TP CH PHT TRIN KH&CN, TP 12, S 02 - 2009

NG DNG GIS THIT LP MNG LI QUAN TRC CHT LNG NC NUI C TRA, BASA AN GIANG
Trn Th Hng Hnh, L Th Hng Trn, ng V Bch Hnh, Dng Th Thnh Trng i hc Bch Khoa, HQG-HCM (Bi nhn ngy 13 thng 11 nm 2008, hon chnh sa cha ngy 27 thng 02 nm 2009) TM TT : Ngy nay, vi pht trin chung ca ngh nui trng thy sn (NTTS) c nc, con c tra, basa ng bng sng Cu Long, trong c An Giang, ngy mt chim v tr quan trng gp phn trong pht trin kinh t ca khu vc. Tuy nhin, nui trng thy sn thng phi i mt vi cc ri ro v mi trng v cc du hiu bnh thy sn do cht lng nc nui thng lun b nhim lm gim nng sut thu hoch hng lot. Cc mu nc v bn thi c ly vo theo thi gian t cui thng ging n cui thng su ti x M Ha Hng, thnh ph Long Xuyn thc hin vic nh gi hin trng cht lng nc ao nui c tra, basa. Da vo kt qu phn tch, nghin cu xut s dng GIS thit lp c s d liu, v mng quan trc cht lng nc mt cho khu vc nui c tra, basa An Giang nh gi cht lng nc v pht hin nhng nguy c c th gy thit hi cho mi trng nc nui c. T kha: Cht lng nc mt, bn y, GIS, Arcview.

1.GII THIU An Giang l tnh min Ty Nam B, thuc ng bng sng Cu Long, c mt phn din tch nm trong vng T gic Long Xuyn, c bin gii Vit Nam Campuchia di 104 km, din tch t nhin 3.535 km2.

Hnh 1. Bn a l tnh An Giang

Hin nay, ngnh nui trng v ch bin c tra, basa gi vai tr quan trng trong nn kinh t ca An Giang. S gia tng v din tch nui ang din ra lin tc theo tng ngy v em li ch rt ln cho ngnh kinh t ca tnh, em li s giu c cho nhiu h gia nh v gii quyt cng n vic lm cho hng ngn lao ng trong tnh. Bn cnh l mt chui nguy c lun e da s pht trin n nh v bn vng. Bt u t vic sn xut t pht, va gy mt n nh cung cu, va ph v quy hoch lm nh hng trc tip n mi trng sinh thi v cht lng sn phm cng khng m bo. Thm vo , mt s lng ln thc n t hot ng nui s tc ng vo mi trng nn nc thi thy sn thng cha nhiu cht dinh dng hu c gy nhim mi trng m c

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Science & Technology Development, Vol 12, No.02 - 2009 bit l mi trng nc mt. ng thi, hin trng cc vng nui cha quy hoch cng l h qu gy ra hin tng nhim mi trng do s nhim vt qu kh nng t lm sch mi trng. V vy, vic thit lp mng quan trc nh gi cht lng mi trng nc mt, gim thiu cc tc ng tiu cc vng nui v cnh bo sm cc din bin mi trng l rt cn thit phc v cho hot ng nui trng thy sn. Quan trc cht lng nc thng xuyn cn gip pht hin mi trng bt li, cnh bo mi trng, t c th ra bin php khc phc kp thi, m bo cht lng nc tt hn.
2.PHNG PHP NGHIN CU

nh gi cht lng nc mt ti cc knh nui c tra, basa, ti tin hnh ly mu nc v bn y ca mt s khu vc nui in hnh ti x M Ha Hng thnh ph Long Xuyn tnh An Giang. Mu nc v bn y c ly lin tc t cui thng ging n cui thng 6 nm 2007, ti cc a im c th nh: Mu nc v bn y ti ao nui 1 v 2. Din tch mi ao khong 7.000m2, mu nc v bn y mng x ca cc ao nui, mu nc v bn y Khe Long (l mng cp nc cho cc ao nui), mu nc trn sng Hu (ni hot ng nui b ang din ra), mu nc ti Tr n (ni khng c hot ng nui xy ra m ch b nh hng bi nhng vng khc). Phong tro nui c tra, basa M Ha Hng ch mi din ra cch y 5 nm nn c th coi l vng mi v t b tc ng nht so vi cc vng khc. Tuy nhin, do mt nui M Ha Hng kh ln nn cng cn phi c quan tm nhiu hn. Thi gian ly mu: trong mt v nui t cui thng 1 n thng 6 nm 2007. Ly mu nc v bn y theo hai m hnh nui b v ao. Cc mu c ly c th nh: Mu nc v bn y ti ao nui 1 v 2 (din tch mi ao khong 7.000m2), mu nc v bn y mng x ca cc ao nui, mu nc v bn y Khe Long (l mng cp nc cho cc ao nui), mu nc trn sng Hu (ni hot ng nui b ang din ra) v mu nc ti Tr n (ni khng c hot ng nui xy ra m ch b nh hng bi nhng vng khc). Mu bn c so snh vi tiu chun Vit Nam qui nh Mc gii hn ti a cho php ca kim loi nng trong t (TCVN 7209:2000). Mu nc c ly ti khu vc gn b ao vi cc ch tiu phn tch pH, DO, SS v nhit c o bng my Horiba W-23XD. Cu c phn tch trc tip bng thit b HACH ti v tr ly mu. Cc ch tiu khc c tr v em v phn tch trong phng th nghim. Mi ch tiu s dng cc phng php khc nhau nh BOD5 c kim tra bng phng php VELP IEC 001/1 (ISO 9001); Phng php phn tch COD l Open Reflux (APHA 5220C); pH th dung my o pH; tng N, tng P v N NH3 dng ln lt APHA 4500 D, APHA 4550 p D v phng php APHA 4500 NH3 B.C. Mu bn c ly gia ao. Dung dch bn nc c trn ln bng cch trn 200g bn vi 1 lt nc ct v trong vng 1 tun. Bn c ly vo cc thi im 1 gi, 24 v 168 gi phn tch pH bng thit b ICP. Tt c cc ch tiu COD, BOD5, NH3, DO u c so snh vi tiu chun ngnh 28 TCN 175:2004 do B Thy sn ban hnh theo quyt nh s: 02/2002/QBTS ngy 23 thng 01 nm 2002. Ch tiu SS so snh theo Tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 5942:1995 (loi B). Cn ch tiu bn y c so snh theo TCVN 7209:2000. T kt qu cht lng nc ti nhng khu vc nghin cu in hnh, ti xut mng quan trc cht lng mi trng nc mt cho khu vc nui nui c tra, basa ca tnh: la chn a im, thi gian, tn sut v cc thng s quan trc. T , thit k c s d liu, xy dng mng li quan trc v biu din mng quan trc va xy dng ln bn GIS. GIS l mt nhnh ca cng ngh thng tin, c hnh thnh t nhng nm 1960s ca th k trc. GIS thng c nh ngha nh nh l mt h thng tch hp ca phn cng my tnh, vi cc phn mm v cc d liu khng gian. Trong , Arcview l phn mm phc v tt cho cc ng dng ca GIS v bn . Arcview cho php to c s d liu hoc kt ni d liu t nhng c s d liu khc nhau t thc hin cc thao tc nh

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hin th, truy vn, phn tch v t chc d liu a l. Phn mm ny hot ng trn h iu hnh Windows (Trn Vnh Phc, 2003).
3.KT QU V BN LUN

3.1.Cht lng nc nui c tra, c ba sa Gi tr pH ti cc v tr ly mu dao ng t 6,4-7,78 v u nm trong khong pH ph hp cho s pht trin bnh thng ca c. y l mt trong nhng yu t mi trng c nh hng n qu trnh dinh dng v s sinh trng ca cc loi thy sinh vt trong mi trng nc. Kt qu phn tch cho thy hm lng cn khng tan trong hai ao nui (ao 1 v 2) t 21-67 mg/l v cc v tr khc l 27-62 mg/l, u thp hn gii hn cho php so vi TCVN 5942:1995 (loi B). S bin ng SS ca cc v tr qua cc t kho st c th hin trong Hnh 2.
SS
80 60 40 20 0 7/2 21/4 6/5 Ao 1 14/5 Ao 2 26/5 10/6 24/6 TCVN Nm 2007

Hm lng SS trong ao 1 v ao 2

Hm lng SS ti mng x v Khe Long SS

80 60 40 20 0 9/3 13/3 15/4 Mig x 26/4 6/5 26/5 TCVN 10/6 TCVN Nm 2007

TCVN

Khe Long

NH3
5 4 3 2 1 0 7/2

Nng NH3 trong ao 1 v ao 2

NH3
4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 9/3

Nng NH3 ti mng x v Khe Long

13/3

21/4 Ao 1 Ao 2

6/5 TCN

26/5

24/6

TCN Nm 2007

13/3

21/4 Mig x

26/4

6/5

26/5 TCVN

24/6

TCN Nm 2007

Khe Long

Hnh 2. Nng SS v N-NH3 ti cc v tr kho st

a s thi im ly mu ti cc ao nui, mng x v Khe Long u c hm lng SS thp hn TCVN. Ring ch c thng 4 l hm lng SS tng t bin, nguyn nhn l do y l thi im c nui ang tng trng nn lng thc n cho c tng. V vi thi quen s dng thc n ti t ch c kt dnh thp ca nng dn lm d tha thc n trong mi trng nc ao lm cho hm lng SS trong ao nui v trong mng x tng cao, vt tiu chun t 1,04-1,34 ln. Tuy on sng Hu M Ha Hng c s lng b c ln (khong 300 b) nhng hm lng SS vn thp hn tiu chun TCVN 5942:1995 (loi B) (ch c mt vi thi im cao hn tiu chun nhng khng ng k) l do sng Hu c tc dng chy ln v lin tc nn lng SS b pha long. Nng N-NH3 ti cc v tr kho st c gi tr dao ng t 0,69-5,23 mg/l v vt ngng cho php ca tiu chun ngnh 28 TCN 175:2004 gp 1,2-4,4 ln. Hm lng amonia trong nc cao s l iu kin cho to pht trin, lm gim oxy ha tan trong nc, nh hng n h hp ca c. Khng ch ring ao nui v ao x m c sng Hu v sng Tr n cng c nng N-NH3 cao, gp 1,6-5,23 ln tiu chun. Ch tiu

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Science & Technology Development, Vol 12, No.02 - 2009 amonia trong nc ti cc v tr kho st cao do nhiu nguyn nhn, trong vic thi trc tip cc cht thi t cc hot ng sinh hot ca cng nhn trong qu trnh nui, cht thi t hot ng nui c (thc n d tha, cht thi t c,) v cht thi ca c dn sng gn 2 bn b sng, knh l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm gia tng nng amonia trong nc. Gi tr BOD5 ti cc v tr kho st dao ng t 5-62 mg/l, cao nht l t kho st vo u thng 6 ti sng Hu (62 mg/l) v tip theo l t ly mu vo cui thng 2 ti ao nui 2. Tuy nng BOD5 ti cc v tr kho st bin ng trong cc ln o nhng nhn chung u vt gi tr cho php rt nhiu chng t rng cc im kho st u b nhim hu c d phn hy, c bit l cc ao c mt nui cao lm nh hng xu n sc khe v s tng trng ca c. Trong t ly mu vo thng 2, 3 ti ao 1 v ao 2 ta thy nng COD rt cao v vt chun rt nhiu ln (t 4-9 ln). Tuy vo u thng 5, nng COD c gim nhng cng khng n nh m li tng vt ln ly mu tip theo. Da vo th biu din s bin thin nng COD ti mng x v Khe Long ta c kt lun: nhn chung th nng COD mng x cao hn Khe Long v cao hn tiu chun ngnh 28 TCN 175:2004 t 3-7 ln. T y ta cng c th nhn xt rng ngun nc cp cho cc ao nui b nhim hu c nng v cng v th m nc x ra li cng nhim hn. Do cn phi c bin php x l nc trc khi cp vo ao khng lm nh hng n mi trng v kh nng sinh trng ca c nui. Ti sng Hu, do c s pha long nn nng COD o c thp. Tuy nhin cng c mt vi thi im m nng COD rt cao chng t sng Hu ang c nguy c nhim hu c nng nu s x thi v phong tro nui c b c tip tc tng khng kim sot. T nhng kt qu o c ti cc v tr ly mu trn cho ta thy nng DO ti cc v tr ny cng s rt thp v cc vi sinh vt c trong nc s s dng mt phn oxy ha tan trong nc cho hot ng phn hy cht hu c (BOD5, COD) ca mnh. Bn cnh , nng DO ti cc v tr ly mu thp cn do a s cc b v cc ao nui cha thc hin vic thu gom v x l rc. Lng b neo u dy cng l mt nguyn nhn lm gim kh nng t lm sch ca dng sng. Nng BOD5, COD v DO ti cc v tr kho st c th hin trong Hnh 3.
Nng BOD5 ti ao 1 v ao 2
50 40 30 20 10 0 7/2 21/4 6/5 Ao 1 14/5 Ao 2 26/5 TCN 10/6 24/6 TCN 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 9/3 21/4 Mng x 26/4 6/5 TCN 26/5 10/6 TCN

Nng BOD5 ti mng x v Khe Long

Nm 2007

Khe Long

Nm 2007

100 80 60 40 20 0 7/2 13/3 21/4 Ao 1 6/5 Ao 2 14/5 TCN 26/5 10/6 24/6 TCN

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

Nng COD ti ao 1 v ao 2 Nng COD ti mng x v Khe Long

Nm 2007 60

7/2

13/3 Mng x

21/4

26/4

6/5 TCN

26/5

10/6

TCN

Khe Long

Nm 2007

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DO
120 100 80 60 40 20 0 9/3

Nng COD ti sng Hu

21/4

26/4

6/5 TCN

14/5

24/6

TCN

Sng Hu

Nm 2007

Hnh 3

3.2.Cht lng bn y Hm lng ng trong bn y ca cc im kho st u thp hn tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 7209:2000 qui nh mc gii hn ti a cho php ca kim loi nng trong. C th, hm lng bn y trong ao 1 v ao 2 dao ng trong khong 0,45-28,2 mg/kg bn kh; cn Mng x ca ao 1 v Khe Long th hm lng Cu dao ng t 8,9-25 mg/kg bn kh. t ly mu vo gia thng 5 ta thy hm lng Cu trong ao 2 tng vt v kh cao (28,2 mg/kg). Tuy nhin, hm lng ng ti cc v tr kho st u thp hn tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 7209:2000 nhiu ln. Kt qu phn tch hm lng ch ti cc im kho st c gi tr u di ngng gii hn ca TCVN 7209:2000 rt nhiu. Hm lng thy ngn pht hin trong ao 1, ao 2 v Khe Long vo cui thng 1 c gi tr ln lt l 0,1 mg/kg; 0,24 mg/kg; 0,1 mg/kg bn kh. Cc thi im cn li u khng pht hin. Cc v tr kho st khc cng khng pht hin hm lng Hg trong cc mu bn y.
Hm lng Cu ti mng x v Khe Long
60 50 40 30 20 10 0 13/3 15/4 Mng x 26/4
Khe Long

6/5
TCVN

14/5

TCVN

Nm 2007

Hm lng Pb ti mng x v Khe Long

80 60 40 20 0
13/3 15/4 Mng x
Khe Long

26/4
TCVN

14/5

TCVN

Nm 2007

Hnh 4. Hm lng kim loi nng ti mng x v Khe Long

3.3.Tiu ch la chn cc v tr quan trc Mng li quan trc nc mt NTTS ca tnh An Giang c xy dng da trn c s duy tr cc im quan trc nc mt hin c ca Tnh v xy dng b sung cc im quan trc mi, ch yu da vo nhng tiu ch sau: Quan trc ti nhng ni nui c tp trung v nhiu cn

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Science & Technology Development, Vol 12, No.02 - 2009 nhng ni nui t v ri rc th khng cn xy dng thm im quan trc v cc im quan trc hin ti trong mng li quan trc mi trng ca tnh nh gi, ng thi, ti nhng v tr ny, kh nng t lm sch ca mi trng cao, trn lu vc sng, chn 3 im quan trc: thng ngun, trung im v h lu (thng ngun l ni khng b tc ng bi hot ng NTTS, ng thi l ngun cp nc cho khu vc NTTS va nu; trung im l ni b tc ng trc tip bi hot ng NTTS gy ra; h lu l ngun tip nhn nc thi ca hot ng trn). C th: i vi cc khu vc nui b dc trn sng knh quan trc 3 im: 1 im u ngun nc chy vo khu vc b; 1 im gia lng b v 1 im cui ngun nc chy ra khi khu vc b; i vi cc khu vc nui ao cng quan trc 3 im l im trn sng, knh cp nc cho cc ao nui; 1 im ti ao nui i din v im cn li trn sng, knh ni nhn nc thi ca khu ao nui ; Vic chn cc im quan trc cn da vo k hoch quan trc hin trng mi trng tnh An Giang nm 2008. K hoch ny do Trung tm K thut v Mi trng thit lp v c ph duyt vo ngy 17 thng 4 nm 2008. 3.4. M t chi tit mng li quan trc V tr quan trc Da vo c s khoa hc nghin cu, ti xut mt s v tr quan trc cho khu vc nui c ca tnh An Giang nh sau: Ao nui th trn Long Bnh v x Khnh Bnh huyn An Ph: Ngun nc cp cho cc ao nui th trn Long Bnh v x Khnh Bnh l sng Bnh Di v ngun nhn nc thi l h Bng Bnh Thin. Chn 3 im quan trc: im u vo l trn on sng Bnh Di thuc p 2 th trn Long Bnh, 1 mu ao nui i din cng thuc p 2 th trn Long Bnh, 1 mu ni nhn nc thi l h Bng Bnh Thin thuc x Khnh Bnh. Ao nui a Phc huyn An Ph: Ti x a Phc hin nay ch c 2 khu vc tp trung ao nui l p H Bao 1 v p Phc Qun. Ngun nc cp ca nhng ao nui a Phc l sng Hu v ngun tip nhn nc x ao l sng Chu c. V vy, chn 3 im quan trc: 1 im u vo l trn sng Hu thuc p H Bao 1, 1 im ti ao nui i din thuc p H Bao 1, 1 im trn on sng Chu c p Phc Qun, l ni tip nhn nc thi ca cc ao nui. Lng b Vnh Ngn th x Chu c: Nui tp trung trn phn sng Chu c thuc th x Chu c: u vo l sng Chu c (mng quan trc nc mt hin ti c quan trc v tr ny), cui lng b l cui sng Chu c, trc ni hp lu gia sng Chu c v knh Vnh T. Khu vc ao nui ti x Khnh Ha huyn Chu Ph: Nui tp trung bn hu ngn rch Cy Sung (ni chia nc t sng Hu qua Xp Katambon). Chn 3 im quan trc: 1 im ti bn Khnh Bnh trn sng Hu (ngun nc cp cho cc ao nui), 1 im ti ao nui p Khnh Ha (v khu vc ny nui tp trung v nhiu nht), 1 im cui Xp Katambon, gn ni hp lu gia Xp Katambon v sng Hu, l ni nhn nc thi ca cc ao nui (v tr ny c im quan trc). Khu ao nui Vnh Thnh Trung huyn Chu Ph: Tp trung p Vnh Thun v Vnh Qu. Chn 3 im quan trc: Knh Vnh Tre l ngun nc cp cho cc ao nui, chn 1 im quan trc u ngun, 1 im ti ao nui i din trong hp tc x ca p Vnh Qu. Ngun tip nhn nc thi l rch Mng Khai, do v tr quan trc th 3 c chn l h ngun rch Mng Khai. Khu vc ao nui Bnh Thnh huyn Chu Thnh: Cc ao nui khu vc ny u tp trung cui cn Bnh Thnh thuc p Thnh Ph. Chn 3 im quan trc: 1 im trn knh

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Khai Long Chnh p Thnh Ha, y l ngun nc u vo cho cc ao, 1 im on sng Hu gn trng tiu hc C An Chu (l ni nhn nc thi ca cc ao). Khu vc ao nui Ph Thun x Ph Thun huyn Thoi Sn: y l khu vc tp trung nhiu ao nui nht huyn Thoi Sn, chn 4 im quan trc: 1 im trn knh o ( c quan trc ri) v 1 im trn knh B Hng in. y l 2 knh cp nc cho ton b khu vc nui Ph Thun, 1 im ti ao nui p Ph Ty, 1 im trn knh Lung Xo My thuc p Ph Ty, ni nhn nc x ca cc ao nui Ph Thun. Khu vc ao nui Vnh Chnh huyn Thoi Sn: Nui tp trung p Ty Bnh A, dc knh X i. Ngi dn khu vc ny s dng nc knh X i cp cho cc ao nui, ng thi knh X i cng chnh l ni nhn nc x thi ca cc ao nui trong khu vc.Chn 2 im quan trc: 1 im ti u knh X i thuc p ng An, im cn li l cui knh X i gn trng tiu hc A (im I), y l ni nhn nc thi ca cc ao nui. Lng b v ao nui M Ha Hng thnh ph Long Xuyn: Ngun nc cp l knh Khe Long, do v tr quan trc c chn l on knh Khe Long thuc p M Hip. Ngun tip nhn nc thi l sng Hu. V vy chn im quan trc l on sng Hu cui c lao M Ha Hng. Chn 1 im quan trc ti u Sp v y l ni hot ng nui b din ra mnh nht v 1 im quan trc ao nui i din thuc p M Hip x M Ha Hng. Lng b Vnh Xng, Vnh Ha huyn Tn Chu: Do lng b ny phn b ri rc trn sng Tin nn ta cn quan trc 2 im: 1 im trn sng Tin v mng quan trc nc mt hin ti ca tnh c quan trc ti ca khu Vnh Xng nn ly im ny lm im u vo, im cn li l cui lng b trn sng Tin thuc p Vnh Thnh B. Lng b Ph Hip huyn Ph Tn: Lng b ny gm cc b b tr ri rc v chy dc theo mt nhnh sng Hu nn ta ch chn 2 im quan trc l im u lng b v cui lng b: u lng b chn im quan trc ti bn p Ha Li, cui lng b l im trn sng Hu thuc p Ha Li (gn ng 3 knh Ph Lc v sng Hu). Lng b Ph Bnh, Bnh Thnh ng huyn Ph Tn: Khu vc ny tp trung kh nhiu b nn ta chn 3 im quan trc: im u vo l on sng Hu thuc p Bnh Ph II (gn trng tiu hc A), im gia l khu vc b gn trng tiu hc B thuc x Ph Bnh, im cui lng b l bn ph Ph Tn, x Bnh Thnh ng. Ao nui Ha An huyn Ch Mi: y l khu vc nui c tra, basa ln nht huyn Ch Mi (ch yu l nui ao), v tp trung p Bnh Thnh 1 v p Bnh Thnh 2, ta chn 3 im quan trc: 1 im trn rch Xo iu, cp nc cho cc ao nui, 1 im ti ao nui p Bnh Thnh 2 v 1 im trn sng Lp V, on sng thuc p Bnh Thnh 2. Bng 1. xut cc v tr quan trc nc ao nui
STT 1 2 3 4 Khu vc nui Ao nui TT Long Bnh v x Khnh Bnh Ao nui a Phc Lng b Vnh Ngn Ao nui Khnh Ha Chu c Chu Ph Huyn/ TPh V tr quan trc im u Sng Bnh Di An Ph Sng Hu Sng Chu c Bn Khnh Bnh Ao nui p Khnh Ha im gia Ao nui p 2 th trn Long Bnh Ao nui p H Bao1 im cui Bng Bnh Thin Sng Chu c Ng 3 s.Chu c v k.Vnh T Ng 3 Xp Katambon & s.Hu Tng im 3 3 2 3

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5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Ao nui Vnh Thnh Trung Ao nui Bnh Thnh Ao nui Ph Thun Ao nui Vnh Chnh M Ha Hng (b v ao nui) Lng b Vnh Xng,Vnh Ha Lng b Ph Hip Lng b Ph Bnh, Bnh Thnh ng Ao nui Ha An Ph Tn Chu Thnh Thoi Sn Thoi Sn Long Xuyn Tn Chu u ngun knh Vnh T Knh Khai long Chnh K.o, k.B Hng in Knh X i Khe Long Ca khu Vnh Xng Bn p Ha Li Sng Hu (p Bnh Ph II) Rch Xo iu Sng Hu x Ph Bnh Ao nui p Bnh Thnh 2 u Sp, ao nui M Hip Ao nui p Ph Ty Ao nui p Vnh Qu H ngun rch Mng Khai Sng Hu Knh Lung Xo My Knh X i Sng Hu Sng Tin Sng Hu Bn ph Ph Tn Sng Lp V 3 2 4 2 4 2 2 3 3 36

Ch Mi

Tng s im quan trc cho khu vc nui c tra, basa

Tn sut quan trc Tn sut quan trc 6 ln/nm vo thng 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 v 11. Trong , thng 1 v thng 3 i din cho ma kh. Thng 5 l thi gian giao ma v thng 7, 9,11 l cc thng ma ma. Cc thng s quan trc xut Trong rt nhiu cc thng s l ha c trong nc th vic la chn thng s kho st l rt quan trng. La chn ng v va cc thng s cn thit s tit kim c nhn lc, thi gian, chi ph v nh gi ng mc cng nh nguyn nhn gy nhim. Cc thng s quan trc nc NTTS xut gm: t0, trong, pH, DO, COD, BOD5, SS, tng N, tng P, N NH3, nhm cc hp cht hu c ( CN, du m tng s, v ha cht BVTV), nhm kim lai nng (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Hg, As), nhm thc vt ph du, nhm vi sinh vt ( vi sinh vt tng s, tng coliforms v Malachite Green). Trong lnh vc thy sn, Malachite Green (hay cn gi l xanh Malachite) c s dng x l nc, dng tr cc bnh nm thy mi, bnh trng qu da Nhng Malachite Green l mt ha cht c th gy bnh ung th, nh hng n sc kho con ngi nn b cm s dng v c kim tra nghim ngt v d lng c trong thc phm nhiu nc trn th gii. Phng php quan trc, nh gi v cnh bo cht lng mi trng Tin hnh theo Quy nh v phng php quan trc, phn tch mi trng v qun l s liu; quy trnh, quy phm nghin cu nc mt Cc Mi trng - B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, B Khoa hc &Cng ngh v B NN v PTNN ban hnh; ng thi tham kho ti liu APHA - Standard methods, Encyclopedia of Environmental Science and Engineerning,Fifth Edition. Edited by James R.Pfafflin Edward 3.5.C s xy dng d liu trn Arcview Hin ti, cng tc qun l d liu quan trc ca tnh c tng hp bng cc file Excel, Word v bn quan trc c hin th trn giy nn c mt s hn ch nht nh sau: Gy

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kh khn v mt thi gian cho cng tc nh gi, tng hp s liu trong thi gian di, d xy ra sai st khi khi lng d liu qu ln v khi cn thay i v tr quan trc s tn thi gian v chi ph xy dng li bn . V th, nhu cu t ra y l lm cch no cho vic qun l h thng d liu tr nn d dng, khoa hc v hiu qu hn. Xut pht t nhu cu m ti xut vic qun l h thng d liu kt qu quan trc cht lng mi trng nc mt ni chung v nc mt nui c Basa ca tnh An Giang ni ring theo khng gian a l vi phn mm Arcview. D liu nn thit k mng li quan trc Bn mng quan trc gm c cc lp d liu nn sau: D liu sng ngi, knh rch ca tnh An Giang; D liu v cc ng giao thng ca tnh; D liu v cc ranh gii hnh chnh, huyn, x,ca tnh. Cc thao tc vi phn mm Arcview Phn mm Arcview sau khi c khi ng s xut hin ca s Project. Chn Open an existing project m project AnGiang.apr t th mc lu tr. Khi thc hin m project AnGiang.apr, giao din ca phn mm s xut hin nh sau:

Hnh 5. Bn nn tnh An Giang

hin th nhn ca i tng trong mt ch (v d tn huyn) ta kch hot vo ch Huyen.shp ri kch vo cng c Label trn thanh cng c v kch vo vng mun hin th tn. Do trong d liu, tn c vit bng phng ch Ting Vit nn khi hin th, tn ny b m ha. Mun tn hin th ng phng ch Ting Vit, chn cc tn ny, sau vo menu Window > Show Symbol Window (hoc nhn phm nng Ctrl+P), sau chn phng ch .VnTime hoc mt phng ch bt k ca b phng ABC. To mng li quan trc nc mt khu vc nui c tra, basa cho An Giang T menu View chn New Theme. Hp thoi xut hin, chn loi i tng l point (im) v nhn OK. Trong hp thoi tip theo, t tn ch mi l Qtnuoc. Ch ny s c lu tr di dng shapefile, c phn m rng l .shp. Sau kch vo nt cng c v v kch chut n tng v tr quan trc c xc nh. Ta cng c th di chuyn cc v tr nu thy cha ng bng cch chn cng c Pointer ri kch vo im mun di chuyn, ng thi, nhn gi chut ko im n v tr mi. Mc nh ca phn mm Arcview, bng thuc tnh c hai trng c t tn l Shape v ID lu tr loi d liu khng gian v ch s ca i tng. Kch vo nt Open Theme Table m bng d liu thuc tnh T menu Edit, chn Add Field. Trong hp thoi Field Definition nhp vo

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Hnh 6. Hp thoi to thuc tnh cho trng d liu

Trong : Name l tn trng mun nhp; Type l kiu d liu mun nhp vo cho trng, gm 4 loi: Number (kiu s), String (kiu ch), Date (kiu ngy thng nm) v Boolean (kiu ng/sai); Width: rng ca trng, mc nh l 16; Decimal Places: nh rng s thp phn, ch xut hin khi loi d liu mun nhp vo trng l Number. Bng 2.Cc trng thuc tnh c thit lp
Tn trng Kiu d liu Number String String String String Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number Number rng trng 4 16 25 16 16 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 10 6 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 2 rng s thp phn 0 Khu vc quan trc M t a im tin hnh quan trc Huyn/Tph tin hnh quan trc Ch i tng quan trc l NTTS hay nc mt Ch tiu nhit trong nm 2009 Ch tiu pH trong nm 2009 Ch tiu DO trong nm 2009 Ch tiu COD trong nm 2009 Ch tiu BOD trong nm 2009 Ch tiu SS trong nm 2009 Ch tiu N-tng trong nm 2009 Ch tiu P-tng trong nm 2009 Ch tiu N-NH3 trong nm 2009 Ch tiu tng coliforms trong nm 2009 Ch tiu malachite-Green trong nm 2009 Din gii

ID Khuvuc Vitriqtrac Huyen/Tpho Chuyende T0_09 pH_09 DO_09 COD_09 BOD_09 SS_09 TN_09 TP_09 N-NH3_09 TColiforms_09 MalachiteGreen_09

S th t cc v tr quan trc

To bn cc v tr quan trc T trnh n View, chn Layout. Hp thoi xut hin, kch chn mu Layout

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Hnh 7. Hp thoi chn mu hin th bn

Nhn OK, Arcview to ra trang layout mng quan trc nc mt:

Hnh 8. Bn mng li quan trc nc mt c xy dng

Xem thng tin ca i tng xem thng tin v v tr quan trc no , chn cng c Arcview s hin th bng cha cc thuc tnh ca v tr . ri kch vo ni mun xem,

Hnh 9. Thng tin thuc tnh ca i tng c chn

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Science & Technology Development, Vol 12, No.02 - 2009 To biu to biu nng cht nhim i vi tng ch tiu (v d nh BOD5) ti cc v tr quan trc theo thi gian, ta thc hin cc bc: M bng cha d liu cn to biu . Nu trong bng d liu c mt s mu tin ang c chn th biu to ra s ch m t thng tin cho nhng mu tin . Nu khng c mu tin no c chn th biu to ra s m t tt c nhng thng tin ca trng c chn trong bng. Kch vo nt Creat Chart . Hp thoi xut hin, lit k tt c cc ngy ly mu cn hin th trn biu trong hp thoi Fields, kch vo tn ca tng ngy, sau kch vo nt Add, trng ny s c kt ni hp Groups. Trong hp chn la Label series using, chn tn trng vitriqtrac gn nhn ch gii cho cc i tng trn biu . Nhp tn BOD5 vo hp Name to tn mi cho biu v nhn OK. Mc nh Arcview s hin th biu dng ct.

Hnh 10. Hp thoi chn trng d liu cn to v ca s hin th biu

Arcview cung cp 6 loi biu khc nhau hin th nhng loi thng tin khc nhau. Trong mi loi c nhiu dng biu , ty theo yu cu s dng v tnh cht ca ngun d liu hin c m chn biu thch hp. thay i loi biu c th vo menu Gallery chn dng hoc chn trc tip bng cch kch vo cc nt biu tng ca tng loi biu . Biu Biu dng thanh; Biu dng ct; Biu dng ng; Biu dng vng; dng mnh,.... T nhng ng dng trn c th thy rng, vic s dng cng c GIS s gip cng tc qun l v nh gi cc s liu quan trc tng quan v d dng hn, gip ngi tin hnh nghin cu, nh gi nhanh m t ln ln.
4.KT LUN

Trn c s nghin cu, phn tch hin trng qun l NTTS ca tnh An Giang, nhn thy rng cng tc gim st mi trng m c bit l ngnh NTTS ang gp vn kh khn do cha quy hoch cc vng nui v cha quan tm ng mc ti tc ng ca cc khu vc nui c tra, basa. Nghin cu ng dng GIS thit lp mng quan trc cht lng mi trng nc mt cho khu vc nui c tra, basa ca tnh An Giang gp phn gim thiu nhim mi trng v h tr cho cng tc qun l nhim, cnh bo mi trng v phng nga dch bnh cho thy sn ni chung v c tra, basa ni ring mt cch d dng.

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APPLICATION GIS TO ESTABLISH THE MONITORING NETWORK OF WATER QUALITY BASA CATFISH POND AT AN GIANG
Tran Thi Hong Hanh, Le Thi Hong Tran, Dang Vu Bich Hanh, Duong Thi Thanh University of Technology, VNU-HCM

ABSTRACT: Nowadays, with developing all over country of aquaculture, basa catfish in the Mekong River delta, included An Giang province, has kept important position and contributed to economic development in the area. However, aquaculture activities has faced with environmental risk and aquacultures diseases that cause quality of fish pond water has usually pollution and reducing total of basa fish yeild.The water and sludge samples were conducted for six months in order to carry out the current status of water quality of fish ponds at My Hoa Hung commune at Long Xuyen city. Based on analysis results, proposing establishment dada base and monitoring network of surface water by using GIS that were conducted to improve surface water quality and identify the risks that may cause damage the environmental of basa fish ponds in this reserach. Key words: water quality, sludge, GIS, Arcview TI LIU THAM KHO [1]. American Public Health Association (APHA). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (20th ed.). Washington D.C., U. S. A. (1998). [2]. ESRI, Whats new in Arcview 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, (2002) [3].Chu Th a, nh hng mi trng do thc n t cc h thng nui thy sn trn sng Mkng ti tnh An Giang, Vit Nam, (2007). [4]. ng V Xun Huyn, LVThS Nghin cu xy dng mng li quan trc mi trng tnh Qung Ngi Ngnh QLMT, (2007). [5]. L Trnh, Quan trc v kim sot nhim mi trng nc, (1997). [6].Phm Ngc Xun, Hunh Vn Thi, Bo co hin trng cht lng mi trng nc mt Nguyn nhn nhim v cc gii php bo v mi trng nc mt tnh An Giang, (2007). [7].S Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn An Giang, Quy hoch thy sn An Giang nm 2010, (2005). [8].S Ti nguyn v Mi trng, Bo co quan trc hin trng mi trng tnh An Giang nm 2007. [9]. Trn Vnh Phc v cng s, GIS i cng Phn thc hnh, NXB i hc Quc gia Tp.HCM, (2003). [10]. Trng Mnh Tin, Quan trc mi trng, NXB i hc Quc gia H Ni. [11].U ban Kinh t v X hi Chu Thi Bnh Dng (ESCAP), Hng dn cc phng php lun quan trc nc, khng kh, cht thi nguy him & ha cht c, Lin Hp Quc New York, (1994). [12].Vin nghin cu Nui trng Thu sn I, Bo co ti C s khoa hc hnh thnh h thng quan trc mi trng cnh bo mi trng v dch bnh ca cc thu vc l, ngt min Bc Vit Nam, Bc Ninh, (2002).

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Science & Technology Development, Vol 12, No.02 - 2009 [13].Chuntapa, B.; Powtongsook, S. and Menasveta, P. Water quality control using Spirulina platensis ins shrimp culture tanks, Aquaculture 220, 355 366. (2003). [14]. Boyd, C. E.; Queiroz Julio F. Reviews in Fisheries Science, Volume 9, Number 2, pp. 43-67(25), (2001) [15]. Boyd, C.E. Water quality for aquaculture ponds. Department of Fisheries and Allied. (1998)

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