 16
xovcpoot I come down, go down 16
Koqopvoou, y Capernaum 16
Set 77
xXctu I shut, lock 16
xXcvy, -ou, o thief 16
Xuy, -y, y grief, pain 16
vuqto, -ou, o bridegroom 16
ou8covc never 16
o0yo, -ovo, vo suffering 16
pathological, apathy
opcu I offer, afford 16
Xypy, -c full 16
poc8oxou I wait for, expect 16
cxovto, -o, y darkness 16
Set 78
cuxy, -y, y fig tree 16
cuXXoovu I seize, conceive, arrest 16
cuvtcvyt Trans.: I commend, Intrans.: stand with 16
cqpot, -t8o, y seal 16
vcpo, -ovo, vo wonder, omen 16
voXou I dare 16
vpoqy, -y, y food 16
ucvcpcu I lack, miss 16
opvou I eat to the full, am satisfied 16
ovcu I endure 15

Set 79
ovoto, -o, y lawlessness 15
oou I lead away 15
cuoot I taste, eat 15
vucvo, -y, -ov known 15
uvo, -y, -ov naked 15
gymnasium
Aoocxo, -ou, y Damascus 15
8cpu I beat 15
8toopvupoot I warn, testify solemnly 15
ctvo then, next 15
cXoto, -o, y olive tree 15
Set 80
cvvcXXoot I command 15
cocXXoot I promise, announce 15
cucccto, -o, y piety, godliness 15
cuoptcvto, -o, y thanksgiving 15
Eucharist
0pt, vpto, y hair 15
Iop8ovy, -ou, o Jordan 15
xovoXoovu I overtake, catch, seize 15
xXypovoo, -ou, o heir 15
xvtu I create, make 15
Aoopo, -ou, o Lazarus 15
Set 81
Xcvy, -ou, o robber 15
otcuu I commit adultery 15
vyto, -o, -ov infant, child 15
votu I suppose, think 15
ypotvu I dry up, wither 15
o0cv whence, from where 15
otxoucvy, -y, y world 15
ecumenical
ootou I make like, liken, compare 15
oto, -o, -ov late, evening 15
op0cvo, -ou, o, y virgin 15

Set 82
ouu I cease, stop 15
cvpo, -o, y rock 15
ovtu I give to drink, water 15
u at all, somehow 15
pot, o master, rabbi 15
coXcuu I shake 15
2ouXo, -ou, o Saul 15
cxov8oXov, -ou, vo cause of stumbling, trap, temptation 15
cuqcpu I bring together 15
cqpotu I seal, mark 15
Set 83
vocu quickly 15
vpoco, -y, y table 15
vuo, -ou, o mark, image, example 15
type
uoxoy, -y, y obedience 15
opvo, -ou, o grass, hay 15
uqcXcu I profit, benefit 15
oxov0o, -y, y thorn 14
oXXovpto, -o, -ov another's, strange 14
oqovcpot, -ot, -o both 14
ovocXXu I announce, report 14
Set 84
ovoxctot I recline (at table) 14
ovoupcu I depart 14
ov0tcvyt I resist, oppose 14
oo once, once for all 14
hapax legomena (word used only once)
oct0cu I disbelieve, disobey 14
opou I seize 14
harpoon
ovcvtu I look intently, gaze upon 14
ouptov tomorrow 14
oqtcvyt I withdraw, depart 14
poo, -ovo, vo letter (of the alphabet), writings 14

Set 85
8toXotco, -ou, o reasoning, questioning 14
dialogue
cXotcvo, -y, -ov least, smallest 14
cvtouvo, -ou, o year 14
ctcvoot I understand 14
epistemology
cuqpotvu I rejoice 14
0uu I sacrifice, kill 14
xovovocu I observe, notice, consider 14
xovcc0tu I eat up, devour 14
xXou I break 14
icono-clast (breaks icons)
xXypovoto, -o, y inheritance 14
Set 86
xotvo, -y, -ov common, unclean 14
xotvou I make common, defile 14
xuqo, -y, -ov deaf, dumb 14
Xuvo, -ou, o lamp 14
oxpo0cv from afar, afar 14
oxpo0uto, -o, y patience, steadfastness 14
cptu I divide, separate 14
cvpov, -ou, vo measure, quantity 14
meter
upov, -ou, vo ointment, perfume 14
vocu I understand 14
noetic
Set 87
cvo, -y, -ov strange, foreign, alien 14
xeno-phobia
oto, -o, -ov such as, as 14
oqt, -cu, o snake 14
cvctvov, -ou, vo bird 14
poc8coot I receive, wait for 14
2o88ouxoto, -ou, o Sadducee 14
cctco, -ou, o earthquake 14
seismograph
ctvo, -ou, o wheat, grain 14
voXovvov, -ou, vo talent (Greek large unit of money) 14
voctvou I humble 14

Set 88
qpovto, -ov prudent, wise 14
quct, -cu, y nature 14
physics
uXo, -y, -ov lame, crippled 14
ovo upwards, up; each (with numerals) 13
ovoXoovu I take up 13
ovocvpoqy, -y, y conduct, behavior 13
Av8pco, -ou, o Andrew 13
ovu0cv from above, again 13
8otovtoot I am possessed by a demon 13
demonize
8toXcoot I dispute 13
dialectics
Set 89
8toqcpu I differ, carry through 13
8poxuv, -ovvo, o dragon, serpent 13
cxXyccu I am astonished, amazed 13
cXcyocuvy, -y, y alms, kind deed 13
cotu I mock 13
c six 13
hexa-gon
coocvcXXu I send forth 13
cu0cv from without 13
ctyvcu I search for 13
uy, -y, y yeast, leaven 13
Set 90
0cptco, -ou, o harvest 13
xo0ocp even as, as 13
xovo, -ou, o smoke 13
xovotcuvu I put to shame 13
xovovvou I come to, arrive 13
xovopvt u mend, fit, perfect 13
xXcvu I steal 13
clepto-mania
Mop0o, -o, y Martha 13
Noupoto, -ou, o Nazarene, from Nazareth 13
ot8cuu I teach, train, educate 13
pedagogue

Set 91
ot8tcxy, -y, y maid servant 13
opo8oct, -cu, y tradition 13
ptv before 13
cvyptu I establish, support 13
cuvcpo, -ov fellow worker, helper 13
vtto, -o, -ov precious, costly 13
Ttvo, -ou, o Titus 13
vpoo, -ou, o manner, way 13
trope in rhetoric
vuvu I smite, hit 13
utcvo, -y, -ov highest 13
Set 92
dycvo, -ou, o Festus 13
uptu I separate, depart 13
o8txo, -ov unjust, dishonest 12
oXcxvup, -opo, o rooster, cock 12
ovoouu I refresh, Mid.: take rest 12
ovotvu I recline 12
ocxo, -ou, o wine-skin, leather bottle 12
ouXy, -y, y courtyard, palace 12
BouXuv, -uvo, y Babylon 12
ovtcvy, -ou, o baptist 12
Set 93
ocovtu I torment 12
By0ovto, -o, y Bethany 12
yo, -ovo, vo judgment seat 12
oou I cry aloud 12
ouXy, -y, y counsel, purpose 12
povvy, -y, y thunder 12
ccvvo, -y, y Gehenna, hell, Hinnom valley 12
ovu, -ovo, vo knee 12
8cuvc come! 12
8tovoto, -o, y the mind, understanding 12

Set 94
8txvuov, -ou, vo fish net 12
c0o, -ou, vo custom 12
ethos
cXcu I look at, consider 12
cou I lead out, bring out 12
ccu0cv from within, within 12
Zcc8oto, -ou, o Zebedee 12
0ccXto, -ou, o foundation 12
xotu I burn 12
caustic
xoXoo, -ou, o reed, measuring rod 12
xovoxotu I burn down, consume 12
Set 95
xovoxctot I lie down, dine 12
xoXXou I unite, join 12
xpovo, -ou, vo power, might, rule 12
demo-cracy
Xtov greatly, exceedingly, very 12
Xto, -ou, o, y hunger, famine 12
Xuvto, -o, y lampstand 12
Mo8oXyvy, -y, y Magdalene 12
oXtcvo especially, above all 12
cvootvu I depart, pass over 12
upo, -o, -ov foolish, fool 12
moron
Set 96
Noopc0, Noopcv Nazareth 12
o8ou, o8ovvo, o tooth 12
otxo8ccovy, -ou, o householder, house master 12
opoo, -ovo, vo vision 12
optov, -ou, vo boundary, region 12
horizon
cptccovcpu more abundantly 12
opotvcoot I make excuse, refuse, reject 12
tou I take, seize 12
Xy0uvu I multiply, increase 12
Xouvcu I am rich, generous 12
pluto-crat

Set 97
opvy, -y, y prostitute 12
pornography
poctov I foretell 12
po0cct, -cu, y setting forth, plan, purpose 12
pocXoovu I receive, accept 12
put early, in the morning 12
uv0ovoot I inquire, ask 12
uXo, -ou, o colt 12
po8o, -ou, y rod, scepter 12
Puoto, -o, -ov Roman 12
coXtu I sound the trumpet 12
Set 98
2tXo, -o, o Silas 12
2oXouv, -uvo, o Solomon 12
cXovtoot I have compassion, pity 12
cou8y, -y, y haste, diligence 12
cuvcu I torment 12
vpt three times 12
thrice
vuovu I obtain, happen 12
utotvu I am healthy 12
hygiene
ucvcpo, -o, -ov later, afterwards 12
qtoXy, -y, y cup, bowl 12
Set 99
qovcuu I kill, murder 12
otpo, -ou, o pig 12
puctov, -ou, vo gold 12
cu8oot I lie 12
ooXXtou I exult, am glad 11
oopo, -o, y market place 11
Apto, -o, o Agrippa 11
oXuct, -cu, y chain 11
Avovto, -ou, o Ananias 11
ovovoXy, -y, y east, dawn 11

Set 100
ovvtXcu I speak against, oppose 11
oopvcoot I deny 11
otcvto, -o, y unbelief 11
opoto, -o, y old, ancient 11
archaic
oqpuv, -ov foolish, ignorant 11
Bopoo, -o, o Barabbas 11
puct, -cu, y eating, food, rust 11
IoXtXoto, -o, -ov Galilean 11
cu I fill 11
8tocptu I divide, distribute 11
Set 101
8oXo, -ou, o guile, deceit 11
8upco, -o, y gift 11
cou I permit, let go 11
ct8uXov, -ou, vo image, idol 11
ctxoct twenty 11
ctcou I lead in 11
cXotov, -ou, vo olive oil 11
cXcu0cpto, -o, y liberty, freedom 11
cv8ctxvut I show forth, demonstrate 11
cou0cvcu I despise 11
Set 102
cotvo, -ou, o praise 11
cotcuvoot I am ashamed 11
cttvu I fall upon, come upon 11
ctcxcvoot I visit, care for 11
Zoopto, -ou, o Zechariah 11
yXou I am zealous 11
ootcu I make alive 11
0ovovou I put to death, kill 11
thanatology
0ovu I bury 11
epi-taph
Ouo, -o, o Thomas 11

Set 103
Icxoptu0, Icxoptuvy, o Iscariot 11
xoxto, -o, y malice, evil 11
xovooXy, -y, y foundation 11
xovocxcuou I prepare 11
xouyo, -ovo, vo boasting, pride 11
xouyct, -cu, y boasting, pride 11
xcpo, -ovo, vo horn 11
xXo8o, -ou, o branch 11
xXypo, -ou, o lot, portion 11
xXyct, -cu, y call, calling 11
Set 104
xpoovvo, -ou, o mattress, bed 11
Xtvy, -y, y lake 11
cvpcu I measure, apportion 11
vcovtcxo, -ou, o youth, young person 11
voco, -ou, y disease 11
oo0uo8ov with one mind, together 11
yy, -y, y spring, fountain 11
ototvu I shepherd, protect, rule 11
poo, -ovo, vo deed, matter 11
pragmatic
pouvy, -yvo, y gentleness, humility 11
Set 105
povcpo, -o, -ov former, before 11
coXt, -to, y trumpet 11
2oopcto, -o, y Samaria 11
cXovov, -ou, vo bowels, heart, compassion 11
cou8ou I hasten, am eager 11
cucvy, -c Adj.: kindred, Noun: a relative 11
cqo8po exceedingly, greatly 11
ctu I split, divide, tear 11
schism
vcXcuvou I die 11
vptoxovvo thirty 11

Set 106
Tupo, -ou, y Tyre 11
uty, -c healthy, whole 11
ucvcpo, -o, -ov your 11
uoxovu under, below 11
uyXo, -y, -ov high, exalted, proud 11
quvcuu I plant 11
quvtu I give light, enlighten 11
ctpuv, -ov worse, more severe 11
tXtot, -ot, o thousand 11
chiliasm -- millenarianism
tvuv, -uvo, o tunic, shirt 11
Set 107
pooot I use, employ 11
cu8opoqyvy, -ou, o false prophet 11
otoco, -ou, o sanctification, holiness 10
g8y, -ou, o Hades (hell) 10
o8uvovo, -ov powerless, incapable, impossible 10
oxo0opcto, -o, y uncleanness, impurity 10
oo at the same time, together 10
ovoqcpu I bring up, offer 10
ooXoovu I take aside, receive 10
AoXXu Apollos 10
Set 108
ooXocoot I defend myself 10
apology
ooXuvpuct, -cu, y redemption, release 10
occXcto, -o, y sensuality, licentiousness 10
ococo, -ou, o greeting 10
oqotpcu I take away, cut off 10
oqoptu I separate 10
aphorism (proverb)
Aoto, -o, y Achaia 10
tXo, -ou, o book 10
Bible
to, -ou, o life 10
bio-logy
8oxpuov, -ou, vo tear, weeping 10

Set 109
8ccovy, -ou, o master, lord 10
despot
8txotuo, -ovo, vo regulation, righteous deed 10
8tuo, -ou, o persecution 10
cxovoXctu I leave behind, forsake 10
cxxovu I cut out, cut off 10
cxtvu I fall away, fail 10
cqovtu I manifest, reveal 10
cvovo, -y, -ov ninth 10
cvoo, -ov involved in, liable, guilty 10
cvvcu0cv from here, from this 10
Set 110
c six 10
hexagon
cooXocu I confess, promise, admit 10
cct8y since, because, when 10
ctvoccu I order, command 10
ctvcXcu I complete, finish, perform 10
0Xtu I press, oppress 10
Ioy, -y, y Joppa 10
tcu, -uo, y strength, power 10
xoxct and there 10
xoxct0cv and from there, and then 10
Set 111
xXyvo, -y, -ov called 10
xotvuvo, -ou, o, y partner, sharer 10
xotu I receive 10
xoccu I adorn, put in order 10
oxpo0ucu I am patient 10
cXct it is a care 10
cvtu I entertain, startle 10
o8c, y8c, vo8c this (here) 10
otxovoo, -ou, o steward, manager 10
ovoou I name 10
onomasticon (list of proper names)

Set 112
ovvu really 10
opxo, -ou, o an oath 10
ovvoxpovup, -opo, o ruler of all, Almighty 10
opou I pass by 10
opoXuvtxo, -y, -ov lame, paralytic 10
opcoXy, -y, y camp, army, fortress 10
ovoccu I strike, hit 10
cv0cu I grieve 10
cptcvcpo, -o, y pigeon, dove 10
Xovy, -y, y wandering, error 10
planet
Set 113
Xovcto, -o, y street 10
Xcovcto, -o, y greediness, covetousness 10
otxtXo, -y, -ov varied. diverse 10
opvo, -ou, o fornicator, immoral person 10
pocxopvcpcu I continue in/with 10
uXy, -y, y gate, door 10
ccu I worship 10
ctou I am silent 10
ctuou I am silent 10
cvyxu I stand, stand fast 10
Set 114
cvpovyo, -ou, o commander, captain 10
cuyvcu I discuss, dispute 10
cuv8ouXo, -ou, o fellow slave 10
cqou I slay, murder 10
vocu quickly 10
vcvopvo, -y, -ov fourth 10
uovvou I meet, go to meet 10
uo8yo, -ovo, vo sandal 10
qct8oot I spare, refrain 10
pycvovy, -yvo, y goodness, kindness 10

Set 115
puco, -ou, o gold 10
upcu I make room, give way 10
uptov, -ou, vo place, field 10
cu8o, -ou, vo lie, falsehood 10
pseudo-
cucvy, -ou, o liar 10
oucco, -ou, y abyss, underworld 10
oo0ootcu I do good 10
A8o, o Adam 9
ouo, -ov unleavened 9
otpcct, -cu, y sect, faction 9
Set 116
oxptu accurately, carefully 9
oXctqu I anoint 9
ocXo, -ou, y vine 9
ovoxou I compel, urge 9
ovocvpcqu I overturn, behave 9
ovovcXXu I rise 9
ovoo, -ov lawless 9
ovvtXcu I oppose, contradict 9
ovu above, upwards 9
oopy, -y, y first fruits, first 9
Set 117
oo8oxtou I reject 9
oocvpcqu I turn away 9
oovt0yt I take off, lay aside 9
opcyv, -cv male 9
optcuvouo, -ou, o synagogue leader 9
occy, -c godless, impious 9
ocvpoy, -y, y lightning 9
ocxu I feed, graze 9
ocvyp, -vpo, y belly, womb 9
gastric ulcer
vuy, -y, y purpose, opinion 9

Set 118
uvto, -o, y corner 9
8tocxoptu I scatter 9
8tovptu I stay, remain 9
8upcov as a gift, undeservedly 9
c8oo, -y, -ov seventh 9
ct8uXo0uvo, -ov idol meat 9
cx8txyct, -cu, y vengeance, punishment 9
EXtcocv, y Elizabeth 9
cvvpcu I make ashamed 9
cyxovvo sixty 9
Set 119
ccpoot I come upon, appear, attack 9
ct8t8ut I hand over, deliver, surrender 9
cto0cu I desire 9
cpt, -t8o, y strife 9
ccu in, inside 9
cuopccvo, -ov pleasing 9
cu8oxto, -o, y favor, good will 9
cuuvuo, -ov left (as opposed to right) 9
0vcxu I die 9
IcpoyXtvy, -ou, o Israelite 9
Set 120
Iuvo, -o, o Jonah 9
xo0otpcu I tear down, conquer, destroy 9
Kotoqo, -o, o Caiaphas 9
xovou I bring down 9
xovoouct, -cu, y rest 9
xovoqpovcu I despise, look down on 9
xovu below, down 9
xypuo, -ovo, vo proclamation, preaching 9
kerygma
Kyqo, -o, o Cephas 9
xtv8uvo, -ou, o danger, risk 9

Set 121
xXoco, -ovo, vo crumb 9
xXou0o, -ou, o crying 9
xXtvy, -y, y bed, couch 9
xpouu I knock 9
Xoo, -o8o, y lamp 9
Xopo, -o, -ov bright, shining 9
Xcpo, -o, -ov leper 9
Xcuv, -ovvo, o lion 9
Xt0ou I stone 9
oxpov far away from 9
Set 122
ooptvy, -ou, o pearl 9
ccvo, -y, -ov full 9
cvou between 9
cvocu I send for 9
vo, vo, y mina (monetary unit) 9
ovocvy, -c only, uniqe 9
vyco, -ou, y island 9
votxo, -y, -ov lawyer 9
otxcu I live 9
otxovoto, -o, y management, office, plan 9
Set 123
ovct8tu I reproach, insult 9
oupovto, -ov heavenly 9
oppyctooot I speak freely 9
cptupo, -ov neighboring 9
tpocxu I sell 9
Xcovou I grow, increase 9
pocpoot I proceed 9
pocu I accompany 9
pocqopo, -o, y act of offering 9
2ooptvy, -ou, o Samaritan 9

Set 124
2oouX, o Saul 9
ccXyvy, -y, y moon 9
2t8uv, -uvo, y Sidon 9
2o8oo, -uv, vo Sodom 9
cvoct, -cu, y strife, rebellion 9
cvoXy, -y, y robe 9
vot, -cu, y order, position 9
vcto, -ou, vo wall 9
vpcqu I feed, nourish, train 9
ucvcpyo, -ovo, vo need 9
Set 125
dyXt, -txo, o Felix 9
q0ctpu I ruin, corrupt, destroy 9
q0ovo, -ou, o envy, jealousy 9
qovo, -ou, o murder 9
optv for the sake of, because 9
pyovtu I warn 9
ovo, -y, -ov pure, holy 8
ouvtoot I fight, struggle 8
o8oxto, -ov unqualified, worthless 8
otvcu I praise 8
Set 126
oXo, -ovo, vo salt 8
ouo, -ov blameless 8
ovoxoto, -o, -ov necessary 8
ovvtxctot I am opposed 8
ocx8coot I await eagerly 8
otcvcu I disbelieve 8
oXovy, -yvo, y sincerity, frankness 8
ooxo0tcvyt I restore 8
ooXoto, -o, y defense, reply 8
opo, -y, -ov idle, lazy 8

Complete Lexicon 448
Greek-English Lexicon

Ted Hildebrandt

Complete Lexicon
449
449
2003 by Ted Hildebrandt

Published by Baker Academic
a division of Baker Book House Company
P.O. Box 6287, Grand Rapids, MI 49516-6287
www.bakeracademic.com

All rights reserved. This publication is intended for the personal use of the licensee. It may be stored in a
retrieval system and reproduced for personal use only. It may not be transmitted in any form or by any
meansfor example, electronic, photocopy, recordingwithout the prior written permission of the
publisher. The only exception is brief quotations in printed reviews.
Complete Lexicon
450
450
Contents
A B I A E Z H O I K A M N 2 O H P 2 T Y d X + O

A
g8u
oXo-
ovo-
ovo-
ovvo-
ocX-
oo-
Apvc-
oucv-
ovo-
u0o-
Iu
8to8-
8tcX-

8uvo-
c0cX-
cx0o-
cXcc-
cvc-
cc-
cop-
ctx-
cot-
cvot-
cqy-
ycv-
0cpo-
txov-
xo0o-

xovo-
xovc-
xypu-
xoc-
Xo-
Moo-
c-
yvp-
Nco
o8up-
opo-
ot8-
opo-
c
cpt-

vtx-
po-
poc-
vot-
co-
cxo-
2vcq-
cu-
cuvc-
cuvy-
Tto-
uto-
uoc-
dXc-
ctpo-
8y

A
Aopuv, o Aaron
Ao88uv, o Abaddon
oopy, -c not burdensome
oo father
AcX, o Abel
Ato, o Abijah
Ato0op, o Abiathar
AtXyvy, -y, y Abilene
Atou8, o Abiud
Apoo, o Abraham
oucco, -ou, y abyss, underworld
Aoo, -ou, o Agabus
oo0ocpcu I do good
oo0ootcu I do good
oo0ootto, -o, y do good, do right
oo0ooto, -ov doing good, upright
oo0o, -y, -ov good
oo0oupcu I do good
oo0ucuvy, -y, y goodness, generosity
ooXXtoct, -cu, y extreme joy
ooXXtou I am overjoyed, exult
ooo, -ov ummarried
oovoxvcu I am angry, indignant
oovoxvyct, -cu, y indignation
ooou I love
ooy, -y, y love
ooyvo, -y, -ov beloved, dear
Aop, y Hagar
oopcuu I compel, carry
octov, -ou, vo flask, container
ocXt o, -o, y message, good news
ocXXu I announce, inform
ocXo, -ou, o messenger, angel
oo, -ou, vo vessel, container
oc come! look!
ocXy, -y, y herd
ocvcoXoyvo, -ov without genealogy
ocvy, -c, base, low, inferior
otou I make holy
otoco, -ou, o consecration
otov, -ou, vo sanctuary
oto, -o, -ov holy, dedicated
otovy, -yvo, y holiness
otucuvy, -y, y holiness
oxoXy, -y, y bent arm
oxtcvpov, -ou, vo fish hook
oxupo, -o, y anchor
ovoqo, -ov unshrunken, new cloth
ovcto, -o, y purity
ovtu I purify
ovtco, -ou, o purification
ovocu I am ignorant
ovoyo, -ovo, vo sin through ignorance
ovoto, -o, y ignorance
ovo, -y, -ov pure, holy
ovovy, -yvo, y purity
ovu purely, sincerely
ovucto, -o, y ignorance
ovucvo, -ov unknown
oopo, -o, y market
oopou I buy, purchase
oopoto, -ov market crowd, rabble
opo, -o, y catch
opoovo, -ov illiterate, uneducated
opouXcu I live outdoors
opcuu I catch in mistake
optcXoto, -ou, y wild olive tree
opto, -o, -ov wild, fierce
Apto, -o, o Agrippa
opo, -ou, o field
opuvcu I am alert, guard
opuvto, -o, y sleeplessness
ou I lead, bring, arrest
ouy, -y, y conduct, behavior
ouv, -uvo, o fight, race, contest
ouvto, -o, y agony, anxiety, sorrow
ouvtoot I fight, compete
A8o, o Adam
o8oovo, -ov free of charge
A88t, o Addi
o8cXqy, -y, y sister
o8cXqo, -ou, o brother
o8cXqovy, -yvo, y brotherhood
o8yXo, -ov indistinct, not evident
o8yXovy, -yvo, y uncertainty
o8y Xu uncertainly, aimlessly
o8yovc u I am troubled, upset
g8y, -ou, o Hades, underworld
o8toxptvo, -ov impartial, unwavering
o8toXctvo, -ov constant
o8toXct vu unwaveringly
o8txc u I do wrong, hurt
o8txyo, -ovo, vo crime, unjust act
o8txt o, -o, y unjust deed, misdeed
o8txo, -ov unjust, dishonest
o8t xu unjustly
A8tv, o Admin
o8o xto, -ov worthless, unqualified
o8oXo, -ov pure, without deceit
A8pouvvyvo, -y,
-ov
Adramyttium
A8pto, -ou, o Adriatic Sea
o8po vy, -yvo, y abundance
o8uvovc u I am powerless
o8uvovo, -ov impotent, impossible

g8u I sing
oct always
ocvo, -ou, o eagle, vulture
ouo, -ov unleavened
Aup, o Azor
Auvo, -ou, y Azotus
oyp, oc po, o air, sky
o0ovocto, -o, y immortality
o0ctvo, -ov lawless, forbidden
o0co, -ov without god, godless
o0cco, -ov lawlessly
o0cvcu I reject, nullify
o0cvyct, -cu, y annulment, removal
A0yvot, -uv, ot Athens
A0yvoto, -o, -ov Athenian
o0Xcu I compete
o0Xyct, -cu, y athlete, struggle
o0potu I gather
o0ucu I am discouraged
o0o, -ov innocent
otcto, -o, -ov from a goat
ottoXo, -ou, o shore, beach
Atuvto, -o, -ov Egyptian
Atuvo, -ou, y Egypt
ot8to, -ov eternal
ot8u, -ou, y modesty, respect
At0to, -oo, o an Ethiopian
oto, -ovo, vo blood
otovcxucto, -o, y shed blood
otoppocu I bleed, hemorrhage
Atvco, -ou, o Aeneas
otvcct, -cu, y praise
otvcu I praise
otvto, -ovo, vo riddle, enigma
otvo, -ou, o praise
Atvuv, y Aenon
otpcct, -cu, y sect, school, division
otpcvtu I choose, select
otpcvtxo, -y, -ov factious, divisive
otpcu I take, choose
otpu I carry, remove
otc0ovoot I understand
otc0yct, -cu, y insight, experience
otc0yvyptov, -ou, vo faculty, sense
otcpoxcp8y, -c greedy
otcpoxcp8u greedily
otcpoXoto, -o, y obscene speech
otcpo, -o, -ov shameful, disgraceful
otcpovy, -yvo, y wickedness, ugliness
otcuvy, -y, y shame, disgrace
otcuvoot I am ashamed
otvcu I ask for, demand
otvyo, -ovo, vo request
otvto, -o, y reason, accusation, cause
otvto, -o, -ov reason, guilt, cause
otvtuo, -ovo, vo accusation, charge
otqvt8to, -ov immediately, sudden
otoXucto, -o, y captivity
otoXuvcuu I take captive, capture
otoXuvo, -ou, o captive
otuv, -uvo, o era, eternity, universe
otuvto, -o, -ov eternal
oxo0opcto, -o, y immorality, filth
oxo0opvo, -ov impure, unclean
oxotpcoot I lack opportunity
oxotpu untimely, ill-timed
oxoxo, -ov innocent, without fault
oxov0o, -y, y thorn-plant
oxov0tvo, -y, -ov thorny
oxopo, -ov fruitless, unfruitful
oxovovucvo, -ov beyond reproach
oxovoxoXuvo, -ov uncovered
oxovoxptvo, -ov without trial
oxovoXuvo, -ov endless, indestructible
oxovooucvo, -ov unceasing
oxovocvoct o, -o, y rebellion, riot
oxovocvovo, -ov unstable, restless
AxcX8oo Akeldama
oxcpoto, -ov pure, innocent
oxyxoo oxouu
oxXtvy, -c firmly
oxou I am ripe
oxyv yet, still
oxoy, -y, y hearing, listening
oxoXou0cu I follow, accompany
oxouu I hear, obey
oxpoct o, -o, y lack of self-control
oxpovy, -c lacking self-control
oxpovo, -ov pure, unmixed
oxptcto, -o, y accurateness
oxpty, -c accurate, exact
oxptou I learn exactly
oxptu accurately, carefully
oxpt, -t8o, y grasshopper, locust
oxpoovyptov, -ou, vo auditorium
oxpoovy, -ou, o hearer
oxpoucvto, -o, y uncircumcised
oxpouvtoto, -o,
-ov
cornerstone
oxpo0tvtov, -ou, vo spoils, booty
oxpov, -ou, vo tip, high point, top
AxuXo, o Aquila
oxupou I make void
oxuXuvu freely
oxuv, -ouco, -ov unwilling
oXoocvpov, -ou, vo alabaster jar

oXoovcto, -o, y arrogance
oXouv, -ovo, o braggart, boaster
oXoXou I weep loudly, clang
oXoXyvo, -ov inexpressible
oXoXo, -ov mute, unable to speak
oXo, -ovo, vo salt
oXctqu I anoint
oXcxvopoquvto, -o,
y
at cockcrow, dawn
oXcxvup, -opo, o rooster, cock
AXcov8pcu, -cu, o an Alexandrian
AXcov8ptvo, -y,
-ov
Alexandrian
AXc ov8po, -ou, o Alexander
oXcupov, -ou, vo wheat flour
oXy0cto, -o, y truth
oXy0cuu I am truthful
oXy0y, -c truthful, honest
oXy0tvo, -y, -o true, dependable
oXy0u I grind grain
oXy0u truly, really
oXtcu, -cu, o fisherman
oXtcuu I fish
oXtu I salt
oXtcyo, -ovo, vo ritual pollution
oXXo but, and, yet
oXXou oXXoccu
oXXoccu I change, alter
oXXoo0cv from elsewhere
oXXoou elsewhere
oXXyopcu I speak allegorically
oXXyXouto hallelujah, praise
Yahweh
oXXyXuv one another
oXXocvy, -c foreigner
oXXoot I jump, bubble up
oXXo, -y, -o other, different
oXXovptctcxoo,
-ou, o
busybody, meddler
oXXovpto, -o, -ov belonging to another
oXXoquXo, -ov heathen, Gentile
oXXu differently, otherwise
oXoou I thresh
oXoo, -ov without reason
oXoy, -y, y aloes
oX, oXo, o salt
oXuxo, -y, -ov salty
oXuo, -ov free from anxiety
oXuct, -cu, y chain
oXuctvcXy, -c unprofitable, not helpful
AXqo, vo alpha, first
AXqoto, -ou, o Alphaeus
oXuv, -uvo, y threshing floor
oXuy, -cxo, y fox, sly
oXuct, -cu, y capture
oo together, at the same time
oo0y, -c ignorant
oopovvtvo, -y, -ov unfading
oopovvo, -ov unfading
oopvovu I sin
oopvyo, -ovo, vo sin
oopvto, -o, y sin, guilt
oopvupo, -ov without witness
oopvuXo, -ov sinful, sinner
ooo, -ov peaceful
oou I mow
oc0ucvo, -ou, y amethyst
ocXcu I neglect, disregard
ocvo, -ov blameless
ocvu blamelessly
ocptvo, -ov care free
ocvo0cvo, -ov unchanging
ocvoxtvyvo, -ov immovable, firm
ocvocXyvo, -ov without regret
ocvovoyvo, -ov unrepentant
ocvpo, -ov immeasurable
oyv truly
oyvup, -opo without mother
otovvo, -ov pure, undefiled
Atvo8o, o Amminadab
oo, -ou, y sand
ovo, -ou, o lamb
ooty, -y, y repayment
ocXo, -ou, y grapevine, vine
ocXoupo, -ou, o vinedresser, gardener
ocXuv, -uvo, o vineyard
AXtovo, -ou, o Ampliatus
ouvoot I help, aid
oqtou I clothe
oqtoXXu I cast (a net)
oqtXycvpov, -ou,
vo
casting-net
oqtcu I clothe, dress
oqtcvvut I dress, clothe
AqtoXt, -cu, y Amphipolis
oqo8ov, -ou, vo city street
oqovcpot, -ot, -o both, all
ouyvo, -ov blameless
ouov, -ou, vo spice
ouo, -ov unblemished
Auv, o Amon
Au, o Amos
ov would, ever
ovo up, upwards, each
ovoo0o, -ou, o stairs
ovootvu I go up, ascend

ovooXXu I adjourn, postpone
ovocyxo ovootvu
ovoycoot ovootvu
ovotou I pull up
ovoXcu I look up, gain sight
ovoXct, -cu, y recovery of sight
ovooou I shout, cry out
ovooXy, -y, y delay, postponement
ovootov, -ou, vo upstairs room
ovocXXu I report, announce
ovocvvou I beget again
ovotvucxu I read, read aloud
ovoxou I compel, force
ovoxoto, -o, -ov necessary
ovoxocvu by compulsion
ovoxy, -y, y necessity
ovovuptu I recognize
ovovuct, -cu, y reading, public reading
ovou I lead, bring up
ovo8ctxvut I make known, reveal
ovo8ctt, -cu, y installation, revelation
ovo8coot I accept, receive
ovo8t8ut I deliver, hand over
ovoou I live again
ovoyvcu I search
ovouvvut I gird up, bind up
ovouupcu I rekindle, inflame
ovo0oXXu I grow up again
ovo0co, -ovo, vo curse
ovo0covt u I bind under a curse
ovo0cupcu I observe, reflect on
ovo0yo, -ovo, vo consecrated offering
ovot8cto, -o, y insolence, impudence
ovotpcct, -cu, y murder
ovotpc u I kill, destroy
ovotvto, -ov innocent
ovoxo0tu I sit up
ovoxotvtu I restore
ovoxotvou I renew
ovoxotvuct, -cu, y renewal
ovoxoXuvu I uncover
ovoxovu I return
ovoxou ovoxovu
ovoxctot I lie, recline, eat
ovoxcxoXuot ovoxoXuvu
ovoxcqoXotou I sum up, bring together
ovoxXtvu I cause to lie down
ovoxpou I cry out, shout
ovoxptvu I study, examine
ovoxptct, -cu, y investigation
ovoxuvu I stand erect
ovoXoo vu I take up, carry
ovoXyt, -cu, y ascension
ovoXtcxu I consume, destroy
ovoXot o, -o, y proportion
ovoXotoot I consider
ovoXo, -ov without salt
ovoXuct, -cu, y departure, death
ovoXuu I loose, return, die
ovoopvyvo, -ov sinless
ovocvu I wait for, expect
ovotvcxu I remember, remind
ovovyct, -cu, y reminder
ovovycu ovotvcxu
ovovcou I renew
ovovyqu I become sober
Avovto, -ou, o Ananias
ovovvtppyvo, -ov undeniable
ovovvtppyvu undeniably
ovoto, -ov unworthy
ovotu unworthily
ovoouct, -cu, y stop, rest
ovoouu I rest, refresh
ovoct0u I persuade
ovoctpo, -ov maimed, crippled
ovocu I send, send back
ovoy8ou I stand up, jump up
ovotvu I lie down, recline
ovoXypou I fulfill, provide
ovooXoyvo, -ov inexcusable
ovovuccu I unroll (scroll)
ovovu I set fire
ovopt0yvo, -ov innumerable
ovocctu I incite, stir up
ovocxcuou I upset, tear down
ovoco u I pull up
ovocvoct, -cu, y rise, resurrection
ovocvovou I disturb, cause a revolt
ovocvoupou I crucify again
ovocvcvou I groan, sigh deeply
ovocvycu ovtcvyt
ovocvpcu ovocvpcqu
ovocvpcqu I overturn, return
ovocvpoqy, -y, y behavior, conduct
ovovo ccoot I compile
ovovcXXu I rise, spring up
ovovcvoXxo ovovcXXu
ovovt0yt I attribute, explain
ovovoXy, -y, y rising, east
ovovpcu I turn over, destroy
ovovpcqu I train, rear
ovoqotvu I cause to appear
ovoqcpu I lead up, offer up
ovoquvcu I cry out
ovouct, -cu, y excess, overflowing
ovoupcu I go away, withdraw

ovout, -cu, y relief
ovouu I revive, encourage
ov8poo8tcvy, -ou, o slave trader
Av8pco, -ou, o Andrew
ov8ptoot I am courageous
Av8povtxo, -ou, o Andronicus
ov8poqovo, -ou, o murderer
ovcoXov ovooXXu
ovcyv ovootvu
ovctoco ovotou
ovcXco ovoXcu
ovcxXyvo, -ov blameless
ovc8cto ovo8ctxvut
ovc8uxo ovo8t8ut
ovc8coyv ovo8coot
ovcuco ovouvvut
ovc0oXov ovo0oXXu
ovc0co vtco ovo0covt u
ovc0yv ovtyt
ovctXov ovotpc u
ovcxoo ovoxovu
ovcx8tyyvo, -ov indescribable
ovcxXoXyvo, -ov inexpressible
ovcxXctvo, -ov unfailing
ovcxpoo ovoxpou
ovcxpt0yv ovoxptvu
ovcxuo ovoxuvu
ovcxvo, -ov endurable
ovcXoov ovoXoo vu
ovcXcyuv, -ov unmerciful
ovcXco, -ov unmerciful
ovcXyq0yv ovoXoo vu
ovcXu ovotpc u
ovctu I am driven by wind
ovcvyc0yv ovotvcxu
ovco, -ou, o wind
ovcv8cxvo, -ov impossible
ovccpouvyvo, -ov unfathomable
ovct xoxo, -ov tolerant, patient
ovctvtocvo, -ov incomprehensible
ovcu ovcu
ovcotcuvvo, -ov unashamed
ovctXyvo, -ov above criticism
ovcpoot I go/come up
ovcct, -cu, y rest, relaxation, relief
ovccvyco ovtcvyt
ovccvpoqyv ovocvpcqu
ovccov ovcu
ovcvou I examine, interrogate
ovcvooyv ovovo ccoot
ovcvctXo ovovcXXu
ovcu without
ovcu0cvo, -ov unusable, unfavorable
ovcupo ovcuptcxu
ovcuptcxu I look, search
ovcu I endure, accept
ovcto, -ou, o cousin
ovco ovot u
ovcot ovotu
ovyoov ovou
ovyctXo ovocXXu
ovycXyv ovocXXu
ovy0ov, -ou, vo dill
ovyX0ov ovcpoot
ovycpo, -ov savage, fierce
ovyxo ovtyt
ovyxu I refer, belong, relate
ovyXuco ovoXtcxu
ovycpo, -ov savage, fierce
ovyvcxo ovoqcpu
ovyp, ov8po, o man, husband
ovpc0yv ovotpc u
ovyq0yv ovovu
ovy0yv ovou
ov0cu ovvcu
ov0ccvyxo ov0tcvyt
ov0tcvyt I oppose, set against
ov0ooXocoot I give thanks, praise
ov0o, -ou, vo blossom, flower
ov0poxto , -o , y charcoal fire
ov0po, -oxo, o charcoal
ov0puopccxo, -ov pleasing people
ov0putvo, -y, -ov human
ov0puoxvovo, -ou, o murderer
ov0puo, -ou, o human, man
ov0uovo, -ou, o proconsul
ovtyt I unfasten, loosen
ovtvo, -ov unwashed
ovtcvyt I raise, erect
Avvo, -o, y Anna
Avvo, -o, o Annas
ovoyvo, -ov foolish, unintelligent
ovoto, -o, y folly
ovot u I open
ovotxo8ocu I rebuild
ovott, -cu, y an opening
ovotu ovotu
ovoto, -o, y lawlessness
ovoo, -ov lawless
ovou without the Law
ovop0ou I rebuild, restore
ovocto, -ov impious, unholy
ovoy, -y, y delay, patience
ovvouvtoot I struggle against
ovvoXXoo, -ovo,
vo
thing in exchange

ovvovoXypou I fill up, complete
ovvoc8o0yv ovvoo8t8ut
ovvoc8uxo ovvoo8t8ut
ovvoo8t8ut I repay, return
ovvoo 8oo, -ovo, vo repayment
ovvoo8oct, -cu, y repaying, reward
ovvoo8ucu ovvoo8t8ut
ovvooxptvoot I answer in return
ovvctov ovvtXcu
ovvcXoov ovvtXoovu
ovvccvyv ov0tcvyt
ovvcu I adhere to, cling to
ovvt instead, on behalf of
ovvtoXXu I discuss, put against
ovvt8tovt0yt I am opposed, am hostile
ovvt8txo, -ou, o opponent, accuser
ovvt0cct, -cu, y opposition, objection
ovvtxo0tcvyt I oppose, resist
ovvtxoXcu I invite back
ovvtxctot I oppose
ovvtxpu opposite to
ovvtXoo vu I help, devote myself to
ovvtXcu I speak against, oppose
ovvtXyt, -cu, y ability to help
ovvtXoto, -o, y dispute, contradiction
ovvtXot8opcu I revile in return
ovvtXuvpov, -ou, vo ransom
ovvtcvpcu I repay
ovvttc0to, -o, y recompense
Avvtocto, -o, y Antioch (Syria/Pisidia)
Avvtocu, -cu, o Antiochean
ovvtopcpoot I pass by
Avvto, -o, o Antipas
Avvtovpt, -t8o, y Antipatris (Judea)
ovvtcpo opposite, across from
ovvttvu I resist, oppose
ovvtcvpovcuoot I oppose, am at war
ovvtvoccu I oppose, resist
ovvtvuo, -ov corresponding
ovvtptcvo, -ou, o antichrist
ovvXcu I draw water
ovvXyo, -ovo, vo bucket
ovvoq0oXcu I face into
ovu8po, -ov waterless
ovuoxptvo, -ov genuine, sincere
ovuovoxvo, -ov independent
ovu above, upwards
ovu0cv from above, again
ovuvcptxo, -y, -ov inland, interior
ovuvcpo, -o, -ov above, preceding
ovuqcXy, -c useless, harmful
otvy, -y, y ax
oto, -o, -ov worthy, comparable
otou I consider worthy
ot u worthily, properly
oopovo, -ov invisible
oocXXu I report, announce
oou I hang myself
oo u I lead away, deceive
oot8cuvo, -ov uneducated, stupid
ootpu I take away
ootvcu I ask back, ask for
ooXcu I become callous
ooXXoccu I set free
ooXXovptou I am a foreigner,
estranged
ooXo, -y, -ov tender
oovvou I meet
oovvyct, -cu, y meeting
oo once
oopoovo, -ov unchanging
oopocxcuocvo,
-ov
unprepared
oopvcoot I deny, reject
oopvtco, -ou, o completion
oopy, -y, y first-fruits, first
oo, -oco, -ov all, whole
oocooot I take leave of
oovou I deceive, cheat
oovy, -y, y deception
oovup, -opo fatherless
oouoco, -ovo, vo radiance
ocyv oootvu
oc8c8ctot oo8ctxvut
oc8cto oo8ctxvut
oc8o0yv oo8t8ut
oc8uxo oo8t 8ut
oc0ovov oo0vcxu
oc0yxo oovt0yt
oct0cto, -o, y disobedience
oct0cu I disobey
oct0y, -c disobedient
octXcu I threaten, warn
octXy, -y, y threat
octt I am absent
octt I depart, go away
octov ooXcu
octpocvo, -ov untempted, untried
octpo, -ov unacquainted
ocx8coot I await eagerly
ocx8uoot I undress, take off
ocx8uct, -cu, y stripping, undressing
ocxpt0yv ooxptvoot
ocxvov0yv ooxvctvu
ocXouvu I drive away
ocXco, -ou, o refutation, criticism

ocXcu0cpo, -ou, o freed person
ocXcucoot ocpoot
ocXyXu0o ocpoot
ocXtov ooXctu
AcXXy, -ou, o Apelles
ocXtu I despair
ocvto oovtvu
ocvovvt opposite, against
occco ootvu
ocvto oovtu
ocpovvo, -ov endless, limitless
ocptcocvu undisturbedly
ocptvyvo, -ov uncircumcised
ocpto ooptvu
ocpoot I go away, depart
occvcpyco oocvcpcu
occvyco oqtcvyt
ocvoo oovoccu
occvcpyot oocvcpcu
ocu I receive in full
oyoov oou
oyctXo oocXXu
oycXyv oocXXu
oyo oou
oyXyxo ooXcu
oyX0ov ocpoot
oyvcxo ooqcpu
oyvcxo ooqcpu
oyvc0yv ooqcpu
oyp0yv ootpu
oypvy0yv oopvcoot
o y pvyco yv oopvcoot
oycocoyv oocooot
oy0yv oou
otcvcu I disbelieve
otcvto, -o, y unbelief
otcvo, -ov faithless, unbelieving
oXovy, -yvo, y sincerity, generosity
oXou, -y, -ouv single, simple, sincere
oXu sincerely, generously
oo from, by (Gen.)
oootvu I go away, get out
oooXXu I throw off, take off
ooycoot oootvu
ooXcu I look, pay attention
ooXyvo, -ov rejected
oooXy, -y, y rejection, loss
ootvoot I cease, die
oopoqy, -y, y list, census, inventory
oopoqu I register, record
oo8c8ctot oo8ctxvut
oo8ctxvut I make, demonstrate
oo8ctt, -cu, y proof
oo8cxovou I tithe, give one tenth
oo8cxvo, -ov pleasing
oo8coot I welcome, accept
oo8ycu I journey
oo8yo, -ov journeying
oo8t 8ut I give away, pay, return
oo8toptu I divide, separate
oo8oxtou I declare useless
oo8oy, -y, y acceptance, approval
oo8ucu oo8t8ut
oo0cct, -cu, y removal
oo0yxy, -y, y storehouse, barn
oo0ycouptu I store up, treasure up
oo0Xtu I crowd against
oo0vcxu I die
ooxo0tcvyt I restore, send back
ooxoXuvu I reveal, disclose
ooxoXut, -cu, y revelation, disclosure
ooxopo8oxto, -o, y eager desire
ooxovoXXoccu I reconcile
ooxovocvoct,
-cu, y
restoration
ooxctot I put away, store up
ooxcxpuot ooxpuvu
ooxcqoXtu I behead
ooxXctu I close, shut
ooxovu I cut off
oo xpto, -ovo, vo verdict, decision
ooxptvoot I answer, reply
ooxptct, -cu, y answer
ooxpuvu I hide, conceal
ooxpuqo, -ov secret, hidden
ooxvctvu I kill
ooxvcvu ooxvctvu
ooxucu I give birth to, bear
ooxuXtu I roll away
ooXoovu I receive back, recover
ooXouct, -cu, y enjoyment
ooXcu I reject, denounce
ooXctu I abandon
ooXccu ooXXut
ooXyoot ooXoovu
ooXXut I ruin, destroy, lose
AoXXuuv, -ovo, o Apollyon
AoXXuvto, -o, y Apollonia
AoXXu, -u, o Apollos
ooXocoot I defend myself
ooXoto, -o, y defense
ooXouu I wash, make pure
ooXuvpuct, -cu, y deliverance
ooXuu I pardon, dismiss
ooXuXcxo ooXXut
oooccu I wipe off

oovcu I cause, show, pay
oovtvu I wash off
ootvu I fall away
ooXovou I mislead
ooXcu I sail away
oovtu I choke, drown
oopcu I am at a loss, in doubt
oopto, -o, y anxiety, perpexity
ooptvu I throw away, jump off
oopqovtu I make an orphan
oocxtoco, -ovo,
vo
shadow
oocou I pull out, lure away
oocvocto, -o, y rebellion
oocvoctov, -ou, vo divorce paper
oocvcou I unroof
oocvcXXu I send
oocvcpcu I steal, rob
oocvy coot oqtcvyt
oocvoXy, -y, y apostleship
oocvoXo, -ou, o apostle, messenger
oocvoovtu I question, interrogate
oocvpcqu I turn away, mislead
oocvucu hate, abhor
oocuvouo, -ov expelled from synagogue
oovoccu I say goodbye
oovcXcu I finish, complete
oovt0yt I take off, put away
oovtvoccu I shake off
oovt vu I pay damages
oovoXou I am bold
oovot o, -o, y harshness, severity
oovou harshly, severely
oovpcu I avoid
ooucto, -o, y absence
ooqcpu I carry away, take away
ooqcuu I escape
ooq0coot I declare, speak
ooqopvtoot I unload cargo
oopyct, -cu, y consumption
ooupcu I depart, go away
oouptu I separate, move away
oouu I faint, stop breathing
Atou dopov Forum of Appius
opoctvo, -ov unapproachable
opocxoo, -ov blameless, without
offense
opocuoXyvu impartially
ovotcvo, -ov without stumbling
ovu I touch, hold, kindle
Aqto, -o, y Apphia
ou0cu I push away, reject
ouXcto, -o, y destruction
ouXcco ooXXut
ouco ou0cu
opo, -o, y curse
opo so, then, consquently
o po interrogative particle
Apoto, -o, y Arabia
Apo, o Aram
opoqo, -ov seamless
Apo, -o, o Arab
opcu I am idle
opo, -y, -ov idle, lazy, useless
opuptov, -ou, vo silver
opupoxoo, -ou, o silversmith
opupo, -ou, o silver
opupou, -o, -ouv made of silver
Apcto, Hoo, o the Areopagus
Apcootvy, -ou, o Areopagite member
opccxcto, -o, y desire to please
opccxu I please, accomodate
opccvo, -y, -ov pleasing
Apc vo, -o, o Aretas
opcvy, -y, y virtue
opyv, opvo , o lamb
opt0cu I count
opt0o, -ou, o number
Apto0ot o, -o, y Arimathaea
Aptcvopo, -ou, o Aristarchus
optcvou I eat breakfast, eat
optcvcpo , -o , -o v left hand
AptcvoouXo, -ou, o Aristobulus
optcvov, -ou, vo breakfast, lunch
opxcvo, -y, -ov enough, adequate
opxcu I am enough, sufficient
opxo, -ou, o, y bear
opo, -ovo, vo chariot
Apoc8uv Armageddon
opou I join, betroth, fit
opo, -ou, o joint
opvcoot I refuse, deny
Apvt, o Arni
opvtov, -ou, vo sheep, lamb
opovptou I plow
opovpov, -ou, vo a plow
opoy, -y, y plunder, booty
opoo, -ou, o robbery, plunder
opou I snatch, seize, plunder
opo, -oo, o robber, rogue
oppouv, -uvo, o deposit, down payment
oppyvo, -ov inexpressible
oppucvo, -ov sick, ill
opccvoxotvy, -ou, o homosexual, sodomite
opcyv, -cv male
Apvco, -o, o Artemas

Apvct, -t8o, y Artemis
opvcuv, -uvo, o sail
opvt now, immediately
opvtcvvyvo, -ov newborn
opvto, -o, -ov complete, proficient
opvo, -ou, o bread
opvu u I season, salt, prepare
Apqoo8, o Arphaxad
opocXo, -ou, o archangel
opoto, -o, -ov ancient, old
ApcXoo, -ou, o Archelaus
opy, -y, y beginning, ruler
opyo, -ou, o ruler, originator
optcpovtxo, -ov highpriestly
optcpcu, -cu, o chief priest, high priest
optotyv, -cvo, o chief shepherd
Apto, -ou, o Archippus
optcuvouo,
-ou, o
synagogue leader
optvcxvuv, -ovo, o master builder
optvcXuvy, -ou, o chief tax collector
optvptxXtvo, -ou, o head waiter, butler
opu I rule, begin
opuv, -ovvo, o ruler, official
opu otpu
opuo, -ovo, vo perfumed oils
ocoXcuvo, -ov immovable, unshaken
Acoq, o Asaph
occcvo, -ov inextinguishable
occcto, -o, y impiety, godlessness
occcu I act impiously
occy, -c godless, impious
occXcto, -o, y sensuality
ocyo, -ov unintelligible, obscure
Acyp, o Asher
oc0cvcto, -o, y weakness, sickness
oc0cvcu I am weak, sick
oc0cvyo, -ovo, vo weakness
oc0cvy, -c sick, weak, feeble
Acto, -o, y Asia
Actovo, -ou, o Asian
Actopy, -ou, o provincial authority
octvto, -o, y without food
octvo, -ov fasting, without food
ocxcu I practice, engage
ocxo, -ou, o leather bag, wine-skin
occ vu gladly
ocoqo, -ov unwise, foolish
ocooot I greet
ococo, -ou, o greeting
octXo, -ov spotless, without blemish
oct, -t8o, y asp, snake
ocov8o, -ov irreconcilable
occoptov, -ou, vo penny, copper coin
o ccov nearer
Acco, -ou, y Assos (city)
ocvovc u I wander, am homeless
ocvcto, -o, -ov beautiful
ocvyp, cpo, o star, planet
ocvyptxvo, -ov unstable, weak
ocvopo, -ov unloving
ocvocu I miss, fail, deviate
ocvpoy, -y, y lightning
ocvpo vu I flash, glisten
ocvpov, -ou, vo star, planet
Acuxptvo, -ou, o Asyncritus
ocuquvo, -ov not harmonious
ocuvcvo, -ov senseless, foolish
ocuv0cvo, -ov faithless
ocqo Xcto, -o, y certainty, safety
ocqoXy, -c secure, safe
ocqoXtu I guard, secure
ocqoXu securely, safely
ocyovcu I behave indecently
ocyocuvy, -y, y indecent behavior
ocyuv, -ov shameful, indecent
ocuvto, -o, y debauchery
ocu vu recklessly
ovoxvcu I am lazy, idle
ovoxvo, -ov disorderly, lazy
ovoxvu lazily, disorderly
ovcxvo, -ov childless
ovcvtu I gaze at
ovcp without (Gen.)
ovtou I treat shamefully
ovtto, -o, y disgrace, shame
ovto, -ov dishonored
ovt, -t8o, y mist, steam
ovoo, -ov moment, indivisible
ovoo, -ov unusual, evil, bad
AvvoXcto, -o, y Attalia
ouou I see, shine forth
ouy, -y, y dawn
Auoucvo, -ou, o Augustus
ou0o8y, -c arrogant, stubborn
ou0otpcvo, -ov willing
ou0cvvcu I have authority
ouXcu I play the flute
ouXy, -y, y courtyard, house
ouXyvy, -ou, o flutist
ouXtoot I spend the night
ouXo, -ou, o flute
ouovu I grow, increase
ouyct, -cu, y growth, increase
ouptov next day
oucvypo, -o, -ov severe, strict

ouvopxcto, -o, y contentment, adequacy
ouvo pxy, -c content, self-sufficient
ouvoxovoxptvo, -ov self-condemned
ouvoovo, -y, -ov by itself, automatic
ouvovy, -ou, o eyewitness
ouvo, -y, o he, she, it, same, self
ouvou here, there
ouvoqupo, -ov in the act
ouvoctp, -po ones own hand
oucu I boast
ouypo, -o, -ov dirty, dark
oqotpcu I take away, rob
oqovy, -c invisible, hidden
oqovtu I disappear
oqovtco, -ou, o disappearance
oqovvo, -ov invisible
oqc8puv, -uvo, o toilet
oqct8to, -o, y severe, harden
oqctXov oqotpcu
oqcXovy, -yvo, y simplicity, humbleness
oqcXu oqotpcu
oqcct, -cu, y release, pardon
oqy, -y, y ligament
oqpc0yv oqotpcu
oq0opct o, -o, y immortality, unceasing
oq0opvo, -ov immortal, imperishable
oq0opto, -o, y integrity, soundness
oqtyt I dismiss, cancel, pardon
oqtxvcoot I reach, become known
oqtXoo0o, -ov not loving the good
oqtXopupo, -ov not loving money
oqtt, -cu, y departure
oqtcvyt I mislead, withdraw
oqvu immediately
oqou without fear, fearless
oqootou I resemble, make like
oqopo u I look away, see
oqoptu I separate, appoint
oqopy, -y, y opportunity, occasion
oqptu I foam at the mouth
oqpo, -ou, o foam
oqpocuvy, -y, y foolishness, ignorance
oqpuv, -ov foolish, ignorant
oquvou I fall asleep
oquvo, -ov silute, mute
Ao, o Ahaz
Aoto, -o, y Achaia
Aotxo, -ou, o Achaicus
oo ptcvo, -ov ungrateful
octpootyvo, -ov not man-made
At, o Achim
oXu, -uo, y mistiness
opcto, -ov useless, worthless
opctou I make useless
opycvo, -ov useless, worthless
opt until (Gen.)
opt until (Conj.)
oupov, -ou, vo chaff
ocu8y, -c truthful, without deceit
otv0o, -ou, o, y wormwood, bitter
ouo, -ov lifeless, inanimate
B
BooX, o Baal
BouXuv, -uvo, y Babylon
o0o, -ou, o step, rank, status
o 0o, -ou, vo depth, extreme
o0uvu I make deep
o0u , -ct o, -u deep
o tov, -ou, vo palm branch
BoXoo , o Balaam
BoXo x, o Balak
oXXovvtov, -ou, vo purse, money-bag
oXXu I throw, cast
ovtu I baptize, dip
ovtco, -ovo, vo baptism
ovtcvy, -ou, o Baptizer
ovu I dip
Bopoo, -o, o Barabbas
Bopo x, o Barak
Bopoto, -ou, o Barachiah
opopo, -ov barbarian, non-Greek
opcu I am burdened
opcu hard of hearing, dull
Bop0oXooto, -ou, o Bartholomew
Boptycou, -ou, o Bar-Jesus
Boptuvo, o Bar-Jona
Bopvoo , -o , o Barnabas
opo, -ou, vo weight, burden
Bopcoo, -o, o Barsabbas
Bopvtoto, -ou, o Bartimaeus
opu, -cto, u heavy, weighty
opuvto, -ov very expensive
ocovtu I torture, torment
ocovtco , -ou , o torture
ocovtcvy, -ou, o jailer, torturer
ocovo, -ou, y torture, torment
octXct o, -o, y kingdom, royal rule
octXcto, -ov royal
octXcu, -cu, o king
octXcuu I rule, am king
octXtxo, -y, -ov royal
octXtcco, -y, y queen
oct, -cu, y foot
ocxotvu I bewitch, deceive
ocvou I carry, bear, endure
ovo, -ou, o, y thorn-bush

ovo, -ou, o bath
ovpoo, -ou, o frog
ovvoXoc u I babble
o u o vu
8cXuo, -ovo, vo abomination, detestable
8cXuxvo, -y, -ov detestable, abominable
8cXuccoot I abhor, detest
c oto, -o, -ov reliable, certain
cotou I confirm, establish
cotuct, -cu, y confirmation, certainty
coot ovu
cyXo, -ov profane, godless, worldly
cyXou I desecrate, profane
cXyxo oXXu
cXyot oXXu
cpuxo tpucxu
BccXcouX, o Beelzebub
BcXtop, o Belial
cXovy, -y, y needle
cXo, -ou, vo arrow
cXvtuv, -ov better, well
Bcvtotv, o Benjamin
Bcpvt xy, -y, y Bernice
Bcpoto, -o, y Beroea
Bcpototo, -o, -ov Beroean
Bcpo, -ou, o Berus
Bcup, o Beor
By8cot8o, y Bedsaida
Byo0o, y Bezatha
By0oopo, y Bethabara
By0ovto, -o, y Bethany
By0cc8o, y Bethesda
By0o0o , y Bethzatha
By0Xcc, y Bethlehem
By0cot8o, y Bethsaida
By0qoy, y Bethphage
y o, -ovo, vo judgment seat, step
ypuXXo, -ou, o, y beryl
to, -o, y force, violence
tooot I inflict violence
toto, -o, -ov violent, forcible
tocvy, -ou, o violent person
tXopt8tov, -ou, vo little book
tXtov, -ou, vo book, scroll
tXo, -ou, y book
tpucxu I eat, consume
Bt0uvto, -o, y Bithynia
to, -ou, o life
tou I live
tuct, -cu, y manner of life
tuvtxo, -y, -ov of daily life, ordinary
Xocpo, -o, -ov harmful
Xovu I harm, injure
Xocvo vu I sprout, put forth
BXocvo, -ou, o Blastus
Xocqycu I blaspheme, slander
Xocqyto, -o, y blasphemy, slander
Xocqyo, -ov blasphemous
Xco, -ovo, vo glance, look
Xcu I see, look
Xyvco, -o, -ov must be put
Boovypc Boanerges
oo u I shout, cry out
Boc, o Boaz
oy, -y, y shout, cry
oy0cto, -o, y help, aid, support
oy0cu I help, aid
oy0o, -ov helpful, helper
o0uvo, -ou, o pit, ditch
oXy, -y, y a throw
oXtu I take soundings
Boo, o Boaz
opopo, -ou, o mud, slime, filth
oppo, -o, o north
ocxu I feed, tend, graze
Bocop, o Bosor
ovovy, -y, y plant, herb, fodder
ovpu, -uo, o grapes
ouXcuvy, -ou, o council member
ouXcuu I resolve, deliberate
ouXy, -y, y decision, purpose
ouXyo, -ovo, vo intention, desire
ouXoot I desire, intend, want
ouvo, -ou, o hill
ou, oo, o, y cattle
poctov, -ou, vo prize, reward
pocuu I control, rule, decide
po8uvu I hesitate, delay
po8uXocu I sail slowly
po8u, -cto, -u slow
po8uvy, -yvo, y slowness
potuv, -ovo, o arm, power
pou, -cto, u few, little
pc qo, -ou, vo unborn, baby
pcu I wet, send rain
povvy, -y, y thunder
poy, -y, y rain
poo, -ou, o noose, restrain
puo, -ou, o gnashing of teeth
puu I gnash
puu I pour forth
puo, -ovo, vo food
pucto, -ov eatable
pu ct, -cu, y eating, meal, food
u0tu I sink
u0o, -ou, o depth, deep sea

upccu, -cu, o tanner
ucctvo, -y, -ov cloth of fine linen
ucco, -ou, y fine linen
uo, -ou, o altar
I
Ioo0o Gabbatha
IoptyX, o Gabriel
opotvo, -y, y gangrene, cancer
Io8, o Gad
Io8opyvo, -y, -ov Gadarene
Ioo, -y, y Gaza
oo, -y, y treasury
ooquXoxtov, -ou, vo treasury
Io to, -ou, o Gaius
oXo, -oxvo, vo milk
IoXovy, -ou, o Galatian
IoXovto, -o, y Galatia
IoXovtxo, -y, -ov Galatian
oXyvy, -y, y calm
IoXtXot o, -o, y Galilee
IoXtXoto, -o, -ov Galilean
IoXXtuv, -uvo, o Gallio
IooXtyX, o Gamaliel
oc u I marry
otu I marry
otcxu I give in marriage
oo, -ou, o marriage
o p for, then, because
ocvyp, -vpo, y belly, glutton
c indeed, even
ccvyot tvoot
covo tvoot
cpoot poqu
Ic8cuv, o Gideon
ccvvo, -y, y Gehenna, hell
Ic0cyovt Gethsemane
ctvuv, -ovo, o, y neighbor
cXou I laugh
cXu, -uvo, o laughter
ctu I fill
cu I am full
cvco, -o, y family, generation
cvcoXocu I am descended from
cvcoXoto, -o, y genealogy
cvccto, -uv, vo birthday celebration
cvcct, -cu, y birth, origin
cvcvy, -y, y birth
cvyo, -ovo, vo product, fruit, yield
cvycoot tvoot
cvvou I beget
cvvyo, -ovo, vo child, offspring
Icvvycopcv, y Gennesaret
cvvyvo, -y, ov begotten, born
cvo, -ou, vo descendant, nation
Icpocyvo, -y, -ov from Gerasa
cpouct o, -o, y council of elders
cpuv, -ovvo, o old man
cuoot I taste, eat
cupcu I cultivate
cuptov, -ou, vo cultivated land, field
cupo, -ou, o farmer
y, y, y land, ground, earth
ypo, -u, vo old age
ypocxu I grow old
tvoot I become, am created
tvucxu I know, learn
Xcuxo, -ou, vo sweet wine
Xuxu, -cto, -u sweet
Xucco, -y, y tongue, language
Xuccoxoov, -ou, vo money box, container
voqcu, -cu, o bleacher, fuller
vy cto, -o, -ov genuine, legitimate
vyctu genuinely, sincerely
voqo, -ou, o darkness
vuy, -y, y intention, opinion
vuptu I know, make known
vuct, -cu, y knowledge
vucoot tvucxu
vucvy, -ou, o expert, one who knows
vucvo, -y, -ov known, acquainted
ouu grumble, murmur
ouco, -ou, o complaint, whispering
oucvy, -ou, o grumbler, complainer
oy, -yvo, o impostor, sorcerer
IoXo0o, y Golgotha
Iooppo, -uv, vo Gomorrah
oo, -ou, o load, cargo
ovcu, -cu, o parent
ovu, -ovo, vo knee
ovucvc u I kneel
po o, -ovo, vo letter, document
poovcu, -c u, o scribe, scholar
povo, -y, -ov written
poqy, -y, y Scripture, writing
poqu I write
pou8y, -c of old women
pyopcu I stay awake, alert
uvou I train, discipline
uvoct o, -o, y physical training
uvtvcuu I wear rags
uvo, -y, -ov naked
uvovy, -yvo, y nakedness
uvotxoptov, -ou, vo foolish woman, silly
uvotxcto, -o, -ov feminine, female
uvy, -otxo, y woman, wife
Iu, o Gog

uvto, -o, y corner
A
8otovtoot I am demon possessed
8otovtov, -ou, vo demon, evil spirit
8otovtu8y, -c demonic
8otuv, -ovo, o demon, evil spirit
8o xvu I bite, harm
8o xpuov, -ou, vo tear
8oxpuu I weep, cry
8oxvuXto, -ou, o ring
8o xvuXo, -ou, o finger
AoXovou0o, y Dalmanutha
AoXovto, -o, y Dalmatia
8oo u I subdue, tame
8ooXt, -cu, y heifer, young cow
Aoopt, -t8o, y Damaris
Aoocxyvo, -y, -ov Damascuscene
Aoocxo, -ou, y Damascus
8ovctu I lend, borrow
8ovctov, -ou, vo loan, debt
8ovctcvy, -ou, o moneylender, creditor
AovtyX, o Daniel
8oovo u I spend, waste
8oo vy, -y, y expense, cost
Aout8, o David
8c but, and
8c8cot 8coot
8c 8cto 8ct xvut
8c8t uot 8tu xu
8c 8oot 8t 8ut
8c 8uxo 8t 8ut
8cyct, -cu, y plea, entreaty
8ct it is necessary, should
8ct o, -ovo, vo example, proof
8ctovt u I disgrace, expose
8ctxvut I show, point out
8ctXto, -o, y cowardice
8ctXtou I am timid, cowardly
8ctXo, -y, -ov cowardly, timid
8ctvo, o, y, vo somebody
8ctvu terribly
8ct u 8ct xvut
8ctvcu I eat, dine
8ct vov, -ou, vo dinner, supper
8ctct8otovto, -o, y religion, revering God
8ctct8otuv, -ov superstitious, religious
8cxo ten
8cxooxvu eighteen
8cxocvvc fifteen
AcxooXt, -cu, y Decapolis
8cxovc ccopc fourteen
8cxovo, -y, -ov tenth
8cxovo u I receive tithes
8cxvo, -y, -ov acceptable, welcome
8cXcou I lure, entice
8cv8pov, -ou, vo tree
8ctoXo o, -ou, o bowman
8cto, -o, -ov right hand, right side
8c oot I ask, plead
8co, -ou, vo fear, awe
Acpoto, -o, -ov from Derbe
Acpy, -y, y Derbe
8cpo, -ovo, vo skin
8cpovtvo, -y, -ov leather
8cpu I whip, strike
8cccuu I bind, tie up
8ccy, -y, y bundle
8ccto, -ou, o prisoner
8cco, -ou, o chain, fetter
8ccoquXo, -oxo, o jailer, prison guard
8ccuvyptov, -ou, vo prison, jail
8ccuvy, -ou, o prisoner
8ccovy, -ou, o ruler, owner
8cu po here, until now
8cuvc come! come on!
8cuvcpoto, -o, -ov second day
8c oot I receive, take
8cu I bind, tie, restrict
8y then, now
8yXo, -y, -ov clear, evident, plain
8yXou I reveal, make clear
Ayo, -o, o Demas
8yyopc u make a speech
Ayyvpto, -ou, o Demetrius
8ytoupo , -ou, o builder, creator
8yo, -ou, o people, crowd
8yocto, -o, -ov public
8yvoptov, -ou, vo denarius, coin
8you surely, indeed
8to through, during (Gen.)
8to on account of, because of
(Acc.)
8tootvu I go through, cross
8tooXXu I accuse
8tocotooot I insist
8toXc u I see clearly
8tooXo, -ov slanderer, Devil
8tocXXu I proclaim, give notice
8totvoot I pass (time), elapse
8totvu cxu I decide a case
8tovuct, -cu, y deciding a case
8toouu I grumble, complain
8topyopc u I keep awake
8tou I behave
8to8c oot I receive, succeed to

8to8yo, -ovo, vo diadem, crown
8to8t 8ut I distribute, give
8to8oo, -ou, o successor
8touvvut I gird, tie around
8to0y xy, -y, y testament, covenant
8to0y cu 8tovt 0yt
8totpcct, -cu, y division, distribution
8totpcu I divide, distribute
8toxo0otpu I clean out
8toxo0optu I clean out
8toxovcXcoot I refute
8toxovc u I serve, wait upon
8toxovto, -o, y service
8toxovo, -ou, o, y servant, deacon
8toxo ctot, -ot, -o two hundred
8toxou u I hear a legal case
8toxpt vu I judge, differentiate
8toxptct, -cu, y distinguishing, quarrel
8toxuXuu I prevent
8toXoXcu I converse, discuss
8toXc oot I discuss, argue
8toXctu I cease, stop
8toXcxvo, -ou, y language
8toXXoccoot I am reconciled
8toXot oot I reason, consider
8toXotco, -ou, o thought, reasoning
8toXu u I scatter, destroy
8toopvupoot I testify, warn
8toooot I protest
8tocc vyxo 8toc vu
8toc vu I remain, continue
8tocpt u I divide, distribute
8tocptco, -ou, o division, dissension
8tovcu I distribute, spread
8tovcu u I nod, gesture
8tovoyo, -ovo, vo thought
8tovoto, -o, y understanding, mind
8tovot u I open, explain
8tovuxvcpcuu I spend the night
8tovu u I complete, finish
8toopovpty, -y, y constant irritation
8tocpo u I cross over
8toXc u I sail across
8toovcoot I am irked, annoyed
8toopcuoot I pass through
8toopc u I am perplexed
8topoovcuoot I gain, earn
8topt u I am furious
8topo u I plunder
8topo cu 8topo u
8toppyvut I rip, shatter
8tocoqc u I report, explain
8tocct u I extort
8tocxopt u I scatter, disperse
8toco u I tear apart
8tocct pu I scatter
8tocopo, -o, y scattered Jews
8tocvcXXu I order, command
8tocvyo, -ovo, vo interval
8tocvoXy, -y, y difference, distinction
8tocvpc qu I pervert, mislead
8toc u I rescue, save, heal
8tovoy, -y, y ordinance
8tovoo, -ovo, vo edict, command
8tovo u 8tovo ccu
8tovopoccu I confuse, am troubled
8tovo ccu I order, command
8tovcXc u I remain, continue
8tovcvoot 8tovoccu
8tovc voo 8tovo ccu
8tovypc u I keep
8tovt 0yt I decree, ordain
8tovpt u I stay, remain
8tovpoqy, -y, y support, food
8touo u I shine through
8touy, -c transparent, pure
8toqc pu I carry through, spread
8toqcuu I escape
8toqyt u I spread news
8toq0ct pu I spoil, destroy
8toq0opo , -o , y corruption, decay
8toqopo, -ov different, varied
8toquXo ccu I guard, protect
8toctpt u I kill, seize and kill
8toXcuo u I mock
8toupt u I separate, depart
8t8oxvtxo , -y , -o v able to teach
8t8oxvo , -y , -o v instructed, taught
8t8ocxoXto, -o, y teaching, instruction
8t8o cxoXo, -ou, o teacher
8t8o cxu I teach
8t8oy , -y , y teaching, instruction
8t 8poov, -ou, vo two-drachma coin
At8uo, -ou, o Didymus
8t 8ut I give, pay
8tcXy0yv 8tooXXu
8tcyv 8tootvu
8tcctpu I wake up
8tccvoyv 8totvoot
8tc8coyv 8to8coot
8tc 8uxo 8to8t 8ut
8tcuco 8touvvut
8tc ucot 8tou vvut
8tc 0yxo 8tovt 0yt
8tctXov 8totpcu
8tcXco yv 8toXc oot

8tcXcucoot 8tcpoot
8tcXc 0yv 8toXc oot
8tcXy Xu0o 8tc poot
8tc ctvo 8toc vu
8tcv0uc oot I ponder, think about
8tco8o, -ou, y street crossing
8tcpyvcuvy, -ou, o translator, interpreter
8tcpyvcuu I translate, interpret
8tcppyo 8toppyvut
8tc poot I go through, cross
8tcpuvou I learn by asking
8tcco qyco 8tocoqc u
8tccvyco 8ttcvyt
8tc cvpoot 8tocvpc qu
8tc voo 8tovo ccu
8tcvo0yv 8tovo ccu
8tcvy, -c two years old
8tcvt o, -o, y two-year period
8tycoot I tell, relate, describe
8tyyct, -cu, y narrative
8tyX0ov 8tcpoot
8tyvcxy, -c continuous, always
8ty vcxo 8toqc pu
8ty voto 8tovot u
8ty voto 8tovot u
8tyvot 0yv 8tovot u
8ty vuco 8tovu u
8typoco 8topou
8t0oXocco, -ov sand bank, reef
8ttxvcoot I penetrate, pierce
8ttcvyt I go away, part
8ttcuptoot I insist
8txotoxptcto, -o, y righteous judgment
8t xoto, -o, -ov righteous, just
8txotocuvy, -y, y righteousness, justice
8txoto u I show justice, vindicate
8txot uo, -ovo, vo regulation, righteous act
8txot u justly, uprightly
8txotuct, -cu, y justification, acquittal
8txocvy, -ou, o judge
8t xy, -y, y penalty, Justice
8txvuov, -ou, vo fishing net
8tXoo, -ov hypocritical
8to therefore
8to8cu u I go, travel through
Atovucto, -ou, o Dionysius
8tocp therefore
8tocvy, c image fallen from heaven
8top0uo, -ovo, vo reform
8top0uct, -cu, y improvement
8topu ccu I break in, dig through
Atocxoupot, -uv, ot Dioscuri
8to vt because, that
Atovpcqy, -ou, o Diotrephes
8tXou, -y, ouv double
8tXou I double
8t twice
8tcupto , -o 8o, y double myriad, 20,000
8tcvou I doubt, hesitate
8t cvoo, -ov double-edged
8tct Xtot, -ot, -o two thousand
8tuXtu I filter out, strain out
8tou I separate
8tocvocto, -o, y dissension, discord
8tovoc u I cut in two, punish
8to u I am thirsty, thirst
8to, -ou, vo thirst
8tuo, -ov doubting
8tuo, -ou, o persecution
8tu xvy, -ou, o persecutor
8tu xu I pursue, persecute
8tu u 8tu xu
8oo, -ovo, vo decree, doctrine, law
8oovt u I obey rules
8oxc u I suppose, consider
8oxto u I test, examine
8oxtocto, -o, y testing, examination
8oxty, -y, y test, ordeal
8oxttov, -ou, vo testing, genuine
8o xto, -ov tested, genuine
8oxo, -ou, y wooden beam
8oXto, -o, -ov deceitful, treacherous
8oXto u I deceive
8oXo, -ou, o deceit, treachery
8oXo u I falsify
8o o, -ovo, vo gift
8oo, -y, y glory, splendor, praise
8oo u I praise, honor
Aopxo, -o 8o, y Dorcas, gazelle
8oct, -cu, y gift
8ovy, -ou, o giver
8ouXouc u I enslave, subjugate
8ouXcto, -o, y slavery
8ouXcu u I am enslaved, serve
8ouXy, -y, y female slave
8ouXo, -y, -ov slavish, servile
8ouXo, -ou, o slave, servant
8ouXo u I enslave, subjugate
8oy, -y, y banquet
8poxuv, -ovvo, o dragon, serpent
8poccoot I catch, trap
8poy, -y, y drachma coin
8pcovov, -ou, vo sickle
8po o, -ou, o course, race
ApouctXXo, -y, y Drusilla
8uvoot I can, am able

8uvot, -cu, y power, might, ability
8uvoo u I enable, strengthen
8uvocvy, -ou, o ruler, official
8uvovc u I am strong, able
8uvovo, -y, -ov powerful, strong
8u vu I go down
8u o two
8ucocvoxvo, -ov difficult
8uccvvcptov, ou, vo dysentery
8uccpyvcuvo, -ov hard to explain
8uct, -cu, y west, setting (sun)
8ucxoXo, -ov hard, difficult
8ucxo Xu with difficulty
8ucy, -y, y west, setting (sun)
8ucvo yvo, -ov hard to understand
8ucqycu I slander
8ucqyt o, -o, y slander
8u8cxo twelve
8u8cxovo, -y, -ov twelfth
8u8cxoquXov, -ou, vo twelve tribes
8uo, -ovo, vo roof, housetop
8upco , -o , y gift, gratis
8upco v as a gift, gratis
8upc oot I give, present
8upyo, -ovo, vo gift, present
8upov, -ou, vo gift, present
8u cu 8t 8ut
E
co ah!, ha!
co v if, when
co vcp if indeed
couvou, -y, -ou himself, herself, itself
co u I allow, permit, let
coXov oXXu
c8cXuot 8cXuccoot
c8oyxovvo seventy
c8oyxovvoxt seventy times
c8oo, -y, -ov seventh
Ecp, o Eber
cXoo Xovu
cXy0yv oXXu
Epotxo, -y, -ov Hebrew
Epoto, -ou, o Hebrew
Epot, -t8o, y Hebrew
Eotcvt Hebrew language
cpco pcu
coy0yv ocu
coyco ocu
ccvy0yv tvoot
ccvoyv tvoot
ctu I come near
ctu ctu
cpoqu I record, write in
cuo, -ou, o guarantor, guarantee
cu near, close
cctpu I raise, wake, rise
ccpct, -cu, y resurrection
cycpot cctpu
cxo0cvo, -ov spy
cxotvto, -uv, vo festival of Rededication
cxotvtu I renew, dedicate
cxoxc u I am tired, despair
cxoXc u I accuse, charge
cxovoXctu I forsake, abandon
cxovotxcu I live, dwell
cxouooot I boast
cxcvvptu I graft
cxXyo, -ovo, vo charge, accusation
cxoooot I dress, put on
cxoy, -y, y hindrance, obstacle
cxovu I hinder, prevent
cxpovcto, -o, y self-control, chastity
cxpovcuoot I abstain, have self-
control
cxpovy, -c disciplined
cxptvu I classify
cxpuvu I put into, hide
cxuo, -ov pregnant
cvuv tvucxu
cvuc0yv tvucxu
cvucot tvucxu
cpoqyv poqu
cptu I rub on
cu, cou; yct,
yuv
I/we
c8opyv 8cpu
c8oqt u I raze to the ground
c8oqo, -ou, vo ground
c8cto 8ctxvut
c8ctpo 8cpu
c8ct0yv 8ctxvut
c8c oyv 8c oot
c8yco 8cu
c8t cvoco 8tcvou
c8t uo 8tu xu
c8tu 0yv 8tu xu
c8o 0yv 8t 8ut
c8poto, -o, -ov firm, steadfast
c8potuo, -ovo, vo foundation, support
c8poov vpc u
c8uxo 8t 8ut
Ecxto, -ou, o Hezekiah
cyco ou
cuco uvvut
c0oo 0o vu
c0cXo0pycxto, -o, y self-imposed teacher

c0yxo vt0yt
c0tov 0tovu
c0tu I am accustomed
c0vopy, -ou, o ethnarch, official
c0vtxo , -y , -o v Gentile, heathen
c0vtxu like a heathen
c0vo, -ou, vo nation, heathen, Gentiles
c0o, -ou, vo habit, custom
c0pco vpcqu
ct if, since, that
ctoco co u
ct8co, -o, y appearance, form
ct8y cu ot 8o
ct 8ov I saw
ct8o, -ou, vo form, sight
ct8uXctov, -ou, vo idols temple
ct8uXo0uvo, -ov idol offering
ct8uXoXovpy, -ou, o idol worshiper
ct8uXoXovpto, -o, y idolatry
ct8uXov, -ou, vo idol, image
ctx without cause,
purposeless
ctxoct twenty
ctxu I yield
ctxuv, -ovo, y image, likeness
ctXo otpcu
ctXyqo Xoovu
ctXtxptvcto, -o, y sincerity, purity
ctXtxptvy, c pure, sincere, unmixed
ctXxuco cXxu
ctXxuot cXxu
ctt I am, exist, happen
cto ctxu
ctcp if indeed
ctov I said (Xc u)
ctpocot cpooot
ctpyxo Xcu
ctpyot Xcu
ctpyvcuu I live peacefully
ctpyvy, -y, y peace
ctpyvtxo, -y, -ov peaceful
ctpyvootc u I make peace
ctpyvooto, -ou, o peace-maker
ct into, toward, for (Acc.)
ct, to, cv one
ctco u I bring in, lead into
ctcoxouu I obey, hear
ctc8coot I receive
ctcctt I go in, enter
ctc8coot ctc8coot
ctcc8poov ctcvpc u
ctccXcucoot ctcc poot
ctccXyXu0o ctccpoot
ctcc poot I enter, come/go into
ctcyoov ctco u
ctcyX0ov ctcc poot
ctcyvcxo ctcqcpu
ctcxoXcoot I invite
ctco8o, -ou, y entering, entrance
ctcy8ou I rush in, leap in
ctcopcuoot I go into, enter
ctcvpc u I run into
ctcqc pu I bring in, carry in
ctvo then, next, afterwards
ctvc if
ctu0o accustomed
cx from, out, by (Gen.)
cxoov xovu
cxocvo, -y, -ov each, every
cxo cvovc always
cxovo v one hundred
cxovovvocvy, -c a hundred years
cxovovvoXoctuv,
-ov
hundred fold
cxovovvopy, -ou, o centurion
cxotvu I go out, come from
cxoXXu I drive out, expel
cxoct, -cu, y end, a way out
cxoXy, -y, y throwing out
cxotu I marry
cxovo, -ov grandchild
cx8oovo u I exhaust, spend
cx8coot I expect, wait for
cx8yXo, -ov plain, easily known
cx8ycu I journey, get away
cx8t8ut I rent out, lease
cx8tyc oot I tell fully
cx8txcu I avenge, punish
cx8txyct, -cu, y revenge, punishment
cx8txo, -ov punisher
cx8tuxu I persecute
cx8ovo, -ov delivered up, betrayed
cx8oy, -y, y expectation
cx8uu I strip, take off
cx8ucu cx8t8ut
cxct there, in that place
cxct0cv from there
cxctvo, -y, -o that (one)
cxctcc there, that place
cxcp8y0yv xcp8otvu
cxcp8yco xcp8otvu
cxyvcu I search, seek out
cxyvyct, -cu, y speculation
cxypuo xypuccu
cxypu0yv xypuccu
cx0oc u I am amazed, alarmed

cx0oo, -ov astonished
cx0ouo u I am amazed
cx0cvo, -ov exposed, abandoned
cxxo0ot pu I cleanse, clean out
cxxot u I kindle
cxxcvvc u I pierce
cxxc uot cxcu
cxxXo u I break off
cxxXct u I exclude
cxxXyct o, -o, y congregation, assembly
cxxXt vu I turn away
cxxoXuo u I swim away
cxxot u I carry out
cxxo vu I cut down, remove
cxxpco vvut I hang upon
cxXoXcu I tell
cxXou I shine, blaze
cxXov0ovoot I forget
cxXcoot I choose, select
cxXctu I fail, depart
cxXctu cxXctu
cxXcxvo, -y, -ov chosen, select
cxXco xXcvu
cxXy0yv xoXcu
cxXoy, -y, y selection, election
cxXuu I am weary
cxoccu I wipe
cxuxvpt u I ridicule, sneer
cxvcuu I turn aside, withdraw
cxvyqu I become sober
cxopcc0yv xopcvvut
cxoucto, -o, -ov voluntary, willing
cxouctu willingly, intentionally
cxoo xovu
cxoXot long ago
cxctpou I test, tempt
cxcu I send out
cxcvuxo cxtvu
cxcptccu excessively
cxcvovvut I stretch out
cxy8ou I rush, get up quickly
cxtvu I fall from, forsake
cxXcu I sail away from
cxXypou I fulfill, complete
cxXypuct, -cu, y completion
cxXyccu I am amazed
cxvcu I expire, die
cxopcuoot I go out, depart
cxopvcuu I indulge
cxvuu I spit, disdain
cxpcoco xpcovvut
cxpcoc0yv xpcovvut
cxptou I uproot, destroy
cxpt0yv xptvu
cxpuo xpuvu
cxcvoct, -cu, y amazement, trance
cxcvpcqu I pervert, am corrupt
cxvopoccu I agitate, stir up
cxvctvu I stretch out
cxvcXcu I finish, complete
cxvc vcto, -o, y earnestness
cxvcvy , c eager, earnest
cxvcvu eagerly, constantly
cxvt0yt I expose, put out
cxvtvoccu I shake out
cxvtco xvtu
cxvtc0yv xvtu
cxvtcot xvtu
cxvo, -y, -ov sixth
cxvo outside
cxvpcu I turn away
cxvpcqu I nourish, rear
cxvpuo, -ovo, vo untimely birth
cxuo xuvu
cxqcpu I carry out, lead, grow
cxqcuu I flee, escape
cxqocu I frighten, terrify
cxqoo, -ov terrified
cxquu I put forth, sprout
cxcu I pour out, scatter
cxupcu I depart
cxuu I die
cxuv, -ouco, -ov willingly
cXoov Xoovu
cXo0ov Xov0ovu
cXoto, -o, y olive tree
cXotov, -ou, vo olive oil
cXotuv, -uvo, o olive grove
EXotvy, -ou, o Elamite
cXoo Xou
cXoccuv, -ov smaller, inferior
cXovvovc u I have too little
cXovvou I diminish
cXouvu I drive, row
cXoqpto, -o, y fickle, vacillation
cXoqpo, -o, -ov light, quick, fickle
cXotcvo, -y, -ov small, least
cXoov Xoovu
EXco op, o Eleazar
cXcou I show mercy
cXco, -ou, o rebuke, punishment
cXct, -cu, y rebuke, conviction
cXcu cXcu
cXco, -ou, o proof, evidence for
cXc u I rebuke, expose
cXcctvo, -y, -ov pitiable

cXcc u I have mercy, pity
cXcyocuvy, -y, y alms, kind deed
cXcyuv, -ov merciful, sympathetic
cXco, -ou, vo mercy, compassion
cXcu0cpto, -o, y freedom, liberty
cXcu0cpo, -o, -ov free
cXcu0cpou I free, set free
cXcuct, -cu, y coming, advent
cXcucoot cpoot
cXcqovvtvo, -y, -ov made of ivory
cXyXu0o cpoot
EXtoxt, o Eliakim
EXtccp, o Eliezer
cXtu cXtccu
EXtou8, o Eliud
EXtcocv, y Elizabeth
EXtcoto, -ou, o Elisha
cXtccu I roll up
cXxo, -ou, vo wound
cXxou I cause sores, ulcers
cXxu I pull, drag
EXXo, -o8o, y Greece
EXXyv, -yvo, o a Greek
EXXyvtxo, -y, -ov Greek
EXXyvt, -t8o, y Greek
EXXyvtcvy, -ou, o Hellenist
EXXyvtcvt in Greek
cXXoc u I charge to someone
EXo8o, o Elmadam
cXtu I hope, expect
cXt, -t8o, y hope
EXuo, -o, o Elymas
cXut my God
co0ov ov0ovu
covotu0yv ovotou
couvou , -y myself
cotvu I embark, go in
coXXu I throw
covu I dip
covcuu I enter, visit
ctou I put in, cause to embark
cXcu I look at, gaze on
cptooot I insist, scold, warn
cctvo cvu
ccu I vomit, spit out
ctov0yv totvu
cto tvut
cotvoot I am enraged
EovouyX, o Emmanuel
Eoou, y Emmaus
cc vu I remain, stay
Eup, o Hamor
cvyc0yv tvcxoot
co, -y, -ov mine
cotovy, -y, y mockery
coto, -ou, o mockery, scorn
cotu I mock, trick
cotxvy, -ou, o mocker
ccptovcu I walk about
ctXyt I enjoy, fill, satisfy
ctpyt I burn, set on fire
ctvu I fall into
cXcxu I entangle
cXoxy, -y, y braid
cvcu I breathe, inspire
copcuoot I trade, do business
copto, -o, y business, trade
coptov, -ou, vo market
copo, -ou, o merchant
cpoc0cv in front of, ahead
cvuu I spit on
cqovy, c visible, well known
cqovtu I reveal, make known
cqoo, -ov afraid, startled
cqucou I breathe on
cquvo, -ov implanted
cupovo upotvu
cupov0yv upotvu
cv in, with, by (Dat.)
cvoxoXtoot I embrace, take in arms
cvoXto, -ov sea-dwelling, sea
creature
cvovvt before, in front of
cvovvtov before
cvovvto, -o, -ov against, opposed
cvo poot I begin
cvovo, -y, -ov ninth
cv8cy, -c poor, impoverished
cv8cto, -ovo, vo evidence, proof
cv8ctxvut I demonstrate, show
cv8ctt, -cu, y sign, omen
cv8cxo eleven
cv8cxovo, -y, -ov eleventh
cv8coot I am possible
cv8ycu I am at home
cv8t8u cxu I dress, put on
cv8txo, -ov just, right, deserved
cv8oo oot I am glorified, honored
cv8oo, -ov honored, glorious
cv8uo, -ovo, vo garment, clothing
cv8uvoou I strengthen, make able
cv8u vu I sneak in
cv8uct, -cu, y wearing
cv8u u I dress, clothe
cv8uyct, -cu, y foundation
cvcoo covu

cvcyv cotvu
cvc8ctoyv cv8ctxvut
cvc8po, -o, y ambush, plot
cvc8pcuu I lie in wait, plot
cvctXc u I wrap up, confine
cvctt I am in
cvcxo on account of, because
cvcxcvvptco cxcvvptu
cvcxcvvpt c0yv cxcvvptu
cvcxoucoyv cxoooot
cvcxoo cxovu
cvcvyxovvo ninety
cvco, -o, -ov speechless
cvcXoxyv cXcxu
cvcXyco ctXyt
cvcXyc0yv ctXyt
cvcvuco cvuu
cvcpcto, -o, y working, action
cvcpcu I work, function
cvcpyo, -ovo, vo deed, activity
cvcpy, -c effective, active
cvccvyxo cvtcvyt
cvcvuXto cvvuXtccu
cvc vuov cvvuo vu
cvcuXoc u I bless
cvcqovtco cqovtu
cvcqucyco cqucou
cvcptco cptu
cvc u I grudge, am hostile to
cvypoyv cvo poot
cvyo vyqu
cv0o 8c here
cv0cv from here
cv0ucoot I think, consider
cv0uyct, -cu, y thought
cvt there is
cvtouvo, -ou, o year, era
cvtcvyt I have come, impend
cvtcuu I strengthen
cvto vtvu
cvvco nine
cvvcuu I signal, gesture
cvvoto, -o, y thought, insight
cvvoo, -ov legal, lawful
cvvuo, -ov at night
cvotxc u I dwell in, live
cvopxtu I swear, adjure
cvovy, -yvo, y unity
cvoXc u I trouble, afflict
cvoo, -ov liable, guilty
cvcvy cu cvtcvyt
cvvoXo, -ovo, vo commandment
cvvoqtou I prepare for burial
cvvoqtoco, -ou, o burial preparation
cvvcXXoot I order, command
cvvcvuXtot cvvuXtccu
cvvcu0cv from here
cvvcut, -cu, y petition, request
cvvto, -ov honored, precious
cvvoXy, -y, y commandment
cvvoto, -o, -ov local, inhabiting
cvvo inside, within, among
cvvpc u I shame, respect
cvvpc qu I rear, train
cvvpoo, -ov trembling
cvvpoy, -y, y shame
cvvpuqo u I revel, carouse
cvvuo vu I petition, pray, appeal
cvvuXtccu I wrap up
cvvuo u I engrave
cvuptu I insult, outrage
cvuo vuccu
cvuvto oot I dream
cvuvtov, -ou, vo dream
cvucvoo vucvou
cvxyco cvotxc u
cvutov before, in front of (Gen.)
Evu, o Enos
cvuvtoot I pay attention
Evu, o Enoch
c six
cocXXu I proclaim
coopou I buy up, redeem
cou I lead out, bring out
cotpcu I take out, set free
cotpu I remove, exclude
cotvcu I ask, demand
cotqvy suddenly, immediately
coxoXou0cu I follow, obey
coxo ctot, -ot, -o six hundred
coXctqu I wipe away, erase
coXXoot I jump up
covocvoct, -cu, y resurrection
covovcXXu I spring up
covtcvyt I raise up, stand up
coovou I deceive, cheat
cotvo suddenly, immediately
coopcoot I doubt, despair
coocvcXXu I send out
copvtu I finish, complete
cocvpo vu I glisten, flash
couvy immediately, at once
ccoXov cxoXXu
ccyv cxotvu
ccXy 0yv cxoXXu
ccctpu I awaken, raise up

cc8txyco cx8txcu
cc8tuo cx8tuxu
cc8uxo cx8t8ut
ccyvy0yv cxyvcu
ccyvyco cxyvcu
cc0yxo cxvt0yt
cctXov cotpcu
cctt I go out, go away
ccxoyv cxxo vu
ccxoo cxxo vu
ccXoXyco cxXoXcu
ccXcucoot ccpoot
ccXyXu0o ccpoot
ccXtov cxXctu
ccXxu I lure
ccoo cxoccu
ccvyo cxvyqu
ccccov cxtvu
ccXoyv cxXyccu
ccpoo, -ovo, vo vomit
ccpouvou I inquire, seek diligently
ccpoot I go out, pass away
cccvyxo ctcvyt
cccvyco ctcvyt
cccvt it is permitted, proper
cccvpoot cxcvpcqu
ccvou I inquire, examine
ccvctvo cxvctvu
ccvtvoo cxvtvoccu
ccvpoyv cxvpcu
ccu0yv cxcu
cyctXo cocXXu
cyctpo ccctpu
cycoot I explain, interpret
cyycoyv cycoot
cyopoco coopou
cyxovvo sixty
cyX0ov ccpoot
cyvcxo cxqcpu
cypoot ypotvu
cypovo ypotvu
cypov0yv ypotvu
cypvtco copvtu
cypvtcot copvtu
cy next
cvyco cotvcu
cycu I proclaim
ct, -cu, y practice, exercise
ctcvyt I amaze, astound,
confuse
ctcuu I am able
co8o, -ou, y departure, death
cotcu cxqcpu
coXc0pcuu I destroy
cooXocu I confess, acknowledge
copxtu I adjure, put under oath
copxtcvy, -ou, o exorcist
copuccu I dig out
cou8cvcu I ill-treat
cou0cvcu I despise, reject
coucto, -o, y authority, capability
couctou I reign
couctocvtxo, -y, -ov authoritative
coy, -y, y high rank
cuvtu I wake up, arouse
cuvo, -ov awake
cu outside
cu cu
cu0cv from outside
cu0c u I expel, run ashore
cupuo copuccu
cuco cu0c u
cuvcpo, -o, -ov outer
cotxo I resemble
copvo u I celebrate a feast
copvy, -y, y feast, festival
cocXto, -o, y promise
coc XXoot I promise
co cXo, -ovo, vo promise
co u I bring on
couvtoot I fight, contend
co0ov ocu
co0potu I collect
Eotvcvo, -ou, o Epaenetus
cotvcu I praise
cotvo, -ou, o praise
cotpu I rise up
cotcuvoot I am ashamed
cotvcu I beg
coxoXou0cu I follow, come after
coxouu I hear, obey
coxpoooot I listen to
co v when, as soon as
covoxc necessarily
covou I put out to sea
covotvcxu I remind
covoouoot I remain, rest
covocvycu covtcvyt
covcpoot I return to
covyoov covou
covyX0ov covcpoot
covtcvyt I set up, rebel against
covop0uct, -cu, y correcting
co vu above, over
copovo, -ov accursed
copxc u I help, aid

copcto, -o, y province
covoo ovoccu
couXt, -cu, y farm, residence
couptov tomorrow
Eoqpo, -o, o Epaphras
coqptu I splash up
Eoqpo8tvo, -ou, o Epaphroditus
cccyxo ctotvu
ccyv ctotvu
ccctpu I awaken, arouse, stir up
cccvoyv cttvoot
ccvuxo cttvucxu
cc vuv cttvucxu
ccvuc0yv cttvucxu
cc8c8uxo ct8t 8ut
cc8cto ct8ctxvut
cc8o0yv ct8t 8ut
cct when, because, after
cct8y when, because, after
cct8ycp because
cctt on the next day
cctco ct0u
cctcouy, -y, y introduction
cctccXcucoot cctccpoot
cctccpoot I happen, rush in
cctc0yv ct0u
cctvo later, then
ccxctXo ctxcXXu
ccxctvo beyond
ccxXy0yv ctxoXcu
ccxoXuq0yv ctxoXuvu
ccxvctvoot I stretch out, strain for
ccXo0oyv ctXov0ovoot
ccXcXycot ctXov0ovoot
ccXco ctXcu
ccXcucoot ccpoot
ccq0yv cu
cco cu
ccv8uoot I put on
ccv8uvy, -ou, o cloak, coat
ccccov cttvu
ccXyo ctXyccu
ccpto ctptvu
ccpoot I come, approach
ccpuvou I ask, interrogate
ccpuvyo, -ovo, vo question, request
cccxcoyv ctcxcvoot
cccov tvu
cccvctXo ctcvcXXu
cccvyv cqtcvyt
cccvpco ctcvpcqu
cccov ccu
ccvoo ctvoccu
ccqovo ctqotvu
ccu I aim at, stay
cyctXoyv coc XXoot
cyoov co u
cyX0ov ccpoot
cvcco cotvcu
cyvcxov ctqcpu
cyo yvut
cypo cotpu
cypcou I threaten, abuse
cyp0yv cotpu
cypxcco copxcu
ct on, upon, at (Gen.)
ct on, in, above, to (Dat.)
ct over, across (Acc.)
ctoco tou
ctoc0yv tou
ctotvu I go up, mount
ctoXXu I lay on, put on
ctopcu I burden
cttou I cause to mount
ctXcu I notice, gaze upon
ctXyo, -ovo, vo patch
ctouXy, -y, y plot (against someone)
ctopcuu I marry
ctcpoot ctpoqu
ctcto, -ov on earth, earthly
cttvoot I come up, come on
cttvucxu I know, understand
ctvuct, -cu, y knowledge
ctpoqy, -y, y inscription
ctpoqu I write on
ct8ctxvut I show, demonstrate
ct8coot I receive, welcome
ct8ycu I live as a foreigner
ct8tovoccoot I add to
ct8t 8ut I give, deliver
ct8top0ou I set right, put in order
ct8u u I set upon
ct8ucu ct8t8ut
ctctxcto, -o, y gentleness
ctctxy, c gentleness, kindness
ctyvcu I search, seek, desire
ct0ovovto, -ov sentenced to die
ct0cct, -cu, y laying on
ct0yxo ctvt0yt
ct0ycu ctvt0yt
ct0ucu I desire, lust
ct0uyvy, -ou, o one who desires, lusts
ct0uto, -o, y desire, lust, longing
ctxo0tu I sit upon
ctxoXcu I ask, appeal, call out
ctxo Xuo, -ovo, vo cover, veil

ctxoXuvu I forgive
ctxovopovo, -ov accursed
ctxctot I lie upon
ctxc xXyot ctxoXcu
ctxcXXu I run aground
Etxoupcto, -ou, o Epicurean
ctxoupto, -o, y help
ctxpov0yv txpotvu
ctxptvu I decide, determine
ctXoovoot I take hold of, catch
ctXov0ovoot I forget, neglect
ctXcu I call, choose
ctXctu I fail, leave behind
ctXctu ctXctu
ctXctu I lick
ctXycovy, -y, y forgetting
ctXoto, -ov left, remaining
ctXuct, -cu, y explanation,
interpretation
ctXuu I explain, interpret
ctopvupcu I bear witness
ctcXcto, -o, y care, attention
ctcXcoot I care for, take care of
ctcXu careful, attentive
ctcvu I stay, remain
ctvcuu I agree, consent
ctvoto, -o, y intention, thought
ctov tvu
ctopxc u I swear falsely, perjure
ctopxo, -ou, o perjurer
ctou co, -y, y the next day
ctoucto, -ov daily, today
ctcvuxo cttvu
cttvu I fall upon, happen
ctXyccu I rebuke
cto0cu I desire, long for
cto0yct, -cu, y desire, longing
cto0yvo, -ov longed for
cto0to, -o, y desire, longing
ctopcuoot I journey, arrive
ctpovu I sew on
ctptvu I throw on
ctcctu I incite, urge on
ctcyo, -ov notorious, outstanding
ctctvtco, -ou, o food
ctcxcvoot I examine, go to see
ctcxcuooot I get ready
ctcxcoot ctcxcvoot
ctcxyvou I take up residence
ctcxto u I cast a shadow, cover
ctcxocu I care for, oversee
ctcxoy, -y, y visitation, overseer
ctcxoo, -ou, o overseer, guardian
ctcooot I conceal circumcision
ctcctpu I sow on top of
ct cvoot I understand, know
ctcvoct, -cu, y anxiety, care for
ctcvo vy, -ou, o master
ctcvcXXu I write a letter
ctcvy uv, -ov understanding
ctcvyptu I strengthen
ctcvoXy, -y, y letter, epistle
ctcvotu I silence
ctcvpcqu I turn around, return
ctcvpcu ctcvpcqu
ctcvpoqy, -y, y conversion
ctcuvo u I gather, come together
ctcuvouy, -y, y meeting, gathering
ctcuvou ctcuvo u
ctcuvyoov ctcuvo u
ctcuvyot ctcuvo u
ctcuvy0yv ctcuvo u
ctcuvvpcu I run together
ctcqoXy, -c dangerous, unsafe
ctcuu I grow strong
ctcupcuu I heap up, accumulate
ctvoy, -y, y command, ordinance
ctvo ccu I command, order
ctvcXcu I end, finish
ctvy8cto, -o, -ov necessary, needed
ctvt0yt I place on, inflict
ctvtou I rebuke, reprove
ctvtto, -o, y punishment
ctvpcu I allow, permit
ctvpoy, -y, y authority, permission
ctvpoo, -ou, o foreman, manager
ctvuo vu I attain, acquire
ccvuov ctvuo vu
ctqotvu I appear
ctqo vcto, -o, y appearing
ctqovy , -c splendid, wonderful
ctqoucxu I illuminate, shine
ctqcpu I bring
ctquvcu I cry out
ctqucxu I shine forth, dawn
ctctpcu I attempt, try
ctcu I pour on
ctopycu I support, provide for
ctopyto, -o, y support, provision
ctptu I anoint, spread on
cXco Xcxu
cXyyv Xyccu
cXyco tXyt
cXyc0yv tXyt
cvto vtu
cotxo8ocu I build upon

covoo u I call, name
covcuu I observe, watch
covy, -ou, o eyewitness
co, -ou, vo word, so to speak
covtco ovtu
covtc0yv ovtu
coupo vto, -ov heavenly
cpo0yv tpocxu
cpoo poccu
cvo seven
cvo xt seven times
cvoxtctXtot, -ot,
-o
seven thousand
cvoy0yv vocu
cvuo vuccu
cu0oyv uv0ovoot
cpo8tc0yv po8tu
Epocvo, -ou, o Erastus
cpouvo u I search, investigate
cpooot I work, accomplish
cpoct o, -o, y business, profit
cpovy, -ou, o worker, laborer
cpov, -ou, vo work, action, act
cpc0tu I irritate, provoke
cpct8u I become fixed
cpcuoot I utter, proclaim
cpcuoot cpcuoot
cpyt o, -o, y desert, uninhabited area
cpyo, -ov desert, desolate
cpyo u I depopulate
cpyuct, -cu, y destruction
cptu I quarrel
cpt0cto, -o, y strife, selfishness
cptov, -ou, vo wool
cpt, -t8o, y strife, quarrel
cpt qtov, -ou, vo goat
cptqo, -ou, o he-goat, kid
Epo, -o, o Hermas
cpyvcto, -o, y translation, interpretation
cpyvcuu I translate, interpret
Epy, -ou, o Hermes
Epocvy, -ou, o Hermogenes
cpcvov, -ou, vo reptile
cppc0yv Xcu
cppyo pyvut
cpptot ptvu
cppto ptvu
cppuov0yv puotvu
cppucoyv puoot
cppuc0yv puoot
cppuot puvvut
cpu0po , -o , -o v red
cpoot I go, come, happen
cpu Xcu
cpuvo u I ask, question
cccco ccvvut
cccoc0yv ccooot
ccctc0yv cctu
cc0y, -yvo, y clothing
cc0tu I eat, consume
ccyovo cyotvu
ccxoo cxovu
ccxuXot cxuXXu
EcXt, o Esli
ccovpov, -ou, vo mirror
ccopoo copoccu
ccc po, -o, y evening
Ecpu , o Hezron
cccooot I am worse off
ccvo0yv tcvyt
ccvyxo tcvyt
ccvyptot cvyptu
ccvypt0yv cvyptu
ccvyco tcvyt
ccvpuot cvpuvvuu
ccvpuco cvpuvvuu
ccqoyv cqou
ccqoot cqou
ccovo, -y, -ov last, least
cco vu finally
ccyxo cu
cctco ctu
cctc0yv ctu
ccov cu
ccu inside, into, in
ccu0cv from inside, within
ccuvcpo, -o, -ov inner
cvotpo, -ou, o companion, friend
cvoo voccu
cvopoo vopoccu
cvopo0yv vopoccu
cvoqyv 0ovu
cvc0yv vt0yt
cvcxov vtxvu
cvcpoXucco, -ov speaking foreign
language
cvcpo8t8ocxoXc u I teach heretical doctrine
cvcpoucu I am mismatched
cvcpo, -o, -ov different, another
cvcpu differently
cvc0yv vtxvu
cvt still, yet
cvotou I prepare, make ready
cvotocto, -o, y readiness, preparation
cvoto, -y, -ov ready
cvot u readily

cvo, -ou, vo year
cvu0yv 0uu
cvuov vuo vu
cu well, good
Euo, -o, y Eve
cuocXtu I preach, proclaim
cuocXtov, -ou, vo good news, gospel
cuocXtcvy, -ou, o evangelist
cuopccvcu I please, delight
cuo pccvo, -ov pleasing, acceptable
cuopccvu acceptably, pleasingly
EuouXo, -ou, o Eubulus
cuc excellent, well done
cucvy, -c noble minded
cu8t o, -o, y fair weather
cu8oxcu I am pleased, enjoy
cu8oxt o, -o, y good will, favor
cucpccto, -o, y good deed, benefit
cucpcvcu I do good to, benefit
cucpcvy, -ou, o benefactor
cu0cvo, -ov suitable, fit, usable
cu0cu immediately
cu0u8pocu I sail straight
cu0ucu I am encouraged
cu0uo, -ov encouraged, cheerful
cu0uu cheerfully
cu0uvu I make straight
cu0u, -cto, u straight, upright
cu0u immediately
cu0uvy, -yvo, y straightness
cuxotpc u I have time to
cuxotpto, -o, y opportunity
cuxotpo, -ov good time
cuxot pu conveniently
cuxoo, -ov easy
cuXo cto, -o, y awe, reverence, fear
cuXocoot I am afraid, reverence
cuXoy , -c devout, God-fearing
cuXoc u I praise, bless
cuXoyvo, -y, ov blessed, praised
cuXot o, -o, y praise, blessing
cucvo8ovo, -ov generous
Euvtxy, -y, y Eunice
cuvocu I make friends
cuvoto, -o, y eagerness, favor
cuvoutu I castrate
cuvouo, -ou, o eunuch, celibate
Euo8to, -o, y Euodia
cuo8o u I prosper, succeed
cuopc8po, -ov devoted to
cuct0y, -c obedient, compliant
cucptcocvo, -ov easily distracted
cucptcvovo, -ov ensnaring, controlling
cuotto, -o, y good deed
cuopcu I am rich, well off
cuopt o, -o, y prosperity
cupccto, -o, y beauty, fine
cupoc8cxvo, -ov pleasant, acceptable
cupocuc u I make a good showing
EupoxuXuv, -uvo, o northeast wind
cupc0yv cuptcxu
cupyxo cuptcxu
cuptcxu I find
cupoxXu8uv, -uvo, o Euroclydon, southeast
wind
cupov cuptcxu
cupuupo, -ov roomy, spacious
cucccto, -o, y piety, godliness
cucccu I am devout, pious
cuccy, -c pious, godly, religious
cuccu godly, religiously
cucyo, -ov clear, intelligible
cucXovo, -ov compassionate
cucyovu with propriety
cucyocuvy, y, y attractiveness
cucyuv, -ov proper, attractive
cuvo vu vigorously, powerfully
cuvpocXto, -o, y vulgar speech, coarse
Euvuo, -ou, o Eutychus
cuqyto, -o, y good report
cuqyo, -ov praiseworthy
cuqopc u I am fruitful
cuqpotvu I rejoice, am glad
Euqpo vy, -ou, o Euphrates
cuqpocuvy, -y, y joy, gladness
cuoptcvcu I thank
cuoptcvto, -o, y thanksgiving
cuo ptcvo, -ov thankful
cuy, -y, y prayer, vow
cuoot I pray, wish
cupycvo, -ov useful
cuuc u I am encouraged
cuu8to, -o, y aroma, fragrance
cuuvuo, -ov left (side)
cqoov cc0tu
cqoXXoot I jump on
cqovyv qotvu
cqovu qotvu
cqoo once
cqctcoyv qct8oot
Eqccto, -o, -ov Ephesian
Eqcco, -ou, y Ephesus
cqccvyxo cqtcvyt
cqcupcvy, -ou, o inventor
cqycpto, -o, y work team
cqycpo, -ov daily

cq0coyv q0coot
cqtxvcoot I arrive, reach
cqtcvyt I stand by, am near
cqopou I pay attention to
cqpoyv qpoccu
Eqpot, o Ephraim
cqpoo qpoccu
cquov qcuu
cquXoo quXoccu
cqqo0o I am opened
coXoc0yv oXou
copyv otpu
c0c yesterday
c0po, -o, y enmity
c0po, -o, -ov hostile, enemy of
ct8vo, -y, y snake
cpycoyv pooot
cu I have, hold
cuptco uptu
cuyv uu
cupoxo opou/Xcu
cu till, until
Z
ZoouXuv, o Zebulun
Zoxoto, -ou, o Zacchaeus
Zopo, o Zerah
Zoopto, -ou, o Zechariah
o u I live
Zcc8oto, -ou, o Zebedee
ccvo, -y, ov hot
cu o, -ou, vo pair, yoke
cuxvypt o, -o, y bands, ropes
Zcu, Ato, o Zeus
cu I boil, am zealous
yXcuu I am eager
yXo, -ou, o zeal, jealousy
yXou I desire, am zealous
yXuvy, -ou, o zealot, enthusiast
yto, -o, y damage, loss
ytou I suffer loss, punish
Zyvo, o Zenas
yvcu I seek, look for
yvyo, -ovo, vo question, dispute
yvyct, -cu, y investigation,
controversy
tovtov, -ou, vo darnel weed
ZopoocX, o Zerubbabel
oqo, -ou, o darkness, gloom
uo, -ou, o yoke, scale balance
uy, -y, y yeast, leaven
uou I ferment, leaven
upcu I control, capture
uy, -y, y life
uvy, -y, y belt
uvvut I gird, dress
oovc u I keep alive, make alive
ov, -ou, vo animal, living thing
ootc u I make alive
ucu uvvut
H
y or, than
yoov ou
ytxo ctu
ytco ctu
ycovcuu I rule, command, order
ycovt o, -o, y government
ycuv, -ovo, o prince, governor
ycoot I lead, guide, consider
ycp0yv cctpu
yyot ycoot
yycoyv ycoot
ytoco otou
ytoc0yv otou
ytocot otou
yopoco oopou
yo pocot oopou
yopo c0yv oopou
yuvtcot ouvtoot
y8c u gladly
y8y already, now
y8ovy, -y, y pleasure, enjoyment
y8uocov, -ou, vo mint
y0o, -ou, vo custom, habit
y0potcot o0potu
yxoco oxou
yxu I have come
yXoyv oXXoot
yXco cXc u
yXc0yv cXc u
yXcy0yv cXccu
yXcyco cXccu
yXcto oXctqu
yX0ov cpoot
yXt my God
HXt, o Heli
HXto, -ou, o Elijah
yXtxto, -o, y lifetime, mature
yXtxo, -y, -ov how great
yXto, -ou, o sun
yXXoyv oXXoccu
yXXoo oXXoccu
yXo, -ou, o nail
yXtxo cXtu
yXtco cXtu
ycpo, -o, y day
ycvcpo, -o, -ov our

yyco oou
yt0ovy, -c half dead
ytcu, -cto, -u half
ytupov, -ou, vo half hour
yvoxoco ovoxou
yvoxo0yv ovoxou
yvcxo qcpu
yvc0yv qcpu
yvtxo when, as soon as
yvoto ovot u
yvot0yv ovot u
yvvXyxo ovvXcu
yvvXyco ovvXcu
yo yxu
yu yxu
ycp than
yto, -o, -ov gentle, kind
Hp, o Er
ypo otpu
ypc0tco cpc0tu
ypctco cpct8u
ypco, -ov quiet, tranquil
ypcco opccxu
pcvtco otpcvtu
yp0yv otpu
ypxo otpu
ypot otpu
ypoco opou
ypo opu
ypoyv opou
ypoco opou
Hp8y, -ou, o Herod
Hp8tovot, -uv, ot Herodians
Hp8to, -o8o, y Herodias
Hp8tuv, -uvo, o Herodion
Hcoto, -ou, o Isaiah
Hcou, o Esau
yc0cvyxo oc0cvcu
yccuv, -ov lesser, inferior, weaker
ycuou I rest, am quiet
ycuto, -o, y quietness, silence
ycuto, -ov quiet
yvo xvyco ovoxvcu
vyxo otvcu
vyco otvcu
yvtoco ovtou
yvtoc0yv ovtou
yvot either
yvotoxo cvotou
yvvooot I am defeated, loose
yvvyo, -ovo, vo loss
yuoco ouou
yuy0yv ouovu
yuyco ouovu
yuqpov0yv cuqpotvu
yc u I make noise, roar
y0yv ou
yo, -ou, o noise, report
yo, -ou, vo noise, sound
yo ovu
O
Oo88ot o, -ou, o Thaddaeus
0oXocco, -y, y sea, lake
0oXu I take care of, comfort
Ooop, y Tamar
0ocu I am amazed
0o o, -ou, vo amazement
0ovocto, -ov deadly
0ovovyqopo, -ov deadly
0ovovo, -ou, o death
0ovovou I execute, put to death
0ovu I bury
Oopo, o Terah
0oppc u I have courage
0opccu I have courage
0opco, -ou, vo courage
0ouo, -ovo, vo a wonder, miracle
0ouou I am amazed, marvel
0ouocto, -o, -ov marvelous, wonderful
0ouocvo, -y, -ov wonderful, marvelous
0co, -o, y goddess
0cooot I look at, notice
0covptu I shame publicly
0covpov, -ou, vo theater
0ctov, -ou, vo sulphur
0cto, -o, -ov divine
0ctovy, -yvo, y divine being
0ctu8y, -c sulphurous
0cXyo, -ovo, vo will
0cXyct, -cu, y desire
0cXu I wish, desire
0ccXtov, -ou, vo foundation, basis
0ccXto, -ou, o foundation
0ccXtou I lay a foundation
0co8t8oxvo, -ov taught by God
0cooo, -ov fighting against God
0covcucvo, -ov God breathed, inspired
0co, -ou, o, y God, god, goddess
0cocccto, -o, y religion, piety
0coccy, -c god-fearing, religious
0cocvuy, -c hating God
0covy, -yvo, y divine being, deity
OcoqtXo, -ou, o Theophilus
0cpoct o, -o, y healing, service, care
0cpocuu I heal, serve
0cpouv, -ovvo, o servant

0cptu I reap, harvest
0cptco, -ou, o harvest
0cptcvy, -ou, o reaper, harvester
0cpotvu I warm myself
0cpy, -y, y heat
0cpo, -ou, vo summer
OcccoXovtxcu,
-cu, o
Thessalonian
OcccoXovtxy, -y, y Thessalonica
Ocu8o, -o, o Theudas
0cupcu I look at, observe
0cupto, -o, y spectacle
0yxy, -y, y receptacle
0yXou I nurse, suck
0yXu, -cto, -u female
0ypo, -o, y trap, net
0ypcuu I catch, hunt
0yptoocu I fight wild animals
0yptov, -ou, vo animal
0ycouptu I store up, save
0ycoupo, -ou, o storehouse, treasure box
0ycu vt0yt
0tovu I touch
0Xtu I crowd against, oppress
0Xtt, -cu, y tribulation, oppression
0vcxu I die
0vyvo, -y, -ov mortal
0opuou I trouble, upset
0opucu I trouble, upset
0opuo, -ou, o noise, clamor, uproar
0pouu I break, oppress
0pco, -ovo, vo domesticated animal
0pyvcu I mourn, lament
0pycxct o, -o, y religion
0pycxo, -ov religious
0ptocuu I lead in triumph
0pt, vpto, y hair
0pocu I am disturbed
0poo, -ou, o blood clot
0povo, -ou, o throne
Ouovctpo, -uv, vo Thyatira
0uovyp, -vpo, y daughter
0uovptov, -ou, vo little daughter
0ucXXo, -y, y storm
0utvo, -y, -ov citron wood
0utoo, -ovo, vo incense, offering
0utovyptov, -ou, vo altar of incense
0utou I offer incense
0uoocu I am furious
0uo, -ou, o fury, passion
0uou I make angry
0u po, -o, y door, entrance
0upco, -ou, o shield
0upt, -t8o, y window
0upupo, -ou, o, y doorkeeper
0ucto, -o, y sacrifice, offering
0uctocvyptov, -ou, vo altar
0uu I sacrifice, slaughter
Ouo, -o, o Thomas
0upo, -oxo, o breastplate, chest
I
to0yv tooot
Io tpo, -ou, o Jairus
Ioxu, o Jacob
Ioxuo, -ou, o James
too, -ovo, vo healing
Iopy, o Jambres
Iovvot, o Jannai
Iovvy, o Jannes
tooot I heal, cure
Iopcv, o Jared
toct, -cu, y healing
toct, -t8o, y jasper
Iocuv, -ovo, o Jason
tovpo, -ou, o physician
t8c look!
t8to, -o, -ov ones own
t8tu vy, -ou, o amateur, layman
t8ou look!
I8ouoto, -o, y Idumaea
t8pu, -uvo, o sweat
IcocX, y Jezebel
IcpooXt, -cu, y Hierapolis
tcpovcto, -o, y priesthood
tcpo vcuo, -ovo, vo priesthood
tcpovcuu I am a priest
Icpcto, -ou, o Jeremiah
tcpcu, -cu, o priest
Icptu, y Jericho
tcpo0uvo, -ov sacrificed to a deity
tcpov, -ou, vo temple
tcpopcy, -c priest like, religious
tcpo, -o, -ov holy, set apart
IcpocoXuo, vo y Jerusalem
IcpocoXutvy, -ou, o Jerusalemite
tcpocuXcu I rob temples
tcpocuXo, -ou, o temple robber
tcpoupcu I am a priest
IcpoucoXy, y Jerusalem
tcpucuvy, -y, y priesthood
Icccot, o Jesse
Icq0oc, o Jephthah
Icovto, -ou, o Jechoniah
Iycou, -ou, o Jesus, Joshua
txovo, -y, -ov enough, many, large
txovovy, -yvo, y capability

txovou I make sufficient
txcvypto, -o, y supplication
txo, -o8o, y moisture
Ixovtov, -ou, vo Iconium
tXopo, -o, -ov happy, glad, merry
tXopovy, -yvo, y happiness, gladness
tXocxoot I forgive, conciliate
tXoco, -ou, o means of forgiveness
tXocvyptov, -ou, vo means of forgiveness
tXcu, -uv gracious, merciful
IXXuptxov, -ou, vo Illyricum
to, -ovvo, o strap, thong
tovtu I dress, clothe
tovtov, -ou, vo garment
tovtco, -ou, o clothing
tvo in order that, that
tvovt why?
Ioy, -y, y Joppa
Iop8ovy, -ou, o Jordan River
to, -ou, o venom, poison
Iou8oto, -o, y Judea
tou8otu I live as a Jew
Iou8otxo, -y, -ov Jewish
Iou8otxu Jewish
Iou8oto, -o, -ov Judean
Iou8otco, -ou, o Judaism
Iou8o, -o, o Judah, Judas
IouXto, -o, y Julia
IouXto, -ou, o Julius
Iouvto, -o, o Junias
Ioucvo, -ou, o Justus
tcu, -cu, o horseman
ttxo, -y, -ov mounted on a horse
to, -ou, o horse
tpt, -t8o, y rainbow, halo
Icoo x, o Isaac
tcocXo, -ov angel-like
Icxoptu0, o Iscariot
Icxoptuvy, -ou, o Iscariot
tco, -y, -ov equal
tcovy, -yvo, y equality
tcovto, -ov equal to
tcouo, -ov like soul, like minded
IcpoyX, o Israel
IcpoyXtvy, -ou, o Israelite
Iccoop, o Issachar
tcvyt I put, stand, establish
tcvopcu I visit
tcupo , -o , -o v powerful, strong
tcu, -uo, y strength, power
tcuu I have power, am capable
tcu perhaps, probably
IvoXto, -o, y Italy
IvoXtxo, -y, -ov Italian
Ivoupoto, -o, -ov Ituraean
t0u8tov, -ou, vo little fish
t0u, -uo, o fish
tvo, -ou, vo footprint, sole
Iuo0o , o Jotham
Iuoxt, o Jehoiakim
Iuovov, o Joanan
Iuovvo, -o, y Joanna
Iuovvy, -ou, o John
Iu, o Job
Iuy8, o Obed
Iu8o, o Joda
IuyX, o Joel
Iuvo, o Jonam
Iuvo, o, o Jonah
Iupo, o Joram
Iupt, o Jorim
Iucoqov, o Jehoshaphat
Iucy, -yvo, o Joses
Iucyq, o Joseph
Iucy, o Josech
Iucto, -ou, o Josiah
tuvo, vo iota, smallest letter
K
xou and I
xo0o just as
xo0otpcct, -cu, y destruction
xo0otpcu I tear down, destroy
xo0otpu I clean
xo0ocp just as
xo0ovu I seize, take hold of
xo0optu I clean, purify
xo0optco, -ou, o purification
xo0optu xo0optu
xo0opo, -o, -ov clean, pure
xo0opovy, -yvo, y purification
xo0c8po, -o, y chair
xo0coot I sit
xo0ctXov xo0otpcu
xo0cXu xo0otpcu
xo0cy one after another
xo0cu8u I sleep
xo0yyvy, -ou, o teacher
xo0yxo xo0tyt
xo0yxu I come to, am proper
xo0yot I sit, dwell
xo0ycptvo, -y, -ov daily
xo0tu I sit, remain
xo0tyt I let down
xo0tcvyt I appoint, authorize
xo0o just as, in so far as
xo0oXou entirely, completely

xo0oXtu I arm fully, equip
xo0opou I perceive, notice
xo0ovt because, as
xo0u just as, as, when
xo0uccp just as
xot and, also, then
Kotoqo, -o, o Caiaphas
Ko tv, o Cain
Kotvo, o Cainan
xotvo, -y, -ov new, unknown
xotvo vy, -yvo, y newness
xotcp although
xotpo, -ou, o time
Kotcop, -opo, o Caesar, Emperor
Kotcopcto, -o, y Caesarea
xotvot although
xotvotc and yet
xotu I burn, ignite
xoxct and there
xoxct0cv and from there
xoxctvo, -y, -o and that one
xoxto, -o, y badness, wickedness
xoxoy0cto, -o, y malice
xoxoXocu I insult, revile
xoxoo0cto, -o, y suffering, misfortune
xoxoo0cu I suffer misfortune
xoxootcu I do wrong, harm
xoxooto, -ov evildoer, criminal
xoxo, -y, -ov bad, evil
xoxoupo, -ov evildoer, criminal
xoxoucu I mistreat, torment
xoxou I harm, mistreat
xoxu badly
xoxuct, -cu, y injury, oppression
xoXoy, -y, y straw, stalk
xoXoo, -ou, o reed, reed pen
xoXcu I call, name, summon
xoXXtcXoto, -ou, y cultivated olive tree
xoXo8t8o cxoXo,
-ou, o
teacher of good
KoXot Atcvc, ot Fair Havens
xoXootcu I do good
xoXo, -y, -ov good, fitting, beautiful
xoXuo, -ovo, vo veil
xoXuvu I cover, hide
xoXuu xoXuvu
xoXu goodly, well
xoyXo, -ou, o, y camel
xotvo, -ou, y oven, furnace
xouu I close, refuse
xovu I am sick, weary
xovu I bend, worship
xov and if
Kovo, y Cana
Kovovoto, -ou, o Cananaean
Kov8o xy, -y, y Candace
xovuv, -ovo, o rule, standard
xoyXcuu I peddle, trade
xovo, -ou, o smoke
Koo8oxto, -o, y Cappadocia
xop8to, -o, y heart, mind, inner self
xop8tovucvy, -ou, o knower of hearts
Kopo, -ou, o Carpus
xopo, -ou, o fruit, yield, outcome
xopoqopc u I bear fruit
xopoqopo, -ov fruitbearing, fruitful
xopvcpcu I endure, persevere
xopqo, -ou, vo speck
xovo down, against (Gen.)
xovo according to, during
(Acc.)
xovootvu I go down
xovooXXu I throw down
xovoopcu I burden
xovoopuvu I burden, oppress
xovooct, -cu, y descent, slope
xovoc yxo xovoot vu
xovoycoot xovootvu
xovooXy, -y, y foundation, creation
xovopocuu I condemn, disqualify
xovocXcu, -cu, o preacher
xovocXXu I proclaim
xovocXou I ridicule, laugh at
xovotvucxu I condemn, convict
xovovut I break
xovopoqu I write down
xovou I lead down
xovouvtoot I conquer, defeat
xovo8cu I bind up
xovo8yXo, -ov very clear, plain
xovo8txou I condemn, find guilty
xovo8txy, -y, y condemnation
xovo8tuxu I search, hunt
xovo8ouXou I enslave
xovo8uvocvcuu I oppress, exploit
xovo0co, -ovo, vo cursed thing, devoted
xovo0covtu I curse
xovotcuvu I dishonor, disgrace
xovoxotu I burn down, consume
xovoxoXuvu I cover, veil
xovoxouooot I boast against, despise
xovoxctot I lie down, dine
xovoxXou I break into pieces
xovoxXctu I imprison, lock up
xovoxXypovocu I inherit
xovoxXtvu I sit down to eat

xovoxXuu I flood, inundate
xovoxXuco, -ou, o flood
xovoxoXou0cu I follow
xovoxovu I beat, bruise
xovoxpyvtu I throw down
xovoxpto, -ovo, vo condemnation
xovoxptvu I condemn
xovoxptct, -cu, y condemnation
xovoxuvu I stoop, bend down
xovoxuptcuu I rule, subdue
xovoXoXcu I slander, defame
xovoXoXto , -o , y slander
xovoXoXo, -ou, o slanderer
xovoXoovu I seize, win, overtake
xovoXcu I select, enroll
xovoXctu I leave
xovoXctu xovoXctu
xovoXcXctot xovoXctu
xovoXt0ou I stone to death
xovoXXoy, -y, y reconciliation
xovoXXoccu I reconcile
xovoXoto, -ov left, remaining
xovoXuo, -ovo, vo inn
xovoXuu I throw down, detach
xovoov0ovu I observe, consider
xovoopvupcu I witness against
xovocvu I remain, stay
xovovoXtcxu I consume, destroy
xovovopxou I burden
xovovcuu I signal, gesture
xovovocu I consider, notice
xovovvou I arrive, reach, attain
xovovut, -cu, y bewilderment
xovovuccoot I am pierced, stabbed
xovotou I consider worthy
xovoovcu I trample, tread upon
xovoouct, -cu, y rest
xovoouu I rest, stop, cease
xovocvoco,
-ovo, vo
curtain, veil
xovotpyt I burn to ashes
xovotvu I swallow, devour
xovotvu I fall, fall down
xovoXcu I sail toward
xovoovcu I subdue, torment,
oppress
xovoovvtu I sink, am drowned
xovopo, -o, y curse
xovopooot I curse
xovopcu I make ineffective,
abolish
xovopt0cu I belong to, count
xovopvtu I restore, produce, make
xovopvtct, -cu, y adequacy, made
complete
xovopvtco, -ou, o equipment, equipping
xovocctu I signal, wave, motion
xovocxovu I tear down
xovocxcuou I make ready, build
xovocxyvou I live, dwell, nest
xovocxyvuct,
-cu, y
nest, dwelling
xovocxtou I overshadow
xovocxocu I spy out
xovocxoo, -ou, o spy
xovocoqtoot I exploit
xovocvcXXu I restrain, calm
xovocvyo, -ovo, vo behavior, demeanor
xovocvycu xo0tcvyt
xovocvoXy, -y, y manner of dress
xovocvpcqu I upset, turn over
xovocvpyvtou I lust
xovocvpoqy, -y, y ruin, destruction
xovocvpuvvut I kill
xovocupu I drag forcibly
xovocqou I slaughter
xovocqpotu I seal
xovoccct, -cu, y possession
xovovt0yt I lay down, place
xovovoy, -y, y mutilation
xovovpcu I run down
xovoqooot xovcc0tu
xovoqcpu I cast against
xovoqcuu I flee
xovoq0ctpu I destroy, corrupt, ruin
xovoqtXcu I kiss
xovoqpovcu I despise, scorn
xovoqpovyvy, -ou, o scoffer
xovocu I pour over
xovo0ovto, -ov subterranean
xovopo oot I make use of
xovouu I refresh, make cool
xovcoyv xovovut
xovcoo xovovut
xovcou xovovut
xovcyv xovootvu
xovc8poov xovovpcu
xovc0yxo xovovt0yt
xovct8uXo, -ov full of idols
xovct Xyot xovoXoo vu
xovctXyqo xovoXoovu
xovcxXt0yv xovoxXtvu
xovcxuo xovoxuvu
xovcXctq0yv xovoXctu
xovcXyq0yv xovoXoovu
xovco0ov xovoov0ovu
xovcvovvt opposite, across from

xovcvuyv xovovuccoot
xovcvutov before, in front of
xovcouctou I reign, tyrannize
xovcccov xovotvu
xovcccvyv xovcqtcvoot
xovco0yv xovotvu
xovcpooot I achieve, accomplish
xovcpoot I come down
xovcc0tu I eat up, consume
xovccxoot xovocxovu
xovccxoo xovocxovu
xovccvo0yv xo0tcvyt
xovccvoXot xovocvcXXu
xovccvctXo xovocvcXXu
xovccvyco xo0tcvyt
xovccvpco xovocvpcqu
xovccov xovcu
xovcu0uvu I guide, lead, direct
xovcuXocu I bless
xovcqoov xovcc0tu
xovcqtcvoot I rise up, attack
xovcu I prevent, hold back
xovyoov xovou
xovyctXo xovocXXu
xovycXyv xovocXXu
xovyopcu I accuse
xovyopto, -o, y accusation
xovyopo, -ou, o accuser
xovyup, -opo, o accuser
xovyX0ov xovcpoot
xovyXXoyv xovoXXoccu
xovyvcxo xovoqcpu
xovyvvyxo xovovvou
xovyqcto, -o, y dejection, downcast
xovycu I inform, report, teach
xovy0yv xovou
xovtou I become rusty, corroded
xovtcuu I prevail, defeat
xovotxcu I dwell
xovotxyct, -cu, y dwelling, home
xovotxyvyptov, -ou, vo dwelling place
xovotxto, -o, y dwelling place
xovotxtu I cause to dwell, settle
xovovptu I contemplate
xovu below, down
xovxyco xovotxcu
xovxtco xovotxtu
xovuvcpo, -o, -ov lower
xovuvcpu lesser
Kou8o Cauda
xouo, -ovo, vo burning, scorching
xouovtu I am burned, scorched
xouct, -cu, y burning
xoucou I burn up, am consumed
xoucvyptou I am seared, brand
xoucuv, -uvo, o heat, burning
xouooot I boast, pride myself
xouyo, -ovo, vo boast, brag
xouyct, -cu, y boasting, bragging
Koqopvoou, y Capernaum
Kcpcot, -uv, ot Cenchreae
Kc8puv, o Kidron (valley)
xctot I lie, recline
xctpto, -o, y strip of cloth, bandage
xctpu I shear, cut hair
xcxoXuot xoXuvu
xcxXyxo xoXcu
xcxXyot xoXcu
xcxopccot xopcvvut
xcxpoo xpou
xcxptxo xptvu
xcxpuot xpuvu
xcxpuyv xpuvu
xcXcuco, -ovo, vo signal
xcXcuu I command, order
xcvo8oto, -o, y illusion, delusion
xcvo8oo, -ov conceited, boastful
xcvo, -y, -ov empty, in vain
xcvoquvto, -o, y chatter, empty talk
xcvou I empty, render void
xc vvpov, -ou, vo sting, goad
xcvvuptuv -uvo, o Roman officer, centurion
xcvu emptily, idly, vainly
xcpoto, -o, y projection, serif, hook
xcpocu, -cu, o potter
xcpotxo, -y, -ov made of clay
xcpotov, -ou, vo jar of clay
xcpoo, ou, o clay, roof tile
xcpovvut I mix (wine), pour
xcpo, -ovo, vo horn, corner, power
xcpovtov, -ou, vo carob pod
xcp8otvu I gain, make profit
xcp8ycu xcp8otvu
xcp8o, -ou, vo profit
xcpo, -ovo, vo coin
xcpovtcvy, -ou, o moneychanger
xcqoXotov, -ou, vo main point, summary
xcqoXy, -y, y head
xcqoXtou I strike on the head
xcqoXt, -t8o, y section of a scroll
xcpyot pooot
xyou I muzzle
xyvco, -ou, o tax
xyo, -ou, o garden
xyoupo, -ou, o gardener
xypuo, -ovo, vo proclamation

xypu, -uxo, o herald, preacher
xypuccu I announce, preach
xyvo, -ou, vo sea monster
Kyqo, -o, o Cephas (Peter)
xtuvo, -ou, y boat, box
xt0opo, -o, y lyre, harp
xt0optu I play the lyre
xt0op8o, -ou, o harpist
KtXtxto, -o, y Cilicia
xtv8uvcuu I am in danger
xtv8uvo, ou, o danger
xtvcu I move, remove
xtvvouov, -ou, vo cinnamon
Kt, o Kish
xtpyt I lend
xXo8o, -ou, o branch
xXotu I weep, cry
xXoct, -cu, y breaking
xXoco, -ovo, vo piece, crumb
KXou8o Clauda (island)
KXou8to, -o, y Claudia
KXou8to, -ou, o Claudius
xXou0o, -ou, o weeping, crying
xXou I break
xXct, xXct8o, y key
xXctu I shut, close, lock
xXco, -ovo, vo theft
KXcoo, -o, o Cleopas
xXco, -ou, vo fame, honor
xXc vy, -ou, o thief
xXcvu I steal
xXcu xXcvu
xXyo, -ovo, vo branch
KXyy, -cvvo, o Clement
xXypovocu I inherit, acquire, receive
xXypovoto, -o, y inheritance, possession
xXypovoo, -ou, o heir
xXypo, -ou, o lot, portion, share
xXypou I appoint by lot, receive
xXy ct, -cu, y call, calling, invitation
xXyvo, -y, -ov called, invited
xXtovo, -ou, o oven
xXto, -ovo, vo region, district
xXtvoptov, -ou, vo bed, cot
xXtvy, -y, y bed, couch
xXtvt8tov -ou, vo bed, stretcher
xXtvu I incline, bend, lean
xXtcto, -o, y eating group
xXoy, -y, y theft
xXu8uv -uvo, o surf, wave
xXu8uvt oot I am tossed by waves
KXuo, -o , o Clopas
xvy0u I itch
Kvt8o, -ou, y Cnidus (peninsula)
xo8po vvy, -ou, o coin, cent
xotXto, -o, y belly, womb
xotou I sleep, die
xotyct, -cu, y sleep, death
xotvo, -y, -ov common, ordinary
xotvou I defile
xotvuvc u I share
xotvuvto, -o, y fellowship, share
xotvuvtxo, -y, -ov generous, sharing
xotvuvo, -ou, o, y companion, partner
xotvy, -y, y bed, intercourse
xotvuv -uvo, o bedroom
xoxxtvo, -y, -ov scarlet cloth, red
xoxxo, -ou, o seed, grain
xoXou I punish
xoXoxcto, -o, y flattery
xoXoct, -cu, y punishment
xoXoqtu I beat, strike
xoXXou I unite, join
xoXXouptov, -ou, vo eye salve
xoXXutcvy, -ou, o moneychanger
xoXoou I mutilate, curtail
KoXoccot, -uv, ot Colossae
xoXo, -ou, o breast, chest
xoXuou I swim
xoXuy0po, -o, y pool, swimming pool
xoXuvto, -o, y colony
xoou I wear long hair
xoy, -y, y hair
xotu I receive, get, recover
xoovcpov get better (with cu)
xovtou I whitewash
xovtopvo, -ou, o dust
xoou I stop, rest
xocvo, -ou, o lamentation, mourning
xoy, -y, y slaughter
xotou I toil, am weary
xoo, -ou, o trouble, work, labor
xopto, -o, y dung-heap, rubbish
xoptov, -ou, vo dung, manure, filth
xovu I cut, mourn
xopo, -oxo, o crow, raven
xopoctov, -ou, vo girl
xopov gift to God
xopovo, -o, o temple treasury
Kopc, o Korah
xopcvvut I fill, am content
Koptv0to, -ou, o Corinthian
Koptv0o, -ou, y Corinth
KopvyXto, -ou, o Cornelius
xopo, -ou, o cor (1012 bushels)
xoccu I adorn, beautify

xoctxo, -y, -ov earthly, worldly
xocto, -ov modest, respectable
xocoxpovup, -opo, o world ruler
xoco, -ou o world
Kouopvo, -ou, o Quartus
xou stand up
xoucvu8to, -o, y a guard
xouqtu I lighten
xoqtvo, -ou, o large basket
xou xovu
xpoovvo, -ou, o mattress, pallet
xpou I cry out, call out
xpotoXy, -y, y drunken, hangover
xpovtov, -ou, vo skull
xpocc8ov, -ou, vo edge, border, fringe
xpovoto, -o, -ov powerful, mighty
xpovotou I become strong
xpovcu I grasp, seize, arrest
xpovtcvo, -y, -ov most noble
xpovo, -ou, vo power, might
xpouou I shout, scream, cry
xpouy, -y, y shout, weeping
xpco, xpcu, vo meat
xpctvvuv, -ov better, higher status
xpcovvut I hang, crucify
xpyvo, -ou, o steep bank
Kpy, -yvo, o a Cretan
Kpycxy, -cvvo, o Crescens
Kpyvy, -y, y Crete
xpt0y, -y, y barley
xpt0tvo, -y, -ov barley (bread)
xpto, -ovo, vo lawsuit, decision
xptvov, -ou, vo wild flower
xptvu I judge, decide
xptct, -cu, y judgment, verdict
Kptco, -ou, o Crispus
xptvyptov, -ou, vo lawsuit, tribunal
xptvy, -ou, o a judge
xptvtxo, -y, -ov able to judge
xpouu I knock
xpuvy, -y, y secret place, cellar
xpuvo, -y, -ov hidden, secret
xpuvu I hide, conceal
xpucvoXXtu I shine like crystal
xpucvoXXo, -ou, o crystal
xpuqoto, -o, -ov hidden, secret
xpuq secretly
xvooot I acquire, get
xvyo, -ovo, vo property, possession
xvyvo, -ou, vo pack-animal
xvyvup, -opo, o owner
xvtu I create
xvtct, -cu, y creation, creature
xvtco, -ovo, vo creature
xvtcvy, -ou, o creator
xucto, -o, y trickery, craftiness
xucpvyct, -cu, y guidance
xucpvyvy, -ou, o pilot, captain
xuxXcuu I surround
xuxXo0cv all around
xuxXou I surround, encircle
xuxX around, all around
xuXtco, -ou, o rolling, wallowing
xuXtu I roll
xuXXo, -y, -ov crippled
xu o, -ovo, vo wave (sea)
xuoXov, -ou, vo cymbal
xu tvov, -ou, vo cumin
xuvoptov, -ou, vo little dog, house dog
Kupto, -ou, o a Cypriot
Kupo, -ou, y Cyprus
xuvu I bend down
Kupyvoto, -ou, o a Cyrenian
Kupyvy, -y, y Cyrene
Kupyvto, -ou, o Quirinius
xupt o, -o, y lady, mistress
xuptoxo, -y, -ov belong to the Lord
xuptcuu I rule, control
xupto, -ou, o lord, sir, owner
xupto vy, -yvo, y dominion, lordship
xupou I confirm, ratify
xuuv, xuvo, o dog
xuXov, -ou, vo corpse
xuXuu I prevent, forbid
xuy, -y, y village
xuooXt, -cu, y market-town
xuo, -ou, o orgy, revelry
xuvu, -uo, o gnat, mosquito
Ku, Ku, y Cos
Kuco, o Cosam
xuqo, -y, -ov deaf, dull, blunt
A
Xoovu I receive, choose by lot
Aoopo, -ou, o Lazarus
Xo0pg secretly
XotXo, -oo, y whirlwind
Xoxo u I burst apart
Xoxvtu I kick, goad
XoXcu I speak
XoXto, -o, y speech
Xoovu I receive, acquire
Aoc, o Lamech
Xoo, -o 8o, y torch, lamp
Xopo, -o, -ov bright, shining
Xopovy, -yvo, y brilliance, spendor
Xopu splendidly, luxuriously

Xou I shine, flash
Xou Xou
Xov0ovu I am hidden, forget
Xocuvo, -y, ov hewn out of rock
Aoo8txcto, -o, y Laodicea
Aoo8txcu, -cu, o Laodicean
Xoo, -ou, o people
Xopu, -o, o throat
Aocoto, -o, y Lasaea (Crete)
Xovoc u I hew out of rock
Xovpcto, -o, y worship
Xovpcuu I worship
Xoovov, -ou, vo vegetable
Xctuv -uvo, y legion
Xcu I say, tell
Xct o, -ovo, vo remnant
Xcto, -o, -ov smooth, level
Xctu I leave, lack
Xctvoupc u I serve, minister
Xctvoupto, -o, y service, ministry
Xctvouptxo, -y, -ov holy service, ministering
Xctvoupo, -ou, o servant, priest
Xco why
Xcvvtov, ou, vo towel
Xct, -t8o, y flake, scale
Xcpo, -o, y leprosy
Xcpo, -o, -ov leper, leprous
Xcvo, -y, -ov small, small coin, thin
Acut, o Levi
Acut, Acut, o Levi
Acutvy, -ou, o Levite
Acutvtxo, -y, ov Levitical
Xcuxotvu I make white
Xcuxo, -y, -ov bright, white, shining
Xcuv, -ovvo, o lion
Xy0y, -y, y forgetfulness
Xyt, -cu, y receiving, credit
Xyoot Xoovu
Xyvo, -ou, y wine press
Xypo, -ou, o nonsense, idle talk
Xcvy, -ou, o robber, revolutionary
Xtov very
Xtovo, -ou, o frankincense
Xtovuvo, -ou, o incense, censer
Atcpvtvo, -ou, o Freedman
Atuy, -y, y Libya
Xt0ou I stone to death
Xt0tvo, -y, -ov made of stone
Xt0ooXcu I stone to death
Xt0o, -ou, o stone, rock
Xt0ocvpuvo, -ov stone pavement
Xtxo u I crush
Xtyv, -cvo, o harbor
Xtvy, -y, y lake, pool
Xto, -ou, o, y hunger, famine
Xtvov, -ou, vo flax, linen
Atvo, -ou, o Linus
Xtopo, -o, -ov oily, fat, luxurious
Xtvpo, -o, y pound
Xt, Xto, o southwest
Xocto, -o, y collection
Xotoot I reckon, calculate,
ponder
Xotxo, -y, ov rational, spiritual
Xotov, -ou, vo saying
Xoto, -o, -ov learned, eloquent
Xotco, -ou, o reasoning, wisdom
Xooocu I argue about words
Xoooto, -o, y arguing about words
Xoo, -ou, o word, speech, reason
Xoy, -y, y spear
Xot8opcu I revile, slander, abuse
Xot8opto, -o, y slander, verbal abuse
Xot8opo, -ou, o reviler, slanderer
Xoto, -ou, o pestilence, plague
Xoto, -y, -ov remaining, other
Aouxo, -o, o Luke
Aouxto, -ou, o Lucius
Xouvpov, -ou, vo washing, bath
Xou u I wash
Au 88o, -o, y Lydda
Au8to, -o, y Lydia
Auxoovt o, -o, y Lycaonia
Auxoovtcvt Lycaonian
Auxto, -o, y Lycia
Xuxo, -ou, o wolf
Xuotvoot I injure, destroy, ruin
Xuc u I grieve, am sad
Xuy, -y, y grief, sorrow, pain
Aucovto, -ou, o Lysanias
Aucto, -ou, o Lysias
Xuct, -cu, y divorce
XuctvcXc u I profit
Aucvpo, y, vo Lystra
Xuvpov, -ou, vo ransom
Xuvpo u I redeem, pay ransom
Xuvpuct, -cu, y ransoming, releasing
Xuvpuvy, -ou, o redeemer
Xuvto, -o, y lampstand
Xu vo, -ou, o lamp
Xu u I loose, destroy
Aut, -t8o, y Lois
Auv, o Lot
M
Moo0, o Maath
Moo8ov, y Magadan

Mo8oXyvy, -y, y Magalene
octo, -o, y magic
ocuu I practice magic
oo, -ou, o wise man, magician
Mou, o Magog
Mo8to, o Midian
o0yvcuu I follow, disciple
o0yvy, -ou, o disciple, follower
o0y vpto, -o, y woman disciple
Mo00oto, -ou, o Matthew
Mo00ov, o Matthat
Mo00to, -ou, o Matthias
Mo0oucoXo, o Methuselah
otvoot I am insane, mad
oxoptu I am blessed, happy
oxopto, -o, -ov blessed, happy
oxoptco, -ou, o blessing
Moxc8ovto, -o, y Macedonia
Moxc8uv, -ovo, o Macedonian
oxcXXov, -ou, vo meat market
oxpov far
oxpo0cv from a distance, far
oxpo0ucu I am patient
oxpo0uto, -o, y patience, endurance
oxpo0uu patiently
oxpo, -o, -ov distant, long (time)
oxpopovto, -ov long-time
oXoxto, -o, y sickness, weakness
oXoxo, -y, -ov soft, effeminate
MoXcXcyX, o Maleleel
oXtcvo above all, especially
oXXov more, rather
MoXo, -ou, o Malchus
oy, -y, y grandmother
ouvo, -o, o wealth
Movoyv, o Manaen
Movoccy, -y, o Manasseh
ov0ovu I learn, understand
ovto, -o, y madness, insanity
o vvo, vo manna
ovvcuoot I tell fortunes
opotvu I fade away, wither
opov o0o Lord, come!
opoptvy, ou, o pearl
Mop0o, -o, y Martha
Mopt o, -o, y Mary
Mopto, y Mary, Miriam
Mopxo, -ou, o Mark
opopo, -ou, o marble
opvupcu I witness, testify
opvupt o, -o, y testimony, witness
opvuptov, -ou, vo testimony, witness
opvu poot I tesify, affirm
o pvu, -upo, o witness
ocooot I bite
ocvtou I whip, punish, flog
ocvtu I whip, flog
ocvt, -to, y torment, flogging
ocvo, -ou, o breast
ovotoXoto, -o, y empty talk
ovotoXoo, -ov idle talker
o voto, -o, -ov idle, useless, fruitless
ovotovy, -yvo, y emptiness, futility
ovotou I render futile
ovyv in vain
Mov0oto, -ou, o Mathew
Mov0ov, o Matthan
Movvo0o, o Mattatha
Movvo0to, -ou, o Mattathias
ootpo, -y, y sword
oy, -y, y fighting, quarrel
ooot I fight, quarrel
coXct o, -o, -ov magnificent, grand
coXctovy, -yvo, y majesty, grandeur
coXopcy, -c magnificent, majestic
coXuvu I magnify, make large
coXu greatly
coXucuvy, -y, y majesty, greatness
co, coXy, co large, great
cc0o, -ou, vo greatness
ctcvov -ovo, o great person, magnate
c0cpyvcuu I translate
c0y, -y, y drunkenness
c0tcvyt I remove
c0o8cto, -o, y scheming, craftiness
c0uco, -ou, o drunkard
c0uu I am drunk
ctuv more, greater
cXo, -otvo, -ov black
McXco, o Melea
cXct it is a concern
cXcvou I plot, practice
cXt, -tvo, vo honey
McXtvy, -y, y Malta (island)
cXXu I am about to, intend
cXo, -ou, vo body part, member
McXt, o Melchi
McXtcc 8cx, o Melchizedek
co0yxo ov0ovu
cpovo, -y, y parchment sheet
ccvyxo cvu
ctoot totvu
ctot tvut
cvyot tvcxoot
cqoot I blame, find fault
ctotpo, -ov complaining

cv on the one hand
Mcvvo, o Menna
cvouv on the contrary
cvouvc rather, on the contrary
cvvot really, actually; but,
however
cvu I stay, remain
cptu I divide, separate
cptvo, -y, y anxiety, worry
cptvou I am anxious, worry
cpt, -t8o, y part, portion
cptco, -ou, o division
cptcvy, -ou, o divider, arbitrator
cpo, -ou, vo part, portion
ccypto, -o, y noon, south
cctvcuu I mediate, guarantee
cctvy, -ou, o mediator
ccovuxvtov, -ou, vo midnight
Mccoovoto, -o, y Mesopotamia
cco, -y, -ov among, in the middle
ccovotov, -ou, vo dividing wall
ccoupo vyo, -ovo,
vo
mid-heaven
ccou I am in the middle
Mcccto, -ou, o Messiah, Anointed One
ccvo, -y, -ov full
ccvou I fill
cvo with (Gen.)
cvo after, behind (Acc.)
cvootvu I pass over, move
cvooXXu I change my mind
cvocyxo cvootvu
cvoycoot cvootvu
cvou I guide
cvo8t8ut I impart, share
cvo0cct, -cu, y removal, change
cvotpu I go away
cvoxoXcu I summon, call to myself
cvoxtvcu I shift, remove
cvoXoovu I share in, receive
cvoXyt, -cu, y sharing, receiving
cvoXXoccu I exchange
cvocXoot I feel sad about
cvoopqou I change
cvovocu I repent
cvo voto, -o, y repentance
cvou between, afterward
cvocu I summon, send for
cvocvpcqu I change
cvocyovtu I change appearance
cvovt0yt I depart, change
cvovpcu I turn around
cvcyv cvootvu
cvc0yxo cvovt0yt
cvcXoov cvoXoo vu
cvccq0yv cvocu
cvcco cvocu
cvcctvo afterwards
cvccvo0yv c0tcvyt
cvccvyco c0tcvyt
cvccvpoqyv cvocvpcqu
cvccvpco cvocvpcqu
cvccyxo cvcu
cvccov cvcu
cvcvc0yv cvovt0yt
cvcu I share, participate
cvcuptoot I am anxious, worried
cvyXXoo cvoXXoccu
cvypo cvotpu
cvotxccto, -o, y deportation
cvotxtu I deport, resettle
cvoy, -y, y sharing, partnership
cvoo, -ov sharer, partner
cvpcu I measure, deal out
cvpyvy, -ou, o measure (9 gallons)
cvptoo0cu I deal gently with
cvptu moderately
cvpov, -ou, vo measure, quantity
cvxtco cvotxtu
cvuov, -ou, vo forehead
cpt until
y not
y8ou certainly not, no
y8c and not, but not, nor
y8ct, y8cto,
y8cv
no one, nothing
y8covc never
y8cu not yet
My8o, -ou, o Mede
yxcvt no longer
y xo, -ou, vo length
yxuvu I make long
yXuvy, -y, y sheepskin
yv surely, and yet
yv, yvo, o month
yvuu I inform, reveal, report
yovc lest, never
yu not yet
yu so that not, lest
ypo, -ou, o thigh
yvc and not, neither
yvyp, -vpo, y mother
yvt question marker
yvtc let alone
yvpo, -o, y womb
yvpoXo, -ou, o mother murderer

totvu I defile
toco, -ovo, vo defilement
toco, -ou, o pollution, corruption
t o, -ovo, vo mixture, compound
tvut I mix
txpo, -o, -ov little, small
MtXyvo, -ou, y Miletus
tXtov, -ou, vo mile
tc oot I imitate, follow
tyvy, -ou, o imitator
tvcxoot I remember, recall
tccu I hate
tc0oo8octo, -o, y reward
tc0oo8ovy, -ou, o rewarder
t c0to, -ou, o hired worker
tc0o, -ou, o pay, wages
tc0ou I hire
tc0uo, -ovo, vo rented space
tc0uvo, -ou, o hired worker
MtvuXyvy, -y, y Mitylene (city)
MtoyX, o Michael
vo, vo, y mina (about $20)
Mvocuv, -uvo, o Mnason
vcto, -o, y remembrance, memory
vyo, -ovo, vo grave, tomb
vyctov, -ou, vo memorial, grave
vyy, -y, y remembrance, memory
vyovcuu I remember, mention
vyocuvov, -ou, vo memory
vycvcuu I become engaged
otXoXo, -ov speaking in a hoarse
voice
ot scarcely, with difficulty
o8to, -tou, o measuring container
otoXt, -t8o, y adulteress
otou I commit adultery
otcto, -o, y adultery
otcuu I commit adultery
oto, -ou, o adulterer
oXt scarcely, with difficulty
MoXo, o Moloch (god)
oXuvu I stain, defile, soil
oXuco, -ou, o defilement
oqy, -y, y blame, complaint
ovy, -y, y dwelling place, room
ovocvy, -c only, unique
ovo, -y, -ov only, alone
ovoq0oXo, -ov one-eyed
ovou I make solitary
opqy, -y, y form, shape
opqou I form, shape
opquct, -cu, y embodiment
ocootcu I make a calf-idol
oco, -ou, o calf
ouctxo, -y, -ov musician
o0o, -ou, o labor, exertion
ucXo, -ou, o marrow
ucu I learn a secret, initiate
u0o, -ou, o myth, legend
uxooot I roar
uxvyptu I ridicule, disdain
uXtxo, -y, -ov from a mill
uXtvo, -y, -ov from a mill
uXo, -ou, o mill, millstone
Mupo, -uv, vo Myra (city)
upto , -o 8o, y myriad (10,000)
uptu I anoint
uptot, -ot, -o ten thousand
upto, -o, -ov countless
upov, -ou, vo perfume, ointment
Mucto, -o, y Mysia (province)
ucvyptov, -ou, vo mystery, secret
uuou I am blind
uXu, -uo, o welt, bruise, wound
uooot I censure, blame
uo, -ou, o blemish, blame
upotvu I become foolish
upto, -o, y foolishness
upoXoto, -o, y foolish talk
upo, -o, -ov foolish
Muucy, -cu, o Moses
N
Nooccuv, o Nahshon
Noot, o Naggai
Noopo, y Nazareth
Noopc0, y Nazareth
Noopcv, y Nazareth
Noopyvo, -y, -ov Nazarene
Noupoto, -ou, o a Nazarene
No0o, o Nathan
No0ovoyX, o Nathanael
vot yes
Notov, o Naaman
Notv, y Nain (town)
voo, -ou, o temple
Noou, o Nahum
vop8o, -ou, y spikenard perfume
Nopxtcco, -ou, o Narcissus
vouocu I am shipwrecked
vouxXypo, -ou, o captain, ship-owner
vou, y ship
vouvy, -ou, o sailor
Noup, o Nahor
vcovto, -ou, o young man
vcovtcxo, -ou, o young man
Nco, HoXt, y Neapolis

vcxpo, -o, -ov dead, useless
vcxpou I put to death
vcxpuct, -cu, y death
vcoyvt o, -o, y new moon
vco, -o, -ov new, fresh, novice
vcovy, -yvo, y youth
vcoquvo, -ov newly converted
vcuu I nod, gesture
vcqcXy, -y, y cloud
Ncq0oXt, o Naphtali
vc qo, -ou, vo cloud, crowd
vcqpo, -ou, o kidney, desire
vcuxopo, -ou, o temple keeper
vcuvcptxo, -y, -ov youthful
vy by
vy0u I spin
vytou I am a child
vyto, -o, -ov infant, child
Nypcu, -cu, o Nereus
Nypt, o Neri
vyctov, -ou, vo small island
vyco, -ou, y island
vycvcto, -o, y fasting, not eating
vycvcuu I fast, abstain from food
vycvt, -t8o, o, y hungry
vyqoXto, -o, -ov restrained
vyqu I am self-controlled
Ntcp, o Niger
Ntxovup, -opo, o Nicanor
vtxou I conquer, prevail
vtxy, -y, y victory
Ntxo8yo, -ou, o Nicodemus
NtxoXotvy, -ou, o Nicolaitan
NtxoXoo, -ou, o Nicolaus
NtxooXt, -cu, y Nicopolis
vtxo, -ou, vo victory
Ntvcuy Nineveh
Ntvcutvy, -ou, o Ninevite
vtvyp, -ypo, o washbasin
vtvu I wash
vocu I understand, perceive
voyo, -ovo, vo mind, plot
vo0o, -y, -ov illegitimate child
voy, -y, y pasture
votu I think, suppose
votxo, -y, -ov lawful
votu lawfully
votco, -ovo, vo coin
voo8t8o cxoXo,
-ou, o
teacher of the law
voo0ccto, -o, y legislation, giving law
voo0cvc u I legislate law
voo0cvy, -ou, o lawgiver
voo, -ou, o law, principle, Law
vocc u I am sick, am ailing
voco, -ou, y disease, illness
voccto , -o , y brood, nest
vocctov, -ou, vo young bird
vocco, -ou, o young bird
vocqtu I embezzle
vovo, -ou, o south, south wind
vou0ccto, -o, y admonition, warning
vou0cvcu I admonish, instruct
vouvcu wisely, thoughtfully
vou, voo, o mind, intellect
Nu qo, -o, y Nympha
vuqy, -y, y bride
vuqto, -ou, o bridegroom
vuquv, -uvo, o wedding hall
vu v now
vuvt now
vu, vuxvo, y night
vuccu I pierce, stab, prick
vucvo u I grow sleepy, doze
vu0ycpov, -ou, vo a night and a day
Nuc, o Noah
vu0po, -o, -ov lazy, sluggish
vuvo, -ou, o back
2
otvu I comb wool
cvt o, -o, y hospitality, guest room
cvtu I entertain, surprise
cvo8ocu I show hospitality
cvo, -y, -ov foreign, strange
ccvy, -ou, o pitcher
ypotvu I dry, dry up, wither
ypo, -o, -ov dry, dried
uXtvo, -y, -ov wooden
uXov, -ou, vo wood, tree, cross
upo u I shave
O
o, y, vo the
o8oyxovvo eighty
o8oo, -y, -ov eighth
oxo, -ou, o impediment, burden
o8c, y8c, vo8c this
o8cu u I travel, journey
o8ycu I lead, guide
o8yo, -ou, o leader, guide
o8otopcu I travel, journey
o8otopto, -o, y journey
o8o, -ou, y road, way, journey
o8ou, o8ovvo, o tooth
o8uvo u I am in pain
o8uvy, -y, y pain, woe
o8upo, -ou, o mourning, lamentation

Oto, -ou, o Uzziah
ou I stink, smell
o0cv from where, whence
o0ovy, -y, y sheet, linen cloth
o0ovtov, -ou, vo linen cloth
ot8o I know
otxcto, -o, -ov relative, kin
otxcvcto, -o, y house slave
otxcvy, -ou, o house slave
otxcu I dwell, live, reside
otxyo, -ovo, vo room, apartment
otxyvyptov, -ou, vo dwelling place
otxto, -o, y house
otxtoxo, -ou, o relative, household
otxo8ccovcu I keep house
otxo8ccovy, -ou, o house manager
otxo8ocu I build
otxo8oy, -y, y building, edifying
otxo8oo, -ou, o builder
otxovocu I manage, administer
otxovoto, -o, y management, order, plan
otxovoo, -ou, o administrator, manager
otxo, -ou, o house, family
otxoucvy, -y, y world, inhabited earth
otxoupo, -ov homemaker
otxvtpo, -ou, o pity, mercy
otxvtpuv, -ov merciful
otxvtpu I have compassion
otvoovy, -ou, o drunkard
otvo, -ou, o wine
otvoqXuto, -o, y drunkenness
otoot I think, expect
oto, -o, -ov of what sort, such as
otcu qc pu
oxvcu I hesitate, delay
oxvypo , -o , -o v idle, lazy
oxvoy cpo, -ov on the eighth day
oxvu eight
oXc0po, -ou, o ruin, destruction
oXtotcvto, -o, y little faith
oXtotcvo, -ov of little faith
oXto, -y, -ov small, few, little
oXtouo, -ov discouraged
oXtupc u I despise, make light
oXt u hardly, barely
oXo0pcuvy, -ou, o destroyer
oXo0pcuu I destroy, ruin
oXoxou vuo, -ovo, vo whole burnt offering
oXoxXypto, -o, y wholeness
oXoxXypo, -ov whole, entire
oXoXuu I cry aloud, wail
oXo, -y, -ov whole, entire
oXovcXy, -c completely
OXuo, o, o Olympas
oXuv0o, -ou, o summer fig
oXu completely, really
opo, -ou, o rain-storm
octpoot I have affection for
otXcu I speak, talk
otXt o, -o, y association, intercourse
otXy, -y, y mist, fog
oo, -ovo, vo eye
ovuu I swear, take an oath
oo0uo8ov with one mind
ootoo0y, -c same desires
ooto, -o, -ov like, similar
ootovy, -yvo, y likeness, similarity
ootou I make like, compare
ootuo, -ovo, vo likeness, image, copy
ootu likewise, similarly
ootuct, -cu, y likeness, resemblance
ooXocu I promise, confess
ooXoto, -o, y confession
ooXooucvu undeniably, certainly
oovcvo, -ov of the same trade
oou together
ooqpuv, -ov like-minded
ou yet, although
ovop, vo dream
ovoptov, -ou, vo foal, donkey
ovct8tu I revile, insult
ovct8tco, -ou, o insult
ovct8o, -ou, vo disgrace
Ovycto, -ou, o Onesimus
Ovyctqopo, -ou, o Onesiphorus
ovtxo, -y, -ov of a donkey
ovtvyt I benefit, enjoy
ovoo, -ovo, vo name
ovoou I name, call
ovo, -ou, o, y donkey
ovvu really, certainly
oo, ou, vo sour wine, vinegar
ou, -cto, u sharp, quick
oy, -y, y hole, opening
otc0cv from behind
otcu behind, after
otXtu I equip, arm, prepare
oXov, -ou, vo tool, weapon
ooto, -o, -ov what sort of
oou where
ovovoot I appear
ovocto, -o, y a vision, trance
ovo, -y, -ov roasted, baked
oupo, -o, y ripe fruit
ou how, so that
opoo, -ovo, vo a vision

opoct, -cu, y a vision
opovo, -y, -ov visible
opo u I see, appear, witness
opy -y, y anger, wrath
optu I am angry
optXo, -y, -ov easily angered
oputo, -o, y fathom (6 ft.)
opcu I stretch out, reach
opctvo, -y, -ov hilly, mountainous
opct, -cu, y longing, desire
op0oo8cu I walk upright
op0o, -y, -ov upright, straight
op0ovoc u I teach correctly
op0ptu I get up early
op0ptvo, -y, -ov early morning
op0po, -ou, o early morning
op0u correctly
optu I determine, appoint
optov, -ou, vo boundary, region
opxtu I implore
opxo, -ou, o oath
opxuocto, -o, y oath
opou I rush, set out
opy, -y, y will, inclination, desire
opyo, -ovo, vo sudden violence
opvcov, -ou, vo bird
opvt, -t0o, o, y bird
opo0cct o, -o, y boundary
opo, -ou, vo mountain
opuccu I dig
opqovo, -y, -ov orphaned
opcoot I dance
o, y, o who, which
oco xt whenever, as often as
octo, -o, -ov holy, devout, pious
octovy, -yvo, y piety, holiness
oct u devoutly, holy
ocy, -y, y fragrance, odor
oco, -y, -ov as many as, as much as
ocvc ov, ou, vo bone
ocvt, yvt, o vt whoever, whatever
ocvpoxtvo, -y, -ov earthenware
ocqpyct, -cu, y sense of smell
ocqu, -uo, y waist, loins
ovov whenever
ovc when, while
ovt that, because
ou where
ou not
ou no
ouo aha!
ouot woe!
ou8ou by no means
ou8c and not, nor, neither
ou8ct, ou8cto, ou8cv no one, nobody
ou8covc never
ou8cu not yet
ouxcvt no more, no longer
ouxouv therefore, so
ou v so, therefore, then
ouu not yet
oupo, -o, y tail
oupovto, -ov heavenly
oupovo0cv from heaven
oupovo, -ou, o heaven
Oupovo, -ou, o Urbanus
Oupto, -ou, o Uriah
ou, uvo, vo ear
oucto, -o, y property, wealth
ouvc nor, neither
ouvo, ouvy, vouvo this
ouvu thus, in this manner, so
out not
oqctXcvy, -ou, o debtor
oqctXy, -y, y debt
oqctXyo, -ovo, vo debt, sin
oqctXu I owe, am in debt
oqcXov would that
oqcXo, -ou, vo benefit, good
oq0oXo8ouXto,
-o, y
eye-service
oq0oXo, -ou, o eye
oqt, -cu, o snake
oqpu, -uo, y brow, cliff, edge
oXc u I cause trouble
oXootc u I gather a crowd
oXo, -ou, o crowd
oupuo, -ovo, vo fortress
ooptov, -ou, vo fish
oc late, evening
oto, -ov late, latter (rain)
oto, -o, -ov late, evening
ot, -cu, y appearance, face
ooot opou/Xcu
ouvtov, -ou, vo wage, pay
H
ot8cuu I snare, trap
ot, -t8o, y trap, snare
o 0yo, -ovo, vo suffering, misfortune
o0yvo, -y, -ov subject to suffering
o 0o, -ou, vo suffering
ot8ouo, -ou, o guardian, guide
ot8optov, -ou, vo child
ot8cto, -o, y upbringing, training
ot8cuvy, -ou, o instructor, teacher
ot8cuu I instruct, train

ot8to0cv from childhood
ot8tov, -ou, vo child
ot8tcxy, -y, y slave girl
otu I play, dance
ot, ot8o, o, y child, servant
otu I strike, hit, wound
oXot long ago, formerly
oXoto, -o, ov old
oXotovy, -yvo, y age
oXotou I become old, age
oXy, -y, y fight
oXtcvccto, -o, y rebirth, regeneration
o Xtv again
oXy0ct all together
HoquXto, -o, y Pamphylia
ov8octov, -ou, vo inn
ov8ocu, -cu, o innkeeper
ovyupt, -cu, y celebration
ovotxct whole house
ovoXt o, -o, y full armor, panoply
ovoupto, -o, y cunning, trickery
ovoupo, -ov crafty, sly, clever
ovvo everywhere
ovvoou everywhere
ovvcXy, -c perfect, complete
ovv in every way
ovvo0cv from all directions
ovvoxpovup, -opo, o Almighty
o vvovc always
o vvu certainly, doubtless
opo from (Gen.)
opo beside, in the presence of
(Dat.)
opo alongside of (Acc.)
opootvu I transgress, deviate
opooXXu I approach, cross over
opooct, -cu, y transgression
opoovy, -ou, o transgressor
opotooot I urge, force
opooXcuoot I risk, expose to danger
opooXy, -y, y parable, illustration
opocXto, -o, y order, command
opocXXu I command, order, direct
opotvoot I come, arrive
opou I pass by/along
opo8ctovtu I expose, disgrace
opo8ctco, -ou, o paradise
opo8coot opo8coot
opo8coot I receive, welcome
opo8t8ut I hand over, betray
opo 8oo, -ov incredible, wonderful
opo8oct, -cu, y tradition
opo8ucu opo8t8ut
opoyXou I make jealous
opo0oXoccto, -o,
-ov
by the sea
opo0cupcu I overlook, disregard
opo0yxy, -y, y deposit, what is entrusted
opcyv opootvu
opo0ycu opovt0yt
opotvcu I advise, recommend
opotvcoot I ask for, decline
opoxo0coot I sit beside
opoxoXcu I call, invite
opoxoXuvu I hide, conceal
opoxctot I am ready, am present
opoxcxoXuot opoxoXuvu
opoxXyct, -cu, y encouragement
opoxXyvo, -ou, o the Helper
opoxoy, -y, y disobedience
opoxoXou0cu I follow, investigate
opoxouu I overhear, disobey
opoxuvu I bend over, look into
opoXoovu I take with, take over
opoXcoot I sail past
opoXyoot opoXoovu
opoXto, -ov coastal
opoXXoy, -y, y change, variation
opoXotoot I deceive, defraud
opoXuvtxo, -y, -ov lame, paralyzed
opoXuu I undo, weaken
opocvu I remain with, stay
opou0coot I encourage, console
opou0to, -o, y encouragement
opou0tov, -ou, vo encouragement
opovocu I disobey
opovoto, -o, y lawlessness
opotxpotvu I rebel
opotxpoco, -ou, o revolt, rebellion
opotvu I go astray, miss
opoXc u I sail past
opoXycto, -o,
-ov
very similar
opoXyctu similarly, likewise
opoopcuoot I go by, pass by
opovuo, -ovo, vo sin
opoppcu I drift away, slip away
opocyo, -ov distinguished, emblem
opocxcuou I prepare, get ready
opocxcuy, -y, y preparation
opocvycu optcvyt
opovctvu I prolong, extend
opovypcu I watch, observe
opovypyct, -cu, y observation
opovt0yt I place before, entrust
opovuovu I happen to be near

opouvtxo immediately
opoqcpu I carry away, remove
opoqpovcu I am insane
opoqpovto, -o, y insanity
opoctou I spend the winter
opoctocto, -o, y spending the winter
opopyo suddenly, immediately
op8oXt, -cu, y leopard
opcyv opootvu
opctoco yv opoto oot
opccvoyv opotvoot
opc8c8uxo opo8t8ut
opc8o0yv opo8t8ut
opc8pcuu I serve
opc8uxo opo8t8ut
opc0yxo opovt0yt
opctot optyt
opctt I am present, arrive
opctcou I bring in
opctcoxvo, -ov smuggled in
opctcou opctcou
opctc8uu I sneak into, slip in
opctccpoot I slip in
opctcyX0ov opctccpoot
opctcyvcxo opctcqcpu
opctcqcpu I make an effort, apply
opcxvo besides, except for
opcxuo opoxuvu
opcXoov opoXoovu
opcXcucoot opcpoot
opcXyXu0o opcpoot
opcXyq0yv opoXoovu
opcoXXu I surround, set up
opcoXy, -y, y a camp, an army
opcctvo opocvu
opcvoXcu I annoy, trouble
opcu opcu
opcccov opotvu
opct8yo, -ov stranger, sojourning
opcppuyv opoppcu
opcpoot I go by, pass by
opcct, -cu, y passing over,
disregarding
opccoot opctt
opccvyxo optcvyt
opccvyco optcvyt
opccov opcu
opcu I offer, grant, bring about
opyopto, -o, y comfort
opyxo optyt
opyX0ov opcpoot
opyvcxov opoqcpu
opvyot opotvcoot
opvycoyv opotvcoot
op0cvto, -o, y virginity
op0cvo, -ou, y, o virgin
Hop0ot, -uv, ot Parthians
optyt I neglect, avoid
optcvyt I come, help, provide
Hopcvo , -o , o Parmenas
opo8o, -ou, y passage, passing by
opotxcu I dwell as a stranger
opotxto, -o, y temporary residence
opotxo, -ov stranger, temporary
resident
opott o, -o, y proverb, parable
opotvo, -ov drunk
opotoot I pass (time)
opootou I am like
opooto, -ov similar, like
opouvu I urge, am upset
opouco, -ou, o stirring up, provoking
opoptu I make angry
opoptco, -ou, o anger
opoptu opoptu
opovpuvu I incite, arouse
opouct o, -o, y presence, arrival
opot, -t8o, y plate, dish
oppycto, -o, y openness, courage
oppyctooot I speak freely/openly
opyot opotoot
o , o co, o v all, whole, every, any
oco, vo the Passover
ocu I suffer, experience
Hovopo, -uv, vo Patara (city)
ovou ovoccu
ovoccu I strike, hit
ovcu I step on, walk on
ovyp, ovpo, o father, ancestor
Hovo, -ou, o Patmos (island)
ovpto, -o, y family, clan, nation
ovptopy, -ou, o patriarch
ovptxo, -y, -ov of ancestors
ovpt, -t8o, y homeland, fatherland
Hovpoo , -o , o Patrobas
ovpoXo, -ou, o father murderer
ovpoopo8ovo, -ov inherited
ovpo, -o, -ov inherited from father
HouXo, -ou, o Paul
ouu I stop, cause to cease
Hoqo, -ou, y Paphos (city)
ouvu I am dull, make fat
c8y, -y, y fetter, shackle
c8tvo, -y, -ov flat, level
ccuu I travel on foot
c by land

ct0opcu I obey
ct0o, -y, -ov persuasive
ct0u I persuade, convince
ctvou I hunger
ctpo, -o, y attempt, trial
ctpou I test, tempt, attempt
ctpooot I try, attempt
ctpoco , -ou , o test, temptation
ctcovy, -y, y persuasion
ctcu ct0u
cXoo, -ou, vo open sea
cXcxtu I behead
cvo, -y, -ov fifth
cu I send
cvy, -yvo poor, needy
cv0cpo, -o, y mother-in-law
cv0cpo, -ou, o father-in-law
cv0cu I grieve, mourn
cv0o, -ou, vo grief, mourning
cvtpo, -o, -ov poor, needy
cvvoxt five times
cvvoxtctXtot, -ot,
-o
five thousand
cvvoxo ctot, -ot, -o five hundred
cvvc five
cvvcxot8cxovo, -y,
-ov
fifteenth
cvvy xovvo fifty
cvvyxocvy, -y, y Pentecost
cctcot ct0u
ctccot tcu
cot0o ct0u
cot0yct, -cu, y confidence, trust
cov0o ocu
covtxo ovtu
cpoot poccu
cpoo poccu
cvuxo tvu
cuxo tvu
cpotvcpu furthermore, beyond
cpov across, other side
cpo, -ovo, vo end, limit, boundary
Hcpoo, -ou, y Pergamum
Hcpy, -y, y Perga
cpt concerning, about (Gen.)
cpt around (Acc.)
cptou I travel about
cptotpcu I remove, take away
cptovu I kindle, start a fire
cptocvpovu I shine around
cptoXXu I put on, clothe
cptcXyot cptoXXu
cptXcu I look around
cptoXotov, -ou, vo clothing, cloak
cpt8cu I bind, wrap around
cptc8poov cptvpcu
cptcuco cptuvvut
cptc0yxo cptvt0yt
cptctXov cptotpcu
cptcXoo cptXou
cptcccov cpttvu
cptcpooot I am a busybody
cptcpo, -ov busybody, witchcraft
cptcppyo cptpyvut
cptcpoot I go around, travel about
cptccvyxo cpttcvyt
cptccvyv cpttcvyt
cptcov cptcu
cptcu I surround, contain
cptuvvut I get ready, gird about
cptucot cptuvvut
cptucu cptuvvut
cptyX0ov cptcpoot
cptycvpoo cptocvpovu
cptyo cptovu
cpt0cct, -cu, y wearing, put around
cpttcvyt I avoid, stand around
cptxo 0opo, -ovo,
vo
garbage, dirt, refuse
cptxoXuvu I cover, conceal
cptxctot I be around, wear
cptxcxo Xuot cptxoXu vu
cptxcqoXoto, -o, y helmet
cptxpovy, -c being in control
cptxpuu I hide, conceal
cptxuxXou I surround, encircle
cptXou I shine around
cptXctoot I remain
cptXuo, -ov grieving, very sad
cptc vu I wait for
cpt around
cptotxcu I live nearby
cptotxo, -ov neighbor
cptoucto, -ov chosen, special
cptoy, -y, y passage (of text)
cptovcu I walk about, roam
cptctpu I impale, pierce
cpttvu I fall into, encounter
cptotcu I acquire, obtain
cptotyct, -cu, y gaining, possessions
cptpyvut I tear off
cptcou I am distracted
cptcccto, -o, y abundance, surplus
cptcccuo, -ovo, vo abundance, fulness
cptcccuu I abound
cptcco, -y, -ov abundant, exceptional

cptccovcpo, -o,
-ov
greater, more
cptccovcpu more, far greater
cptccu exceedingly
cptcvcpo , -o , y dove, pigeon
cptvcvu I circumcise
cptvt0yt I put around, grant
cptvoy, -y, y circumcision
cptvpcu I turn, change to
cptvpcu I run around
cptqcpu I carry around
cptqpovcu I disregard, despise
cptupo, -ov neighboring
cpt yo, -ovo, vo garbage, dirt
cpcpcuoot I brag, boast
Hcpct, -t8o, y Persis
cpuct last year
ccouot tvu
cvctvov, -ou, vo bird
cvoot I fly
cvpo, -o, y rock
Hcvpo, -ou, o Peter
cvpu 8y, -c rocky
yovov, -ou, vo rue, garden herb
yy, -y, y spring, well
yvut I make firm
y8oXtov, -ou, vo rudder
yXtxo, -y, -ov how large? how great?
yXo, -ou, o clay, mud
ypo, -o, y knapsack
ypou I disable, blind
yu, -cu, y cubic, forearm length
tou I seize, arrest
tcu I press down
t0ovoXoto, -o, y convincing speech
txpotvu I am embittered
txpovu txpotvu
txpto, -o, y bitterness, animosity
txpo, -o, -ov bitter, resentful
txpu bitterly
HtXovo, -ou, o Pilate
tXyt I fill, fulfill
tpyt I have a fever, swell up
tvoxt8tov, -ou, vo tablet
t vo, -oxo, y writing tablet
tvu I drink
toot tvu
tovy, -vyvo, y fatness, richness
tpocxu I sell
tvu I fall, perish
Htct8to, -o, y Pisidia
Htct8to, -o, -ov Pisidian
tcvcuu I believe, trust
tcvtxo, -y, -ov faithful, genuine
tcvt, -cu, y faith, trust, proof
tcvo, -y, -ov faithful, trustworthy
tcvou I convince
Xovou I mislead, deceive
Xovy, -y, y wandering, deception
Xovyvy, -ou, o wanderer
Xovo, -ov deceitful, misleading
Xo , Xoxo , y tablet
Xo co, -ovo, vo image, figure
Xoccu I form, make, mold
Xocvo, -y, -ov fabricated
Xovcto, -o, y street, wide road
Xo vo, -ou, vo breadth, width
Xovuvu I widen, make broad
Xovu, -cto, -u wide, broad
Xc o, -ovo, vo braid, weaving
Xcxu I weave, braid
Xcovou I increase, become great
Xcovcxvcu I exploit, outwit, cheat
Xcovcxvy, -ou, o greedy person
Xcovct o, -o, y greediness, covetousness
Xcupo, -o, y side of the body
Xcu I sail
Xyy, -y, y wound, blow
Xy0o, -ou, vo large number, crowd
Xy0uvu I increase, multiply
Xyxvy, -ou, o bully, combative person
Xyupo, -y, y flood
Xyv but, except, however
Xypy, -c full, complete
Xypoqopcu I fulfill, complete
Xypoqopto, -o, y certainty
Xypou I fulfill, complete, finish
Xypuo, -ovo, vo fulfillment, fullness
Xyctov near, neighbor, close
Xycovy, -y, y satisfaction
Xyccu I strike
Xotoptov, -ou, vo small boat
Xotov, -ou, vo boat
Xou, Xoo, o sailing, voyage
Xoucto, -o, -ov rich, wealthy
Xouct u rich, abundantly
Xouvcu I become rich
Xouvtu I make rich
Xouvo, -ou, o, vo wealth, riches
Xuvu I wash
vcuo, -ovo, vo spirit, wind, breath
vcuovtxo, -y, -ov spiritual
vcuovtxu spiritually
vcu I blow, breathe out
vtu I choke, strangle
vtxvo, -y, -ov choked

voy, -y, y wind, breath
o8ypy, -c (robe) to the feet
o0cv from where, whence?
otcu I do, make, perform
otyo, -ovo, vo product, creation
otyct, -cu, y doing, creation, work
otyvy, -ou, o doer, poet
otxtXo, -y, -ov of various kinds
ototvu I shepherd, tend, herd
otyv, -cvo, o shepherd, pastor
otvy, -y, y flock
otvtov, -ou, vo flock
oto, -o, -ov which, what kind of?
oXccu I fight, make war
o Xco, -ou, o war, fight
oXt, -cu, y city, town
oXtvopy, -ou, o city official, magistrate
oXtvcto, -o, y citizenship, state
oXtvcuo, -ovo, vo place of citizenship
oXtvcuoot I live, conduct myself
oXtvy, -ou, o citizen
oXXoxt often, frequently
oXXoXoctuv, -ov many times, manifold
oXuXoto, -o, y wordiness
oXucpu in many ways, often
oXuotxtXo, -ov many-sided, manifold
oXu, oXXy, oXu many, much, great
oXucXovo, -ov sympathetic,
compassionate
oXuvcXy, -c expensive
oXuvto, -ov valuable, precious
oXuvpo u in many ways
oo, -ovo, vo a drink
ovypto, -o, y wickedness, sinfulness
ovypo, -o, -ov wicked, evil
ovo, -ou, o labor, toil, pain
Hovvtxo, -y, -ov from Pontus
Hovvto, -ou, o Pontius
ovvo, -ou, o open sea
Hovvo, -ou, o Pontus
HoXto, -ou, o Publius
opcto, -o, y journey, trip, conduct
opcuoot I go, travel
op0cu I pilage, destroy
optco, -ou, o gaining wealth
Hopxto, -ou, o Porcius
opvcto, -o, y prostitution
opvcuu I commit immorality
opvy, -y, y prostitute, harlot
opvo, -ou, o immoral, fornicator
oppu far away
oppu0cv farther, at a distance
opqupo, -o, y purple cloth
opqupouXt,
-t8o, y
dealer in purple cloth
opqupou, -o, ouv purple
ocoxt how often?
oct, -cu, y a drink, drinking
oco, -y, -ov how many? how much?
ovoo, -ou, o river, stream
ovooqopyvo, -ov swept away by a flood
ovoo, -y, -ov what sort of
ovc when, ever
ovc once, formerly
ovcpov whether
ovyptov, -ou, vo cup
ovtu I give to drink
HovtoXot, -uv, ot Puteoli
ovo, -ou, o drinking party, orgy
ou where?
ou somewhere, about
Hou8y, -cvvo, o Pudens
ou, o8o, o foot
poo, -ovo, vo event, deed, undertaking
poovcto, -o, y activity, occupation
poovcuoot I trade, do business
potvuptov, -ou, vo palace, palace guard
poxvup, -opo, o officer, constable
pot, -cu, y deed, function, act
pou poccu
pocto , -o , y garden, group
poccu I do, accomplish
pouo0cto, -o, y gentleness
pou, pocto, pou gentle
pouvy, -yvo, y gentleness
pcu I am fitting, suitable
pcccto, -o, y ambassador
pcccuu I am an ambassador
pccuvcptov, -ou, vo elder council
pccuvcpo, -o, -ov elder
pccuvy, -ou, o old man
pccuvt, -t8o, y old woman
pyvy, -c prostrate, head first
ptu I saw in two, cut
ptv before, formerly
Hpt cxo, -y, y Prisca
HptcxtXXo, -y, y Priscilla
po before, above
poou I lead, precede
pootpcu I choose, prefer
pootvto oot I accuse beforehand
pooxouu I hear before
pooopvo vu I sin before
poou poou
poouXtov, -ou, vo gateway, forecourt
pootvu I go on, advance

pooXXu I put forward, sprout
poovtxo, -y, -ov of sheep
poovov, -ou, vo sheep
pocyxo pootvu
potou I urge, bring forward
poXcu I foresee, provide for
pocovo potvoot
potvoot I happened before
potvucxu I have foreknowledge
povuct, -cu, y foreknowledge
poovo, -ov forefather, parent
popoqu I write beforehand
po8yXo, -ov clear, obvious, evident
po8t8ut I betray
po8ovy, -ou, o traitor, betrayer
po8poo, -ov forerunner
pocyv pootvu
poccpoot popoqu
pocvuv potvucxu
pocvucot potvucxu
poc8poov povpcu
poc8uxo po8t8ut
poc0yxo povt0yt
poct8ov poopou
poctov poXcu
poctpyxo poXcu
poctpyot poXcu
pocxypuo poxypuccu
pocxoo poxovu
pocXcucoot pocpoot
pocXyq0yv poXoovu
pocXtu I hope beforehand
pocvopoot I begin previously
pococXXu I promise before
poco0ov poocu
poccq0yv pocu
pocco pocu
pocycXot pococXXu
pocpoot I go on, proceed
poccvyxo potcvyt
poccvyco potcvyt
pocvotou I prepare beforehand
pocuocXtoot I proclaim good news
beforehand
pocu I excel, have advantage
pocupoxo poopou
poyoov poou
poycoot I outdo, esteem
poyX0ov pocpoot
poyXtxo pocXtu
popyot pootpcu
po0cct, -cu, y presentation, plan
po0ccto, -o, y set time
po0ut o, -o, y eagerness, readiness
po0uo, -ov eager, ready, willing
po0uu eagerly, willingly
poto, -ov early (rain)
potcvyt I guide, care for, aid
poxoXcu I provoke, challenge
poxovocXXu I foretell, announce
poxovopvtu I prepare
poxovcu I have advantage
poxctot I am exposed, lie before
poxypuccu I preach before
poxoy, -y, y progress
poxovu I prosper, accomplish
poxou poxovu
poxpto, -ovo, vo discrimination, partiality
poxupou I prefer
poXoovu I anticipate, undertake
poXcu I predict, say beforehand
poopvupoot I predict
pocXcvou I prepare, plan ahead
pocptvou I worry beforehand
povoc u I have foresight
povoto, -o, y foresight
poopou I foresee
pooptu I decide beforehand
poocu I suffer before
poovup, -opo, o ancestor, forefather
pocu I accompany
pocvy, -c reckless, thoughtless
poopcuoot I precede, lead
po for (Gen.)
po near, at, by (Dat.)
po to, towards with (Acc.)
pocoovov, -ou, vo Friday (before Sabbath)
pocoopcuu I name, call
pocou I approach
pocouy, -y, y approach
pocotvcu I beg
pocotvy, -ou, o beggar
pocovootvu I move up, go up
pocovoXoovu I welcome
pocovoXtcxu I spend a lot
pocovoXypou I provide fully
pocovovt0yt I add, consult with
pocovcyv pocovootvu
pocovc0yxo pocovovt0yt
pococtXcu I threaten further
pococu I resound
poc8oovou I spend in addition
poc8coot I need more
poc8coot I accept, welcome
poc8oxo u I expect, wait for
poc8oxto, -o, y expectation

poccou I allow to go farther
pocctu I approach
pocc8coyv poc8coot
pocc8poov pocvpcu
pocc0yxo pocvt0yt
poccxoo pocxovu
poccXyXu0o poccpoot
poccvyvoo pocqcpu
poccccov poctvu
poccyo pocyvut
poccpooot I make more
poccpyo pocpyvut
poccpoot I approach, come to
pocccyxo poccu
poccvoo pocvoccu
poccuoot poccuoot
poccuy, -y, y prayer
poccuoot I pray
poccu I pay attention
pocyoov pocou
pocyX0ov poccpoot
pocyXou I nail onto
pocyXuvo, -ou, o proselyte, convert
pocyvcxo pocqcpu
pocyvc0yv pocqcpu
pocyuoyv poccuoot
pocxotpo, -ov temporary, transitory
pocxoXcu I summon, call
pocxopvcpcu I wait on, persist, serve
pocxopvcpyct,
-cu, y
perseverance
pocxcqo Xotov, -ou,
vo
pillow
pocxXypou I assign, join
pocxXtvu I join, incline toward
pocxXtct, -cu, y inclination, prejudice
pocxoXXou I join, am devoted to
pocxoo, -ovo, vo stumbling, offense
pocxoy, -y, y obstacle, offense
pocxovu I strike, stumble
pocxuXtu I roll up to
pocxuvcu I worship
pocxuvyvy, -ou, o worshiper
pocXoXcu I speak to, address
pocXoovu I partake, welcome
pocXyt, -cu, y acceptance
poccvu I remain, stay on
pocoptu I moor, come to port
pocoqctXu I owe
poco0tu I am angry, offended
pocctvo, -ov hungry
pocyvut I crucify
poctvu I prostrate, beat upon
pocotcu I pretend, take notice
pocopcuoot I approach
pocpyvut I strike against, shatter
pocvoccu I command, order
pocvovt, -t8o, y defender, guardian
pocvt0yt I add, give, grant
pocvpcu I run up to
pocqotov, -ou, vo fish, relish
pocqovo, -ov new, recent
pocqovu recently
pocqcpu I bring to, offer, present
pocqtXy, -c pleasing, lovely
pocqopo , -o , y sacrifice, offering, gift
pocquvcu I address, call out
pocuct, -cu, y pouring, sprinkling
pocouu I touch
pocuoXyvcu I am partial, biased
pocuoXyvy,
-ou, o
one who shows partiality
pocuoXyto,
-o, y
partiality
pocuov, -ou, vo face, appearance
povctvu I stretch out, spread
povcpo, -o, -ov earlier, before
povt0yt I plan, purpose, display
povpcu I urge, persuade
povpcu I run in front of
pouopu I exist before
poqoct, -cu, y pretense, excuse
poqcpu I produce, bring out
poqyvcto, -o, y prophecy
poqyvcuu I prophesy
poqyvy, -ou, o prophet
poqyvtxo, -y, -ov prophetic
poqyvt, -t8o, y prophetess
poq0ovu I anticipate
poctptoot I select in advance
poctpovovcu I choose beforehand
Hpoopo, -ou, o Prochorus
puvo, -y, y stern (of boat)
put early, morning
puto, -o, y morning
putvo, -y, -ov morning, early
ppo, -y, y bow (of boat)
puvcuu I am first
puvoxo0c8pto, -o, y seat of honor
puvoxXtcto, -o, y place of honor
puvo, -y, -ov first, prominent, best
puvocvovy, -ou, o ringleader
puvovoxto, -uv, vo birthright
puvovoxo, -ov firstborn
pu vu firstly
votu I stumble, sin, trip

vcpvo, -y, y heel
vcputov, -ou, vo end, edge
vcpu, -uo, y wing
vyvo, -y, -ov winged, bird
vocu I am terrified, alarmed
voyct, -cu, y terrifying, terror
HvoXcot, -t8o, y Ptolemais (city)
vuov, -ou, vo shovel, fork
vupu I frighten, scare
vuco, -ovo, vo spit, saliva
vuccu I roll up
vu u I spit
vuo, -ovo, vo corpse
vuct, -cu, y falling, collapse
vucto, -o, y poverty
vucuu I am poor
vuo , -y , -o v poor, beggarly
uy, -y, y fist, fist-fight
u0uv, -uvo, o spirit of divination
uxvo, -y, -ov often, frequent
uxvcuu I box, fight
uXy, -y, y gate, door
uXuv, -uvo, o door, gate
uv0ovoot I inquire, learn
up, -o, vo fire
upo , -o , y fire pile
upo, -ou, o tower
upcccu I have a fever
upcvo, -ou, y fever
uptvo, -y, -ov fiery red
upou I burn up, am on fire
uppou I am fiery red
uppo, -o, -ov red
Huppo, -ou, o Pyrrhus
upuct, -cu, y burning, suffering
uXcu I sell
uXo, -ou, o colt, foal
uovc ever, any time
upou I harden, make dull
upuct, -cu, y stubbornness
u how?
u perhaps, somehow
P
Poo, y Rahab
pot rabbi, teacher
poouvt my rabbi, my teacher
po8tu I beat with a rod
po 8o, -ou, y rod, stick
po8ouo, -ou, o policeman
Poou, o Reu
pg8toupyo, -ovo,
vo
trick, crime
pg8toupto, -o, y frivolity, deceit, fraud
potvu I sprinkle
Potqov, o Rephan
poxo fool, empty-head
poxo, -ou, vo patch, piece of cloth
Poo, y Ramah (city)
povvtu I sprinkle
povvtco, -ou, o sprinkling
potu I hit, slap, whip
potco, -ovo, vo blow with a club/whip
poqt, -t8o, y needle
Poo, y Rahab
PoyX, y Rachel
Pcc xxo, -o, y Rebekah
pc8y, -y, y carriage
pcu I flow, overflow
Pytov, -ou, vo Rhegium (city)
pyo, -ovo, vo wreck, ruin
pyvut I tear, break, burst
pyo, -ovo, vo word, saying
pyu pyvut
Pyco, o Rhesa
pyvup, -opo, o lawyer
pyvu expressly, explicitly
pto, -y, y root, descendant
ptou I am rooted, fixed
pty, -y, y blinking
pttu I am tossed about
ptvu I throw away
Pooo, o Rehoboam
Po8y, -y, y Rhoda
Po8o, -ou, y Rhodes
poty8ov with a noise
poqoto, -o, y sword
Pouyv, o Reuben
Pou0, y Ruth
Pou qo, -ou, o Rufus
pu y, -y, y lane, narrow street
puoot I rescue, deliver
puotvu I soil, dirty
puopto, -o, y filth, dirt
puopo, -o, -ov dirty
puo, -ou, o dirt
pu ct, -cu, y flow, flowing
puvt, -t8o, y wrinkle
Puotxo, -y, -ov Roman
Puoto, -o, -ov Roman
Puotcvt in Latin
Puy, -y, y Rome
puvvut I say goodbye
2
coo0ovt you have forsaken me
2oou0 Lord of Hosts/Armies
coovtco, -ou, o Sabbath rest

coovov, -ou, vo Sabbath
coyvy, -y, y dragnet
2o88ouxoto, -ou, o Sadducee
2o8ux, o Zadok
cotvu I move, disturb
coxxo, -ou, o sackcloth
2oXo, o Shelah
2oXo0tyX, o Salathiel
2oXot, -tvo, y Salamis (city)
2oXct, vo Salim (city)
coXcuu I shake, am distressed
2oXy, y Salem
2oXt, vo Salim (city)
2oXuv, o Salmon
2oXuvy, -y, y Salmone
coXo, -ou, o rolling wave
coXt, -to, y trumpet
coXtu I sound the trumpet
coXtcvy, -ou, o trumpeter
2oXuy, -y, y Salome
2oo pcto, -o, y Samaria (city)
2ooptvy, -ou, o Samaritan
2ooptvt, -t8o, y Samaritan woman
2oo0pg xy, -y, y Samothrace (island)
2oo, -ou, y Samos (island)
2oouyX, o Samuel
2ouv, o Samson
cov8o Xtov, -ou, vo sandal
covt, -t8o, y board, plank
2oouX, o Saul
copo , -o , -o v decayed, bad
2oqtpo, -y, y Sapphira
coqtpo, -ou, y sapphire
copo vy, -y, y basket
2op8ct, -cuv, ot Sardis
cop8tov, -ou, vo carnelian stone
cop8ovu, -uo, o onyx
2opcvo, -uv, vo Zarephath (city)
copxtxo, -y, -ov fleshly, worldly
copxtvo, -y, -ov fleshly, worldly
cop, copxo, y flesh
copou I sweep
2oppo, -o, y Sarah
2opuv, -uvo, o Sharon
2ovovo, -o, o Satan
covov, -ou, vo measure (for grain)
2ouXo, -ou, o Saul
ccvvut I extinguish, put out
cccu ccvvut
ccouvou, -y yourself
ccooot I worship, reverence
ccoco, -ovo, vo sanctuary
ccocvo, -y, -ov revered, august
cc u I worship
cctpo , -o , y chain, rope
cctco, -ou, o shaking
cctu I shake, agitate
2cxouv8o, -ou, o Secundus
2cXcuxcto, -o, y Seleucia
ccXyvy, -y, y moon
ccXyvtooot I am an epileptic
2cctv, o Semein
cct8oXt, -cu, y fine flour
ccvo, -y, -ov honorable, noble
ccvovy, -yvo, y reverence, dignity
2cpto, -ou, o Sergius
2cpou, o Serug
2y0, o Seth
2y, o Shem
cyotvu I report, communicate
cyctov, -ou, vo sign, indication
cyctou I write, take note of
cycpov today
cyu I decay, rot
cy, cyvo, o moth
cyvopuvo, -ov moth-eaten
c0cvou I strengthen
ctouv, -ovo, y cheek
cto u I am silent
cty, -y, y silence, quiet
ct 8ypo, -ou, o iron
ct8ypou, -o, ouv made of iron
2t8uv, -uvo, y Sidon (city)
2t8uvto, -o, -ov Sidonian
ctxopto, -ou, o terrorist, sicarius
ctxcpo, vo strong drink, beer
2tXo, -o, o Silas
2tXouovo, -ou, o Silvanus
2tXuo, o Siloam
cttxtv0tov, -ou, vo apron
2tuv, -uvo, o Simon
2tvo Sinai
ctvot, -cu, vo mustard
ctv8uv, -ovo, y linen
ctvto u I sift
ctptxo, -y, -ov silk
ctvcuvo, -y, -ov fattened
ctvtov, -ou, vo grain
ctvtcvo, -y, -ov fattened
ctvocvptov, -ou, vo food/grain ration
ctvo, -ou, o wheat, grain
2tuv, y Zion
ctuo u I keep silent
cxov8oXtu I cause to sin, fall
cxo v8oXov, -ou, vo trap, temption
cxo vu I dig

cxo qy, -y, y skiff, small boat
cxo u cxo vu
cxcXo, -ou, vo leg
cxcoco, -ovo, vo clothing
2xcuo, -o, o Sceva
cxcuy, -y, y equipment, furnishings
cxcuo, -ou, vo jar, dish, vessel
cxyvy, -y, y tent, dwelling
cxyvoyto, -o, y festival of tents
cxyvooto, -ou, o tentmaker
cxyvo, -ou, vo tent, lodging, body
cxyvou I live, dwell
cxyvuo, -ovo, vo tent, dwelling
cxto, -o, y shade, shadow
cxtpvou I leap for joy
cxXypoxop8to, -o, y hard heart
cxXypo, -o, -ov hard
cxXypovy, -yvo, y hardness, stubbornness
cxXypovpo yXo, -ov stiff-necked, stubborn
cxXypuvu I harden
cxoXto, -o, -ov crooked
cxoXo, -oo, o thorn, splinter
cxocu I look for, notice
cxoo, -ou, o goal, mark
cxoptu I scatter, disperse
cxopto, -ou, o scorpion
cxovctvo, -y, -ov dark, obscure
cxovto, -o, y darkness, evil
cxovtu I become dark
cxovo, -ou, vo darkness, evil
cxovou I become darkened
cxuoXov, -ou, vo rubbish, dirt, dung
2xu0y, -ou, o Scythian
cxu0puo, -y, -ov sad
cxuXXu I am troubled, weary
cxuXov, -ou, vo booty, spoils
cxuXyxopuvo, -ov eaten by worms
cxuXy, -yxo, o maggot
copo8tvo, -y, -ov emerald made
co po8o, -ou, o emerald
cupvo, -y, y myrrh
2upvo, -y, y Smyrna
cupvtu I put myrrh in wine
2o8oo, -uv, vo Sodom (city)
2oXouv, -uvo, o Solomon
copo, -ou, y bier, coffin
co, cy, cov your
cou8optov, -ou, vo handkerchief
2ouco vvo, -y, y Susanna
coqt o, -o, y wisdom
coqtu I make wise, teach
coqo, -y, -ov clever, skillful
2ovto, -o, y Spain
copoccu I convulse, tear
copovou I wrap, clothe
covoXou I live luxuriously
cou I pull, draw
cctpo, -y, y band of soldiers
cctpu I sow (seed)
ccxouXovup, -opo, o courier, executioner
cc v8u I pour libation
cc po, -ovo, vo seed
ccpoXoo, -ov gossip, babbler
ccu8u I hurry
cyXotov, -ou, vo cave, hideout
ctXo , -o 8o, y reef, spot, stain
ctXo, -ou, o stain, blemish
ctXou I stain, defile
cXovtoot I pity, feel sympathy
cXo vov, ou, vo intestines, desire
coo, -ou, o sponge
co8o, -ou, y ashes
copo, -o, y sowing, origin, parentage
copto, -ov sown, grain fields
copo, -ou, o seed
cou8o u I hurry, am eager
cou8oto, -o, -ov eager, zealous
cou8otu eagerly, diligently
cou8y, -y, y hurry, eagerness, zeal
cupt, -t8o, y basket, hamper
cvo8tov, -ou, vo arena, stadium
cvovo, -ou, y jar
cvoctocvy, -ou, o rebel
cvo ct, -cu, y riot, revolt, strife
cvovyp, -ypo, o stater coin ($.80)
cvoupo, -ou, o cross
cvoupou I crucify
cvoquXy, -y, y cluster of grapes
cvou, -uo, o ear of grain
2vou, -uo, o Stachys
cvcy, -y, y roof
cvcu I endure
cvctpo, -o, y barren
cvcXXu I avoid, stay away
cvco, -ovo, vo wreath
cvcvoo, -ou, o groan, sigh
cvcvou I groan
cvcvo, -y, -ov narrow
cvcvoupcu I cramp, confine
cvcvoupto, -o, y distress, trouble
cvcpu I love, feel affection
cvcpco, -o, -ov firm, hard, solid
cvcpcou I make strong, firm
cvcpc uo, -ovo, vo firmness, steadfastness
2vcqovo, -o, o Stephanas
2vcqovo, -ou, o Stephen

cvcqovo, -ou, o wreath, crown
cvcqovou I crown, honor
cvy0o, -ou, vo chest, breast
cvyxu I stand, stand firm
cvypto, -ou, o firmness
cvyptu I strengthen, establish
cvycu tcvyt
cvto, -o8o, y leaves, leafy branch
cvto, -ovo, vo mark, brand, scar
cvty, -y, y moment
cvtXu I shine, glisten
cvoo, -o, y colonnaded porch
2votxo, -y, -ov Stoic
cvotctov, -ou, vo basic principles
cvotc u I hold to, agree with
cvoXy, -y, y robe
cvoo, -ovo, vo mouth
cvooo, -ou, o stomach
cvpovcto, -o, y campaign, warfare
cvpovcuo, -ovo, vo army, soldiers
cvpovcuoot I am a soldier, war
cvpovyo, -ou, o chief magistrate
cvpovto , -o , y army
cvpovtuvy, -ou, o soldier
cvpovoXocu I gather an army
cvpovoc8ov, -ou, vo camp, army
cvpcXou I distort, twist, torture
cvpc qu I turn around, change
cvpyvto u I live sensually
cvpyvo, -ou, vo sensual living
cvpou0tov, -ou, vo sparrow
cvpuvvu u I spread out, furnish
cvuyvo, -y, -ov hated
cvuvo u I become dark, gloomy
cvuXo, -ou, o pillar, leader
cu, cou; uct, uuv you
cucvcto, -o, y relatives, kinship
cucvy, -c relative, kin
cucvt, -t8o, y kinswoman
cuvuy, -y, y pardon, indulgence
cuxo0yot I sit with
cuxo0tu I sit with
cuxoxoo0cu I suffer with
cuxoxoucoot I suffer with
cuxoXc u I summon
cuxoXuvu I conceal
cuxovu I bend
cuxovootvu I go down with
cuxovo0cct, -cu, y union, agreement
cuxovovt0yt I agree together
cuxovoyqtoot I added, join
cuxovcyv cuxovootvu
cuxcxoXuot cuxoXuvu
cuxcpovvut I blend, unite
cuxcuot cucu
cuxtvcu I stir up
cuxXctu I enclose, imprison
cuxXypovoo, -ov inheriting together with
cuxotvuvcu I share, associate with
cuxotvuvo, -ou, o partner, participant
cuxotu I bury
cuxptvu I compare, explain
cuxuvu I bend over
cuxupto, -o, y coincidence, chance
cuotpu I rejoice, congratulate
cuc u I confuse
cupooot I associate
cuuct, -cu, y confusion, tumult
cuo u I live with
cucuvut I join, pair, marry
cuyvc u I discuss, dispute
cuyvyvy, -ou, o disputer
cuuo, -ou, o fellow-worker, comrade
cuuootc u I make alive with
cuxotvo, -ou, y mulberry tree
cuxy, -y, y fig tree
cuxoopco, -o, y sycamore tree
cuxov, -ou, vo fig
cuxoqovvc u I slander, accuse falsely
cuXoucu I carry off booty, rob
cuXo u I rob
cuXXoXcu I talk with, discuss
cuXXoovu I seize, grasp, apprehend
cuXXc u I collect, pick, gather
cuXXcu cuXXcu
cuXXyoot cuXXoovu
cuXXot oot I talk with, debate
cuXXuc u I grieve with, hurt with
cuotvu I meet, happen
cuoXXu I confer, debate
cuoctXcuu I rule with
cucyxo cuotvu
cutou I unite, infer, teach
cuouXcuu I advise
cuouXtov, -ou, vo plan, purpose
cuouXo, -ou, o advisor
2ucuv, o Simeon
cuo0yvy, -ou, o fellow disciple
cuopvupcu I testify with, confirm
cucptu I share with
cucvoo, -ou, o sharer
cutyvy, -ou, o fellow imitator
cuopqtu I conform
cuopqo, -ov similar in form
cuo0cu I suffer with
cuo0y, -c sympathetic

cuopotvoot I come together
cuopoxoXcu I encourage together
cuopoXoovu I take along, bring with
cuopctt I am with
cuocu I suffer with
cucu I send with
cucptXoovu I embrace
cutvu I drink with
cutvu I collapse, fall together
cuXypou I fulfill, approach
cuvtu I crowd around
cuoXtvy, -ou, o fellow-citizen
cuopcuoot I go with
cuoctov, -ou, vo party, group
cupccuvcpo,
-ou, o
fellow-elder
cuqcpu I bring together, help
cuqyt I agree
cuqopo, -ov beneficial, profitable
cuquXcvy, -ou, o fellow-countryman
cuquvo, -ov grown together
cuquu I grow up with
cuquvcu I agree
cuquvyct, -cu, y agreement
cuquvto, -o, y music
cu quvo, -ov harmonious, agreeing
cuyqtu I count up, calculate
cuuuo, -ov harmonious
cuv with (Dat.)
cuvo u I gather, call together
cuvouy, -y, y synagogue, assembly
cuvouvtoot I fight, contend
cuvo0Xc u I toil with, contend
cuvo0potu I gather, bring together
cuvotpu I agree with
cuvotoXuvo,
-ou, o
fellow-prisoner
cuvoxoXou0cu I accompany, follow
cuvoXtu I eat with, assemble
cuvoXXoccu I reconcile
cuvovootvu I go up with
cuvovoxctot I eat with
cuvovotvut I mingle with
cuvovoouoot I relax with, rest with
cuvovcyv cuvovootvu
cuvovvo u I happen, meet
cuvovvtXoovoot I help with
cuvo u cuvo u
cuvoou I lead away, carry off
cuvoc0ovov cuvoo0vcxu
cuvoccvctXo cuvoocvcXXu
cuvoy0yv cuvoou
cuvoo0vcxu I die with
cuvooXXut I destroy with, perish
with
cuvoocvcXXu I send with
cuvouXcco cuvooXXut
cuvopoXoc u I join together
cuvopou I seize, drag away
cuvouo vu I grow with
cuv8cco, -ou, o bond
cuv8cu I imprison with
cuv8oo u I am praised with
cuv8ouXo, -ou, o fellow-servant
cuv8poy, -y, y running together
cuvcyv cuotvu
cuvcctpu I raise to life with
cuvc8poov cuvvpcu
cuvc8ptov, -ou, vo Sanhedrin, high council
cuvccuo cucuvut
cuvc0yxo cuvvt0yt
cuvct8yct, -cu, y consciousness,
conscience
cuvct 8ov cuvopo u
cuvctcyX0ov cuvctccpoot
cuvctXyqo cuXXoovu
cuvctt I am with
cuvctt I come together
cuvctccpoot I enter with
cuvcx8yo, -ou, o traveling companion
cuvcxXcxvo, -y, -ov chosen with
cuvcXco cuXXcu
cuvcXyXu0o cuvcpoot
cuvcXyq0yv cuXXoovu
cuvcu cuvcu
cuvcc0yxo cuvctvt0yt
cuvcccov cutvu
cuvcccvyv cuvcqtcvyt
cuvctopvupcu I testify with
cuvctov cutvu
cuvctvt0yt I join in attack
cuvcvto cuvtu
cuvcoot I accompany
cuvcpcu I work with
cuvcpo, -ov helping, working
together
cuvcpoot I come together
cuvcc0tu I eat with
cuvcct, -cu, y insight, understanding
cuvccvoXot cucvcXXu
cuvc cvctXo cucvc XXu
cuvccvyxo cuvtcvyt
cuvccvyco cuvtcvyt
cuvccov cuvcu
cuvcvoo cuvvoccu
cuvcvoqyv cuv0ovu
cuvcvo, -y, -ov intelligent, wise

cuvcvptyv cuvvptu
cuvcvpto cuvvptu
cuvc vuov cuvvuo vu
cuvcu8oxc u I agree with, approve
cuvcuuc oot I feast together
cuvcqoov cuvcc0tu
cuvcqtcvyt I join in an attack
cuvcu0yv cucu
cuvcu I restrain, seize, shut
cuvyoov cuvou
cuvycp0yv cuvcpctpu
cuvyot cuvou
cuvy0yv cuvou
cuvy8oot I rejoice with
cuvy 0cto, -o, y friendship, custom
cuvyX0ov cuvcpoot
cuvyXtxtuvy, -ou, o contemporary
cuvyvcxo cuqcpu
cuvypoxo cuvopou
cuvypoco cuvopou
cuvyxo cuvtyt
cuvycu cuvtyt
cuv0ovu I bury with
cuv0Xou I crush
cuv0Xtu I crowd around
cuv0puvu I break in pieces
cuvtyt I understand
cuvtcvyt I put together
cuvo8cu u I travel with
cuvo8to, -o, y group of travelers
cuvot8o I know with
cuvotxc u I live with
cuvotxo8ocu I build together
cuvotXcu I talk with
cuvoopcu I am next to
cuvopo u I realize, learn about
cuvoy, -y, y distress, anguish
cuvvo ccu I order, direct
cuvvc0ctot cuvvt0yt
cuvvcXcto, -o, y end, close, completion
cuvvcXc u I complete, end, finish
cuvvcvu I shorten, limit
cuvvc vptot cuvvpt u
cuvvypc u I preserve
cuvvt0yt I put with, agree with
cuvvo u promptly, briefly
cuvvpcu I run together
cuvvptu I shatter, smash
cu vvpto, -ovo, vo destruction, ruin
cuvvpt u cuvvpt u
cuvvpoqo, -ov nursed with, companion,
friend
cuvvuo vu I meet, join
2uvvuy, -y, y Syntyche
cuvuoxptvoot I pretend together
cuvuoupc u I cooperate, join helping
cuvu8t vu I suffer with
cuvuocto, -o, y conspiracy
2upoxoucot, -uv, ot Syracuse (city)
2upto, -o, y Syria
2upo, -ou, o Syrian
2upoqotvtxtcco,
-y, y
Syrophoenician
2upvt, -cu, y Syrtis (gulf)
cupu I drag away, pull
cucopoccu I convulse
cuccyov, -ou, vo signal, token
cuccuo, -ov co-member with
cucvovtxo, -y, -ov commendatory
cucvoupou I crucify with
cucvc XXu I limit, cover
cucvcvou I groan with
cucvotc u I correspond to
cucvpovtuvy, -ou, o comrade
cucvpc qu I come together, gather
cucvpoqy, -y, y commotion
cucyovtu I am conformed to
2uop, y Sychar (city)
2uc, y Shechem (city)
cqoy, -y, y slaughter
cqotov, -ou, vo victim, sacrifice
cqou I slaughter
cqoXXu I slip, stumble
cqo8po very, greatly
cqo8pu very much, greatly
cqpotu I seal, mark
cqpot, -t8o, y seal, stamp, mark
cqu8pov, -ou, vo ankle
cc8ov nearly, almost
cyo, -ovo, vo form, appearance
ctu I split, divide
ctco, -ovo, vo split, division
cotvtov, -ou, vo rope
coXou I have time, am empty
coXy, -y, y lecture hall
cu I save, rescue
cuo, -ovo, vo body
cuovtxo, -y, -ov bodily, physical
cuovtxu bodily
2uovpo, -ou, o Sopater
cupcuu I pile up, fill with
2uc0cvy, -ou, o Sosthenes
2uctovpo, -ou, o Sosipater
cuvyp, -ypo, o savior, deliverer
cuvypto, -o, y salvation, deliverance
cuvypto, -ov saving, delivering

cuqpovc u I am reasonable
cuqpovtu I advise, teach
cuqpovtco, -ou, o good judgment
cuqpovu moderately
cuqpocuvy, -y, y good judgment
cuqpuv, -ov self-controlled
T
vocpvot, -uv, ot tavern, inn
Tot0o, y Tabitha
vo o, -ovo, vo division, order, group
To88ot ov Thaddaeus
voxvo, -y, -ov determined, fixed
voXotupcu I endure sorrow
voXotupto, -o, y distress, trouble
voXotupo, -ov distressed, miserable
voXovvtoto, -o, -ov weighing a talent
voXovvov, -ou, vo talent (ca. 70 lbs.)
voXt0o girl
voctov, -ou, vo storeroom, inner room
vot, -cu, y order, position
voctvo, -y, -ov humble, gentle
voctvoqpocuvy,
-y, y
humility
voctvoqpuv, -ov humble
voctvou I humble
voctvuct, -cu, y humiliation
vopoccu I stir up, disturb
vopoo, -ou, o disturbance, rebellion
Topccu, -cu, o Tarsus person
Topco, -ou, y Tarsus (city)
vopvopou I cast into hell
voccu I assign, command
vou po, -ou, o bull, ox
voqy, -y, y burial place
voqo, -ou, o grave
voo perhaps, probably
voc u quickly
votvo, -y, -ov quick, imminent
voo, -ou, vo quickness, haste
vou, -cto, -u quickly, swift
vc and, also
vc0ctxo vt0yt
vc0ctot vt0yt
vc 0Xtot 0Xt u
vc0vyxo 0vcxu
vc0poot vpcqu
vcto, -ou, vo city wall
vcxyptov, -ou, vo proof
vcxvtov, -ou, vo child
vcxvoovcu I bear children
vcxvoovto, -o, y bearing of children
vcxvov, -ou, vo child
vcxvovpoqcu rear children
vcxvuv, -ovo, o carpenter, builder
vcXcto, -o, -ov complete, perfect
vcXctovy, -yvo, y maturity, perfection
vcXctou I make perfect, complete
vcXctu completely
vcXctuct, -cu, y fulfillment
vcXctuvy, -ou, o perfecter
vcXccqopcu I bear fruit to maturity
vcXcuvou I die, come to an end
vcXcuvy, -y, y death, end
vcXc u I end, finish
vcXo, -ou, vo end, close, conclusion
vcXuvy, -ou, o tax-collector
vcXuvtov, -ou, vo tax office
vcoot vtxvu
vcpo, -ovo, vo portent, omen
Tcpvto, -ou, o Tertius
TcpvuXXo, -ou, o Tertullus
vcccopoxovvo forty
vcccopoxovvocvy ,
-c
forty years
vcccopc, -o four
vcccopccxot8cxovo,
-y
fourteenth
vcvoot voccu
vcvopoot vopoccu
vcvopvoto, -o, -ov on fourth day
vcvopvo, -y, -ov fourth
vcvpoopcu I am a tetrarch
vcvpoopy, -ou, o tetrarch
vcvpouvo, -ov square
vcvpo8tov -ou, vo four soldier group
vcvpoxtctXtot, -ot, -o four thousand
vcvpoxoctot, -ot, -o four hundred
vcvpoyvo, -ov four-month
vcvpoXou, y, -ouv four times
vcvpoou, -ouv quadruped
vcvuo vuovu
vcqpou I reduce to ashes
vcvy, -y, y craft, skill, trade
vcvtvy, -ou, o craftsman
vyxu I melt, dissolve
vyXouu clearly, plainly
vyXtxouvo, -ouvy,
-ouvo
so great
vypc u I keep, guard
vypyct, -cu, y prison, keeping
Ttcpto, -o8o, y Tiberias (city)
Ttcpto, -ou, o Tiberius
vt0yt I put, place
vtxvu I give birth, bear
vtXXu I pick, pluck
Ttoto, -ou, o Timaeus

vto u I honor, set a price on
vty, -y, y honor, price, value
vtto, -o, -ov precious, valuable
vttovy, -yvo, y wealth
Tto0co, -ou, o Timothy
Ttuv, -uvo, o Timon
vtupc u I punish
vtupt o, -o, y punishment
vt vu I pay, am punished
vt, vt someone, something
vt cu vt vu
Ttvto, -ou, o Titius
vtvXo, -ou, o inscription, notice
Ttvo, -ou, o Titus
vot besides
votopouv therefore, then
vot vuv therefore, so, indeed
votoc8c, -o8c, -ov8c such as this
votouvo, -ouvy,
-ouvov
such a kind, like that
voto, -ou, o wall
voxo, -ou, o interest (loan)
voXou I dare, presume
voXypovcpov more boldly
voXyvy, -ou, o bold, daring
voo, -y, -ov sharp, cutting
voov, -ou, vo bow (and arrow)
vootov, -ou, vo topaz (stone)
voo, -ou, o place, region
vocouvo, -ouvy,
-ouvov
so much, so many
vovc then
vouvovvtov rather
vouvoo the name
vpoo, -ou, o he-goat
vpo co, -y, y table
vpoctvy, -ou, o money-changer
vpouo, -ovo, vo wound
vpouovtu I wound
vpoyXtu I am open, reveal
vpoyXo, -ou, o neck, throat
vpou, -cto, -u rough
Tpouvtvt, -t8o, y Trachonitis
vpct, vpto three
Tpct Tocpvot Three Taverns
vpcu I tremble, fear
vpcqu I feed, nourish
vpcu I run
vpyo, -ovo, vo eye of needle, hole
vptoxovvo thirty
vptoxoctot, -ot, -o three hundred
vptoXo, -ou, o thistle, thorn
vpto, -ou, y path
vptcvto, -o, y three years
vptu I gnash teeth, grind
vpt yvo, -ov three-month
vpt three times
vptcvcov, -ou, vo third story (building)
vptctXtot, -ot, -o three thousand
vpttvo, -y, -ov hairy
vpoo, -ou, o trembling, quivering
vpoy, -y, y turning, return
vpoo, -ou, o manner, way of life
vpooqopc u I put up with
vpoqy, -y, y food
Tpoqto, -ou, o Trophimus
vpoqo, -ou, y nurse
vpoto, -o, y course, way
vpoo, -ou, o wheel
vpuXtov, -ou, vo bowl, dish
vpuo u I pick (grapes)
vpuuv, -ovo, y pigeon, dove
vpuoXto, -o, y needle
vpuyo, -ovo, vo eye of a needle, hole
Tpuqotvo, -y, y Tryphaena
vpuqo u I revel, carouse
vpuqy, -y, y reveling, indulgence
Tpuqu co, -y, y Tryphosa
Tpo , -o 8o, y Troas
vpuu I eat, nibble, munch
vuo vu I meet, gain
vuovtu I torment, torture
vutxu typologically, by
example
vuo, -ou, o mark, scar, copy
vu vu I strike, beat
Tupovvo, -ou, o Tyrannus
Tupto, -ou, o Tyrian
Tupo, -ou, y Tyre (city)
vuqXo, -y, -ov blind
vuqXou I blind
vuqo u I delude, become foolish
vu qu I smoke, smolder
vuquvtxo, -y, -ov of hurricane force
Tutxo, -ou, o Tychius
Y
uoxtv0tvo, -y, -ov dark blue
uoxtv0o, -ou, o hyacinth (flower)
uoXtvo, -y, -ov glass, transparent
uoXo, -ou, y glass, crystal
uptu I scoff at, insult
upt, -cu, y arrogance, insult
uptcvy, -ou, o violent person
utotvu I am healthy

uty, -c healthy
upo, -o, -ov wet, moist
u8pt o, -o, y water jar, pitcher
u8poovcu I drink water
u8utxo, -y, -ov suffering from dropsy
u8up, -ovo, vo water
ucvo, -ou, o rain
uto0ccto, -o, y adoption
uto, -ou, o son
uXy, -y, y wood, material
Ycvoto, -ou, o Hymenaeus
ucvcpo, -o, -ov your
uvcu I sing a hymn
uvo, -ou, o hymn, song of praise
uo u I go away, depart
uoxoy, -y, y obedience
uoxouu I obey, hear
uov8po, -ov married
uovvou I meet, oppose
uovvyct, -cu, y drawing near
uopt, -cu, y possession, property
uopu I am, exist
uc8c8cot uo8coot
uc8cto uo8ctxvut
uc8coyv uo8coot
uc8yco uo8cu
uc8poov uovpcu
uc0yxo uovt0yt
uctxu I submit, obey, yield
ucvovvto, -o, -ov hostile, contrary
ucXoov uoXoovu
ucvyco uotvcxu
ucvyc0yv uotvcxu
ucp in behalf of (Gen.)
ucp above (Acc.)
ucpotpu I exalt, rise up
uc poxo, -ov past ones prime
ucpovu above
ucpouovu I grow greatly
ucpotvu I sin against, transgress
ucpoXXovvu exceedingly, extremely
ucpoXXu I surpass, outdo
ucpoXy, -y, y excess
ucpct8ov ucpopou
ucpcxctvo beyond
ucpcxcptccou extreme, more
ucpcxvctvu I overextend
ucpcxuvvu I pour out, overflow
ucpcvvuovu I intercede, plead
ucpcu I surpass, control
ucpyqovto, -o, y arrogance, pride
ucpyqovo, -ov arrogant, proud
ucpXtov exceedingly, extremely
ucpvtxo u I have victory
ucpoxo, -ov boastful, puffed up
ucpopou I disregard, despise
ucpoy, -y, y superiority, prominence
ucpcptcccuu I overflow
ucpcptccu beyond, extremely
ucpXcovou I overflow
ucpuou I raise myself
ucpqpovcu I am arrogant
ucpov, -ou, vo upper story
ucvoyv uovoccu
ucvoo uovoccu
ucu I am punished
ucupyco uoupcu
uyxoo, -ov obedient
uyvcxo uoqcpu
uypcvcu I minister, serve
uypcvy, -ou, o servant, helper
uvo, -ou, o sleep
uo by (Gen.)
uo under (Acc.)
uooXXu I instigate, bribe
uopoo, -ou, o model, example
uo 8cto, -ovo, vo model, example, pattern
uo8ctxvut I show, explain
uo8ctu uo8ctxvut
uo8coot I welcome, receive
uo8cu I tie on shoes
uo8yo, -ovo, vo sandal
uo8txo, -ov accountable, liable
uoutov, -ou, vo pack animal
uouvvut I brace a ship
uoxovu under, below
uoxptvoot I pretend
uoxptct, -cu, y pretense, hypocrisy
uoxptvy, -ou, o hypocrite, pretender
uoXoovu I take up, support, reply
uo Xcto, -ovo, vo remnant
uoXctu I leave behind
uoXyvtov, -ou, vo wine vat
uoXtovu I leave behind
uocvu I remain, endure
uotvcxu I remind, remember
uovyct, -cu, y reminder
uovycu uotvcxu
uoovy, -y, y endurance, patience
uovocu I suspect, suppose
uovoto, -o, y suspicion
uoXcu I sail under
uovcu I blow gently
uoo8tov, -ou, vo footstool
uocvoct, -cu, y substance, essence
uocvcXXu I avoid, withdraw

uocvoXy, -y, y timidity, shrinking
uocvpcqu I return, turn back
uocvpuvvuu I spread out
uovoy, -y, y obedience, subjection
uovoccu I subject, subordinate
uovcvoot uovoccu
uovt0yt I lay down, risk life
uovpcu I sail under
uovuuct, -cu, y example, prototype
uoqcpu I endure, submit to
uoupcu I withdraw, retreat
uutou I maltreat, slander
u, uo, y female pig
ucco, -ou, o javelin, spear
uccuo, -ou, o, y hyssop
ucvcpc u I am in need, lack
ucvcpyo, -ovo, vo need, lack
ucvcpyct, -cu, y need, poverty
ucvcpo, -o, -ov last, later, finally
uqovvo, -y, -ov woven
uyXo, -y, -ov tall, exalted, proud
uyXoqpovcu I am proud, haughty
utcvo, -y, -ov highest, most exalted
uo, -ou, vo height, high place
uo u I lift up, exalt
uuo, -ovo, vo height, exaltation
d
qooot cc0tu
qoo, -ou, o glutton
qotXovy, -ou, o cloak
qotvu I shine, appear, reveal
do Xcx, o Peleg
qovcpo, -o, -ov visible, clear, plain
qovcpou I reveal, show
qovcpu openly, publicly
qovcpuct, -cu, y announcement
qovo, -ou, o lantern
dovouyX, o Phanuel
qovvou I appear, make visible
qovvocto, -o, y pageantry, pomp
qovvoco, -ovo, vo ghost
qopo, -oo, y ravine
dopou, o Pharaoh
dopc, o Perez
doptcoto, -ou, o Pharisee
qopoxcto, -o, y sorcery, magic
qopoxov, -ou, vo poison, medicine
qopoxo, -ou, o magician, sorcerer
qo ct, -cu, y report, announcement
qocxu I say, claim
qovvy, -y, y stall, stable, manger
qouXo, -y, -ov bad, evil
qc o, -ou, vo light, radiance
qct8oot I spare, avoid
qctcoot qct8oot
qc pu I carry, endure
qcuu I flee, escape
qcuoot qcuu
dyXt, -txo, o Felix
qyy, -y, y report, news
qyt I tell, say
dycvo, -ou, o Festus
q0o vu I come before, arrive
q0opvo, -y, -ov perishable, mortal
q0coot I speak, proclaim
q0ctpu I destroy, ruin
q0tvouptvo, -y, -ov late autumn
q0oo, -ou, o sound, voice
q0ovcu I envy, am jealous
q0ovo, -ou, o jealousy, envy
q0opo , -o , y ruin, destruction
qto Xy, -y, y bowl
qtXo o0o, -ov loving what is good
dtXo8cXqcto, -o, y Philadelphia (city)
qtXo8cXqto, -o, y brotherly love
qtXo8cXqo, -ov loving ones brother
qtXov0puto, -o, y friendliness, people love
qtXov0puu friendly, benevolently
qtXopupto, -o, y love of money, greed
qtXopupo, -ov loving money, avaricious
qtXouvo, -ov selfish
qtXc u I love, like, kiss
qtXy8ovo, -ov loving pleasure
qtXyo, -ovo, vo a kiss
dtXyuv, -ovo, o Philemon
dtXyvo, -ou, o Philetus
qtXto, -o, y friendship, love
dtXtycto, -ou, o Philippian
dtXtot, -uv, ot Philippi (city)
dtXto, -ou, o Philip
qtXo0co, -ov loving God, devout
dtXoXoo, -ou, o Philologus
qtXovctxto, -o, y dispute, strife, contention
qtXovctxo, -ov quarrelsome
qtXocvto, -o, y hospitality
qtXocvo, -ov hospitable
qtXopuvcuu I love to be first
qtXo, -y, -ov beloved, dear, friend
qtXocoqto, -o, y philosophy
qtXocoqo, -ou, o philosopher
qtXocvopo, -ov affectionate
qtXovcxvo, -ov loving ones children
qtXovtcoot I aspire to
qtXoqpovu friendly, hospitably
qtou I muzzle, silence
dXcuv, -ovvo, o Phlegon

qXotu I ignite, set on fire
qXo, qXoo, y flame
qXuopcu I talk nonsense
qXuopo, -ov gossipy, foolish
qocpo, -o, -ov fearful
qoc u I fear, reverence
qoyvpov, -ou, vo horror, fearful thing
qoo, -ou, o fear, reverence, fright
doty, -y, y Phoebe
dotvtxy, -y, y Phoenicia
qotvt, -txo, o palm-tree, date palm
dotvt, -txo, o Phoenix (city)
qovcu, -cu, o murderer
qovcuu I murder, kill
qovo, -ou, o murder, killing
qopc u I wear, bear
qopo, -ou, o tribute, tax
qopvtu I cause to carry
qopvtov, -ou, vo burden, load
dopvouvovo, -ou, o Fortunatus
qpocXXtov, -ou, vo whip
qpocXXou I flog, whip, scourge
qpoo, -ou, o fence, wall
qpou I explain
qpoccu I shut, stop, close
qpcop, -ovo, vo a well, pit
qpcvoovou I deceive
qpcvoovy, -ou, o deceiver
qpyv, qpcvo, y thinking
qptccu I shudder, frighten
qpovc u I think, judge, ponder
qpo vyo, -ovo, vo mind-set
qpovyct, -cu, y way of thinking
qpovto, -ov wise, thoughtful
qpovtu wisely
qpovvtu I think about
qpoupc u I guard, confine
qpuoccu I rave, am haughty
qpuovov, -ou, vo bush, shrub
dputo, -o, y Phrygia
ducXo, -ou, o Phygelus
quy, -y, y flight
quXoxy, -y, y prison, guard, watch
quXoxtu I imprison
quXoxvyptov, -ou, vo phylactery, amulet
quXo, -oxo, o a guard
quXou quXoccu
quXoccu I guard, keep
quXy, -y, y tribe, nation
quXXov, -ou, vo leaf
qu poo, -ovo, vo lump, batch
quctxo, -y, -ov natural
quctxu naturally, by nature
quctou I am proud, conceited
quct, -cu, y nature
quctuct, -cu, y pride, conceit
quvcto, -o, y a plant
quvcuu I plant
quu I grow
quXco, -ou, o den, hole
quvc u I call, cry out
quvy, -y, y voice, noise
qu, quvo, vo light
qucvyp, -ypo, o star, splendor
qucqopo, -ou, o morning star
quvctvo, -y, -ov bright, shining
quvtu I shine, illuminate
quvtco, -ou, o illumination
X
otpu I rejoice, delight
oXoo, -y, y hail
oXou I let down
XoX8oto, -ou, o Chaldaean
oXco, -y, -ov hard, difficult
oXtvoucu I bridle, hold in check
oXtvo, -ou, o bit, bridle
oXxcu, -cu, o metalworker, smith
oXxy8uv, -ovo, o agate (stone)
oXxtov, -ou, vo bronze vessel, kettle
oXxoXtovov, -ou, vo fine brass
oXxo, -ou, o copper, brass, bronze
oXxou, -y, ouv made of copper, brass
oot on the ground
Xovoov, y Canaan
Xovovoto, -o, -ov Canaanite
opo, -o, y joy, gladness
opoo, -ovo, vo mark, image, stamp
opoxvyp, -ypo, o representation,
impression
o po, -oxo, o barricade, stake
optoot I forgive, give freely
o ptv because of
opt, -tvo, y grace, favor
optco, -ovo, vo gift
optvou I show favor, bless
Xoppov, y Haran (city)
o pvy, -ou, o sheet of papyrus paper
oco, -ovo, vo chasm
ct Xo, -ou, vo lip, shore
ctou I have bad weather
cto ppou, -ou, o winter stream
ctuv, -uvo, o rainy, winter
ctp, ctpo, y hand
ctpouc u I lead by hand
ctpouo, -ou, o one who leads by hand
ctpopoqov, -ou, vo handwritten document

ctpootyvo, -ov handmade
ctpovovc u I choose, appoint
ctpuv, -ov very bad, worse
Xcpou, vo Cherub angel
ypo, -o, y widow
tXtopo, -ou, o commander of 1000
tXto, -o8o, y thousand
tXtot, -ot, -o thousand
Xto, -ou, y Chios
tvuv, -uvo, o tunic, shirt
tuv, -ovo, y snow
Xou, -u8o, y cloak
Xcuou I mock, scoff
Xtopo, -o, -ov lukewarm
XXoy, -y, y Chloe
Xupo, -o, -ov green, fresh
otxo, -y, -ov earthy, made of dust
otvt, -txo, y quart
otpo, -ou, o pig, swine
oXo u I am angry
oXy, -y, y gall, bile
Xopotv, y Chorazin (city)
opycu I provide, supply
opo, -ou, o dancing
opvou I feed, satisfy, fill
opvoco, -ovo, vo food
opvo, -ou, o grass
Xouo, -o , o Chuza
ou, oo, o soil, dust
pooot I employ, act
pcto, -o, y need, necessity
pcoqctXcvy, -ou, o debtor
py it should, it ought
pu I need
py o, -ovo, vo property, wealth
pyovtu I prophesy, reveal, warn
pyovtco, -ou, o divine revelation
pycto, -y, -ov useful
pyct, -cu, y use, sexual relations
pycvcuoot I am kind, loving
pycvoXoto, -o, y smooth speech
pycvo, -y, -ov useful, good, worthy
pycvovy, -yvo, y goodness, kindness
ptco, -ovo, vo anointing
Xptcvtovo, -ou, o Christian
Xptcvo, -ou, o Christ, Messiah
ptu I anoint, assign
povtu I linger, delay
po vo, -ou, o time, long time
povovptc u I spend time
puctov, -ou, vo gold
puco8oxvuXto, -ov with a gold ring
pucoXt0o, -ou, o chrysolite
pucopoco, -ou, o chyrsoprase (quartz)
puco, -ou, o gold
pucou, -y, -ouv golden
pucou I make golden
pu, puvo, o skin
uXo, -y, -ov lame, crippled
upo, -o, y region, district
upc u I go out, reach
uptu I divide, separate,
divorce
uptov, -ou, vo field
upt without, separately
uptcu uptu
upo, -ou, o northwest
+
o XXu I sing praises
oXo, -ou, o psalm, song of praise
cu8o8cXqo, -ou, o false brother
cu8oocvoXo, -ou, o false apostle
cu8y, -c false, lying
cu8o8t8ocxoXo,
-ou, o
false teacher
cu8oXoo, -ov lying
cu8oot I lie, deceive
cu8oopvupcu I give false testimony
cu8oopvupto, -o, y false witness
cu8oopvu, -upo, o a false witness
cu8opoqyvy, -ou,
o
false prophet
cu8o, -ou, vo falsehood, lie
cu8optcvo, -ou, o false Christ
cu8uvuo, -ov falsely called
cuco, -ovo, vo falsehood, lying
cucvy, -ou, o liar
yXoqo u I touch, handle
yqtu I calculate, reckon
yqo, -ou, y pebble
t0uptco, -ou, o gossip, whispering
t0uptcvy, -ou, o gossiper, whisperer
ttov, -ou, vo crumb, little bit
uy, -y, y life, soul, person
utxo, -y, -ov physical, natural
uo, -ou, vo cold
upo , -o , -o v cold
u u I make cold
utu I feed, give away
utov, -ou, vo crumb, piece of bread
uu I rub
O
O Omega, last
u O!
u8c here
8y, -y, y song, ode

u8tv, -tvo, y birth pains
u8t vu I have birth pains
xo8oyco otxo8ocu
uo, -ou, o shoulder
uoco ovuu
uvcoot I buy
uvycoyv uvcoot
uvooco ovoou
uvooc0yv ovoou
ov, -ou, vo egg
upo, -o, y hour, occasion
upoto, -o, -ov lovely, timely
uptco optu
upuo opuccu
upuoot I roar
u as, like, that, when
ucovvo hosanna
ucouvu similarly, likewise
ucct as, like
Ocyc, o Hosea
uccp just as
uccpct just as, like
ucvc therefore, so that
uvoptov, -ou, vo ear
uvtov, -ou, vo ear
uqcXcto, -o, y benefit, use, advantage
uqcXcu I help, aid, benefit
uqcXto, -ov useful, beneficial
uq0yv opou/Xcu

Index 512

Index
Greek:
oo0o paradigm 48
ooou paradigm PAI 93
oXXyXuv 68
poqy paradigm 37
poqu Aorist Passive paradigm 89
8ctxvut 132
8t8ut 131, 133
8txoto paradigm 48
couvou paradigm 68
cu paradigm 53
cxctvo paradigm 53
ctt present active indicative 49-50
ctt future active indicative 63
ctt imperative 128
ctt imperfect active indicative 72
ctt participle 104
ctt subjunctive 123
ct, to, cv 136
couvou paradigm 67
tcpov paradigm 35
tcvyt 132
Xoovu aorist paradigm 80
Xoo paradigm 34-35
Xuu aorist active/middle 84
Xuu aorist passive 88
Xuu future active/middle 61-62
Xuu future passive 89
Xuu imperative 128
Xuu imperfect active/middle/passive 71
Index 513

Xuu infinitive 118
Xuu participles, aorist 109-110
Xuu participles, perfect 113
Xuu participles, present 103
Xuu perfect active/middle 96
Xuu present active indicative 29
Xuu present middle/passive 58
Xuu subjunctive 122
o, y, vo paradigm 39
ot8o paradigm 97
ovoo paradigm 77
o, y, o paradigm 67
ou, oux, ou 50
ouvo paradigm 66
o paradigm 77
tcvt paradigm 77
poqyvy paradigm 38
cop paradigm 76
ccouvou paradigm 68
cu paradigm 53
vt0yt 132
opt paradigm 76
upo paradigm 38

English:

Accents 18
Accent placement chart 19
Accent rules 18
Accusative case description 25, 32, 34
Acute accent 18
Active voice verbs 26
Adjective 47ff
Adjective, attributive 47, 49
Adjective, comparative 137
Adjective, definition 22
Index 514

Adjective, paradigm 48, 49
Adjective, predicate 47, 49
Adjective, substantive 47, 49
Adjective, superlative 137
Adversative, conjunctions 138
Agreement 28, 33
Alexander the Great 6
Alphabet 12-13
Antepenult syllable 18
Aorist, first 83ff
Aorist, first, stems 85-86
Aorist, participles 107ff
Aorist, passive 87ff
Aorist, passive, stems 89
Aorist, second 79ff
Aorist, second, stems 81
Apostrophe 22
Articular, infinitives 119
Aspect, infinitives 118
Aspect, verbs 24, 26
Aspirate sound 75
Augments 72, 80-81, 84

Bauer, Danker, Arndt and Gingrich [BDAG] lexicon 10
BDAG lexicon 10
Books, for Greek 148ff
Breathing marks 21
Breathing, smooth 21
Breathing, rough 21

Cardinal numbers, 136
Case description, nouns 25, 32
Case, revisited 143
Causal, conjunctions 138
Circumflex accent 18
Clause types 139f
Clauses 23
Clitics 20
Colon, punctuation mark 21
Comma, punctuation mark 21
Index 515

Comparative, Adjectives 137
Complementary Infinitives 119
Compound verbs 60
Conditional types 124
Conjunctions 138
Consonant cluster 16
Consonant, double 13
Contract verbs 91
Contract verb, rules 91
Coronis 22

Dative case definition 25, 32, 34
Dative, revised 145-146
Declension definitions 32
Declensions, first, nouns 37ff
Declensions, second, nouns 31ff
Declensions, third, nouns 75ff
Declining nouns 35-36
Definite article, definition 22, 33, 38
Definite article paradigm 39
Demonstrative, pronouns 65-66
Dental sounds 75, 85, 88
Deponent verbs definition 59
Diaeresis 14, 22
Diphthongs 14

Elision 44
Enclitic 20-21
English grammar review 22-23

Final sigma 14
First aorist, verbs 83ff
First class condition 124
First declension, nouns 37ff
First person, pronouns 53
First person, verbs 27
Future tense verbs 61ff
Future of ctt 63
Future, irregular verbs 63-64

Index 516

Gamma nasal 14
Gender, nouns 31, 33
Genitive absolute 116
Genitive case, nouns 25, 32, 34
Genitive revised 143ff
God spoke in Greek 6-7
Grave, accent 18
Greek, Byzantine 11
Greek, Classical 10
Greek, Koine 6, 10-11
Greek, Modern 11
Greek is hard 8

Historical present, verb 28

Imperative verb mood, definition 24, 27
Imperative verbs 127ff
Imperative verbs, function 129
Imperfect verbs 70ff
Indicative verb mood, definition 24, 27
Indirect discourse, infinitive 119
Infinitive, articular 119
Infinitive, aspect 118
Infinitive, complementary 119
Infinitive, form 118
Infinitive, function 117
Infinitives 117ff
Interrogatives 125, 135
Iota, pronunciation 13
Iota subscripts 14

Koine Greek 6, 10-11

Labial, sounds 75, 85, 88
Liquid, sounds 62-63, 85, 93
Liquid, sounds, with future verbs 62-63
Long vowels 13

Memory verses
John 1:1 46, 51
Index 517

Mat. 6:9 73, 86, 90, 94
Mat. 6:10ab 78, 90, 94
Mat. 6:10c 82, 90, 94
Mat. 6:11 86, 90, 94
Mat. 6:12a 90, 94
Mat. 6:12b 94
Mat. 6:13a 99
Mat. 6:13 105-106
mi-verbs 130ff
Mood, verbs 24, 27
Movable nu 29

Nasal, sounds 93
Nasal gamma 14
Negating, participles 104
Nominative case, nouns 25, 32, 33
Noun definition 22
Noun, first declension 37ff
Noun, second declension 31ff
Noun, third declension 75ff
Nouns, grammar review 25
Nu movable 29
Numbers 135-136
Number, nouns 31
Number, verbs 28

Object, accusative, nouns 25
Optative, verb, mood 24, 27
Optative, verbs 126
Ordinal numbers 135

Palatal, sounds 85, 88
Parsing format 29
Participle, aorist 107ff
Participle, aorist forms 108, 110
Participle, future 104
Participle, Perfect 112ff
Participle, Present 100ff
Participle, time 101-102, 108
Participle, translating 102, 103, 105, 108, 114f
Index 518

Particle definition 22
Particles 139
Parts of speech, review 22-23
Passive voice, verbs 27
Past tense, English 79
Penult, syllable 18
Perfect verbs 95ff
Period, punctuation 21
Periphrastics 115
Person, verb 27
Personal pronouns 52ff
Personal pronouns, first person paradigm 53
Personal pronouns, second person paradigm 53
Personal pronouns, third person paradigm 54
Phonetic addition 14
Phonetic chart 14, 75
Phrases 23
Placement, accent chart 19
Pluperfect verbs 97
Possessive, genitive, nouns 25, 32
Predicate of sentence 23
Prepositional phrase 40
Prepositions 40ff
Prepositions, case 40
Prepositions, chart 45
Prepositions, compound 45
Prepositions, definition 22
Present middle/passive verb 57
Present pariticiples 100ff
Present tense verbs 27ff
Present tense, historical 28
Primary endings, verbs 29
Principle parts, verbs 87, 98
Proclitic 20, 44
Pronoun, definition 22
Pronoun, demonstrative 65ff
Pronoun, enclitics 54
Pronoun, indefinite 134
Pronoun, interrogative 135
Pronoun, person, first 53
Index 519

Pronoun, person, second 53
Pronoun, person, third 54
Pronoun, personal 52ff
Pronoun, reciprocal 68
Pronoun, reflexive 67-68
Pronoun, relative 67
Pronoun, types 52
Punctuation marks 21
Purpose clauses 139
Purpose conjunctions 138

Question mark 21
Questions, negative 125
Questions, interrogatives 135

Reasons to study Greek 6-7
Reciprocal, pronouns 68
Reduplication, perfect verbs 95-96
Reflexive, pronouns 67-68
Relative, pronouns 67
Result clause 139
Result conjunctions 138
Rough breathing mark 21

Second aorist verbs 79ff
Second class condition 124
Second declension nouns 32ff
Second perfect verbs 97
Second person pronouns 53
Secondary verbal endings 71
Sentence syntax 23
Short vowels 13
Sibilant sounds 88
Sigma, final 14
Smooth breathing mark 21
Subject of sentence 23
Subjunctive verb, mood definition 24, 27
Subjunctive verbs 121ff
Subjunctive, verbs, form 122
Subjunctive, verbs, function 124-125
Index 520

Subjunctive, verbs, translation 123-124
Subjunctive, verbs, triggers 123
Subscripts, iota 14
Superlative, adjectives 137
Syllable names 18
Syllable rules, slicing 16-17

Temporal clauses 140
Temporal conjunctions 138
Tense, verb, present 26
Third declension nouns 75ff
Third person pronouns 54-55
Third person verbs 28
Translations, use of 7

UBS New Testament 10
Ultima, syllable 18
Unvoiced sounds 75

Velar sound 75
Verbal adjective, participle 101-101
Verbal adverb, participle 101-101
Verb definition 22
Verb, aorist, First 83ff
Verb, aorist, Passive 87
Verb, aorist, Second 79ff
Verb, aspect review 24, 26
Verb, contract 91ff
Verb, first aorist 83ff
Verb, future active/middle 61ff
Verb, future passive 89
Verb, Imperative, mood 127ff
Verb, Imperative, form 127ff
Verb, Imperative, function 129
Verb, imperfect 70ff
Verb, imperfect paradigm 71
Verb, infinitive 117ff
Verb, moods 24
Verb, optative, mood 126
Verb, participle, aorist 107ff
Index 521

Verb, participle, perfect 112ff
Verb, participle, present 100ff
Verb, perfect 95ff
Verb, perfect, second 97
Verb, present active indicative 26ff
Verb, present active paradigm 29
Verb, present middle/passive 57ff
Verb, pluperfect 97
Verb, review grammar 24
Verb, second aorist 79ff
Verb, subjuncive 121ff
Verb, subjunctive, forms 122
Verb, subjunctive, triggers 123
Verb, voice 24
Vocative case definition 25, 34
Voiced sounds 75
Voice, verbs 24, 26
Vowels 13
Vowel contractions 92

Word order 36

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Mastering New Testament

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