DELFTshipTM user manual

Version Homepage E-mail Contact 3.2 www.delftship.net info@delftship.net Delftship BV Vinkenpolderweg 3 2!"2 #V #l$lasserdam %he &etherlands

' Delftship BV 2(()* 2((+ %he &etherlands

DELFTship

Table of Contents
,. -icense and cop.right........................................................./
,., DE-0%ship%1 program.........................................................../ ,.2 DE-0%ship%1 user manual..................................................../ ,.3 D23C-#21E4 50 6#44#&%7.............................................../
!."./ 2nsert............................................................................................3( !."." Crease.........................................................................................3(

!.) 0ace.......................................................................................3,
!.)., &ew..............................................................................................3, !.).2 2n8ert............................................................................................3,

2. 4egistering .our software..................................................." 3. Background to surface modeling.........................................)

3., 3urface modeling.....................................................................) 3.2 3u$di8ision surfaces................................................................)
3.2., 9oints.............................................................................................+ 3.2.2 Edges.............................................................................................+ 3.2.3 0aces.............................................................................................+

!.+ Cur8e.....................................................................................32
!.+., ;eneral information a$out control cur8es and fairing...............32 !.+.2 &ew..............................................................................................33 !.+.3 0air...............................................................................................33 !.+./ Con8ert to marker........................................................................33

!. -a.er......................................................................................3/
!. !. !. !. !. !. ., ;eneral la.er information............................................................3/ .2 #cti8e la.er color.........................................................................3/ .3 #uto group...................................................................................3/ ./ &ew..............................................................................................3/ ." Delete empt................................................................................3/ .) Dialog...........................................................................................3"

3.3 3u$di8ision e:plained.............................................................. 3./ ;uidelines to su$di8ision modeling.........................................!

/. Coordinate s.stem adopted $. DE-0%ship......................,( ". <sing the hull modeling windows......................................,3
"., =ooming* panning and rotating..............................................,3 ".2 3electing o$>ects....................................................................,3 ".3 1o8ing control points with the mouse...................................,3 "./ 1anuall. modif.ing points.....................................................,/ "." Drawing modes......................................................................,/ ".) 6orking with $ackground images..........................................,"
".)., Visi$le..........................................................................................," ".).2 Clear............................................................................................," ".).3 -oad.............................................................................................," ".)./ 3a8e.............................................................................................," ".)." 5rigin...........................................................................................,) ".).) 3et scale......................................................................................,) ".).+ %ransparent color........................................................................,) ".). %olerance.....................................................................................,) ".).! Blending.......................................................................................,)

,(. Displa.............................................................................3+
,(., Controlnet............................................................................3+ ,(.2 Control cur8es......................................................................3+ ,(.3 2nterior edges.......................................................................3+ ,(./ 3how $oth sides..................................................................3+ ,(." ;rid......................................................................................3+ ,(.) 3tations................................................................................3 ,(.+ Buttocks...............................................................................3 ,(. 6aterlines............................................................................3 ,(.! Diagonals.............................................................................3 ,(.,( H.drostatic features...........................................................3 ,(.,, Critical points.....................................................................3! ,(.,2 -eak points onl..................................................................3! ,(.,3 0lowlines............................................................................3! ,(.,/ &ormals..............................................................................3! ,(.," Cur8ature...........................................................................3! ,(.,) 1arkers............................................................................../( ,(.,+ 1arker points...................................................................../( ,(., %anks................................................................................./( ,(.,! 3ounding pipes................................................................../( ,(.2( %ransparent tanks............................................................../( ,(.2, %ank names......................................................................./( ,(.22 Cur8ature scale................................................................../(

). 0ile import ........................................................................,+

)., 2mport 3urface.......................................................................,+ ).2 2mport chines........................................................................., ).3 %a$le of offsets......................................................................,!

+. 9rogram preferences........................................................23
+., ;eneral..................................................................................23 +.2 Hullform..................................................................................23 +.3 H.drostatics...........................................................................23 +./ 4eport....................................................................................23 +." %anks.....................................................................................23 +.) -oad cases.............................................................................23

,,. %ools.............................................................................../,
,,., Check model......................................................................../, ,,.2 1o8e to $aseline................................................................../, ,,.3 4emo8e negati8e................................................................./, ,,./ 4emo8e unused points......................................................../2 ,,." E:tract critical points............................................................/2 ,,.) 3u$di8ide controlnet............................................................/2 ,,.+ ?eel and rudder wi@ard......................................................../2 ,,. 1arkers................................................................................/2
,,. ., 2mport........................................................................................./3 ,,. .2 E:port........................................................................................./3 ,,. .3 Delete......................................................................................../3

. 9ro>ect settings..................................................................2/
., ;eneral..................................................................................2/ .2 1ain dimensions....................................................................2/ .3 H.drostatics...........................................................................2" ./ Critical points.........................................................................2" ." -oad cases.............................................................................2) .) -ongitudinal strength.............................................................2)

!. Edit options.......................................................................2+
!., <ndo......................................................................................2+ !.2 4edo......................................................................................2+ !.3 Delete.....................................................................................2+ !./ 9oint.......................................................................................2+
!./., #dd...............................................................................................2+ !./.2 #lign.............................................................................................2+ !./.3 Collapse.......................................................................................2+ !././ 0air points....................................................................................2 !./." 9lane intersection........................................................................2 !./.) 2ntersect la.ers............................................................................2 !./.+ Cop. 8alues.................................................................................2! !./. -ock points...................................................................................2! !./.! <nlock points...............................................................................2! !./.,( <nlock all points........................................................................2! !./.,, 0rom markers............................................................................2!

,,.! #dd $o:................................................................................/3 ,,.,( #dd c.linder......................................................................./3 ,,.,, Edit criteria.........................................................................//

,,.,,., 3ection...................................................................................../" ,,.,,.2 #rea under the ;= cur8e........................................................./" ,,.,,.3 Value of ma:. ;=..................................................................../) ,,.,,./ #ngle of ma:. ;=..................................................................../) ,,.,,." 1etacentric height.................................................................../) ,,.,,.) 6ind heeling criterion............................................................../+ ,,.,,.+ 9assenger crowding angle....................................................../ ,,.,,. High speed turning angle......................................................../

,2. %ransform......................................................................../!
,2., 3cale..................................................................................../! ,2.2 1o8e..................................................................................../! ,2.3 4otate................................................................................../! ,2./ 1irror..................................................................................../! ,2." Hullform transformation......................................................./!

!." Edge.......................................................................................2!
!."., E:trude........................................................................................2! !.".2 3plit..............................................................................................3( !.".3 Collapse.......................................................................................3(

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,3. %anks..............................................................................",
,3., ;eneral information a$out tanks.........................................", ,3.2 Edit.......................................................................................",
,3.2., #dding a tank............................................................................."2

,3.2.,., #$$re8iation......................................................"2 ,3.2.,.2 ;roup................................................................"2 ,3.2.,.3 %ank position....................................................."2 ,3.2.,./ 4elati8e densit................................................."2 ,3.2.,." 2ntact permea$ilit.............................................."3 ,3.2.,.) Damage permea$ilit........................................."3 ,3.2.,.+ Connected to outside........................................"3 ,3.2.,. <se 03C when slack........................................"3
,3.2.2 #dding a compartment.............................................................."3

,/.2.2./ #dding weights..................................................)( ,/.2.2." 1odif.ing the different t.pes of weights...........)( ,/.2.2.) 3electing a tank or a weight from the weight list ........................................................................................)( ,/.2.2.+ #dd all tanks.....................................................)(
,/.2.3 Deleting a load case..................................................................), ,/.2./ Cop. a load case.......................................................................), ,/.2." 3ol8e a load case......................................................................), ,/.2.) 3how report...............................................................................), ,/.2.+ Bending moment and shear force calculations........................),

,/.3 6ind silhouette....................................................................)3

,/.3., #dding a new wind silhouette...................................................)/ ,/.3.2 1odif.ing wind silhouette data..................................................)/

,3.2.2., %.pe of compartment........................................"3 ,3.2.2.2 Compartment position......................................."/ ,3.2.2.3 9ositi8eAnegati8e..............................................."/ ,3.2.2./ %rim at hull........................................................"" ,3.2.2." <se all la.ers...................................................."" ,3.2.2.) 3elect................................................................""
,3.2.3 Cop. a tank or compartment.....................................................""

,/./ 6ind moment calculation....................................................)/

,". View................................................................................)"
,"., 2ntersections.........................................................................)" ,".2 -inesplan..............................................................................)) ,".3 Design h.drostatics.............................................................)) ,"./ H.drostatics.........................................................................)) ,"." 2nclined h.drostatics............................................................)+ ,".) Crosscur8es.........................................................................)+ ,".+ 1a: VC;B.............................................................................) ,". 9late de8elopments.............................................................) ,".! 4esistance...........................................................................+(
,".!., Delft series.................................................................................+( ,".!.2 ?aper.........................................................................................+(

,3.3 58er8iew..............................................................................")

,/. -oad cases......................................................................"+

,/., ;eneral information a$out load cases................................."+ ,/.2 Edit......................................................................................."+
,/.2., <sing the weight list.................................................................."! ,/.2.2 Editing load cases....................................................................."!

,/.2.2., #dd a new load case........................................"! ,/.2.2.2 1odif. the load case name..............................."! ,/.2.2.3 3electing a wind silhouette...............................)(

,). 3election.........................................................................+,
,)., 3electing o$>ects in DE-0%ship...........................................+, ,).2 3elect all..............................................................................+, ,).3 Deselect all..........................................................................+,

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1.
1.1

License and copyright

DELFTshipTM program.

Copyright 2005-2006 Delftship BV Delftship is copyrighted and all rights are reserved. The license for use is granted to the purchaser y Delftship BV as a single user license and does not per!it the progra! to e used on !ore than one !achine at one ti!e. Copying of the progra! to other !edia is per!itted for ac"-up purposes as long as all copies re!ain in the possession of the purchaser. 1.2 DELFTshipTM user manual

Copyright 2005-2006 Delftship BV #ll rights reserved. $o part of this pu lication !ay e reproduced% trans!itted% transcri ed% stored in a retrieval syste!% or translated into any language in any for! or y any !eans% &ithout the &ritten per!ission of Delftship BV. Delftship BV reserves the right to revise this pu lication fro! ti!e to ti!e and to !a"e changes to the contents &ithout o ligation to notify any person or organi'ation of such changes. 1.3 D !CL" ME# $F %"##"&T'

$( )*#B*)*T+ ,(- C($./01/$T*#) D#2#3/.. *n no event shall Delftship BV or the author of this progra! or docu!ent e lia le or responsi le for any da!ages &hatsoever 4including% &ithout li!itation% incidental% direct% indirect and conse5uential da!ages% da!ages for loss of usiness profits% usiness interruption% loss of usiness infor!ation% or other pecuniary loss6 arising out of the use or ina ility to use this product and its attendant docu!entation% even if advised of the possi ility of such da!ages. $o Delftship BV distri utor% or agent% or e!ployee is authori'ed to !a"e any !odification% e7tension% or addition to this &arranty. $o &arranty. #ny use y licensee is at the licensee8s o&n ris". product is provided for use 9as is9 &ithout &arranty of any "ind. To the !a7i!u! e7tent per!itted y la&% the author disclai!s all &arranties of any "ind% either e7press or i!plied% including% &ithout li!itation% i!plied &arranties of !erchanta ility% fitness for a particular purpose and non infringe!ent.

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2.

#egistering your soft(are

#fter ha8ing installed the professional 8ersion Cnot the free 8ersionDE of DE-0%ship .ou first need to register .our software in order to ena$le the printing and sa8ing features. 4egistering is done $. sending a registration code to support@delftship.net. %he registration code is used to generate a license file which will $e send to .ou $. email and must $e placed in the program director. Cdefault cFGprogram filesGdelftship E. 5nl. then the software will $e full. functional. %he license file depends on se8eral hardware components a8aila$le in .our computer* so the software only runs on the computers where the registration code was generated. 2f .ou want to run the software on more than one computer* for e:ample on a 9C and a laptop* DE-0%ship BV can pro8ide .ou with an e:tra license on reHuest. 2f .ou ha8e made modifications to .our computerBs hardware .ou can also reHuest a new license file. E:tra licenses will $e supplied on a Ifair useJ polic.. 7ou can find the registration code at the $ottom left corner of the about window. %he about window is accessi$le from the main menu and is located under Help => About...

The code consists of : groups of characters divided y spaces. The est &ay to send this code is y copying and pasting it into your e!ail client so an e7act !atch is guaranteed.

Illustration 2.1: 2.1: The about window

"

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3.
3.1

)ac*ground to surface modeling

!urface modeling

DE-0%ship uses a techniHue called surface modeling to completel. define the outer shape of a ship. %his techniHue in8ol8es IsculptingJ the hull as if it were a 8er. thin and fle:i$le piece of cloth $. pulling and shifting points. 2t is howe8er not limited to the hull alone as we will see later. Decks* superstructures* masts* keels and rudders can $e modeled this wa. too. %he $iggest ad8antage of surface modeling is that the model can $e completel. and accuratel. descri$ed using onl. a few points. 2llustration 3., shows an e:ample of a de8elopa$le tug that was created with onl. "/ points. <nlike other programs* DE-0%ship uses su$di8ision surfaces for this task. Compared to other t.pes of surface definition* su$di8ision surfaces gi8e the designer more fle:i$ilit. in designing an. desired shape. But when .ou want to get the most of this techniHue it is important to ha8e a $asic understanding of some of its underl.ing principles.
Illustration 3.1: 3.1: Surface modeling.

3.2

!ubdi+ision surfaces

# su$di8ision surface is a special t.pe of spline-surface. Con8entional modeling programs work with parametric spline surfaces like B-3pline surfaces or &<4B surfaces. %hese surfaces are completel. defined $. a set of control points. %hese are the points which the user can modif. to control the shape of the surface. #n. point on the surface can $e directl. calculated from these control points using a set of parametric formulas. %he draw$ack of these parametric surfaces is that the. alwa.s reHuire a topologicall. rectangular grid of points. %his grid in realit. almost alwa.s follows the shape of a hull* so it does not look like a true rectangular grid. But it alwa.s has sa. N points in the longitudinal direction and M points in the 8ertical direction where $oth N and M might $e an. num$er eHual to or larger than 2. 5n illustration 3.3 NK/ and MK/ and the total num$er of control points eHuals /L/K,). <sing Illustration 3.2: 3.2: Inserting a row or column. parametric spline surfaces it is not possi$le to insert a single new point in the control grid. %o maintain the rectangular topolog. an entire row of points ha8e to $e inserted as demonstrated on illustration 3.2. %his results in ha8ing more control points than actuall. needed or desired* and more control points means more work to the designer. #lso 8er. comple: shapes cannot $e modeled using a single surface. But when using multiple surfaces the designer is challenged with the difficult task of aligning these surfaces at their $oundaries. 2t is often desira$le to maintain a smooth transition along these $oundaries. Each time one of these surfaces is modified* the ad>acent surface has to $e modified $. the user to maintain this smooth transition. %o o8ercome these pro$lems DE-0%ship makes use of u$di8ision surfaces. 3u$di8ision surfaces also use control points as a modeling handle* >ust like &<4B3 or B-3plines and the. share the same Illustration 3.3: 3.3: Parametric spline surface. mathematical $ackground. %he main difference howe8er is that the formulas are no longer restricted to a rectangular grid of points. %he downside is that points on the surface can no longer $e directl. calculated due to this different approach. 2nstead the original set of points Ccalled the control meshE is refined and smoothed in a num$er of steps. Each step is called a Isu$di8ision stepJ* hence the name su$di8ision

DELFTship

surfaces. Before e:plaining in detail how su$di8ision actuall. works it is important to know something a$out the internal geometr. of su$di8ision surfaces. %he surfaces are $uild from the following three componentsF

3.2.1

Points

9oints form the $asis of the surface. 2n fact most of the modeling is done $. mo8ing points to different locations since this changes the shape of the surface. #dditionall.* new points ma. $e inserted or e:isting points can $e remo8ed. %here are two different t.pes of pointsF

Ordinary points. %hese are an. points other then corner

points. 2t is important to reali@e that these points ha8e a certain offset to the resulting surface. %his de8iation is larger in surface areas with high cur8ature. 2t $ecomes smaller Illustration 3. : Points! edges and faces. when more points and edges are inserted. Corner points are 8er. specific points* usuall. connected to 2 or more crease-edges. Must like a crease-edge can $e used to specif. that two faces ha8e to $e connected in a discontinuous wa.* corner points ma. $e used to do so with two ad>acent edges. Corner points are the onl. t.pe of points actuall. located on the hull surface. 9oints where 3 or more crease-edges meet are automaticall. set to corner points $. the program. Ccorner points are displa.ed $lue.

3.2.2

Edges

#ll points are connected with lines which are called edges in su$di8ision surface terminolog.. Edges also can $e di8ided into two different categoriesF

Boundary edges. %hese are edges which are located* >ust as the name suggests* on the $oundar. of the surface. #
$oundar. edge is characteri@ed $. the fact that it has always onl. 1 face attached to it. E:amples of $oundar. edges are the sheer line Cif the ship is not fitted with a deckE or the centerline of the ship. %he centerline* or profile* is in fact a special case. 6hen defining the hull onl. its port side is created. 3o all edges on the center plane are $oundar. edges as the. ha8e onl. one face connected to it. 2n realit. the ship is s.mmetric* and when performing calculations DE-0%ship creates a 8irtual s.mmetric ship $. mirroring the model in the center plane. Internal edges. %hese are all other edges awa. from the $oundar. of the surface* and must always $e shared $. 2 ad>acent faces. 2nternal edges are drawn as dark gra. lines. %he two faces connected to an edge are >oined smoothl. along their shared edge. 2t is possi$le howe8er to mark an edge as a crease-edge. 6hen doing so* the two faces are >oined in a tangent-discontinuous wa.. 2n other words* crease-edges are used to define knuckle lines. # $oundar. edge is in fact a specific case of a crease edge since there is no second face to make a smooth transition.

3.2.3

Faces

# face is a little piece of the entire surface Csometimes also called a patchE that is completel. surrounded $. edges and is usuall. defined with / points. 2n some areas it is desira$le to ha8e less Cor e8en moreE points* $ut generall. the $est results are o$tained when most of the faces consist of / points. 0aces are di8ided $. edges where the t.pe of edge determines how the faces should $e connected to each other.

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3.3

!ubdi+ision e,plained

&ow there is a $asic understanding of the underl.ing geometr. the process of transforming the control mesh into the final hull surface will $e clarified. 2llustration 3." shows the process of one su$di8ision step.

%o the left the original control mesh of a $e8eled cu$e is 8isi$le. %he first step in the su$di8ision process is refining the mesh. %his is done $. inserting a new point in the middle of each edge Ccalled an edge-pointE. &ew points are also inserted at the center of each face Ccalled a face-pointE which has more than three points. 0or faces with three points each new edge-point is Illustration 3.": 3.": #ne subdi$ision step. connected with the new point of the pre8ious edge* thus creating / new triangles. #ll other faces are su$di8ided $. connecting all surrounding edge-points to the facepoint. %his results in a refined mesh which still has the same shape as the original. %his process is shown in the middle. 0inall. all the points in the surface are shifted to a new location in such a wa. that the refined surface is smoothed. %his is called averaging in su$di8ision terms Cright sideE.

2f this process of su$di8iding is repeated a num$er of times a 8er. fine and smooth mesh is the result. %he following illustration shows the same $e8eled cu$e after a num$er of su$di8ision steps.

Illustration 3.%: 3.%: #riginal control mesh and resulting surface after 1! 2 and 3 subdi$ision steps.

2llustration 3.+ shows the same control mesh* $ut this time a num$er of edges ha8e $een marked as crease-edges Cred linesE. %he result is a sharp knuckle line going around the cu$e. 2t is clearl. 8isi$le that the faces on $oth sides of the crease-edges are no longer >oined in a smoothl..

Illustration 3.&: 3.&: 'rease edges.

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3.-

.uidelines to subdi+ision modeling

2n theor. almost an. control mesh is 8alid* howe8er when designing ships the fairness of the resulting surface is of uttermost importance. 2n this paragraph some guidelines are gi8en that will assist .ou in o$taining the $est results.

<se a regular grid whene8er possi$le. # grid is considered regular if all faces consist of four points* and all points are connected to four edges and faces. # point on a $oundar. edge is considered regular if it has 3 edges and two faces connected to it. 5f course this is not alwa.s possi$le. %riangular faces ma. $e used as a means to reduce the num$er of points in an area. "-sided faces* or " different /-sided faces can $e used to increase the num$er of points. # trul. regular grid would look e:actl. the same as the B-spline surface from illustration 3.3 on page ). #lwa.s ha8e two faces connected to all edges other Illustration 3.(: 3.(: )egular points. than $oundar. edges. 2f more than two faces are connected to an edge* that specific edge will $e drawn thicker and in a light green color. %his must $e a8oided at all cost as it messes up h.drostatic calculations. $oundar. edges are allowed* $ut once the. $ecome su$merged h.drostatics will no longer $e calculated. Csee also paragraph .3 on page 2" and paragraph ,,., on page /, for leak pointsE. Ensure that the normals of all the faces point outward Cin the direction of the waterE. %his is of crucial importance since DE-0%ship calculates h.drostatics $. integrating the enclosed 8olume at the back of the faces. 2f the normal of a face points inward* the 8olume outside the hull would $e added to the total 8olume. B. using the actual surface for h.drostatic calculations instead of a num$er of stations* a higher accurac. is o$tained compared to the con8entional method of using cross sections. %his is especiall. true if the model has a heeling angle andAor trim* or is fitted with a superstructure. DE-0%ship can also check the direction of normals automaticall.. #utomatic checking can $e disa$led in the pro>ect settings dialog as e:plained in paragraph .3 on page 2".

Illustration 3.*: 3.*: +,ample of a highl- irregular grid where some of the irregular points ha$e been pointed out b- red arrows.

Illustration 3.1.: 3.1.: Same ship with a more regular grid in the foreship.

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-.

Coordinate system adopted by DELFTship

Delftship uses the coordinate s.stem as displa.ed on illustration /.,. %he aft perpendicular is alwa.s located at the origin of the coordinate s.stem. %he a:is ha8e the following directions with respect to the ship modelF

%he N a:is corresponds to the longitudinal direction of the ship. %he 7 a:is is oriented trans8ersel.. 9ositi8e 8alues are located on port side. %he = a:is is oriented 8erticall. and points upward.

9ositi8e 8alues for heeling angles are also to portside while for negati8e 8alues the ship heels to star$oard side.

Illustration .1: .1: /+01Tship coordinate s-stem

2llustration /.2 shows the ke. reference lines. %he most important areF

%he aft perpendicular which is located at the origin C:K(.(E. %he forward perpendicular. %he location is specified $. the user in the pro>ect settings and must $e a a 8alue greater than @ero since the aft perpendicular is located at the origin. %he length of the ship is defined as the distance $etween the two perpendiculars. %he $ase line. %he $ase line corresponds with the hori@ontal plane through the origin C@K(.(E. #ll drafts are measured with respect to this $aseline so itBs important that the lowest part of the ship coincides with this plane.

Illustration .2: .2: )eference lines

Draft is defined as Csee illustration /.3E F

Draft aftF %he distance measured along the aft perpendicular from the $ase plane to the intersection of the water plane with the center plane. Draft forwardF %he distance measured along the forward perpendicular from the $ase plane to the intersection of the water plane with the center plane. (Average draftF %he a8erage of $oth drafts K(."L C%#ftO%0orwardE

,(

DELFTship

%hese definitions are 8alid $oth in upright and heeled conditions. &ote that in the e8ent of large heeling angles and small 8alues for the displacement this can lead to negati8e 8alues for the draft as can $e seen on the right half of illustration /.3. %he intersection of the water plane and the center plane is located $elow the $ase plane resulting in a negati8e 8alue for the draft.

Illustration .3: .3: /raft measured when heeled.

%rim is defined as the difference in draft at $oth perpendiculars C2llustration /./E.

Trim =TForward-TA t
2f the draft aft is greater than the draft forward the trim will $e negati8e. 3o negati8e trim 8alues indicate the ship is trimmed $. the stern* while for positi8e trim 8alues the ship is trimmed $. the $ow.

Illustration . : /efinition of trim.

,,

DELFTship

0inall. all 8alues for the 8arious h.drostatic properties are measured with respect the the ships main a:is with the ship in upright position. 2llustrations /.) and /." show a ship with trim and a ship heeled to port side. 4ather than heeling the ship the water plane is heeled. #ll dimensions are gi8en perpendicular to the 3 main planes that pass through the origin. Both illustrations show the presentation of the location of the center of $uo.anc. in 3D space as an e:ample. %his presentation will $e consistentl. used throughout the program.

Illustration .": .": Trans$erse and $ertical measurements for a heeled ship.

Illustration .%: .%: 0ongitudinal and $ertical measurements for a trimmed ship.

,2

DELFTship

/.
/.1

0sing the hull modeling (indo(s

1ooming2 panning and rotating

#fter opening or starting a new model the program $. default adds / windows. Each window has a different 8iew on the 3D hull. %he area of the window on which the model is drawn is called a 8iewport. %hese 8iewports also appear in other windows* for e:ample when 8iewing plate de8elopments. =ooming and panning works the same in all 8iewports used throughout the program. =ooming can $e done in different wa.sF Ctrl!A C@oom allE 1o8e the mouse up or down while keeping the left $utton pressed. 9ress Ctrl!I C@oom inE or Ctrl!O C@oom outE <sers ha8ing a mouse wheel ma. find it more con8enient to @oom in or out using their mouse wheel. =ooming is onl. allowed until the ma:imum @oom le8el has $een reached. =ooming $e.ond this le8el is not possi$le.

9anning is done $. mo8ing the mouse with the right $utton pressed. 2f the 8iewport displa.s a perspecti8e 8iew then two scroll$ars will $e 8isi$le also* located $elow and to the right of the 8iewport. %hese scroll$ars can $e used to rotate and tilt the model in order to see .our model from a different 8iewing angle. #nother more con8enient wa. to rotate the model is keeping the middle mouse $utton Cor mouse wheelE pressed while dragging the mouse. %his also works onl. in a perspecti8e 8iew.

/.2

!electing ob3ects

3electing o$>ects is e:plained in paragraph ,)., on page +,.

/.3

Mo+ing control points (ith the mouse

5ne of the most important features when it comes to surface modeling is the a$ilit. to drag points. 2n order to do this the controlnet must $e 8isi$le Cchapter ,(E. #lthough it is possi$le to select points in a perspecti8e 8iew* the actual dragging of the point can onl. $e done in the $od.plan 8iew* profile 8iew or plan 8iew. 6hile dragging a point all geometrical information is updated real-time. %his includes intersection cur8es* control cur8es* flowlines and tanks* Especiall. when the precision of the model is set to a high le8el this updating process might $ecome slow due to the amount of calculations in8ol8ed. 2f it $ecomes too slow* tr. using a lower precision or turning off the displa. of some of these o$>ects in .our displa. settings.

,3

DELFTship

/.-

Manually modifying points

2f a point is selected* the window from illustration "., displa.s all the information for that point* including the position of the point in 3D world space. %hese properties can $e altered manuall. $. t.ping the new 8alues in the appropriate fields. 2n addition the. can also $e altered relati8e to the current location $. t.ping the character " in front of the numerical part. 2f for e:ample the string " !#.$ is entered in the field for the .coordinate* then all the .-coordinates of all selected points will $e decreased $. (.2(. 3o the .-coordinate for the displa.ed point $ecomes 2.,(-(.2(K,.!(. %his is a con8enient wa. to shift a num$er of selected points.

Illustration ".1: ".1: 'ontrol point form.

#nother wa. of mo8ing points is $. pressing the cursor ke.s in the $od.plan* profile or plan 8iew. %he acti8e point mo8es a certain distance in the direction of the arrow ke. that was pressed. %he magnitude of this distance* called Iin%re&ental distan%eJ is 8isi$le on the status $ar of the program* ne:t to the amount of undo memor. that is in use. B. clicking on the te:t displa.ing the 8alue for the incremental distance a window is opened in which a new 8alue for the incremental distance can $e specified. #nother and faster wa. is to press either the O or P ke.. %he incremental distance is then changed $. ,(Q. 0inall. the $lack arrows displa.ed ne:t to each input field on the form can $e used to modif. the 8alues $. the same incremental distance as mentioned a$o8e. Chapter / on page ,( descri$es the coordinate s.stem used $. DE-0%ship.

/./

Dra(ing modes

DE-0%ship has se8eral wa.s of presenting the hull. %hese drawing modes are accessi$le from the popup-menu under the right mouse $utton. !ire rame (Ctrl!' . 5nl. the points* lines and edges are drawn. #n. o$>ects* such as tanks for e:ample* are drawn using line representations. "hade (Ctrl!( . %he surfaces are drawn in a solid color* lines and cur8es are drawn on top of the surfaces. 3u$merged areas of surfaces can optionall. $e displa.ed using a different color. #e$elo%ability check (Ctrl!D . %he surfaces are shaded again* onl. this time areas of the surface that are de8elopa$le are colored green while parts that are not de8elopa$le are colored red. 1ore a$out de8elopa$le surfaces can $e found in paragraph !. .) on page 3" and paragraph ,". on page ) . &aussian cur$ature (Ctrl!) * used to check the Illustration ".2: ".2: 2aussian cur$ature displa-. fairness of a surface. %he model is drawn using a range of colors* $ased on the discrete ;aussian cur8ature in each point of the su$di8ided surface. 1ost surfaces are cur8ed in two directions* called the principal cur8ature directions. %he ;aussian cur8ature is the product of these two principal cur8atures. &ow when it comes to the sign of the ;aussian cur8ature there are 3 possi$ilities F

'egati$e &aussian cur$ature. 5ne of the cur8ature components must $e positi8e while the other is negati8e* meaning that the surface is cur8ed in opposite directions. %he area surrounding the point is conca8e in this case and resem$les the shape of a saddle. #reas with negati8e ;aussian cur8ature are colored $lue.

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DELFTship

(ero &aussian cur$ature. #t least one of the two principal cur8atures is @ero* so the surface is either completel. flat or cur8ed in onl. one direction. 2n $oth cases the surface is de8elopa$le C%his is in fact a 8er. important propert. of de8elopa$le surfacesE. %hese areas are colored green. Positi$e &aussian cur$ature. %he cur8ature in $oth directions can $e positi8e or negati8e* $ut must ha8e the same sign. %hese areas are con8e: and colored red.

(ebra shading (Ctrl!* . #nother option to check the model for fairness. 4egions with a constant lightreflection intensit. are shaded in $ands. %his is similar to the wa. the human e.e detects unfair spots on a surface since the shininess and shadows 8ar. in those areas. 2f the edges of the @e$ra stripes are cur8ed smoothl. then the surface is smooth in these areas. #t knuckle lines the. 8ar. a$ruptl..
Illustration ".3: ".3: 3ebra stripe shading.

/.4

%or*ing (ith bac*ground images

DE-0%ship has the a$ilit. to displa. images on the $ackground of .our model. %his functionalit. is particularl. con8enient if .ou ha8e an e:isting linesplan on paper and want to recreate the lines in DE-0%ship. 7ou can load a ma:imum of three images. Each of these images is assigned to a specific 8iew Cprofile* plan or $od.plan 8iewE. 7ou can not assign an image to the perspecti8e 8iew. #ll options related to $ackground images are located in the menu that pops up if .ou press the right mouse $utton in a 8iewport. 6hen using $ackground images .ou should pa. special attention to make sure that all hori@ontal and 8ertical lines on the images are trul. hori@ontal or 8ertical.
Illustration ". : 4sing bac5ground images to trace an e,isting design.

).*.1

+isible

5nce .ou ha8e assigned an image to for e:ample the profile 8iew* it will $e shown in all 8iewports showing the profile 8iew on the model. B. changing the visible propert. .ou can hide the image from a particular 8iewport.

).*.2

,lear

%he clear command remo8es the image not onl. from the current 8iewport $ut also from all other 8iewports displa.ing the same 8iew. 2t is entirel. remo8ed from the DE-0%ship model.

).*.3

-oad

2mports a $ackground image. DE-0%ship onl. reads b&p and +pg images. 0or performance reasons .ou must ensure that the images .ou are going to use are not too $ig in si@e. #fter ha8ing imported an image .ou must set the origin Cparagraph ".)." on page ,)E to make sure it is displa.ed at the right location. 7ou also ha8e to set the scale of the image Cparagraph ".).) on page ,)E to match the si@e and scale of .our model.

).*..

"a$e

E:ports the $ackground image to a file.

,"

DELFTship

).*.)

/rigin

2f .ou use this option a special cursor is used to indicate .ouBre modif.ing the origin of .our $ackground image. 7ou can simpl. drag to image to the correct location $. keeping the left $utton of .our mouse pressed.

).*.*

"et scale

1ake sure .ou set the scale of an imported image $efore opening another image. DE-0%ship assigns the same scale of the pre8iousl. imported image to the freshl. imported one. %his is particularl. useful if .ou ha8e multiple images imported from the same linesplan thus ha8ing the same scale. 6hene8er this option is e:ecuted the user is reHuired to click on a point within the actual image of which the location is known. %he program uses the same scale for $oth the hori@ontal and 8ertical direction.

).*.0

Trans%arent color

Ruite often $ackground images are in $lack and white. Ha8ing a huge white area on .our 8iewport can sometimes $e distracting. B. setting white as the transparent color the program does not draw the white areas. 3o onl. the $lack lines are drawn on .our screen. %he transparent color is selected $. clicking on an area of the $ackground image that has the color .ou want to hide. 2f .ou click on a point that lies outside the ph.sical area of the $ackground image transparenc. is disa$led again. 2llustration "." shows an e:ample of a transparentl. rendered $ackground image.

Illustration ".": ".": 6ac5ground image made transparent.

).*.1

Tolerance

3ometimes images that simple seem >ust $lack and white ma. ha8e a lot of colors in $etween. %his is particularl. the case where some of the image Hualit. has $een lost due to compression* as is the case with +pg images. 2f white is the designated transparent color and is filtered out* a lot of Ialmost whiteJ pi:els remain as can $e seen on illustration ".). B. increasing the filtering tolerance these pi:els can $e e:cluded $. the program too.

Illustration ".%: ".%: +,ample where higher tolerance is needed.

).*.2

3lending

2f the $ackground image is till too dominant it can $e $lended with the 8iewport color. B. doing so it dissol8es in the $ackground and the geometr. of .ou DE-0%ship model will $e $etter 8isi$le.

,)

DELFTship

4.
4.1

File import
mport !urface

%his feature is used to import a num$er of 3D cur8es from a te:t file. %he program su$seHuentl. fits a lofted surface through these cur8es. %his is a good wa. to import round $ottomed hulls. %he cur8es ma. ha8e an. num$er of points* and the num$er of points might differ from cur8e to cur8e. <suall. the cur8es run from the $ottom of the hull upwards* howe8er longitudinal cur8es are allowed too* >ust as long as all the cur8es ha8e the same orientation and run in the same direction. 2t is important that the cur8es do not o8erlap each other. #fter opening the data file the user will $e prompted to specif. the num$er of points in longitudinal direction Cnum$er of columnsE and in 8ertical direction Cnum$er of rowsE the imported hull must ha8e. %hen the program fits a B-3pline surface through these points such that the new surface interpolates the original points. %he format used for the file is as followsF

Illustration %.1: %.1: 7ull defined with trans$erse cur$es.

%he first line of the file must either $e a ( C@eroE or a ,. # @ero indicates that all coordinates are in meters while a one indicates that the coordinates are in feet. Each cur8e is defined $. a seHuence of N*7 and = coordinates separated $. at least , space. #fter the last coordinate of each cur8e there should $e an empt. line. %he last line in the file should $e BE50B in capitals.
0

Illustration %.2: %.2: 7ull defined b- longitudinal cur$es.

%he following is an $rief e:ample of a file containing 3 stations. # more e:tensi8e sample file can $e found in the su$director. ,s-ips and is called .ound -ull i&port de&o.t/t. 6hen importing such a te:t file DE-0%ship assumes the followingF

N-coordinates are longitudinal. 9ositi8e 7 coordinates correspond with the port side of the ship. %he $ase lies at @K(.( and the aft perpendicular at :K(.( #ll cur8es ha8e multiplicit. of ,. Ha8ing 2 cur8es at the same location leads to errors. 6hene8er 2 cur8es e:ist at the same location* for e:ample if the hull is fitted with a $ul$ous $ow* then these cur8es must $e com$ined into a single cur8e $. connecting the segments with a line l.ing on the center plane. %hese segments can later $e remo8ed.

10.62990 10.62990 10.62990 10.62990 10.62990 10.62990 10.62990 10.62990 10.62990 11.81100 11.81100 11.81100 11.81100 11.81100 11.81100 12.99210 12.99210 12.99210 12.99210 12.99210

0.00000 0.15186 0.36387 0.51880 0.71454 0.91032 1.03680 1.10212 1.18380 0.00000 0.20519 0.36424 0.55190 0.68655 0.80491 0.00000 0.09559 0.18538 0.25068 0.33232

1.75504 1.87085 2.07768 2.25144 2.51209 2.83897 3.13278 3.33143 3.65010 2.26416 2.48343 2.71927 3.09169 3.41447 3.75381 3.01751 3.19544 3.43133 3.62583 3.86172

EOF

,+

DELFTship

4.2

mport chines

2mporting a hard chined hull reHuires a slightl. different approach as descri$ed in the pre8ious paragraph. 4ather then creating a lofted surface ruled surfaces are fitted $etween two successi8e chines. %he coordinates of each chine are read from an input file with the e:tension .t/t. %he input file has the same format as descri$ed in paragraph ).,* e:cept for the fact that the t.pe of cur8es in the file is restricted to longitudinal cur8es onl.. 5nce the data points of each chine ha8e $een read from file cur8es are fitted to those points in such a wa. that the chines from the DE-0%ship hull match these cur8es. %he num$er of control points is the same for each chine and can $e specified $. the user. %he original cur8es are also added to the model as markers as a reference. %he file %-ines i&port de&o.t/t contains a more ela$orate demo. 2t is located in the DE-0%ship ,s-ips su$director.. %he chines must $e ordered from the $ottom up with coordinates going from aft to front. #t least three cur8es must $e in the file representingF ,. %he keel line 2. #t least one chine 3. %he deck- or sheer line. Control cur8es are added to the crease edges corresponding to each chine to make it easier to fair the chines.

0.000 0.856 1.884 3.939 4.966 5.994 8.049 9.590 10.618 11.645 13.700 -0.771 0.685 2.398 4.110 5.822 7.535 9.248 10.960 12.672 14.471 -0.053 0.856 2.911 4.966 7.021 9.076 11.131 13.186 13.753

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.662 1.219 1.536 1.664 1.672 1.575 1.300 0.795 0.000 0.000 0.421 1.071 1.375 1.436 1.344 0.989 0.272 0.000

0.150 0.048 -0.046 -0.158 -0.184 -0.195 -0.192 -0.163 -0.122 -0.059 0.150 1.056 0.844 0.666 0.565 0.524 0.522 0.553 0.640 0.802 1.056 1.683 1.498 1.211 1.077 1.050 1.090 1.247 1.563 1.683

EOF

DELFTship

4.3

Table of offsets

Illustration %.3: %.3: Information stored in the file header

%he following is a description of the file format that is used for importing a ta$le of offsets. %he file should ha8e .t/t as a file e:tension and written as a proper #3C22 te:t file. 2t looks like thisF %he first line contains the num$er of watewrlines. %he second line the num$er of stations %he third line indicates whether data descri$ing the deck line at each station is present C,E or not C(E. %he fourth line indicates whether data descri$ing the contour line at each station is present C,E or not C(E. %he fifth line indicates whether data descri$ing the aft contour at each waterline is present C,E or not C(E. %he si:th line indicates whether data descri$ing the forward contour at each waterline is present C,E or not C(E. %he se8enth line indicates whether data descri$ing the flat of $ottom at each station is present C,E or not C(E. %he ne:t three lines descri$e the length* $eam and draft of the ship as used in the pro>ect settings.

Illustration %. : This line represents the heights of each of the 11 waterlines

,!

DELFTship

Illustration %.": %.": /istance of aft contour line to origin on each waterline.

Illustration %.%: %.%: /istance of each of the 2. stations ordered from aft to front.

2(

DELFTship

Illustration %.&: %.&: /istance of forward contour line to origin on each waterline.

Illustration %.(: %.(: 8ctual offsets data. The intersection of each column and row gi$es the beam on that waterline and station. The bottom right $alue in the green rectangle indicates that on station 11. .. and waterline 1.%.. the beam is ..1&(.

2,

DELFTship

Illustration %.*: %.*: /ata describing the dec5 line height 9left column: and beam 9right column: measured on each station.

Illustration %.1.: %.1.: The last column represents the height of the contour line on each station.

22

DELFTship

5.

6rogram preferences

7ou can modif. the look and $eha8ior of DE-0%ship $. changing the default settings in the preferences window. %he actual appearance of this window might differ from 8ersion to 8ersion depending on which e:tensions are included into the software. %he following settings can $e modifiedF

5.1

.eneral

1odif. the language used $. the program. %he language files are located in the su$director. delfts-ip,languages of the program director. and onl. language files that are located in this specific director. can $e selected. # special piece of software is a8aila$le from www.delftship.net that can $e used to maintain e:isting or create new translations. #dditionall. the si@e of control points* amount of undo memor. and color of the 8iewports can $e altered.

5.2

7ullform

Change settings of default colors used $. the program for displa.ing 8arious items.

5.3

7ydrostatics

Illustration &.1: &.1: Tab pages from the preferences dialog.

3elect which h.drostatic properties should $e displa.ed in the h.drostatics report or modif. the order of appearance $. dragging the 8arious properties in the list. #ll items will appear in the same order in the report as displa.ed in the list.

5.-

#eport

1odif. the font t.pe and si@e used in the reports throughout the program.

5./

Tan*s

1odif. color settings or the amount of transparenc. used for shading tanks. %he transparenc. must $e a 8alue in the range (..2"". # 8alue of 2"" means the tanks are completel. solid Cno transparenc.E whereas a 8alue of ( means that the. are totall. transparent* e8en to the point that the. are no longer 8isi$le.

5.4

Load cases

5n this page settings for the transparenc. of the hull surface and tanks used for drawing the load case in the load case editor window can $e ad>usted. %he list to the right shows which items are included in the intact sta$ilit. report and in what order. %he order can $e modified $. dragging items to a new positions. %he check $o:es can $e used to e:clude items from the report.

23

DELFTship

8.

6ro3ect settings

2n the pro>ect settings window .ou can modif. 8arious pro>ect settings. 2t has a num$er of ta$ pages that 8aries depending on the e:tensions included into the program.

8.1

.eneral

%he first ta$ page is used for general information a$out the pro>ect* such asF 9ro>ect name &ame of the designer 9ro>ect comment %he name of the person who created the file %he t.pe of units used for this pro>ect. %his can either $e imperial or metric units.

Illustration (.1: (.1: 2eneral pro;ect settings.

6hen changing the unit format the entire model will $e scaled to the new format. 6hen switching from meters to feet for e:ample all dimensions are di8ided $. (.3(/ .

%he shade underwater option is used to draw su$merged surface areas in a different color when 8iewing the shaded hull* linesplan* plate de8elopments* and load cases. %he sa8e pre8iew options is is used to store a small pre8iew of the pro>ect in the file. %his pre8iew is primaril. used for $rowsing designs from the on-line design data$ase on the DE-0%ship we$site. %he simplif. intersections option is more or less o$solete. 6hen intersections such as stations are calculated the can contain a large amount of points. %his option remo8es points that do not su$stantiall. contri$ute to the shape of the calculated cur8es* howe8er in some rare occasions it might lead to inaccurate cur8es. 5nl. when file si@e is of importance it might $e useful to use this option.

8.2

Main dimensions

%he ta$ sheet to enter the main dimensions looks as shown on illustration .2. %he pro>ect length generall. is the length $etween perpendiculars for large ships or the waterline length for pleasure craft.
%he aft perpendicular is assumed to $e located at :K(.(. %he forward perpendicular is located at the positi8e :-coordinate that is eHual to pro>ect length.

Illustration (.2: (.2: Main dimensions.

Depending on the h.drostatics settings these dimensions are used for calculating 8arious h.drostatic coefficients such as the $lock coefficient. B. default the midship location lies at half the pro>ect length which is generall. true for large ships. 0or some ships different 8alues might $e specified. %he input 8alues for the three draftmarks are optional and are onl. 8isi$le if the load cases e:tension is included into the software. %he longitudinal location of the three marks can $e specified together with the local keelplate thickness. %his information is used to calculate the actual draft measured from the keel under heel and trim for load cases.

2/

DELFTship

8.3

7ydrostatics

%a$ page to modif. all h.drostatics related settings* such as the relati8e densit. of the surrounding water and the appendage coefficient . %his is a factor normall. used to compensate for shell thickness and appendages such as the rudder in the displacement calculation* usuall. in the range ,.((" - ,.(,(. %he professional edition also has an input 8alue for the mean shellplate thickness. %his is multiplied with the wetted surface area to o$tain the su$merged 8olume of the shell which is added to the displacement.

Illustration (.3: (.3: 7-drostatics settings.

%hereBs also a drop down $o: which can $e used to specif. how h.drostatic coefficients* such as the $lock coefficient and prismatic coefficient should $e calculated. %his can $e done using either the dimensions specified in the pro>ect page Cstandard for large shipsE or the actual dimensions of the su$merged $od. Cusuall. for .achts and small $oatsE. 2n the latter case the su$merged length and $eam 8aries with the draft.
%he program is not a$le to check whether the length and $eam are correct. 2f incorrect 8alues ha8e $een specified the calculated coefficients mentioned a$o8e will also $e incorrectD

Each time h.drostatic properties need to $e calculated* the program checks if the direction of the normals of faces is consistent. 2t also automaticall. corrects the direction if necessar.. 2n some rare cases it is possi$le that the normals point in the wrong direction after this check. 2f this is the case erroneous h.drostatic 8alues are the result* such as a negati8e 8olume and displacement. 2f this happens it is $est to first disa$le the automatic surface check and then manuall. correct the normals. 6hen in dou$t* alwa.s check the direction of normals manuall. $. selecting control faces Cparagraph !.).2 on page 3,E. H.drostatic properties will not $e calculated once leak points $ecome su$merged.

8.-

Critical points

%he critical points page is optional. Critical points are points that deser8e special consideration for sta$ilit. calculations. DE-0%ship features the following different t.pes of critical pointsF

4arker. %hese are >ust points of which the user wants to know when the. $ecome su$merged. Illustration (. : 'ritical points input. #own looding. %he most important t.pe of all. 2f a downflooding point is su$merged it means that the ship will flood and sink. Downflooding points are used to incorporate the location of openings in the h.drostatics calculations. %hese can $e windows* doors* hatches* 8entilation openings etc. 4argin line. 0or use in damage sta$ilit. calculations. #eck line. %hese points are used to check when the deck edge $ecomes su$merged in the sta$ilit. calculations which is used in se8eral sta$ilit. criteria. 3ee paragraph ,,.,, on page // for a detailed description on the use of sta$ilit. criteria.

Critical points are primaril. used in the cross cur8es e:tension and the load cases e:tension. Each point needs a description to identif. it and a location in 3D space. 2n addition .ou can use the s.mmetr. propert. if a critical point has a counterpart on the other side of the ship.

2"

DELFTship

8./

Load cases

%he load cases page is also optional. 3e8eral settings can $e altered. %he most important of these are the heeling angles that are used to e8aluate the sta$ilit. while sol8ing a load case. 0or 8er. large ships it is often not necessar. to go $e.ond )(S* while for sailing .achts heeling angles up to , (S are not uncommon. 5nl. positi8e 8alues are allowed for the heeling angles and the first angle must $e @ero. %he more heeling angles are calculated the more accurate the sta$ilit. cur8e will $e $ut how longer the entire calculation process will take.

Illustration (.": (.": Settings for load cases.

%he program is a$le to automaticall. determine which side the ship heels to* $ut it is also possi$le to force it to calculate sta$ilit. with a heel to either port or star$oard. 0urthermore .ou can choose $etween a short 8ersion of the load case report or the default e:tensi8e 8ersion. 3ee paragraph ,/.2.) on page ), for more information a$out the load case report.

8.4

Longitudinal strength

%he longitudinal strength ta$ page is also an optional page. 0or comple: 8essels a huge num$er of weight items needs to $e e8aluated in order to calculate the shear force and $ending moment. 2n the report the results of the calculation are displa.ed on a regular inter8al. # smaller inter8al .ields more 8alues.
Illustration (.%: (.%: 6ending moment calculation options.

2)

DELFTship

9.
9.1

Edit options
0ndo

<ndo pre8ious editing actions. DE-0%ship stores all actions into memor.. 6hen a new file is read into memor.* the undo data associated with the pre8ious model is cleared.

9.2

#edo

4edo a action that has $een undone with the undo command.

9.3

Delete

<se this to delete items that ha8e $een selected. %he program first deletes all selected faces* then the edges and finall. the selected points. #n. points or edges that remain unused after this process are deleted also.
2f a point is deleted all attached faces and edges are deleted too. 2f an edge is deleted* an. attached faces will also $e deleted. 3ee paragraph !./.3 on page 2+ on how to remo8e a point without deleting the connected faces and edges. 9aragraph !.".3 on page 3( e:plains how to remo8e an edge without deleting the attached faces $. using the edge collapse command.

&ot onl. items from the surface geometr. can $e deleted this wa. $ut also markers* control cur8es* flowlines and tanks.

9.2...1

6oint Add

#dds a new point in 3D space. %he new point is $. default located at the origin C(.(* (.(* (.(E. #dding new points is onl. ena$led if the control net is 8isi$le.

2...2

Align

2n the e8ent that multiple points ha8e $een selected it is possi$le to align those points so that the. form a straight line. %his is done $. pro>ecting all the selected points on the line that goes through the first and last selected point. %he. are pro>ected on the line rather than uniforml. distri$uted to keep the displacement of the points minimal. #dditionall. .ou can also choose to onl. modif. certain coordinates of the points. 0or e:ampleF if .ou ha8e selected multiple control points forming the outer edge of a transom .ou should onl. ad>ust the N-coordinate in order to put all the points in the same plane seen from the profile 8iew. %he shape of the transom as seen from the $ack will in this particular case remain unaltered.

2...3

,olla%se

%his remo8es selected points without deleting the surrounding geometr.. # point can onl. $e collapsed if it is attached to e:actl. two edges. %he point is then remo8ed* and the two edges are replaced $. a single edge. 2f a point is attached to more than 2 edges* the other edges need to $e remo8ed first $. collapsing these edges as e:plained in paragraph !.".3 on page 3(. %he process of collapsing a point is shown on illustration !.,. &ote that the point that is to $e collapsed is irregular since it has two faces connected to it and two edges. B. collapsing the point the num$er of points of the two attached faces is reduced to / and the control net is made more regular making it easier to produce a fair hull surface.

2+

DELFTship

Illustration *.1: *.1: )emo$ing a point with the collapsing command.

2....

Fair %oints

7ou can use the automatic fairing routine in DE-0%ship to fair the entire surface for .ou or onl. selected control points. %he automatic fairing routine will onl. affect internal points of the surface* points that are not located on crease or $oundar. edges. %hese edges form feature lines on the hull that are generall. 8er. important for the appearance. %herefore it is $est to fair those points manuall. or automaticall. $. using control cur8es Cparagraph !.+.2 on page 33E. #s the automatic fairing routine is called $. the user the reHuired points are shifted to a new location in such a manner that the o8erall smoothness of the surface impro8es. B. repeatedl. using the command a 8er. smooth surface can $e o$tained $ut the de8iation of the original surface might $e significant. 2f this method of fairing is applied to models with >ust a few control points the faired surface might differ considera$l. from the original surface. %his is caused $. the fact that the area of influence of a control point decreases with the total num$er of points. %he solution to this is to su$di8ide the control net to increase the num$er of points $efore using the automatic fairing algorithm. %his process is descri$ed in paragraph ,,.) on page /2.

2...)

Plane intersection

%he plane intersection algorithm intersects all 8isi$le edges with a plane. 2t inserts a new control point on each edge that intersects that plane. #fterwards faces containing multiple newl. inserted points will $e split $. inserting a new edge. %his is a con8enient wa. to insert for e:ample a while range of points at a certain ordinate location. %here is also an option to add a control cur8e Cparagraph !.+.2 on page 33E to the newl. created edges. %he t.pe of plane C8ertical* hori@ontal or trans8erseE can $e specified as well as the location $. entering the desired distance into the dialog.

2...*

5ntersect layers

7ou can use this option to find the intersecting cur8e of two la.ers. 5f course this option is disa$led in the menu in the e8ent that the model onl. has one la.er. #ll the edges of the first la.er are checked for an intersection with the faces of the second la.er. 2f an intersection e:ists than the the intersection point is inserted on the edge. #ll inserted points are connected with new edges which form the intersecting cur8e of the two la.ers. 4emem$er that onl. the first la.er is affected $. this entire operation* the second la.er is left unmodified. #nother important issue to keep in mind is that points are onl. inserted in edges* not in faces. 2ntersecting la.ers is useful for e:ample to find the intersection of the hull with a keel or rudder.

DELFTship

2...0

,o%y $alues

2f multiple control points ha8e $een selected .ou can cop. 8alues from the first selected point to all the other points. %his wa. .ou can Huickl. assign all selected points the same N* 7 or = coordinate.

2...1

-ock %oints

#ll selected points will $e locked. -ocked points appear dark gra. on .our screen and cannot $e modified. &one of the a8aila$le editing operations has an. effect on locked points. %his option will onl. $e ena$led in the menus if at least one unlocked point is selected.

2...2

6nlock 6nlock %oints

%his unlocks selected points that ha8e pre8iousl. $een locked* so that the. can $e modified again. #gain this option is onl. ena$led in the menus if at least one locked point has $een selected

2...17

6nlock all %oints

#ll locked points in the model will $e unlocked* whether the. are selected or not.

2...11

From markers markers

E:tracts all points from the currentl. selected markers and adds those as control points to the su$di8ision surface. %hese control points are not connected $. edges or faces .et.

9./ 2.).1

Edge E8trude

%he most used and preferred wa. to create new surfaces is $. e:truding edges. 3ince an edge ma. onl. ha8e a ma:imum of two faces attached* onl. $oundar. edges are allowed to $e e:truded. %he selected edges are copied towards the specified e:trusion direction and new faces are created $etween each old and new edge. %he new faces are assigned to the acti8e la.er Csee paragraph !. ., on page 3/E 2llustration !.2 shows how a deck is easil. added $. e:truding the sheerline. %he three stages of the process areF

3elect the $oundar. edges that .ou want to e:trude. %hen choose the edit => edge => e/trude option from the mainmenu. # window will show up reHuesting direction of the e:trusion. 2n the e:ample the e:trusion direction is C(.(* -2.2"* (.(2E meaning that a cop. of all selected edges will $e created and mo8ed (.( units in longitudinal direction* -2.2" units in the trans8erse direction and (.(2 Illustration *.2: *.2: 'reate a dec5 b- e,truding edges. units upwards. %he e:trusion command creates new faces $etween each original edge and its cop.. %hese new faces will $e assigned to the acti8e la.er. #fter mo8ing the newl. created edges to the centerline the deck is finished.

2!

DELFTship

2.).2

"%lit

3elected edges are split in two $. inserting a new point in the middle. #fter the operation all newl. created points are selected. %his is a con8enient wa. to insert new edges. 2n that case multiple edges can $e selected and split in two. #ll selected points $elonging to the same face ma. then $e split $. inserting a new edge. %he image to the right shows two selected edges $efore and after the split. &ote that this wa. a face consisting of ) points is created* resulting in an irregular mesh Csee paragraph 3./ on page !E. %he two selected points should prefera$l. $e connected* thus splitting the face in two regular faces. %his ensures a more regular grid and a smoother surface.

Illustration *.3: *.3: Inserting points on an edge.

2.).3

,olla%se

Collapsing an edge remo8es the edge and com$ines the two attached faces into one new face. 3ince edge collapsing reHuires two faces it can onl. $e applied to internal edges and not to edges on the surface $oundar..

2.)..

5nsert

# face can $e di8ided into two new faces $. inserting an edge. %o do this at least two points ha8e to $e selected. Both points must share the same face* and no edge is allowed to alread. e:ist $etween the selected points. %o ensure a fair surface it is recommended to e:tend inserted edges as those seen on illustration !./ to a crease or $oundar. edge if possi$le.

Illustration *. : Inserting an edge.

2.).)

,rease

3etting selected edges as crease-edges allows the user to add knuckle lines to the hull. %he crease propert. of $oundar. edges cannot $e changed* the. are $. default treated as crease edges. 2llustration !." shows how a hard chine is created. %o the left the model without the chine is 8isi$le. %o the right the .acht with the new knuckle line is displa.ed. 2n this specific e:ample the knuckle line runs o8er the full length of the hull. %his is not a$solutel. necessar.* knuckle lines ma. run freel. o8er the surface.

Illustration *.": *.": 'reating 5nuc5lelines.

3(

DELFTship

9.4 2.*.1

Face 'ew

Creates a new face from selected points. %hese points ha8e to $e selected in the correct order.

2.*.2

5n$ert

%his option can $e used to manuall. flip the direction of normals of selected faces to the other side in case the automatic surface check has failed. #ll surface normals should point outwards* in the direction of the water. %he normals of a face can $e 8isuali@ed $. selecting the specific face. 1ake sure that $oth interior edges and normals are made 8isi$le in .our displa. settings Csee chapter ,(E. Each displa.ed normal is calculated as the a8erage normal in a point of the refined su$di8ision mesh. %his a8erage is calculated from all faces surrounding that point. #long the $oundar. of an edge sharing two faces with opposite normal directions* this ma. seem a $it peculiar as can $e seen on the left side of illustration !.). %he normals along these $oundaries look as if the. are pro>ected on the surface. %he right side of the illustration shows the normals after the face has $een in8erted and the. normals face the right direction.

Illustration *.%: *.%: Manuall- in$erting the direction of face normals.

3,

DELFTship

9.5 2.0.1

Cur+e &eneral in ormation about control cur$es cur$es and airing. airing.

%o ha8e a $etter control o8er the shape of the surface* control cur8es can $e added to the model. %hese control cur8es are assigned to edges* and after each su$di8ision step the new edge-points are not onl. inserted into the surface $ut also into the cur8e. %his ensures that the control cur8es are alwa.s e:actl. em$edded in the surface. 2f the displa. of cur8ature plots is ena$led from the displa. menu then selected control cur8es will $e drawn including their cur8ature plot. %his cur8ature plot is updated in real-time if one of the control points of the cur8e is mo8ed making it an e:cellent fairing tool. 2f the cur8ature plot is interpreted and used correctl. it is possi$le to produce a perfectl. fair surface pro8ided the surface contains no irregular points Csee paragraph 3./ on page !E. Bumps or dents in the surface that are normall. too small to $e seen on screen with the naked e.e are easil. identified. Control cur8es are especiall. useful for fairing knuckle lines on the hull* such as the deck line* profile* and chines $ut the. can also $e used for fairing internal edges. 3o what is cur8ature an.wa.T %he cur8ature of a cur8e can $e defined as followsF t-e rate of %-ange (at a point of t-e angle between a %urve and a tangent to t-e %urve 2n other words* the cur8ature is a measure for how strongl. a cur8es changes in a point. 2t ship$uilding it is important that fair lines are produced where the cur8ature changes graduall. along that cur8e. 2llustration !.+ shows a control cur8e in the aft part of a container ship. %o the left the control cur8e is shown in $lue* while to the right the control cur8e is show in a selected state C.ellowE together with itBs cur8ature plot CfuchsiaE. %he straight parts of the cur8e ha8e @ero cur8ature. 2f .ou tra8el along the cur8e from the $ottom to the direction of the deck* first the cur8e starts $ending to the left. 2n this area the cur8ature is positi8e. #t a height of a$out 2." meters the cur8e starts $ending to the right* here cur8ature $ecomes negati8e. # little $it further along the cur8e it $ends to the left again* so the cur8ature $ecomes positi8e. 3o how is this information Illustration *.&: *.&: 'ontrol cur$e with cur$ature plot. translated into the cur8ature plotT #t regular inter8als on the cur8e the cur8ature is calculated and drawn as a line* perpendicular to the cur8e. %he length of this line segment is proportional to the magnitude of the cur8ature in that point. 2f the cur8ature is negati8e the line is drawn on the opposite site of the cur8e. 6hereas the a$solute 8alue of the cur8ature in a point is generall. not that interesting* the wa. it changes along the cur8e is. %his is a measure of the fairness of the cur8e. 7ou donBt want a$rupt changes in the cur8ature plot* it should 8ar. as smoothl. as possi$le. #nd 8er. often* especiall. with small $oats and .achts* a change of the sign of the cur8ature as seen in the image a$o8e is highl. undesira$le. 2llustration !. shows an e:ample of a control cur8e from a sailing .acht. %he upper part of the image shows a poorl. faired cur8e.

32

DELFTship

6e see a change of the cur8ature sign in an area where it o$8iousl. should not occur* followed shortl. after $. a sudden peak. %he lower half of the image shows the same control cur8e after $eing faired using the automatic fairing tool for cur8es. %he cur8ature now changes graduall. and the cur8e is 8er. smooth.
5ne thing to $ear in mind is that the cur8ature at the first and the last point of the cur8e is alwa.s @ero. %he cur8e has unclamped end conditions that correspond with a natural wooden spline $atten that has no moment forced upon its ends. %his can $e seen $. the wa. the cur8ature plot coincides with the end points of the cur8e.

Control cur8es are easier to fair if the points are spaced more or less e8enl. along the cur8e and are regular whene8er possi$le. %he less points a cur8e has* the easier it is to produce a good running smooth cur8e.

Illustration *.(: *.(: 'ontrol cur$es of a sailing -acht.

2.0.2

'ew

0irst select a num$er of connected edges. C%his is easier when .ou hold the control ke. on .our ke.$oard pressed down when selecting an edge with the mouseE 3u$seHuentl. it is possi$le to create and assign a control cur8e to these edges. 5nl. one cur8e can $e assigned to each edge. 2f the new cur8e is not shown on the screen* make sure that control cur8es are made 8isi$le in .our displa. settings.

2.0.3

Fair

%he automatic fairing routine for control cur8es can $e used to Huickl. let the program fair the points for .ou. #ll the points defining the cur8e are distri$uted and mo8ed in 3D to produce a $etter faired cur8e. %he deckline from illustration !.! was faired $. using the command se8eral times. &ote that the cur8e has changed at the $ow area also. %o a8oid this .ou can lock the points which .ou donBt want to $e affected $. the fairing routine.

Illustration *.*: *.*: /ec5line before and after appl-ing the automatic fairing routine.

2.0..

,on$ert to marker

%his option is onl. ena$led if one or more control cur8es are selected. 2t con8erts the control cur8es into a marker for future reference. 3ee also paragraph ,,. for more information on markers.

33

DELFTship

9.8 2.1.1

Layer &eneral layer in ormation. ormation.

%he hull created with DE-0%ship consists of onl. , mathematical surface* e8en if the model contains multiple isolated la.ers or faces. 6hen modeling it is often desira$le to di8ide the model into different parts with different properties* such as for e:ample the color. %herefore la.ers ha8e $een implemented into the program. # la.er is nothing else than a container that groups faces together that share the same properties. %here must alwa.s $e at least one la.er in .our model* and one la.er that is acti8e. Each time a new is added to the model it will $e assigned to the acti8e la.er. 7ou can identif. which la.er is acti8e $. looking at the la.er tool$ar at the top of the screen Cillustration !.,(E %his contains a list of all la.ers* and onl. if no faces are selected it displa.s the name of acti8e la.er. 7ou can modif. which la.er is acti8e when no faces are selected $. simpl. selecting another la.er from the drop down list in .our tool$ar.
Illustration *.1.: *.1.: 0a-er toolbar showing the acti$e la-er.

2f the e8ent that faces ha8e $een selected there are two possi$ilitiesF

#ll selected faces $elong to the same la.er. 2n that case the name of that la.er is shown* e8en if it is not the acti8e la.er. %he selected faces $elong to different la.ers. &o la.er name is shown in the tool$ar at all* it will $e $lank.

B. selecting a la.er from the list with la.ers while faces are selected* all the selected faces will $e remo8ed from their current la.er and assigned to this selected la.er.

2.1.2

Acti$e layer color

1odif. the color of the acti8e la.er. %his color is also 8isi$le in the tool$ar* right ne:t to the drop-down list. containing the la.er names..

2.1.3

Auto grou%

%his e:tracts groups of faces which are totall. surrounded $. crease edges. %hen each group of faces is assigned to a new la.er. 2f no faces are selected* e8er. 8isi$le la.er will $e processed* otherwise onl. the selected faces. DE-0%ship tries to sa8e as much of the present la.er information as possi$le. 2f a set of faces is e:tracted* and the. alread. $elong to the same la.er then this la.er is left undistur$ed. #uto grouping is ena$led in the menus onl. if the displa. of interior edges is switched on.

2.1..

'ew

#dd a new and empt. la.er to the model and make it the acti8e la.er.

2.1.)

#elete em%ty

5nl. ena$led if the model contains at least two la.ers and at least one empt. la.er. #ll empt. la.ers are remo8ed from the model. %his also includes the acti8e la.er if it is empt.. #t least one la.er will remain as the acti8e la.er* e8en if that la.er is empt..

3/

DELFTship

2.1.*

#ialog

%his $rings up the window showing all la.ers and their properties. %he left half of the window shows a list containing all the a8aila$le la.ers. B. clicking on a la.er it will $e selected and all its properties are displa.ed to the right. Dou$le clicking on a la.er in the list on the left side makes it the acti8e la.er. 2n this window it is possi$le to modif. the following propertiesF

+isibility. %he check $o:es on the left side ne:t to the name indicate whether the corresponding la.er is 8isi$le or not. Click on the check $o: to turn the la.er on or off. 9oints or edges from the control net $elonging to in8isi$le la.ers are also hidden* which makes modeling of comple: models easier. 'ame. %he la.er name is displa.ed in the list at the left* $ut it can onl. $e modified at the right side of Illustration *.11: *.11: 0a-er properties. the window. DE-0%ship does not reHuire the la.er name to $e a uniHue name* since all la.ers are identified $. an internal uniHue identification num$er. 3ome C#D programs howe8er* such as #utocad* do not allow spaces in the name of a la.er or duplicate names. E:porting to such a program can cause pro$lems if la.ers with identical names are used. 2t is therefore ad8isa$le to alwa.s use uniHue names for each la.er. ,olor. %he la.er color is used for drawing the model. 2t is also used in the linesplan and for plate de8elopments. %he color of a la.er can $e modified $. clicking the colored sHuare to the right. # window is opened in which a new color can $e chosen. Trans%arency. 3ometimes it is nice to shade certain surfaces Cpartiall.E transparent* such as windows. %he amount of transparenc. can $e modified $. mo8ing the slide $ar. %he amount of transparenc. can range from (Q Ctotall. solidE to ,((Q Cin8isi$leE. &ote that transparent shading might consume a lot of memor. and significantl. slow down the shading process. 3ince normal =-$uffer shading or plain alpha $lending produces strange artifacts* the onl. wa. to do this properl. is $. keeping track of all surfaces co8ering a particular pi:el on the screen and then drawing all these surfaces from the $ack to the front. %his process uses e:tra memor. and C9< time* $ut apart from $eing a $it slower it should not pose an. real pro$lems. "ymmetric. %he free 8ersion of DE-0%ship does onl. support as.mmetrical la.ers that do not contri$ute the h.drostatic calculations. 2n addition the professional 8ersion allows for as.mmetrical la.ers pro8ided that those la.ers are completel. Cph.sicall.E separated from an. s.mmetrical la.ers in .our model. 6se or hydrostatics. DE-0%ship uses the faces of the su$di8ision mesh for h.drostatic calculations Csee paragraph ,".3 on page ))E 2t calculates the 8olume enclosed $. these faces. 3ometimes howe8er the surface contains faces that should not $e included in the h.drostatic calculations. %his is particularl. the case if the faces of a la.er do not form an enclosed 8olume* $ut onl. a surface* such as a sail for e:ample. 2f a sail were to $e included in the calculations* DE-0%ship would calculate the 8olume aft of the sail Cif it is su$mergedE as a 8olume. 3ince this 8olume e:tends to infinit. Cthere is no $ackside surface presentE it would introduce an error. 3o specific la.ers can $e e:cluded from the calculations. 3ee also paragraph ,,., on page /, for more information concerning leak points. 5ntersection cur$es. %his propert. tells the program if a la.er should $e used when intersection cur8es are calculated. 0or comple: models it is often con8enient to displa. stations* $uttocks* waterlines and diagonals of the hull onl.* and not for the deck* superstructure etc. %his setting has no influence on the h.drostatics. #e$elo%able. De8elopa$le hulls are of particular interest to ship$uilders since the. can $e $uild from flat plates which are onl. $end in one direction. 1ost hulls are not de8elopa$le since the surface is cur8ed in two directions Ccalled compound cur8atureE. De8elopa$le la.ers can $e shaded differentl.. De8elopa$le areas of these la.ers are colored green while areas which are not de8elopa$le are colored red. %his is a con8enient wa. to 8isuall. check if a hull is indeed de8elopa$le. 2llustration !.,2 shows an e:ample of a de8elopa$le tug. 2t can immediatel. $e seen $. the green color that almost the entire hull is de8elopa$le. Must a few 8er. small spots in the topside and a larger area in front at the $ottom are colored red. %hose

3"

DELFTship

8er. small spots are mostl. numeric errors CDE-0%ship uses a 8er. small toleranceE. %he larger red $ottom area howe8er is not de8elopa$le from a mathematical point of 8iew. De8elopa$le hulls are often made of pl.wood* which is far easier to $end than metal as a result of different material properties. 2n realit. la.ers that are IalmostJ de8elopa$le can perfectl. $e $uild using pl.wood* whereas the same hull $uild of metal reHuires ItorturingJ the metal to get it into shape. De8elopa$le la.ers can $e unfolded Cor de8elopedE $. the program onto a flat plane for $uilding purposes. %his will $e e:plained in paragraph ,". on page ) . "how in lines%lan. 3ometimes a la.er contains items .ou donBt want to $e seen in the linesplan and it should $e Illustration *.12: *.12: /e$elopable areas. e:cluded. Be aware though that the scale of items in the linesplan is also determined $. the intersection cur8es. 2f a la.er would contain a sail* and the intersection cur8es propert. is checked* intersection cur8es of this sail would still $e calculated and seen in the linesplan* e8en if the sail as a surface is not $eing drawn. %herefore it is $est if .ou want to hide la.ers from this 8iew to also disa$le calculating intersection cur8es from those la.ers. 4aterial %ro%erties. %here are two input fields at the $ottom that can $e used for a weight estimation of a la.er. 2n the Ispe%ifi% weig-tJ field the densit. of the used material can $e entered* for e:ample +. tonsAm3 in the case of steel. 2n the field $elow that the a8erage thickness of the surface can $e specified. %hese two properties com$ined with the total area of the la.er result in a weight estimate and corresponding center of gra8it.. %his is also displa.ed in the design h.drostatics report Cparagraph ,".3 on page ))E. Below the material properties the surface area* weight and center of gra8it. of the selected la.er are displa.ed. %he $lack up and down arrows in the tool$ar can $e used to mo8e a selected la.er up or down in the list. De8elopa$le la.ers will appear in the same order in the window with de8eloped panels as displa.ed in this list.

3)

DELFTship

1:.
1:.1

Display
Controlnet

%he controlnet is the com$ination of all points and edges that form the initial su$di8ision mesh. %hese are the entities that can $e manipulated $. the user to shape the surface. 2f all the faces attached to a certain point or edge $elong to la.ers which are turned off* it will not $e drawn on the screen. %hat wa. onl. the points or edges of interest will $e shown.
Illustration 1..1: 1..1: 'ontrolnet

1:.2

Control cur+es

Control cur8es are cur8es that are assigned to edges of the controlnet and are used to fair the surface Csee paragraph !.+., on page 32E. %he 8isi$ilit. of these control cur8es is not depending on the 8isi$ilit. of the controlnet. 2n fact* selecting and manipulating control cur8es is often easier if the control net is not 8isi$le. 9oints and edges assigned to a control cur8e automaticall. $ecome 8isi$le whene8er a control cur8e is selected* all other points will remain hidden.

1:.3

nterior edges

%he interior edges are in fact the edges of the su$di8ided surface. %he higher the precision is set* the more edges are shown. %he interior edges are drawn in the color of the la.er the. are assigned to. 7ou can select a face $. clicking on one of the interior edges of that face.
Illustration 1..2: 1..2: Interior edges.

1:.-

!ho( both sides

3ince most surfaces are s.mmetrical with respect to the center plane* onl. the portside of the hull is modeled and s.mmetrical surfaces are 8irtuall. mirrored $. the software to reduce the modeling time. 2f less information is shown it is easier to select a point* edge or face. Both sides can $e shown howe8er so that the designer has a good impression of what the entire model looks like. &ot onl. the surface is drawn s.mmetrical* also the intersection cur8es* flowlines* control cur8es etc. 3howing $oth sides of the hull is possi$le in $oth wireframe 8iew and shaded 8iews.

1:./

.rid

Illustration 1..3: 1..3: Show both sides of the model.

2f intersection cur8es are added to the model it is possi$le to ha8e a grid displa.ed that marks the location of these intersection cur8es. 2t is 8isi$le in wireframe and shaded mode and ne:t to each line its distance to the origin is printed. 2n addition the $aseline* centerline and design waterline are also indicated. %he grid is 8isi$le in all 8iews e:cept for the perspecti8e 8iew. %his grid is displa.ed regardless of the displa. settings of the intersection cur8es. %he same grid is also 8isi$le in the linesplan. 3ee illustration ,(./ for an e:ample.

3+

DELFTship

Illustration 1.. : 2rid of stations! buttoc5s and waterlines.

1:.4

!tations

<se this setting to modif. the displa. of stations. 2f no stations ha8e $een added to the model the option is disa$led in the menus.

1:.5

)uttoc*s

<se this setting to modif. the displa. of $uttocks. 2f no $uttocks ha8e $een added to the model the option is disa$led in the menus.

1:.8

%aterlines

<se this setting to modif. the displa. of waterlines. 2f no waterlines ha8e $een added to the model the option is disa$led in the menus.

1:.9

Diagonals

<se this setting to modif. the displa. of diagonals. 2f no diagonals ha8e $een added to the model the option is disa$led in the menus.

1:.1:

7ydrostatic features

DE-0%ship also pro8ides the option to plot some ke. h.drostatic 8alues in the model for the design draft. %hese areF

Displacement and center of $uo.anc. Center of flotation -ateral area and center of effort %rans8erse metacentric height Cur8e of sectional areas. Contrar. to the other 8alues this cur8e is onl. plotted in the profile 8iew of the hull.
Illustration 1..": : 7-drostatic features.

Illustration 1.." 7-drostatic features. 5f course these 8alues can onl. $e displa.ed if the model is consistent enough to calculate the h.drostatics* meaning that if the model contains leak points $elow the water plane no 8alues will $e calculated or displa.ed. %he 8alues are updated in real-time when the model is $eing modified. 7ou can specif. which data .ou want the program to show in the pro>ect settings window Csee paragraph .3 on page 2"E

DELFTship

1:.11

Critical points

Critical points can also $e displa.ed in all 8iews. 3ee paragraph ./ on page 2" for more information regarding critical points. %he displa. option for critical points is optional for the professional 8ersion of the software.

1:.12

Lea* points only

B. ena$ling this displa. option all regular control points will $e hidden from the control net so onl. points from the model that are considered IleakJ $. the program will $e drawn. %his makes it easier to identif. points restraining the h.drostatic calculations. 9aragraph ,,., on page /, co8ers leak points in detail.

1:.13

Flo(lines

Illustration 1..%: 1..%: #nl- the lea5 points of the model are displa-ed.

5ption to show flowlines. %he flowlines that are displa.ed $. DE-0%ship are calculated through anal.sis of the surface geometr. onl. and ha8e nothing to do with C0D. %his is a huge simplification since speed* pressure and wa8es are e:cluded from the calculation. Despite this simplification the flowlines show a remarka$le resem$lance with those calculated with C0D programs* $ut the. onl. are meant to gi8e the designer an impression of how the water will appro:imatel. flow. 4eal C0D calculations are of course much more accurate and relia$le.
0lowlines are added $. keeping the alt-$utton pressed and clicking with the mouse on a point $elow the waterline Cprofile* plan or $od. plan 8iew onl.E. %his point is used as the origin of the flowline. 0rom there the flow is traced as far as possi$le to the stern until it penetrates the design waterline.

Illustration 1..&: 1..&: 1lowlines.

0lowlines are onl. traced along surfaces that $elong to a la.er that is also used for h.drostatic calculations Cgenerall. the shell of the hullE. %he image a$o8e shows some flowlines at the $ow of a hull with a $ul$ fitted. %he $ackground image shows the results o$tained from a C0D calculation. %he small $lack lines represent the direction of the flow as calculated with C0D* the $lue cur8es are the flowlines calculated $. DE-0%ship. 0lowlines can $e selected and deleted like an. other geometr..
#reas on the surface where flowlines are con8erging to each other are high pressure areas whilst areas where the flowlines di8erge are low-pressure areas.

1:.1-

&ormals

2f this option is switched on* normals of faces that ha8e $een selected are displa.ed. %hese normals are drawn as thin white lines* pointing either inward or outward the hull Cillustration !.)E. %his displa. option is disa$led if the displa. of interior is set to false Cparagraph ,(.3 on page 3+E. # normal is drawn at each interior point of the su$di8ision surface. %he higher the precision is set* the more normals are drawn.

1:.1/

Cur+ature

%his option ena$les or disa$les the drawing of the cur8ature plot of control cur8es and certain intersection cur8es. 5nl. of intersection cur8es which appear checked in the intersection dialog Cparagraph ,"., on page )"E the cur8ature will $e plotted.

3!

DELFTship

1:.14

Mar*ers

1arkers are cur8es that are added to the model as a reference. 0or e:ample the $od. plan of an e:isting design could $e imported as markers. 3tations could then $e added to the DE-0%ship model at the same location as the markers. 0inall. the points can $e dragged until the stations and the markers are e:actl. on top of each other. 2n that case the DE-0%ship hull matches the hull from the e:isting design. 0or more information on markers please read paragraph ,,. on page /2.

1:.15

Mar*er points.

3ometimes markers contain so man. points that displa.ing these points o$scures the marker or e8en the model. 2n other cases .ouBre onl. interested in the shape of the markers* not the points used to model the markers. %o that purpose the marker points can $e hidden from 8iew. &ote that this option is onl. ena$led in the menus if the displa. of markers is set to true. Csee also the pre8ious paragraphE.

1:.18

Tan*s

Ena$lesAdisa$les the drawing of tanks. 2f the model contains tanks and a num$er of modifications to the hull ha8e to $e performed it is $etter to turn of the displa.ing of tanks. 5therwise all tanks ha8e to $e re$uild after each hull modification which can $e time consuming.

1:.19

!ounding pipes

Displa. sounding pipes of tanks Conl. ena$led if the model contains tanks and the displa. of tanks is set to trueE.

1:.2:

Transparent tan*s

3witch $etween solid shading of tanks or transparent shading.

1:.21

Tan* names

Displa. the names of tanks in the model.

1:.22

Cur+ature scale

%he scale of the cur8ature plot of control cur8es and intersection cur8es can $e decreased $. pressing the 0! ke.* so that cur8es with high cur8ature can $e e8aluated. 9ressing 0,( increases the cur8ature scale.

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11.
11.1

Tools
Chec* model

DE-0%ship can check the model for an. inconsistencies* and corrects most of them automaticall.. %his check is also performed each time h.drostatics are calculated* unless automatic checking is disa$led in the pro>ect settings Cparagraph .3 page 2"E . 0irst of all the surface is checked for an. dis>oint segments. %hen each segment is checked for a consistent direction of the face normals. 2f not* it adapts those faces. &e:t the lowest point of each isolated surface segment is identified. 0or con8entional ships this usuall. is the $ottom. 2f this is indeed a point on the $ottom then the a8erage normal of this point should point down in order to face the water. <nder this assumption all faces are adapted such that the direction of their normal corresponds to the direction of the normal of this particular point. 2n some rare cases this might cause the normals to point in the wrong direction. 2n that case it is recommended to manuall. flip the normals to the correct side Csee paragraph !.).2 on page 3,E and to disa$le automatic checking of the surface. %his test also identifies edges with more than two faces attached. 3econdl. a list of leak points is pro8ided where the hull is considered leak. # point is considered IleakJ ifF

2t is not situated on the center plane* meaning that the .-coordinate of the point U(.(((,. %he point is situated on a $oundar. edge C#n edge with onl. , face attached to itE.
&ote that for h.drostatic calculations an edge counts also as a $oundar. edge if two faces are attached to it of which one is e:cluded from h.drostatic calculations. %his could for e:ample $e the case for a ship with a closed deck* from which the deck is put in a separate la.er that is not included in the h.drostatics calculations. 2n that case DE-0%ship keeps calculating until the deck line is su$merged. #lso windows or an. other none watertight surfaces could $e treated similar.

2t is important to reali@e that leak points are not actuall. alwa.s leak in the sense that the. are alwa.s making water. # leak point in DE-0%ship is a point that is %otentially leak and onl. $ecomes actuall. leak if it is su$merged. 3o the presence of leak points does not alwa.s ha8e to pose a pro$lem* >ust as long as the. are not su$merged.

2f more then ,( leak points are found* onl. the first ,( are displa.ed. %he points are shown sorted in increasing height a$o8e the $ase plane. 0inall.* if the test is called from the menu* an o8er8iew of corrected items and possi$le remaining errors is shown.

11.2

Mo+e to baseline

2n DE-0%ship the draft is alwa.s measured from the $aseline. 2f the lower point of the hull does not coincide with =K(.( the model can simpl. $e mo8ed to the correct 8ertical position with this command. %he lowest point of all la.ers that are included in the h.drostatics is calculated and the model is mo8ed 8erticall. such that this lowest point will $e on the $aseline. &ote that after this operation it is still possi$le that surfaces not included in the h.drostatic calculation are located $elow the $aseline.

11.3

#emo+e negati+e

3ometimes* after importing a hull the geometr. of $oth sides of the ship is present. DE-0%ship onl. needs the port side. %his option remo8es all faces from the model that are completel. on the star$oard side.

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11.-

#emo+e unused points

4emo8e all points from the model that ha8e no edge or faces connected to it.

11./

E,tract critical points

E:tract control points from a selected set of control points and control edges. 4ather than the position of the control points the corresponding points on the surface are added to the list with critical points. # dialog is shown where the user can specif. the t.pe and s.mmetr. of the critical points he wants to add. Note0 1-is option is only visible in t-e &enus if t-e %riti%al points e/tension is in%luded.

11.4

!ubdi+ide controlnet

2f a model contains too few control points .ou can su$di8ide the controlnet to increase the num$er of points so more detailed modeling can $e performed. %his is a glo$al action howe8er* so it increases the num$er of points throughout the entire model. %his option can $e particularl. useful in com$ination with the automatic fairing routine descri$ed in paragraph !././ on page 2 .
Illustration 11.1: 11.1: 'ontrol net before and after subdi$iding.

11.5

;eel and rudder (i<ard

%he keel and rudder wi@ard ena$les the user to Huickl. define a keel or rudder with a predefined planform. 7ou can select the desired wing section from a list of standard &#C# sections. %he keel or rudder is show in 3D along with it $asic properties such as aspect ratio* 8olume* center of $uo.anc. etc. 5nce the keel or rudder is complete it can $e e:ported in two wa.s. <sing the IsendJ $utton it is inserted at the current DE-0%ship model at the origin. <sing the Isa8e as partJ $utton it can $e sa8ed to a file as a DE-0%ship part which can $e imported in other designs. %he liftAdrag ta$ shows an estimation for the lift and drag cur8es.
Illustration 11.2: 11.2: <eel and rudder wi=ard.

11.8

Mar*ers

1arkers are cur8es that can $e added to the model as a reference. 0or e:ample the offsets of another design can $e imported as markers. %hen intersection cur8es can $e specified at the same location as the offset data in DE-0%ship. 2f the intersection cur8es coincide with the markers $oth models are e:actl. the same. #nother use for markers is to 8isuall. check the differences $etween two 8ersions of a design. 2f .ou con8ert all stations to markers $efore modif.ing the model then the difference $etween the markers and updated stations reflect the modifications made to the design.

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DELFTship

11.1.1

5m%ort
1 0.000 0.856 1.884 3.939 4.966 5.994 8.049 9.590 10.618 11.645 13.700 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.150 0.048 -0.046 -0.158 KNUCKLE -0.184 -0.195 -0.192 -0.163 -0.122 -0.059 0.150 1.056 0.844 0.666 0.565 0.524 0.522 0.553 0.640 0.802 1.056 1.683 1.498 1.211 1.077 1.050 1.090 1.247 1.563 1.683

DE-0%ship can read the following file formats and con8ert the data into markersF

Auto%ad D2( files (3.d/f . %he files need to $e in #utocad 4,2 format. 5nl. lines* pol.lines arcs and circles are imported as markers. I)*4 files (3.igs5 3.iges . %he following entities are imported as markersF &<4B cur8es Centit. ,2)E D*6(1s-ip &ar7er files (3.&r7 . %his nati8e file format is -0.771 0.000 meant to e:change markers $etween different C8ersions ofE 0.685 0.662 2.398 1.219 designs. 4.110 1.536 1e/t files (3.t/t . 2f .ou need a different wa. to import 5.822 1.664 markers .ou can specif. the data .ourself in a te:t file. %he 7.535 1.672 9.248 1.575 file should meet the following formatF 10.960 1.300 %he first line of the file must either $e a ( C@eroE or a 12.672 0.795 14.471 0.000 ,. # @ero indicates that all coordinates are in meters while a one indicates that the coordinates are in -0.053 0.000 0.856 0.421 feet. 2.911 1.071 Each cur8e is defined $. a seHuence of N*7 and = 4.966 1.375 7.021 1.436 coordinates separated $. at least , space. 9.076 1.344 7ou can optionall. add the word I?&<C?-EJ after 11.131 0.989 13.186 0.272 the @ coordinate to introduce a knuckle point in the 13.753 0.000 cur8e. %he end of a cur8e is indicated $. an empt. line EOF after the last coordinate. %he last line in the file should $e BE50B Cuse capitalsE. %he following is an e:ample of a file containing 3 longitudinal cur8es.

KNUCKLE

11.1.2

E8%ort

#ll a8aila$le marker cur8es are e:ported to a file in the nati8e file format of DE-0%ship. %his file has the e:tension .mrk and can $e imported into other designs.

11.1.3

#elete

%his deletes all markers from the model. 2t speaks for itself that this option is disa$led if there are no markers added to the model.

11.9

"dd bo,

<se this option to add a $o: shaped 8olume to .our model* for e:ample to represent a superstructure or e8en as a starting point for a new hull. %he $o: can $e added to either the currentl. acti8e la.er or to a new la.er.

11.1:

"dd cylinder

-ets .ou add a c.linder to the model. 7ou can specif. the start point* endpoint* radius and num$er of points in the window that appears. %he points are calculated in such a wa. that the resulting surface has the reHuired properties* e8en though the points are located outside the c.linder. %he minimum num$er of points that can $e used to form the c.lindrical shape is /* howe8er ) or more is recommended. 7ou can use the c.linder for e:ample to add a $ow thruster to .our model. 5ptionall. the c.linder can $e added to the currentl. acti8e la.er or to a new la.er.

/3

DELFTship

11.11

Edit criteria

%he professional 8ersion of DE-0%ship includes a list with default sta$ilit. criteria. %hose criteria are programmed in such a wa. that itBs relati8el. eas. for the user to create his own set if for some reason the included criteria are not sufficient or applica$le. # set of sta$ilit. criteria must alwa.s $e selected in order to calculate load cases or to perform the ma: 8cgB calculations. %here are two different wa.s to open the window with sta$ilit. criteriaF 1. %hrough the load case ta$ from the pro>ect settings window Csee paragraph ." on page 2)E. %his is correct wa. if .ou want to select a set of criteria for .our pro>ect or if .ou want to modif. settings of the alread. selected pro>ect criteria. %he selected criteria for .our pro>ect will $e stored in the pro>ect file. 1odifications the the criteria other than the pro>ect criteria are not sa8ed to file and will $e lost. 2. B. using the IEdit criteriaJ option from the main menu. %his allows .ou to modif. Cand sa8eE the list with criteria for future use. No modifications are made to the the selected set of criteria from .our currentl. open pro>ect since those criteria are stored in the pro>ect file rather than the criteria list. 2llustration ,,.3 shows the sta$ilit. criteria window. %he criteria tree to the left of the window allows .ou to group criteria together an. wa. .ou like using so called IsectionsJ. B. selecting a criterion or a set of criteria it will $ecome acti8e and its properties are displa.ed to the right. #ll criteria or sections can ha8e a lock displa.ed ne:t to them in the tree. Depending on the color of this lock it has the following meaningF 9ellowF %he selected item or its children are not locked in an. wa. and can $e freel. modified. 9ossi$le input fields in the grid to the right are displa.ed in white. &rayF %he selected set or criterion Illustration 11.3: 11.3: Stabilit- criteria window. is locked. 2t can still $e modified $. the user after unlocking it. -ocking or unlocking is simpl. done $. clicking on the lock with the left mouse $utton. 7ou can lock or unlock a indi8idual criterion* $ut if .ou lock the parent section of a criterion than all underl.ing items will also $e locked. #ll input fields will $e displa.ed in gra. to indicate the. can not $e modified. 7ou can not unlock an item if its parent is still locked without unlocking this parent first. 3lueF %hese are special items that are fro@en. %hese items can not $e unfro@en* unlocked or modified in an. wa.* not e8en deleted. Howe8er it is possi$le to create a cop. of those items which can $e unlocked and modified. Besides the lock an additional image is drawn in some casesF Each %riterion has a light $ul$ displa.ed ne:t to it. 2f the light $ul$ is .ellow the criterion will $e drawn in the sta$ilit. cur8e. 2f it is white then the criterion will not $e 8isi$le in the graph of the sta$ilit. cur8e. &ote that this setting onl. affects the appearance of the sta$ilit. cur8e* it does not e:clude a criterion from the test that checks whether a set of criteria complies or not. # se%tion can ha8e onl. the lock displa.ed or another additional image that resem$les a sta$ilit. cur8e. 2n the first case the section contains other sections or is empt.. 2n the second case the image indicates that the section is in fact a 8alid set of criteria that can $e selected for a pro>ect. 2f the image with the sta$ilit. cur8e is not displa.ed then the section can not $e selected as pro>ect criteriaD

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DELFTship

DE-0%ship distinguishes the following o$>ects that can $e used in the process of making .our own set of sta$ilit. criteriaF

11.11.1

"ection

# section is a container for other sections or criteria. 2f a section contains other sections it is no longer considered a selecta$le set of criteria an. more. %he parameters of a section that can $e modified areF Des%ription. %he description should $e chosen carefull. as it is displa.ed in the reports of load case and ma: 8cgB calculations. %he description can $e modified $. modif.ing the description te:t in the criteria tree. 8alid for. %his additional line of te:t is displa.ed also in the reports and should indicate to what t.pe of 8essels the criteria are applica$le. Desired units for output. %his input field makes it Illustration 11. : Parameters for a section. possi$le to switch $etween the t.pe of units used for input and output of 8alues for the underl.ing criteria. 2f the selected section does not represent a selecta$le set than this parameter remains hidden.

11.11.2

Area under the &( cur$e

%his is a 8er. freHuentl. used criterion which calculates the area under the ;= cur8e $etween two heeling angles. %he following parameters ma. $e specifiedF 1-e lower angle. %his can either $e a user defined angle* the eHuili$rium angle or $oth. 2n case $oth are to used the greater of the two angles is chosen. 1-e upper angle can $e a com$ination of a user defined angle* the downflooding angle Cif critical points ha8e $een specifiedE* the angle of 8anishing sta$ilit. and the angle at which the ma:imum ;= occurs. 2f more than one angle is selected then the lowest 8alue is used for the upper angle. .e9uired area varies wit- angle of &a/ ):. 1ost of the times the reHuired area is a constant 8alue. 3ometimes howe8er the reHuired area depends on the angle of ma:imum ;=. 2n that case / 8alues must $e specifiedF # lower limit heeling angle %he corresponding reHuired area at this angle #n upper limit heeling angle %he corresponding reHuired area at this angle 2f the angle of ma:. ;= is smaller than the lower limit angle the lower limit area is used C.ellow area from illustration ,,.)E. 2f the angle of ma:. ;= is larger than the upper limit angle then the reHuired area corresponding to the upper limit is used Cgreen areaE. 2n case the angle at which ma:. ;= occurs is in $etween the two defined limits then the reHuired area is o$tained $. linear interpolating $etween the two defined reHuired areas Cgra. areaE.

Illustration 11.": 11.": 8rea under the 23 cur$e criterion.

Illustration 11.%: 11.%: )e>uired area under the 23 cur$e $aries.

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DELFTship

11.11.3

+alue o ma8. &(

%his criterion calculates the ma:imum 8alue of the ;= cur8e $etween two limiting angles. 1-e lower li&it can $e a user defined angle* the eHuili$rium angle or the greater of $oth. 1-e upper li&it is a user defined heeling angle* the downflooding angle* the angle corresponding to the first peak in the ;= cur8e or the smallest 8alue of those angles in case a com$ination of multiple 8alues is used. %he final parameter is the reHuired 8alue for the criterion that must $e met.
Illustration 11.&: 11.&: Input parameters for the ?@alue of ma,. 23A criterion

11.11..

Angle o ma8. &(

Besides the ma:imum 8alue of the ;= cur8e also the heeling angle at which this ma:imum 8alue occurs is an important criterion. B. default the full range of the cur8e is e8aluated howe8er $. modif.ing the following settings .ou can limit this rangeF (irst pea7 in t-e ): %urve. %he part after the fist peak is ignored e8en if the ;= cur8e rises again after this first peak. Downflooding value. %he cur8e is e8aluated up to the downflooding angle. %he lesser angle of the two is used if $oth are parameters are chosen.

Illustration 11.(: 11.(: Input parameters for the B8ngle of ma,. 23B criterion

11.11.)

4etacentric height

%his is a relati8el. simple criterion with onl. a few parametersF ;ser defined -eeling angle. 2f this option is ena$led then the ;1 is calculated for the user defined heeling angle. 2f disa$led the eHuili$rium angle is $eing used. <eeling angle. %he user defined heeling angle descri$ed a$o8e. .e9uired value. %he 8alue of ;1 that must $e met.

Illustration 11.*: 11.*: Input parameters for the BMetacentric heightBcriterion

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DELFTship

11.11.*

!ind heeling criterion

%he wind heeling criterion is a 8er. complicated criterion with a lot of parameters. %his criterion is alwa.s used in com$ination with a wind silhouette. 2f no silhouette is selected in the load case or ma: VC;B calculations then the criterion will not $e met. 3ummari@ed the criterion calculates the heeling angle caused $. a static wind pressure. %hen it is assumed the hull rolls $ack to a certain angle due to the action of wa8es. 0inall. a wind gust is applied to the ship and the area $etween the wind gust heeling arm and the ;= cur8e is calculated. %he area left of the wind gust eHuili$rium angle C,/.2o on illustration ,3."E is called IArea AJ while the area to the right is called IArea BJ. %he settings that can $e ad>usted for this criterion areF

Illustration 11.1.: 11.1.: Input parameters for the BCind heelingB criterion

'ind pressure. %he static wind pressure e:erted $. the wind on the selected silhouette causing the ship to heel. Cosinus power. %he formula used to calculate the wind heeling moment for an. gi8en heeling angle isF 1VK1(LcosCVE& whereF M= is the wind heeling moment at heeling angle V M# is the wind moment in upright position. N is the 8alue for Icosinus powerJ. # 8alue of ( will result in a constant heeling moment for all heeling angles as prescri$ed $. the 215. B. setting this 8alue to , the wind le8er will $e multiplied with cosC VE,. 2f set to 2 the le8er will $e multiplied with cosC VE2. 'ind gust &ultiplier. # factor to calculate the wind pressure of the wind gust relati8e to the static wind pressure. %he 215 prescri$es ,." times the static wind pressure. 6ateral C* at -alf draft. B. default DE-0%ship calculates the heeling le8er as the 8ertical height $etween the center of effort of the wind area and the lateral center of effort. %he latter is calculated e:actl. from the wind silhouette. 2f this option is ena$led the actual height of the lateral center of effort is replaced $. the ships half draft which is in most cases slightl. lower. #rea B is calculated from the wind gust eHuili$rium angle to an upper angle which can $e a user defined angle* the downflooding angle* the angle of the first peak in the ;= cur8e* the angle at which the ma:imum ;= occurs or a com$ination. 2f multiple limits for the upper angle are specified then the lesser 8alue will $e used. ;se IMO rollba%7 angle. %he 215 offers a formula that can $e used to calculate the roll$ack angle due to the action of wa8es. %he formula uses information automaticall. e:tracted from the hull* such as -6- and CB for e:ample* $ut also the t.pe of $ilge and the $ilgekeel area which are stored in the wind silhouette Csee also paragraph ,/.3 on page )3E. 2f this option is selected the 215 formula for the roll$ack angle is used* otherwise the user must manuall. specif. a roll$ack angle. 1est for &a/i&u& stati% -eeling angle. %his option should $e ena$led if the heeling angle caused $. the static wind pressure is not Illustration 11.11: 11.11: Cind heeling criterion 8rea8 and 8rea6 allowed to e:ceed a certain ma:imum angle. Ma/i&u& allowed stati% -eeling angle. %he actual 8alue of the ma:imum allowed heeling angle due to static wind. 1est stati% angle against against de%7 i&&ersion angle. %his parameter limits the heeling angle as a

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DELFTship

percentage of the deck immersion angle. %he 215 uses a ma:imum allowa$le heeling angle of (Q of the deck immersion angle for e:ample. Ma/. allowed ratio stati% angle>de%7 i&&ersion angle. <sed in com$ination with the pre8ious parameter. %his is the actual allowed ratio e:pressed as the ma:imum allowed heeling angle di8ided $. the deck immersion angle. %he 8alue must $e in the range (.( -,.( and is (. ( for the 215 wind criterion. .atio of AreaA>AreaB. <sed in com$ination with the ne:t parameter. .e9uired ratio of areas. %he area ratio is a dimensionless num$er calculated as Area A>Area B. #s long as the 8alue for Area B is larger than the 8alue calculated for Area A the ship has enough sta$ilit. to reco8er from the wind gust. 2f it is smaller than it will capsi@e.

11.11.0

Passenger crowding angle

Criterion for passenger 8essels that tests whether the heeling angle caused $. putting all passengers a certain distance from the centerline of the 8essel does not e:ceed a ma:imum heeling angle. %he magnitude of the e:erted heeling moment depends onF 1-e nu&ber of passengers the 8essel was designed for. ?assenger weig-t. #8erage weight for each passenger. ?assenger lo%ation. 7ou can choose $etween half the $eam of the ship Cas specified in the pro>ect settingsE Illustration 11.12: 11.12: Input parameters for the BPassenger crowdingB or a user defined distance. criterion. Cosinus power. %he formula used to calculate the heeling moment for an. gi8en heeling angle is 1VK1(LcosCVE& where M= is the heeling moment at heeling angle V M# is the upright heeling moment. N is the 8alue for Icosinus powerJ. # 8alue of ( will result in a constant heeling moment for all heeling angles. .e9uired value. %he ma:imum heeling angle that is allowed.

11.11.1

:igh s%eed turning angle

%he heeling angle caused $. turning the ship at high speed is also limited in some cases. %he heeling moment is calculated fromF 4ervi%e speed. %he speed of the ship while turning. %his speed is in knots. 1urning radius. %he turning radius can $e specified as an a$solute 8alue or e:pressed in terms of the ships length. 1-e -eeling lever. %his can either $e the height of VC; a$o8e half the draft or a user specified 8alue. Illustration 11.13: 11.13: Parameters for the B7igh speed turningB A %onstant &ultiplier is used to increase or decrease criterion. the heeling moment. Cosinus power. %he formula used to calculate the heeling moment for an. gi8en heeling angle is 1VK1(LcosCVE& where M= is the heeling moment at heeling angle V M# is the upright heeling moment. N is the 8alue for Icosinus powerJ. # 8alue of ( will result in a constant heeling moment for all heeling angles. .e9uired value. %he ma:imum heeling angle that is allowed.

DELFTship

12.

Transform

%he transformation operations descri$ed paragraph ,2.,* ,2.2* ,2.3 and ,2./ are intended to $e used with a selection. %here are two different wa.s to create such a selection. 1. 3elect the items manuall. with the mouse 2. 3elect nothing. #s soon as one of the commands $elow is chosen and no selection e:ists* the program shows a window from which .ou can select the appropriate la.ers. %hen the operation is performed on the selected la.ers.

12.1

!cale

3cales Cpart ofE the model. 0or this operation all selected points are assem$led in a list together with all the points that $elong to selected edges and faces. 2f nothing is selected* a window is presented to the user from which entire la.ers can $e selected. 2f the check$o: at the $ottom of this dialog is checked Cthe one sa.ingF Iinclude points that are shared with unselected la.ersJE then a point is selected automaticall. if at least one attached face $elongs to a selected la.er. 2f the check$o: is not checked* then a point is selected onl. if all the faces around it $elong to selected la.erCsE. 2f all the points of the model are selected* then not onl. is the hull scaled* $ut all other information such as main particulars* intersection cur8es* tanks and critical points too.

12.2

Mo+e

1o8es Cpart ofE the model. 6orks on points e:tracted from a selection* as descri$ed in paragraph ,2.,.

12.3

#otate

4otates Cpart ofE the model. 6orks on points e:tracted from a selection* as descri$ed in paragraph ,2.,.

12.-

Mirror

2n contrast to the pre8ious transformation commands this one is $ased on selected faces onl.* not points. 0irst the faces need to $e selected that must $e mirrored. 5nl. then .ou can use the mirror command to create a mirrored cop. of the selected faces. %he mirror plane can $e either trans8erse C7= planeE* hori@ontal CN7 planeE or 8ertical CN= planeE. %he distance of the mirror plane to the origin must $e specified in the distance field. %he check$o: at the $ottom of the form tells the program if the mirrored points should $e connected to alread. e:isting points or not.
Illustration 12.1: 12.1: Mirror faces.

12./

7ullform transformation

DE-0%ship has the a$ilit. to automaticall. ad>ust some hullform parameters. 7ou can use two different t.pes of transformationF

%he hullform transformation method de8eloped $. -acken$. is used to transform the hull to match a desired displacement or longitudinal center of $uo.anc. while maintaining fairness of .our design. %his is done $. shifting control points in the longitudinal direction. 3o the o8erall length of the design will $e different after the transformation. %he window looks as shown in illustration ,2.2. %he midship coefficient transformation ad>usts the shape of the hull so that a specified midship coefficient is met. &ote that after this transformation the displacement is also altered. 2f $oth the midship coefficient and the displacement need to $e modified it is ad8ised to ad>ust the midship first $efore transforming the hull to the desired displacement or center of $uo.anc.. %he midship coefficient transformation might result in a distorted deck line.

/!

DELFTship

%he input fields to the left are di8ided in 3 columns. %he left column shows the current 8alues as calculated from the model. %he middle column shows the desired 8alues which can $e modified $. the user. Depending on which transformation method is selected some input fields can $e disa$led. %he right column shows the difference $etween the current and desired 8alues. %he left and right column are updated after each iteration so the progress can $e monitored. Below these 3 columns the ma:imum num$er of iterations that ma. $e performed can $e modified. %he default is ,"* $ut sometimes more iterations are needed to o$tain the desired result. %his is speciall. true when a design has a high prismatic coefficient in the aft ship* such as planing motor craft* or when the midship location is far from the usual place at (."L-ength.

Illustration 12.2: 12.2: 8utomatic hull form transformation.

%he check$o: $elow that ensures that all windows of the program are updated after each iteration* so the progress can $e monitored in 3D. #s can $een seen on illustration ,2.3 is the $od.plan of the original hull displa.ed in $lack. 2f the transformation was successful then the transformed $od.plan is displa.ed in red dashed lines on top of the original $od.plan to 8isuali@e the difference $etween the original and transformed hull. #t the $ottom of the window the original sectional area cur8e and design waterline are displa.ed* also in $lack. #gain the new sectional area cur8e and design waterline are displa.ed on top of these if the transformation was successful. %he dark gra. dashed line is the location of the midship section as defined $. the user in the pro>ect settings. 2t is important to know that in contrast to the h.drostatics calculated elsewhere in the program here it is calculated using ordinates* and not surface panels. %his can cause a slight difference $etween the displacement shown here and calculated elsewhere. # total of 2 ordinates is used to calculate the sectional area cur8e and h.drostatics* /, for the aft ship and /, for the fore ship. 0inall. at the $ottom-left corner all la.ers of the model are shown. %he transformation is onl. applied to the la.ers that ha8e a check mark ne:t to them. #s stated pre8iousl. the transformation consists of shifting control points longitudinall.* so the location of for e:ample a keel* center$oard or ca$in is also likel. to change. B. e:cluding la.ers from the transformation the. remain unchanged* $ut it ma. result in a distorted or unfair model if the model was transformed e:cessi8el..

Illustration 12.3: 12.3: 7ull after transformation of displacement.

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13.
13.1

Tan*s
.eneral information about tan*s

%anks are modeled as 3D 8olumes and descri$ed $. surfaces* >ust like the hull shape. %he $iggest ad8antage of this is that a higher accurac. is o$tained* especiall. when the 8olume of a tank is calculated under trim and heel as is the case when load cases are calculated. 2n order to $e a$le to create comple: shapes* tanks are created from multiple o$>ects called compartments. %o create comple: tanks .ou can use as man. compartments as .ou like Csee illustration ,3.,E %anks and compartments ma. $e deleted $. selecting them in the tree and pressing the delete ke.. 2t is also possi$le to drag a compartment from one tank to another with the mouse. #lthough the compartments are modeled as separate items all compartments within a tank are treated as one* meaning that the fluid le8el in all compartments is the same. 2f one of the compartments of a tank could not $e $uild properl.* $oth the compartment and tank it $elongs to will ha8e an e:clamation mark displa.ed ne:t to them in the tree Cillustration ,3.2E. %his makes it eas. to see if .our model contains an. in8alid tanks. # compartment should $e full. closed at all sides after it has $een $uild. 2f this is not the case the e:clamation mark will $e displa.ed and the model contains some purple edges. %hese are the edges where the compartment could not $e closed. 2n the case of illustration ,3.3 the top of the compartment was e:tended to the deck while there is no deck in the ship. %herefore the aft* top and front side could not $e closed. %he remed. for this specific case is to either drop the top of the compartment to $elow the sheerline or to create a deck to make the hull closed.

Illustration 13.1: 13.1: Tan5 made out of multiple compartments.

Illustration 13.2: 13.2: In$alid tan5.

Illustration 13.3: 13.3: In$alid compartment.

13.2

Edit

2llustration ,3./ shows the tank editor window. %here is no menu* all edit commands are accessi$le through the tool$ar at the top. %he tree to the right shows all the a8aila$le tanks and compartments. B. selecting a tank or compartment a panel displa.ed at the top of the windows shows the properties of that item. 5nl. the item that is currentl. selected is drawn. 2f no tank or compartment is selected all the a8aila$le tanks will $e drawn. %his can $e done $. clicking on the white area at the $ottom or to the right of the tree.

Illustration 13. : Tan5 editor window showing tan5s and compartments.

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13.2.1

Adding a tank

9ress the new tan7 $utton on the tool$ar or the insert ke. on .our ke.$oard. # new tank will $e added to the tree and is automaticall. selected. %he new tank contains , compartment $. default. 7ou can modif. the following properties of the tank Cillustration ,3."EF

Illustration 13.": 13.": Tan5 properties

@A.$.@.@

Abbreviation

# short description of the tank. %he full description* that is shown also whene8er the tank is drawn on screen* can $e changed $. clicking on the name of the tank in the tree.

@A.$.@.$

)roup

#ll tanks must $e assigned to a weight group $. selecting the appropriate group from the drop-down list. 6eight groups are* >ust as the name implies* groups of weights Cor tanksE with the same properties. %his is especiall. useful if .ou ha8e multiple tanks with the same contents. %o manage the weight groups .ou should press the small $utton ne:t to the list with weight groupsF 2n the weight group window Cillustration ,3.)E weight groups can $e added* deleted or modified. 2t also offers an o8er8iew of how man. tanks or weights are assigned to each group. B. default all the weight groups will $e shown in the load case editor unless .ou e:plicitl. hide them from the load cases. 2f a weight group is specified as a IlightshipJ group then all the weights assigned to this group are added to the lightship weight used in the load case editor. &ew groups are added $. pressing the insert ke. on the ke.$oard. %he delete ke. deletes the selected weight group. &ote that the order of weight groups is 8er. important and can $e changed $. dragging the the first column of a weight group to a new row. %he same order of the weight group window is applied when creating the tank o8er8iew and intact sta$ilit. report.

Illustration 13.%: 13.%: weight group dialog.

@A.$.@.A

1an7 position

%he tank position indicates on what side of ship the tank is located Cport* star$oard or centerE. B. modif.ing this all compartments of this tank will switch to the selected side. 7ou can also modif. this on a compartment-le8el $. selecting the appropriate compartment first.

@A.$.@.B

.elative density

%he densit. of the contents of the tank relati8e to the densit. of fresh water* which is ,.(((. 3ea water has a relati8e densit. of ,.(2".

"2

DELFTship

@A.$.@.C

Inta%t per&eability

%he intact permea$ilit. is the permea$ilit. of the tank which is used for calculating the 8olume when loaded with fluids. Due to the fact that the walls of the tank ha8e a thickness and the presence of construction parts the real internal 8olume is alwa.s smaller than the 8olume as calculated from the surface descri$ing the outer side of the tank. %herefore the permea$ilit. is alwa.s a num$er $etween (.( and ,.(. B. default the permea$ilit. is set to (.! . 0or tanks with few or no internal construction parts this could $e set to (.! -(.!!.

@A.$.@.D

Da&age per&eability

&ot used in 8ersion 3.2.

@A.$.@.E

Conne%ted to outside

%his propert. ena$les user to directl. connect he selected tank with the surrounding water. %his feature is particularl. useful when modeling non $uo.ant 8olumes such as moon pools* $ow thrusters or sea chests. %he 8olume of all these tanks is automaticall. su$tracted from the displacement and other h.drostatic properties such as water plane area* sectional area cur8e etc. %he relati8e densit. can not $e modified since the program automaticall. uses the water densit. as specified in the pro>ect settings.

@A.$.@.F

;se (4C w-en sla%7

%he 215 reHuires that for tanks containing consuma$les at least from one tank Cor one pair of tanksE the free surface correction is applied to the sta$ilit. cur8e* e8en when the tank is empt.. Ena$ling this option ensures that the ma:imum free surface correction of this tank is applied* e8en if the tank is empt..

13.2.2

Adding a com%artment

7ou can add new compartments $. selecting the appropriate tank and pressing the new %o&part&ent $utton from the tool$ar. %he new compartment is added to the tank and will $e automaticall. selected. %he following properties of the compartment can $e modifiedF

Illustration 13.&: 13.&: 'ompartment properties.

@A.$.$.@

1ype of %o&part&ent

Basicall. there are two t.pe of compartments a8aila$le in DE-0%ship at this stage.

"im%le. %he most freHuentl. used t.pe of compartment. %he shape of the compartment is defined as a simple $o: that is trimmed against the hull Csee also paragraph ,3.2.2./ on page ""E. %he aft* forward* inner* outer* lower and upper $oundar. of the compartment must $e specified as shown on illustration ,3. . 2n the input fields .ou can either enter an a$solute 8alueAnum$er or the identifier s-ell which tells the program that the compartment e:tends to the shell.
#ll compartments are modeled at the port side of the ship* so onl. positi8e 8alues are accepted in the
Illustration 13.(: 13.(: Input of a simple bo, compartment.

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DELFTship

input field for $readth 8alues. 7ou can switch a compartment from the port side to star$oard as descri$ed in paragraph ,3.2.2.2 on page "/.

Ad$anced. 2n some cases compartments ha8e tilted sides. 2f .ou set the compartment t.pe to advan%ed .ou can enter the coordinates of each of the cornerpoints of the compartmentBs $ounding $o:. 0or each side DE-0%ship fits a plane through the four cornerpoints. %his plane is used to $uild the compartment.
%he sides of a compartment that do not e:tend to the shell are alwa.s flat Cas in planarE* regardless of the 8alues specified for the cornerpoints.

# plane is uniHuel. descri$ed $. three points in space. 2f the fourth point of a side is not e:actl. on that plane the $est a8erage fitting plane through the four points is used.

2llustration ,3.! shows the input fields of an ad8anced compartment.

Illustration 13.*: 13.*: Input of an ad$anced bo, compartment.

@A.$.$.$

Co&part&ent position

6hile modeling compartments onl. positi8e num$ers are allowed for the $readth 8alues. %his is due to the fact that onl. , side of the hull is ph.sicall. present in the program. B. modif.ing the %o&part&ent position setting .ou can switch a compartment to star$oard side or $oth sides of .our ship. 7ou can also do this on a tank le8el as e:plained in paragraph ,3.2.,.3 on page "2.

@A.$.$.A

?ositive>negative

3ometimes tanks contain recesses that are difficult to model. 2n fact it might $e simpler to model that recess and su$tract it from the total tank rather than modeling the parts of the tank surrounding the recess. 2f a compartment is set to negati8e all properties such as 8olume* C5;* free surface moment etc. are su$tracted from the total tank. Be careful not to su$tract a compartment from a tank that has a larger 8olume than the total tank 8olumeD &egati8e compartments show up in a different color than positi8e compartments to make them easier to identif.. 2n most cases the tank can also $e $uild using onl. positi8e compartments $ut is easier to create $. using negati8e compartments. #n e:ample is shown on illustration ,3.,, Illustration 13.1.: 13.1.: Tan5 containing negati$e compartments 9in red:. where two identical tanks are displa.ed. %he green tank to the left is made out of / positi8e compartments while the $lue tank is made out of onl. two compartments* , positi8e and one negati8e Cdark redE. B. using negati8e compartments it can sometimes $e difficult to see the actual shape of the tank* especiall. if multiple negati8e compartments are used. B. using onl. positi8e compartments this can $e a8oided as .ou alwa.s see the true shape of the tank.

Illustration 13.11: 13.11: Two identical tan5s build in a different wa-.

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@A.$.$.B

1ri& at -ull

&ormall. compartments are automaticall. trimmed at the hull. 2f this is not desira$le then .ou can disa$le this so the compartment will ha8e e:actl. the shape as defined in the input fields. %his is especiall. useful if .ou want to define compartments in areas where no hull definition e:ists* for e:ample when modeling the superstructure as a tank.
2f one of the input fields contains the 8alue s-ell then the compartment is automaticall. trimmed at the shell and this option is disa$led.

@A.$.$.C

;se all layers

B. default all la.ers are used when $uilding a compartment. 2f .ou disa$le this option .ouBll $e a$le to e:plicitl. define what la.ers should $e used for the selected compartment as descri$ed in paragraph ,3.2.2.).

@A.$.$.D

4ele%t

%his ena$les .ou to select which la.ers should $e used when the selected compartment is $eing $uild. #s stated in paragraph ,3., a compartment must $e full. closed along all edges. B. carefull. e:cluding la.ers from the selecting sometimes errors can $e a8oided. -a.ers containing $oundar. edges can sometimes cause pro$lems. #lso it might $e clear that la.ers that contain items such as sails* masts etc. should not $e included in the selection.
Illustration 13.12: 13.12: Selecting la-ers.

13.2.3

,o%y a tank or com%artment

7ou can cop. the selected tank or compartment $. pressing the cop. $utton on the tool$ar.

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13.3

$+er+ie(

2llustration ,3.,3 shows an e:ample of the report that is produced $. the tank o8er8iew option. Here .ou can clearl. see the use of weight groups as e:plained in paragraph ,3.2.,.2 on page "2. %anks are grouped according to their weight group presented in the same order.

Illustration 13.13: 13.13: +,ample of the tan5 o$er$iew report.

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1-.
1-.1

Load cases
.eneral information about load cases.

# load case is in fact nothing $ut a collection of weights and related centers of gra8it.. %hese weights can $e fi:ed CpointE weights $ut also tanks that are Cpartiall.E filled or weights from a common weight list. %he sum of alle these weights eHuals the displacement of the ship. 6hen the load case is $eing sol8ed DE-0%ship tries to esta$lish the position of the ship in the water for a num$er of heeling angles. <sing this information the program calculates the draft* trim and heeling angle for the eHuili$rium state and also the sta$ilit. cur8e. %hereBs no restriction when it comes to the num$er of load cases. %he. show up in the drop down list left in the tool$ar. 7ou can select the appropriate load case from this list.

1-.2

Edit

Illustration 1 .1: .1: 0oad case editing window.

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DELFTship

2llustration ,/., shows an o8er8iew of the load case window. 2t can $e su$di8ided into the following " main areasF 1. # 3D 8iew on the model is displa.ed at the top. %he model is initiall. shown in a le8el position. 5nce the load case has $een sol8ed and an eHuili$rium could $e esta$lished the model will $e drawn in that position. %he su$merged areas of the hull are shaded in a different color. 7ou can choose $etween a shaded 8iew of the hull or a wireframe 8iew which offers a $etter 8iew on the the contents of tanks. Both 8iews are shown on illustration ,/.2. %he amount of transparenc. for shading hull surfaces can $e ad>usted in the preferences window Cparagraph ." on page 2)E. 2. %he input area is where most of the action takes place. %he top item shows the lightship weight and center of gra8it.. %his special weight item can not $e modified or deleted. 2t adds up all the weights from the 8arious weight groups which ha8e $een marked as $elonging to the light ship. Below the lightship item all the other weight groups are displa.ed. %he dark gra. rows are the headers of each weight group and the. displa. a summar. for each weight Illustration 1 .3: .3: Input area. group. %his wa. .ou can instantl. see how much $allast water or H05 has $een loaded for e:ample. %he first column of each header contains the description of that particular weight group. B. pressing the ;-< or ;=< sign ne:t to this description the weight group can $e collapsed or e:panded for a clearer 8iew on all items of this load case. 6eight groups can $e hidden from a load case or the order of appearance can $e modified in the weight group dialog Csee also paragraph ,3.2.,.2 on page "2E. 5nl. the data in the light gra. cells can $e modified $. the user. %he other cells contain calculated data. %he two rightmost columns show the aft and forward $oundar. of each weight. %hese $oundaries are rele8ant onl. to determine the longitudinal weight distri$ution for determining the longitudinal $ending moments and shear forces Csee paragraph ,/.2.+ on page ),E. 2f the $ending moment e:tension is not included then the data is irrele8ant and those two columns will not $e 8isi$le to the user. 3. # summar. of all the specified weights is shown >ust $elow the input area. 2t shows a summar. for lightship* deadweight and total displacement.
Illustration 1 . : Summar- of weights.

Illustration 1 .2: .2: 3/ $iew on load case.

.. &e:t to the weight summar. details on the eHuili$rium position are displa.ed. #ll rele8ant data is shown* including the applied free surface correction and the ma:imum allowa$le VC; for the selected sta$ilit. criteria if that e:tension is included into the software.
Illustration 1 .": .": +>uilibrium properties.

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DELFTship

). %he final area shows two ta$ pages that either show the numerical results for each heeling angle or the sta$ilit. cur8e. B. default the ta$ page with the sta$ilit. cur8e is selected. %he actual appearance of the graph depends on the settings for the selected set of sta$ilit. criteria as e8er. single criterion of the set can $e plotted in the cur8e or hidden. 0or more information on the use of sta$ilit. criteria the user is referred to paragraph,,.,, on page //.

1..2.1

6sing the weight list

%he weight list is a con8enient wa. to manage lightship items and common weights that occur in multiple loadcases. #ll weights in the weight list are added to a weight group. #ll weights added to a weight group which is marked as a lightship group are automaticall. added to the lightship weight. 2n some cases specif.ing a single weight for the lightship item suffices. Howe8er if .ou want to calculate the longitudinal $ending moment and shear force the lightship must $e su$di8ided in as man. known weights as possi$le. %he aft and forward $oundaries of each weight must $e specified also since it is used to generate the longitudinal weight distri$ution. Csee also paragraph ,/.2.+ on page ),E #t the top of the input window a list is shown with all the a8aila$le weight groups. %he main area of the window shows all weights added to the selected weight group. 7ou can add new weights $. pressing the insert CinsE ke. on .our ke.$oard while the delete CdelE ke. will delete a weight. %he order of weights can $e modified $. dragging the num$er displa.ed in the leftmost column to a new row.

1..2.2

Editing load cases cases

@B.$.$.@

Add a new load %ase.

B. pressing the new load %ase $utton from the tool$ar a new load case is added. B. default it contains the light ship item and all weight groups* which are still empt. at this stage. 3ince all weights $elong weight groups .ou must first select the header of a weight group to which .ou want to add the new weight. B. pressing the insert CinsE ke. on .our ke.$oard a new weight wil $e added to the selected weight group. 6eights can $e deleted again $. selecting the row containing the weight to $e deleted and pressing the delete CdelE ke.. 5nl. the light ship item and the weight groups can not $e deleted.

@B.$.$.$

Modify t-e load %ase na&e

%he name of the load case is displa.ed in the input field right ne:t to the list with all load cases. %he name of the load case can $e altered in this field.

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@B.$.$.A

4ele%ting a wind sil-ouette

&e:t to the load case name there is a list that contains all the wind silhouettes that ha8e $een defined Csee chapter ,/.3E. 7ou can select one of these silhouettes and assign it to the acti8e load case. %he wind moment caused $. this silhouette will $e calculated and 8alidated against the selected sta$ilit. criteria. Editing sta$ilit. criteria is co8ered in paragraph ,,.,, on page //.

@B.$.$.B

Adding weig-ts

#ll weights from a load case must $e assigned to a weight group. %o add a new weight first select the header of the weight group and then press the insert CinsE ke. on .our ke.$oard. DE-0%ship identifies three different t.pe of weightsF 1. 0i:ed weights. 1ostl. these are weights that onl. occur once in all load cases. 2. %anks. 3. 6eights from a list with common weights. 2f .ou ha8e weight items that occur in multiple load cases then .ou can add those weights to the weight list. Csee paragraph ,/.2.,E B. default new weights are set to the Ifi:ed weightsJ Csee also paragraph ,/.2.2."E

@B.$.$.C

Modifying t-e different types of weig-ts

%he second column of each weight contains a drop down $utton. 5nce pressed .ou can select the new weight t.pe from the list. 2f the weight t.pe is set to ItankJ or Iweight listJ then the first a8aila$le item from the weight group is automaticall. assigned to the selected weight.
Illustration 1 .%: .%: Modif-ing the weight t-pe.

Note0 1an7s or weig-ts fro& t-e weig-t list (paragrap- @B.$.@ on page CG %an only be assigned on%e to ea%- load %ase.

@B.$.$.D

4ele%ting a tan7 or a weig-t fro& t-e weig-t list

#ssigning tanks or weights from the weight list is 8er. similar to the process of changing the weight t.pe. 2f the drop down $utton in the first column is pressed then a list is shown with all the tanks Cor weightsE $elonging to the selected weight group. 2f the list is empt. it might $e for one of the following reasonsF

Illustration 1 .&: .&: Selecting a tan5 or weight from the weight list.

1. %here are no tanks or weights assigned to the selected weight group Cparagraph ,/.2., on page "!E. 2. #ll of the tanks or weights from the weight group are alread. in use in the load case.

@B.$.$.E

Add all tan7s

Especiall. if a pro>ect contains a large num$er of tanks it can $e a tedious >o$ to add all the tanks one $. one. %herefore the special option I#dd all unused tanksJ that is accessi$le through the tool$ar menu $. pressing the $utton will do this for .ou.

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1..2.3

#eleting a load case

7ou can delete the selected load case $. pressing the $utton with the rec.cle $in from the tool$ar.

1..2..

,o%y a load case

%he cop. option creates an e:act cop. of the currentl. selected load case.

1..2.)

"ol$e a load case

%he sol8e $utton initiates the calculation procedure. -oad cases that ha8e $een calculated $ut ha8e $een modified afterwards are automaticall. reset. #fter the load case has $een sol8ed and an eHuili$rium has $een found the hull and weight items are drawn in the eHuili$rium state. %he su$merged surfaces are shaded accordingl..

1..2.*

"how re%ort

7ou can onl. 8iew the load case report if the load case has $een sol8ed. %he short report Cparagraph ." on page 2)E onl. shows a summar. of all the weight items while the e:tensi8e report displa.s also a summar. for each indi8idual weight group. 2t is possi$le to indicate which items should $e shown in the report and in what order. %his is done in the file preferences window as co8ered in paragraph +.) on page 23.

1..2.0

3ending moment and shear orce calculations

2f the software includes the $ending moment e:tension then the calculations are started $. pressing the $utton from the tool$ar contains the $ending moment icon. 2n order to $e a$le to perform the still water $ending moment calculation a longitudinal distri$ution of all weight and $uo.anc. forces has to $e created. %he weight forces are taken from the weight list and loadcases* while the $uo.anc. forces are calculated from the sectional area cur8e. %he sectional area cur8e is calculated for the eHuili$rium position of the load case* therefore the load case must $e sol8ed first. DE-0%ship creates a trape@oidal weight distri$ution for each weight from the load case $ased on the specified weight* center of gra8it.* aft $oundar. and forward $oundar. Csee illustration ,/. E. %he shape of this weight distri$ution is rectangular if the center of gra8it. is e:actl. in the middle of $oth the aft and forward $oundaries Ctop imageE. %he distri$ution is trape@oidal if the center of gra8it. lies withing ,A3 and 2A3 of the length $etween the aft and forward $oundaries Csecond imageE. 2f the center of gra8it. lies e:actl. on ,A3 or 2A3 of the length $etween the $oundaries then a triangular distri$ution of the weight is used. 0inall. if the center of gra8it. is outside the ,A3 or 2A3 limit than the uniform weight distri$ution as shown in the $ottom part of the image is used. Clearl. this is not a 8alid distri$ution as the weight near the aft $oundar. $ecomes negati8e and is su$tracted. %he software will displa. a warning for all in8alid weight distri$utions that are encountered during the calculation process. 1ost of the times the in8alid distri$ution is caused $. erroneous 8alues for either the center of gra8it.* the aft $oundar. or the forward $oundar.. 2n case the center of gra8it. reall. is outside the ,A3-2A3 range and a trape@oidal distri$ution cannot $e used it is $est to split the

Illustration 1 .(: .(: 4niform weight distributions

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DELFTship

weight in multiple items in order to create a 8alid distri$ution. %his is shown on illustration ,/.!.

Illustration 1 .*: .*: @alid distribution b- splitting the weight

Illustration 1 .1.: .1.: 2raph showing wind silhouette! weight distribution! sectional areas! shear forces and bending moment.

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1-.3

%ind silhouette

# wind silhouette is a graphical representation of the pro>ected outer contour of the 8essel which is used to determine the moment e:erted $. the wind on parts of the ship that are a$o8e the water. #s shown on illustration ,/.,, the wind area of cruise ships for e:ample can $e considera$le. #nother application would $e to calculate sail areas or the lateral area and center of effort at 8arious drafts. 6ind silhouettes can also $e assigned to loadcases in which case the wind moment is 8alidated against the selected sta$ilit. criteria.

Illustration 1 .11: .11: Input of windsilhouette data.

%he right side of the input window can $e su$di8ided into 3 different areasF

%he top area shows the numerical properties for the selected wind silhouette* such as wind area* lateral area* center of effort etc. 7ou can also specif. the area of $ilgekeels here and the $ilge t.pe. %his is onl. used to calculate the roll$ack angle for the standard 215 windcriterion as defined in the 215 #.+/! resolution. %he middle part contains a tree-structured list with all the wind silhouettes. Each silhouette ma. consist out of multiple su$-items* each one representing a closed contour. %his wa. .ou ma. $uild up comple: silhouettes* for e:ample $. modeling each sail of a sailing .acht as an indi8idual su$-item. DE-0%ship identifies two different t.pes of su$-itemsF hull or sail. 3ails are treated differentl. in order to $e a$le to calculate sail area* center of effort and lead. #lso* areas of sails that $ecome su$merged at large angles of heel are not included into the lateral area. Below the list with silhouettes a grid is displa.ed that shows the coordinates of the currentl. selected su$item. 7ou can insert* delete or modif. these coordinates manuall. $ut .ou can also drag the coordinates with the mouse on .our screen.

<sing the tool$ar at the top .ou canF ,. E:port and import silhouette data to or from a file 2. Create new silhouettes

)3

DELFTship

3. #dd new items to a silhouette /. Create a cop. of the currentl. selected silhouette or su$-item. # cop. of a su$-item can $e mo8ed to another silhouette $. dragging it with the mouse. ". 9rint a silhouette

1..3.1

Adding a new wind silhouette.

1ake sure no wind silhouette or su$-item is selected. 7ou can do this $. clicking on the white space in the list with wind silhouettes. 9ress the Ins ke. to insert a new wind silhouette or press the appropriate $utton on the tool$ar. DE-0%ship automaticall. e:tracts a new silhouette from the current model. <suall. if the model is not too comple: it consists of a single su$-item. 2n other cases multiple su$-items can $e generated. 3ome of these ma. $e o$solete and can easil. $e deleted.

Illustration 1 .12: .12: +,ample of a wind silhouette.

1..3.2

4odi ying wind silhouette data

5nce a wind silhouette is selected* the corresponding data is shown and can $e modified. %he $ilgekeel area and t.pe is onl. rele8ant for 215 sta$ilit. criteria Csee paragraph ,,.,,.) on page /+E. %he name of a wind silhouette can $e modified $. clicking on it with the mouse which causes the list to drop into editing mode. 5nce the enter ke. has $een pressed the new name will $e assigned to the wind silhouette. #ltering the name of su$-items is done the same wa.. &ew su$-items are added $. pressing the ins ke. on .our ke.$oard. # selected su$-item Cor wind silhouetteE is deleted $. pressing the del ke.. %he coordinates of a selected su$-item are shown in the grid. #gain coordinates are added or deleted $. pressing the ins or del ke..

1-.-

%ind moment calculation

%he wind moment calculation window shows a list with all the a8aila$le wind silhouettes. #part from the range of drafts .ou can select the appropriate silhouettes and specif. a wind pressure. %he default wind pressure is ",./ kgAm2 which is the standard 215 wind pressure for most 8essels. 0or each draft the lateral area* wind area* wind le8er and wind moment is calculated and displa.ed in a report.

Illustration 1 .13: .13: Input screen for the calculation of wind moments.

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DELFTship

1/.
1/.1

=ie(
ntersections

2ntersection cur8es are calculated from the surface model. 5nl. their location needs to $e specified. Diagonals are alwa.s at an angle of /" degrees to the center plane. Each time the model is modified the intersection cur8es are d.namicall. recalculated and updated. %he $uttons on the tool$ar will let .ou switch $etween the different t.pes of intersections .ou want to add or delete. 7ou can add one intersection at a time $. selecting the H@ option in the menu. # window is displa.ed asking for the location of the intersection. 2t is also possi$le to add a whole range of intersections $. pressing the HN option. 2n that case the location of the first and last intersection are reHuested as well as the spacing $etween the successi8e intersection cur8es. 2f an intersection with a surface has $een found then it will $e added to the model. %he intersection cur8es appear in an increasing order of their location with respect to the origin. Illustration 1".1: 1".1: Intersections window. %o delete a single intersection* >ust select it and press the delete ke. on .our ke.$oard. #ll intersections in the currentl. selected group can deleted in one pass $. pressing the rec.cle $in $utton on the tool$ar. &e:t to the rec.cle $utton thereBs another $utton on the tool$ar that will let .ou con8ert all the intersections from the currentl. selected group into markers. %he check$o: displa.ed to the left of each intersection indicates if the cur8ature plot of that specific intersection cur8e must $e plotted Csee also paragraph !.+., on page 32E Due to the limited si@e of the computer screen it is almost impossi$le to determine if a cur8e is fair. %o o8ercome this a cur8ature plot is often drawn. # cur8ature plot means that in a large num$er of points of a cur8e the cur8ature is calculated and plotted perpendicular to the cur8e C the purple lineE. 3ince the cur8ature can $e positi8e as well as negati8e* the plot can swap from one side of the cur8e to the other Cillustration ,".2E. 6here the plot coincides with the cur8e the cur8ature is @ero. 3o in areas of a cur8e where the. #t a knuckle point on the other hand the cur8ature is infinitel. high. 3o the higher the a$solute 8alue of the cur8ature* the further the cur8ature plot is drawn Illustration 1".2: 1".2: 'ur$ature plot of a awa. from the cur8e. 3mooth cur8es are characteri@ed $. cur8ature plots with buttoc5. no une:pected humps or hollows. %he scale of the cur8ature plot can $e decreased $. pressing the 0! ke. and increased $. pressing the 0,( ke.. 1ake sure that the cur8ature plot is switched on in .ou the displa. settings.

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DELFTship

1/.2

Linesplan

Illustration 1".3: 1".3: +,ample of default linesplan output.

DE-0%ship ena$les the user to 8iew the complete formatted linesplan of the ship. %his can $e done in two different modes* wireframe mode Cto the leftE and the filled mode Cto the rightE. %he linesplan shows all the intersection cur8es* regardless of the displa. settings of the corresponding intersection cur8es. 3o stations are alwa.s shown in the linesplan* e8en if the. are switched off in the displa. settings. Currentl. this linesplan can $e sa8ed as a $itmap* to a d:f file* or sent directl. to the printerAplotter. %he linesplan can also $e drawn in $lack W white $. clicking on the appropriate $utton in the tool$ar. <sing fill colors is not possi$le in $lack W white mode. 5nl. if the model contains no diagonals* the plan 8iew might optionall. $e mirrored so that $oth sides are 8isi$le. 3ome la.ers can $e hidden from the linesplan. How this is done is descri$ed in paragraph !. .,.

1/.3

Design hydrostatics

#n ela$orate h.drostatic calculation is performed of the ship at the design draft* as specified in the pro>ect settings Cparagraph .2E and with le8el trim. %he wa. coefficients are calculated and how to modif. this is e:plained in paragraph .3. %he report does not onl. show h.drostatic properties $ut also the surface area and center of gra8it. for each la.er. #ll properties are calculated for the entire ship. 2f the model contains stations then the sectional area cur8e is also plotted.
2f imperial units are used* the displacement is gi8en in longtons C, long ton eHuals 22/( l$sE.

1/.-

7ydrostatics

%his option is used to perform h.drostatic calculations at a range of drafts. #n initial trim can also $e specified in the professional 8ersion of DE-0%ship. 2n addition the professional 8ersion shows some e:tra data that is not displa.ed int the free 8ersion of software. %he report can $e full. customi@ed Csee paragraph + page 23E and sent to either the printer or sa8ed to a H%1- file. 2llustration ,"./ shows an e:ample of the produced output.
Illustration 1". : 7-drostatics report.

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1/./

nclined hydrostatics

%he inclined h.drostatics e:tension offers the designer a 8iew on the hull for a user specified heeling angle* trim and displacement. %he displacement corresponding to the design draft is used as an initial 8alue. %he software will calculate the corresponding draft and displa. the hull and CheeledE waterlines. %he e:tension is not onl. useful to optimi@e the shape of sailing .achts in order to minimi@e the amount of trim that occurs while the ship heels* it can also $e used to 8isuall. check when the deck edge su$merges. %he amount of waterlines to $e displa.ed can $e in the range from ( to 2". # regular spacing $etween the waterlines is used. &e:t to the 3D 8iew the most important h.drostatic features of the specified condition are displa.ed.

Illustration 1".": 1".": Inclined h-drostatics

1/.4

Crosscur+es

2f the crosscur8es e:tension is included into the software then sta$ilit. calculations are also pro8ided in the form of cross cur8es. 0or a num$er of heeling angles and displacements ?&LsinCXE is calculated and presented in $oth graphical and ta$ular form. 2f onl. one single displacement is specified ?&LsinCXE cur8e is displa.ed. 2f multiple displacements are pro8ided the graph shows the standard graph for cross cur8es as can $e seen on illustration ,".). %he crosscur8es are calculated while the hull is free to trim. 0or each displacement the calculation is started with the specified initial trim and su$seHuentl. for each heeling angle the trim is ad>usted to maintain a constant center of $uo.anc.. 2n com$ination with the critical points e:tension the report also shows a ta$ulated downflooding o8er8iew. 0or each heeling angle the first su$merged downflooding point is displa.ed in com$ination with the corresponding displacement. 5ther options areF

E:tended report or a simplified report. Heel to portAstar$oard* especiall. useful for as.mmetrical hulls.

Illustration 1".%: 1".%: +,ample of crosscur$es report.

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1/.5

Ma, =C.>

%he ma: VC;B e:tension calculates the ma:imum 8ertical center of gra8it. for each sta$ilit. criterion for which that criterion still passes. %his is done for all the criteria from the selected set of sta$ilit. criteria. %he criterion with the lowest 8alue for the VC; is the limiting criterion. 2t is calculated for a range of drafts* trims and wind silhouettes. 0or each com$ination of draft* trim and silhouette a sta$ilit. cur8e is generated and the criteria will $e e8aluated. Due to the man. com$inations possi$le it can $e a time consuming calculation. %he report shows a graphical representation of the calculations* called limiting VC;B cur8es* as well as the ta$ulated numerical results. %he green area in the graph indicates the Isafe areaJ. %he red area on the other hand is the Iunsafe areaJ. VC; 8alues in the red area will result a failed test for the sta$ilit. criteria. 2f the selected criteria contains the wind criterion then at least one wind silhouette must $e selected also. 0or each specified draft the a%tual wind area is calculated from the silhouette. 0or more information on selecting or creating a set of sta$ilit. criteria the reader is referred to paragraph ." on page 2) and paragraph ,,.,, on page //.

1/.8

6late de+elopments

#ll la.ers that are marked as de8elopa$le in the la.er properties window Cparagraph !. .) on page 3"E are unfolded into flat plates Ca process also called de8elopingE. 2f the model contains no de8elopa$le la.ers then this option is disa$led in the menus. Both sides of the ship will $e unfolded. # window then is opened showing the plate de8elopments. 2t is $est to assign each strake or part of the hull to a different la.er. %hen each la.er will ha8e its own unfolding. 2f a la.er consists of multiple isolated parts* each part again will ha8e its own unfolding. %he unfolded panels can $e mo8ed $. dragging them with the mouse. Buttons on the tool$ar at the top of the window can $e used to rotate the currentl. selected plate. %he rotation angle of each panel ma. additionall. $e entered manuall.. =ooming and panning is done e:actl. as in the windows used for modeling the ship. 2nterior edges or an. present intersection cur8es are drawn on top of the unfolded panels* and can $e switched on or off as desired. %he initial displa. settings are the same as the displa. settings from the mainmenu $ut can $e modified. %he image displa.ed in the 8iewport $e can sa8ed as a $itmap image* $ut 8isi$le plate de8elopments can also $e e:ported to a .d:f file or sent directl. to the printerAplotter. %he coordinates forming the outer $oundar. of each part Illustration 1".&: 1".&: Plate de$elopments. can $e e:ported to an #3C22 te:t file.

DELFTship

%o the right of the window a list is 8isi$le with all the unfolded parts. B. clicking on the check $o:es each plate de8elopment can $e made 8isi$le or in8isi$le. #t the top some crucial information a$out the de8elopments is shown. #fter the plates ha8e $een unfolded to 2D* DE-0%ship compares the length of the unfolded interior edges to the length of these edges in 3D. 2f this length is smaller then the edges are compressed Cdrawn in $lueE. 2f the unfolded edges are longer then these edges are stretched Cdrawn in redE. %he minimum error shown at the top is the largest compression error that occurred Cin world space dimensions* so meters or feetE. %he ma:imum error is the largest amount of stress of an edge. Compressed or stretched edges ma. $e 8isuali@ed $. turning $oth the 8isi$ilit. of interior edges and highlighting of compressed edges on. %he difference in area $etween the 3D surface and the unfolded surface is also shown. Below the displa.ed edges the num$er of iterations it took to unfold the selected panel is shown. DE-0%ship makes up to 2" de8elopments of each panel and uses the one with the smallest o8erall error as the final one. ;enerall. surfaces that are trul. de8elopa$le are unfolded in , iteration* and ha8e min. and ma:. errors of (.(. 3urfaces that are not e:actl. de8elopa$le can in most cases still $e unfolded $ut might ha8e significant errors due to the fact that the surface is cur8ed in two directions. %hink of it as the top half of a sphere* .ou can not press this surface down to a flat surface without stretching or compressing certain areas* unless .ou make some cuts in the surface. 3o itBs $ery im%ortant to check these errors if .ou actuall. want to use the unfolded plates for construction purposesD %here are also two input fields to adapt the grid spacing. %he grid can $e turned on and off from the tool$ar. Each intersection of a grid line and an unfolded panel has a num$er displa.ed ne:t to it indicating the coordinate of that intersection. %he two panels that are created from la.ers that $order the center plane of the hull and are completel. flat* such as for e:ample a flat transom or $ottom* are merged into , unfolded panel.

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1/.9

#esistance

DE-0%ship currentl. contains two methods to predict the resistance of a model. %he resistance module is created such that all data rele8ant to the different prediction methods onl. needs to $e specified once and is shared $. all of those methods. %his wa. optimal consistenc. is ensured and the reHuired amount of user input is kept to a minimum. %o make things easier most hullform parameters can $e e:tracted automaticall. from the model. 5f course it is also possi$le to enter those parameters manuall.. %he first ta$ page contains a list with all the methods that are a8aila$le. B. clicking on the check $o: ne:t to the name of each method that particular method can $e included or e:cluded from the calculations. 7ou can easil. compare the results of different methods $. plotting them simultaneousl. in the resistance graph as shown on the image a$o8e. %his resistance module has $een completel. rewritten in preparation of the addition of more resistance prediction algorithms that will $e added with the ne:t release. %he report $utton shows the numerical results from the calculations for the selected prediction methods in a single report.

1).2.1

#el t series

%he Delft series resistance calculation is a method that is intended for fin-keeled .achts. 0rom 8ersion 3.2 and up the results are $ased on a the pu$lication from ,!! . 2tBs a statistical method $ased upon a whole series of models that are tested o8er the .ears in the towing tank of the Delft <ni8ersit. of %echnolog.. %he software does not restrict the calculations to use onl. models that that are in the same range as those of the tested models. 4esults of models that are outside the range howe8er can $e 8er. inaccurate with sometimes e8en negati8e results for the residual resistance.

1).2.2

>a%er

%he ?#9E4 resistance method is intended for canoes and ka.aks. 2t was originall. de8eloped $. Mohn 6inters* a na8al architect now speciali@ing in designing canoes and ka.aks. C3ee httpFAAwww.green8al.comA>winters.htmlE 2t is $ased on statistical data o$tained $. model tests. His method is later e:tended $. 1att Bro@e to higher speedAlength ratios and to incorporate more 8aria$les into the eHuations. %his e:tended 8ersion is a8aila$le in the form of an E:cel spreadsheet from httpFAAwww.marinerka.aks.comAmkhtmlAdownloads.htm. Howe8er while implementing this method in DE-0%ship two serious discontinuities showed up in the cur8e of residual resistance. %hese consist of a sudden drop in resistance of a$out ,(Q at speedAlength ratios of ,./ and ,.) and are the result of a correction implemented $. 1att. #fter careful consideration the decision was made to onl. allow calculations up to a speedAlength ratio of ,./ in order not to gi8e the user a false sense of accurac.. %he range of 8alid parameters for the ?#9E4 method isF 9rismatic coefficient (./ -(.)/ 3u$merged transom ratio (.(-(.(/ &one of the other 8aria$les other than the waterline entrance angle is allowed to $e @ero.

%he center of $uo.anc. used in the ?aper method is measured from the $ow and made dimensionless $. di8iding the distance $. the waterline length.

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14.
14.1

!election
!electing ob3ects in DELFTship

3electing o$>ects in DE-0%ship is prett. straightforward. #lmost an. 8isi$le o$>ect in the hull modeling windows can $e selected $. clicking on it with the mouse. Clicking it again will deselect it. 5nl. critical points Cparagraph ./E can not $e selected this wa.. 3electing works onl. when the windows are in the wireframe mode Cshading must $e turned offE. 3elected o$>ects are highlighted in .ellow. 0or some o$>ects there are some additional wa.s of selecting which can make life easierF Points. 2f a point is selected* and the user clicks on a different point* this new point will $e selected and the pre8ious point will $e deselected. 3electing multiple points howe8er is possi$le $. keeping the C%4-ke. pressed while selecting the new point. Edges. 2f the C%4- ke. is pressed while an edge is $eing selected* the program tries to trace the edge until a irregular point is encountered or an edge with a different crease-propert.. %his wa. it is eas. to select an entire row of edges Cedge loopE such as for e:ample the sheerline or a hard chine. Faces. 0aces also can $e C%4--selected. 2n that case all the faces $elonging to the same la.er and connected to the selected one are also selected or deselected. 0aces that are isolated from the selected face $ecause the. are totall. surrounded $. crease edges are not included.

14.2

!elect all

6ith this command Calso a8aila$le $. pressing the shortcut Ctrl-#E all 8isi$le o$>ects are automaticall. selected.

14.3

Deselect all

<se this option to deselect all selected items simultaneousl.. 9ressing the Esc-ke. has the same result.

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DELFTship

"lphabetical nde,
A 3
appendage coefficient...............................................................................................................................................................................................2" automatic fairing...........................................................................................................................................................................................2 * 33* /2 B-3pline............................................................................................................................................................................................................)* !* ,+ $ackground image....................................................................................................................................................................................2* ,"* ,)* 3! $o:..........................................................................................................................................................................................2* 2"* 3"* /3* "3* "/* +(

compartment.................................................................................................................................................................................3* ",* "2* "3* "/* "" position...........................................................................................................................................................................................................3* "/ control cur8e.........................................................................................................................................................2* ,3* , * 2+* 2 * 32* 33* 3+* 3!* /( controlnet..................................................................................................................................................................................................2* ,3* 3+* /2 coordinate s.stem...........................................................................................................................................................................................2* ,(* ,/ critical point.......................................................................................................................................................................2* 2"* 3!* /2* /"* /!* )+* +, cross cur8es........................................................................................................................................................................................................2"* )+ cur8ature................................................................................................................................................................2* +* ,/* ,"* 32* 33* 3"* 3!* /(* )" plot..............................................................................................................................................................................................32* 33* 3!* /(* )" c.linder..................................................................................................................................................................................................................2* /3

deck line............................................................................................................................................................................................,!* 2"* 32* /,* /! downflooding.....................................................................................................................................................................................2"* /"* /)* /+* )+ draftmark...................................................................................................................................................................................................................2/ drawing mode.......................................................................................................................................................................................................2* ,/

edge.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. $oundar.............................................................................................................................................................................+* !* 2 * 2!* 3(* /,* "" Crease............................................................................................................................................................................2* +* * , * 2 * 3(* 3/* +, interior....................................................................................................................................................................................2* 3,* 3/* 3+* ) * )! entrance angle..........................................................................................................................................................................................................+( e:trude..................................................................................................................................................................................................................2* 2!

fairing..................................................................................................................................................................................................2* 2 * 32* 33* /2 automatic................................................................................................................................................................................................2 * 33* /2 flowline................................................................................................................................................................................................2* ,3* 2+* 3+* 3! free surface..................................................................................................................................................................................................."3* "/* "

h.drostatics............................................................................................................................................2* 3* !* 23* 2/* 2"* 3"* 3)* 3 * /,* "(* ))* )+ inclined...........................................................................................................................................................................................................3* )+ settings...............................................................................................................................................................................................................2/

incremental distance.................................................................................................................................................................................................,/ intersection cur8e.........................................................................................................................................,3* 3"* 3)* 3+* 3!* /(* /2* /!* )"* ))* ) $uttock......................................................................................................................................................................................................2* 3"* 3 diagonal........................................................................................................................................................................................2* 3"* 3 * )"* )) station..............................................................................................................................................................2* !* ,+* ,!* 2/* 3"* 3 * /(* /2* )) waterline.........................................................................................................................................................2* ,!* 2/* 3"* 3+* 3 * 3!* "(* )+* +(

> -

knuckle line...........................................................................................................................................................................................+* * ,"* 3(* 32 la.er.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. acti8e............................................................................................................................................................................................2* 2!* 3/* 3"* /3 leak point..................................................................................................................................................................................2* !* 2"* 3"* 3 * 3!* /, linesplan...........................................................................................................................................................................3* ,"* ,)* 2/* 3"* 3)* 3+* )) load case............................................................................................................................2* 3* 23* 2/* 2"* 2)* //* /"* /+* ",* "2* "+* " * "!* )(* ), lock......................................................................................................................................................................................................................2!* //

1argin line................................................................................................................................................................................................................2" marker..................................................................................................................................................................2* , * 2"* 2+* 2!* 33* /(* /2* /3* )" ma: VC;............................................................................................................................................................................................3* //* /"* /+* ) mesh...........................................................................................................................................................................................)* * !* 3(* 3,* 3"* 3+

'

normal........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... direction....................................................................................................................................................................................................!* 2"* 3, &<4B3.................................................................................................................................................................................................................)* /3

+2

DELFTship

permea$ilit.................................................................................................................................................................................................................... damaged.........................................................................................................................................................................................................3* "3 intact...............................................................................................................................................................................................................3* "3 plate de8elopment..................................................................................................................................................................3* ,3* 2/* 3"* 3)* ) * )! point.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. corner...................................................................................................................................................................................................................+ critical.........................................................................................................................................................................2* 2"* 3!* /2* /"* /!* )+* +, -eak....................................................................................................................................................................................2* !* 2"* 3"* 3 * 3!* /, lock.................................................................................................................................................................................................................2* 2! regular..........................................................................................................................................................................................................32* +, unlock.......................................................................................................................................................................................................2* 2!* // pro>ect settings...........................................................................................................................................2* !* ,(* ,!* 2/* 3 * /,* //* / * "(* "3* ))

registration code........................................................................................................................................................................................................." regular grid............................................................................................................................................................................................................!* 3( resistance..............................................................................................................................................................................................................3* +( delft.................................................................................................................................................................................................................3* +( kaper...............................................................................................................................................................................................................3* +(

"

shading.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... de8elopa$ilit.......................................................................................................................................................................................................,/ gaussian cur8ature.......................................................................................................................................................................................,/* ," wireframe....................................................................................................................................................................................,/* 3+* " * ))* +, @e$ra...................................................................................................................................................................................................................," specific weight...........................................................................................................................................................................................................3) sta$ilit. criteria..........................................................................................................................................................2"* //* /"* " * "!* )(* )3* )/* ) sta$ilit. cur8e..............................................................................................................................................................................2)* //* "3* "+* "!* ) su$di8ision surface.................................................................................................................................................................................2* )* +* 2!* 3!

tank........................................................................................................................2* 3* ,3* ,/* 23* 2+* /(* /!* ",* "2* "3* "/* ""* ")* "+* " * )(* +( a$$re8iation....................................................................................................................................................................................................3* "2 9osition...........................................................................................................................................................................................................3* "2

unlock..............................................................................................................................................................................................................2* 2!* //

weight............................................................................................................................................................................................................................ group...................................................................................................................................................................................."2* ")* " * "!* )(* ), list.................................................................................................................................................................................................3* "+* "!* )(* ), wind............................................................................................................................................................................................................................... moment........................................................................................................................................................................................3* /+* )(* )3* )/ silhouette................................................................................................................................................................................3* /+* )(* )3* )/* )

+3