S HNG TNG QUT CA DY S

V n 1 : Ap dung sai phan e tm so hang tong quat.

1. nh ngha : Cho y = f(x) xac nh tren tap X , h > 0
hang so !"a so
( ) ( ) ( ) x h x x +
go#" $a% sa" phan
cap & c'(a f(x) ta#" "e)* x
( ) ( ) [ ] ( ) ( ) x h x x x
!
+
+,#c go#" $a% sa" phan cap-
c'(a f(x) ta#" x
.+,ng t+#, [ ]
1 " "
+,#c go#" $a% sa" phan cap / c'(a f
ta#" x
0 1nh ngh2a 3 4h+,ng tr5nh sa" phan $a *ot% he th+c
g"+6a sa" phan cac cap 3
( ) # $ $ $ $ %
" !
,... ,..., , , &1' & $ ()* xem +a, sai phan
*ap # '
Ch' y 3 (&) co the) 7"et 3 y
n8/
= a
n8/9&
8 a
-
y
n8/9-
8 : 8
a
/
y
n
8 f(n)
;e' f(n) = 0 th5 (&) go#" $a% ph+,ng tr5nh t'yen t<nh
th'a=n nhat
;e' f(n) # th5 (&) go#" $a% ph+,ng tr5nh t'yen t<nh
/hong th'a=n nhat
!. .<nh chat 3
.>c&3 ;e'
--
n
x .a,
'
n
x e=' $a% ngh"e* c'(a ph+,ng tr5nh
sa" phan t'yen t<nh th'a=n nhat 3 y
n8/
= a
&
y
n8/9&
8 :
8 a
/
y
n
(-)
.h5 *onst x x
n n
+ , ,
'' '
c'6ng $a% ngh"e* c'(a ph+,ng
tr5nh (-)
0 ?ay g",% ta xet ph+,ng tr5nh (-) 7," cac he so
hang a
&
, a
-
,:, a
/
@h" o ngh"e* c'(a ph+,ng tr5nh th'a=n
nhat (-) +,#c t5* A+," Aa#ng y
n
=
n
*
( ) so +a, ha/ng * #0 * #0

.hay B"e)' y
n
=
n
* 7a%o (-) 7a% sa' /h" +,c $+,#c cho
n
* , ta
+,#c ph+,ng tr5nh
"
! "
!
1 "
1
"
a a a + + +

... (C)
4h+,ng tr5nh (C) +,#c go#" $a% ph+,ng tr5nh aDc tr+ng c'(a
ph+,ng tr5nh sa" phan (-) ;gh"e* c'(a ph+,ng tr5nh (&) 7a%
(-) ph'# th'oc 7a%o ngh"e* c'(a ph+,ng tr5nh aDc tr+ng (C)
.>c-3 ;e' ph+,ng tr5nh aDc tr+ng (C) co / ngh"e*
th+#c phan B"et
" ! 1
,..., , th5 y
n
" "
n
! !
n
1 1 n
* * * + + + ...
,
$a% ngh"e*
to)ng E'at c'(a ph+,ng tr5nh sa" phan t'yen t<nh th'a=n
nhat (-)
.>cC3 ;e' ph+,ng tr5nh aDc tr+ng (C) co ngh"e* th+#c
Bo" s th5 thay cho s ngh"e* +ng 7," cac o ta $ay 3 (c
&
8
c
-
n 8 c
C
n
-
8 :8 c
s
n
s9&
)
n
trong o cac c
&
, c
-
, :, c
s
$a% cac
hang so ;gh2a $a% ne' (C) co cac ngh"e* Bo" s 7a% cac
ngh"e* co%n $a#" e=' th+#c 7a% ,n th5 3
( )
n
" "
n
1 s 1 s
n 1 s
s
!
1 ! 1 n
* * n * n * n * * $ + + + + + + +
+ +

... ...
'
.>cF3 ;e' ptt (C) co ngh"e* ph+c
( ) t sin cos i 2
,n
th5 ( ) + sin cos
'
3 a 2 $
n
n
.>cG3 ;e' ptt (C) co ngh"e* ph+c
( ) t sin cos i 2
Bo"
s th5
( ) ( ) [ ] + + + + + + +

sin ... cos ...
, 1 s
s ! 1
1 s
s ! 1
n
n
n 3 n 3 3 n a n a a 2 $
1nh $y 3 ;e'
'
n
$ $a% ngh"e* to)ng E'at c'(a ph+,ng
tr5nh th'a=n nhat 7a% y $a% ngh"e* r"eng c'(a ph+,ng tr5nh
/hong th'a=n nhat th5 ngh"e* to)ng E'at c'(a ph+,ng tr5nh
/hong th'a=n nhat o co Aa#ng 3 $ *$ $
i i
+
'

?a(ng *ot so Aa#ng ngh"e* r"eng

f(n) ;gh"e* c'(a 4. aDc tr+ng
Ha#ng ngh"e* r"eng
8 ;gh"e* i 1
1

( ) n 4 $
m n

'
f(n) = ( ) n 5
m
8 ;gh"e* = & Bo" s
( ) n 4 n $
m
s
n

'


8 ;e'

/hong $a% ngh"e* c'(a ptt

n
n
* $
'
f(n) =
n
8 ;e'

$a% ngh"e* Bo" s c'(a ptt

n s
n
*n $
'

8 ;e'

/hong $a% ngh"e* c'(a ptt

( ) n 4 $
n
n

'
f(n) = 4
*
(n)

n
8 ;e'

$a% ngh"e* Bo" s c'(a ptt

( )
n
m n
n n4 $
'
8 ;e'
ti
e /hong $a% ngh"e* c'(a ptt
n d n * x
n
+ sin . cos .
*
f(n) = acos
n
8
B n sin 8 ;e'
ti
e $a% ngh"e* Bo" s c'(a ptt
n dn n *n x
s s
n
+ sin cos
*

f(n) = p
*
(n)
n cos
8 ;e'
ti
e /hong $a% ngh"e*
( ) + n n 6 x
" n
cos
*

8 ( ) n n 4
+
sin c'(a ptt
( ) ( ) + m " n n 7
"
, max ; sin
8 ;e'
ti
e $a% ngh"e* Bo" s
( ) + n n n6 x
" n
cos
*
c'(a ptt
( ) ( ) + m " n n n7
"
, max ; sin
f(n) = ( ) [ n n p
m
n
cos [ ( ) + n n 6 x
"
n
n
cos
*
8 ( ) ] n n 4
+
sin 8 ;e'
t

i
e /hong $a% ngh"e*
( ) ] ( ) + m " n n 7
"
, max ; sin
c'(a ptt
8 ;e'
t

i
e $a% ngh"e* Bo" s
[ ( ) + n n 6 n x
"
s n
n
cos
*
c'(a ptt ( ) ] ( ) + m " n n 7 n
"
s
, max ; sin
C Cac 7< A'# 3
I< A'# &3 Ha6y so ('
n
) +,#c xac nh nh+ sa' 3

'

+

+ +
n
n 1 n ! n
! 1
8 !9 u : u ! u
;8 u < u
.
,
(&)
Ja6y t5* '
n
!"a("3
.r+,c het t5* ngh"e* to)ng E'at c'(a pt sa" phan
th'a=n nhat3
'
n8-
8-'
n8&
K L'
n
= 0 (-)
7a% co pt aDc tr+ng $a% 3 # : !
!
+ hay
( ) ( ) ; ! # ; !
! 1
+ ,
;gh"e* to)ng E'at pt (-) $a% 3 '
n
= c
&
-
n
8 c
-
(9F)
n
.a go#" '
0
= aG
n
ngh"e* r"eng c'(a ph+,ng tr5nh /hong
th'a=n nhat (&) @h" o ta co 3 aG
n8-
8 -aG
n8&
K LaG
n
=
-MG
n
1 a !9 a !9 8 !9 8 a : 8 a 1# 8 a !8
n n n n
+ . . . .
.heo nh $y ngh"e* to)ng E'at c'(a ph (&) $a% 3 '
n
= c
&
-
n
8
c
-
(9F)
n
8 G
n
NOng 7," n = & , n =- , ta +,#c 3

'

+ +
+
;8 !8 * 1= * ;
< 8 * ; * !
! 1
! 1
hay c
&
= 9C, c
-
= -
Iay '
n
= G
n
8 -(9F)
n
K C-
n

I< A'# -3
Cho Aa6y ('
n
) thoa( *a6n
( )

'

+ +

+ +
> n ! u = u u
1# u ; u
n 1 n ! n
! 1
,
,
Ch+ng *"nh rang 3 ( '
n
8 F ) n 7," *o#" so n $a% so ng'yen
to 3
!"a(" 3
1aDt x
n
= '
n
8 C , ta +,#c 3 x
&
= 9& , x
-
= &C , x
n8-
= 9x
n8&
8 Px
n
Xet ph+,ng tr5nh aDc tr+ng 3 ! 1 # =
! 1
!
+ ,
.a +,#c 3 x
n
= ( )
+
+ > n .)i
n n
! 1 .
.rong o
1
11 < ;
1 1 !
11 x
1 x
!
1

'

'

Ho o x
n
= (9C)
n
8 -
n
( )
+
+ + > n ! 1 ; u
n
n
n
,
I," n $a% so ng'yen to
( ) ( )
( ) n' &mod
&modn'
modn
# 1 1 !
! !
1 1
n
n
n
n
+ +

'

n ; u
n
+ ( QcBt)
I< A'# C 3Cho Aa6y so ('
n
) xac nh nh+ sa' 3

'

+
1. n
! n 1 n 1 n
1 ! 1
u = u 9 u
1: u 1; u # u , ,
Ch+ng *"nh rang ne' 4 $a% so ng'yen to th5
5 u
p

!"a("3 .+% he th+c '

n8&
= M'
n9&
K P'
n9-

.a co ph+,ng tr5nh aDc tr+ng 3 x
C
K Mx 8 P = 0 co cac
ngh"e* x
&
= & , x
-
= - , x
C
= 9C
;en ta co ngh"e* to)ng E'at '
n
= a(&)
n
8 B(-)
n
8 c(9C)
n

(&)
.+% g"a( th"et '
&
= & , '
-
=&F , '
C
= 9&L, thay 7a%o (&) ta
co he ph+,ng tr5nh sa' ay xac nh a , B , c
1 * 3 a
1: * !9 3 : a
1; * < 3 ; a
# * 1 3 ! a

'

+
+ +
+
Iay Aa6y so ('
n
) +,#c xac nh nh+ sa' 3 '
n
= & 8 -
n
8 (9C)
n
,
n = & , - ,:,
I5 p $a% so ng'yen to , nen theo nh $y nho( Rec*a , ta
co 3
( ) ( ) p' &mod 1 ? ha$ p' &mod 1 ?
p' &mod ! ha$ ' p &mod
p
1 1
! 1 !
p 1 p
1 p

Iay s'y ra '

p
= & 8 -
p
8 (9C)
p

( ) p 1 ! 1
p
u p' &mod # +

I< A'# F 3.5* Aa6y so ('

n
) , B"et rang 3

'

+

1 n ! n 1 n n
! 1 #
u ! u 8 u ; u
1 u # u u ,
!"a(" 3 4h+,ng tr5nh aDc tr+ng c'(a Aa6y co Aa#ng 3
x
C
9 Fx
-
8 Gx K - =0 hay (x K &)
-
(x K -) = 0 .+% o x
&,-
= &
Bo" - , x
C
= -
?,(" 7ay '
n
= c
&
8 c
-
n 8 c
C
-
n
/h" n = 0 , & , - ta co he
. 1 1 * *
# * ; * ! *
# * ! * *
# * *
! 1
1 ! 1
1 ! 1
! 1

'

+ +
+ +
+
1
* .a,
Iay '
n
= 9& K n 8 -
n

I< A'# G 3!"a(" ph+,ng tr5nh sa" phan t'yen t<nh th'a=n nhat
sa' 3
x
n8M
K x
n8P
8 x
n8G
9 x
n8F
K x
n8C
8 x
n8-
Kx
n8&
8 x
n
= 0
!"a("3
4h+,ng tr5nh sa" phan a6 cho co ptt $a% 3
( )( ) ( ) # 1 1 1 # 1
!
! ! 1 ! 1 ; 8 = 9
+ + + + + (&)
4h+,ng tr5nh (&) co ngh"e* $a% 3
&"ep'
!
*os ?i @ &"ep'
!
*os i
@ &"ep' 1 @ &)n'
!
i
!
i
1

sin . sin .

Ho o ta co 3
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
]
1

+ +

+ + + +
!
n n * *
!
n n * * 1 1 n * * 1 * $
9 = 8 ;
n n
1 !
n
1 n
sin cos
,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
!
n n * *
!
n n * * n * * 1 * $
9 = 8 ; 1 !
n
1 n

+ +

+ + + + sin cos
'
;e' ta B"et M g"a tr Ban a=' th5 ta se6 t5* +,#c c
&
, c
-
,
:, c
M
Bang cach g"a(" he ph+,ng tr5nh go=* M ph+ong tr5nh
7a% M a)n
I< A'# P3
!"a(" ph+,ng tr5nh sa" phan t'yen t<nh /hong th'a=n
nhat sa' ay 3
( ) ( )

'

+ +

+ +
+
+
1 x
:
11
x
!
n ! ! n
!
n 1 n ! ! x ; x
! 1
1 n n n
n ! n
,
sin cos &1'

!"a(" 3 4h+,ng tr5nh (&) t+,ng +,ng 7,"
( ) ( )
1
]
1

+ +

+ +
+
!
n ! n
!
n 1 n ! ! x ; x
n
n ! n
sin cos
(-)
4h+,ng tr5nh aDc tr+ng co Aa#ng 3
!
8 F = 0
Ho
,
_

!
i
!
! sin cos
$a% ngh"e* c'(a ph+,ng tr5nh aDc tr+ng
.heo Ba(ng , ngh"e* r"eng co the) 7"et A+," Aa#ng 3
( ) ( )
1
]
1

+ +

+
!
n d *n
!
n 3 an ! n x
n
n
sin cos
"
.hay
"
n
x
7a%o ph+,ng tr5nh (-) ta +,#c 3
( ) ( ) [ ] ( ) ( ) [ ( ) ] ( ) +

+ + + + +

+ + + +
+ +
!
! n d ! n * ! ! n
!
! n 3 ! n a ! ! n
! n ! n
sin . cos
Fn-
n
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
]
1

+ +

+ +

+
!
n ! n
!
n 1 n ! !
!
n d *n ! n ;
!
n 3 an
n n
sin cos sin . cos
@ha" tr"e)n 7a% can Bang he so ta +,#c 3
:
1
d
1=
1
*
:
1
3
:
1
a ; ; ;
Ho 7ay 3
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

+
!
n
:
1
n
1=
1
!
n
:
1
n
:
1
! n x
n
n
sin cos .
*
(0)
Ho 4tt chS co ha" ngh"e* ph+c $"en h,#p , nen theo t<nh
chat G ta co 3

,
_

!
n 3
!
n a ! x
n
n
sin cos
"
(00)
Ho
* "
n n n
x x x +
nen t+% (0) 7a% (00) ta
co 3
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

+
,
_

!
n
:
1
n
1=
1
!
n
:
1
n
!
1
! n
!
n 3
!
n a ! x
n n
n
sin cos . sin cos
(000)
Ho 1 x
:
11
x
! 1
, nen thay 7a%o (000) ta +,#c a = B = & s'y ra x
n

?a%" tap 3 .5* so ha#ng to)ng E'at c'(a cac Aa6y sa'
& '
&
= &, '
n8&
= '
n
8-n
-

- '
o
= 0 T '
&
= G T '
n9-
= -'
n9&
K '
n
8 Pn 8 F
C '
0
= 0 T '
&
= G T '
n9-
= C'
n9&
K -'
n
8 FC
n

F '
0
= 9& T '
&
= - T '
n9-
= G'
n9&
KP'
n
8 (Ln 8 &&)-
n9&
G '
0
= & T '
&
= 0 T '
n9-
= -'
n8&
K '
n
8 s"n n
!

I n - 3 Uot so ph+,ng phap t5* so ha#ng

to)ng E'at
Hng =& 3 Ha6y E'" na#p t'yen t<nh Bac nhat
?a%" toan Aa#ng a'
n8&
8 B'
n
= f(n) , trong o f(n) $a%
ha%* theo n
?a%" toan & .5* so ha#ng to)ng E'at c'(a Aa6y
R c b, , a

'

+
+
c u
b au u
n n
1
1
VA du 1: Cho Aa6y ('
n
) xac nh B,("

'

+
+
R c , b , a , c u
b au u
n n
1
1
.5* so ha#ng to)ng E'at c'(a Aa6y
!"a(" 3
Xet a = & .a co

'

+
+
* u
3 u u
1
n 1 n
$a% cap so cong A = B
Iay '
n
= c 8 (n K&)B
Xet 1 a .a co the) +a Aa6y 7e= CS; cong sa" a
.hat 7ay , aDt 7
n
= '
n
8 h ( h hang so )
Ia% 7
n8&
= a7
n
( ) 3 ah 3 au h u h u a h u
n 1 n n 1 n
+ + + + +
+ +
1 a
3
h

( ) 1 a
.a co 7
&
= c 8 h =
1 a
3
*

+
1 n
n
a
1 a
3
* .

,
_

+
Iay
1 a
3
a
1 a
3
* u
1 n
n

,
_

+


Ch' y a = 0 th5 '
n
= B
I< A'# - .5* so ha#ng to)ng E'at c'(a Aa6y 3

'

+
# * 0 7 * 0 3 a0 .)i 0
*
1
u
a 3u
u
u
1
n
n
1 n
!"a(" 3 .a co
n n
n
1 n n
n
1 n
u
1
a 3
u
a 3u
u
1
a 3u
u
u +
+

+

+
+
1aDt
n
n
u
1
.
Ha6y a6 cho +a 7e= Aa#ng

'

+
+
* .
3 a. .
1
n 1 n
Xet a = & .a co 7
n
= c 8 (n 9&) B
( ) 3 1 n *
1
u
n
+

Xet a
1 a
3
a
1 a
3
* 1
1 n

,
_

+

n
. *o 6a .
( theo 7< A'# &)
Iay
1 a
3
a
1 a
3
*
1
u
1 n
n

,
_

I< A'# C .5* '

n
c'(a Aa6y sa' 3

'

>

+
# 0 .)i
1
a
n 1 n
u
u u
!"a(" .a co '
n8&
=
a
n
u
Vay $ogar"t c, so e ca( ha" 7e ta +,#c $n'
n8&
= a$n'
n
8
ln
1aDt 7
n
= $n'
n
, B = ln ln
1
+nu * 0
Ha6y a6 cho tr,( tha%nh

'

+
+
* .
3 a. .
1
n 1 n
Xet a =& .a co 3 7
n
= c 8 (n K &)B = $n
( ) + ln 1 n
Bu$ 2a
( ) + +

ln ln 1 n .
n
e e u
n
Xet 1 a .a co 7
n
=
1 a
3
a
1 a
3
*
1 n

,
_

+

1 a
a
1 a .
n
1 n
n
1 n
n
e e u
1 a
a
1 a
.

,
_

,
_

+
ln ln
ln
ln ln
ln
?a%" toan - .5* so ha#ng to)ng E'at c'(a Aa6y
( )

'

+
+
3 u
n au u
1
n 1 n
I," f(n) $a% a th+c theo n
04h+,ng phap 3 .a co the) +a 7e= Ba%" toan & Bang
cach aDt 7
n
= '
n
8 g(n)
trong o 7
n8&
= a7
n
7a% g(n) $a% a th+c thoa( 3
;e' a = & th5 g(n) = n g
W
(n) trong g
W
(n) a th+c c'%ng
Bac f(n)
;e' a 1 th5 g(n) c'%ng Bac 7," f(n)
?ang cach o=ng nhat th+c s'y ra g(n)
I< A'# & .5* so ha#ng to)ng E'at '
n
B"et

'

+
+
! u
n ! u u
1
n 1 n
!"a(" .a co a = & , nen ta cho#n g(n) = n(Bn 8 c)
1aDt 7
n
= '
n
8 g(n) 7a% thoa( 7
n8&
= a7
n
( a = &)
.+% o s'y ra '
n8&
8 g(n8&) = '
n
8 g(n)
( ) ( ) n ! n g n ! u 1 n g u
n 1 n
+ + + +
+
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] ( )

'

+ + + + +
1 *
1 3
n ! * 3n n * 1 n 3 1 n n ! n g 1 n g
Ao o g(n) = 9n(n K &) .a co 7
n8&
= 7
n
s'y ra 7
n
= C
( hang so)
S'y ra '
n
= C 9 g(n) = C 8 n(n K &) .+% '
&
= - s'y ra C
= -
Iay '
n
= n
-
K n 8 - .
I< A'# - .5* so ha#ng to)ng E'at '
n
B"et

'

+ +
+
8 u
1 n u 1 u
1
!
n 1 n
!"a(" .a co X = C , nen ta cho#n g(n) = an
-
8 Bn 8 c
1aDt 7
n
= '
n
8 g(n) 7a% thoa( 7
n8&
= C7
n
.+,ng t+# nh+ 7< A'# & , o=ng nhat th+c s'y ra

'

1 *
!
1
3 a
;en ( ) 1 n
!
1
n
!
1
n g
!
+ + .+% o s'y ra '
n
Iay . 1 n
!
1
n
!
1
1 u
! 1 n
n
+ + +

I< A'# C .5* so ha#ng to)ng E'at c'(a Aa6y B"et 3

'

>

+
+
# a 0
8
1
1
n
1 n
1 n
a u
u a u
!
.
!"a(" .a co
1
n
1 n
1 n
u a u
!
+
+

Vay $ogar"t c, so a ha" 7e ta +,#c 1 n u 1 u
!
n a 1 n a
+ +
+
log log
$og
a
'
&
= G
1aDt 7
n
= $og
a
'
n
s'y ra 7
n8&
= C7
n
8 n
-
8&, 7
&
= G
.heo 7< A'# ha" ta +,#c 7
n
= C
n9&
8 1 n
!
1
n
!
1
!
+ +
Iay '
n
=
1 n
!
1
n
!
1
1
! 1 n
a
+ + +

?a%" toan C .5* so ha#ng to)ng E'at c'(a Aa6y

'

+
+
7 3 0 a 0 3 u
au u
1
n
n 1 n
4h+,ng phap 3 .a co the) +a Ba%" toan 7e= Aa#ng Ba%"
toan & Bang cach 3
1aDt 7
n
= '
n
8 g(n) 7," 7
n8&
= a7
n
, o=ng th,%" g(n)
thoa( 3
;e' ( )
n
A a . n g th
;e' a = ( )
n
An n g th
.he 7a%o B"e)' th+c (7
n
) ro=" o=ng nhat th+c he so ,
s'y ra g(n)
.+% o ta co '
n

I< A'# & Cho Aa6y ('

n
) +,#c xac nh nh+ sa' 3

'

>

+
#' a & 0 a u
u a u
1
1
n
!
1 n
n
.
.5* so ha#ng to)ng E'at '
n
c'(a Aa6y
!"a(" .a co
1
n
!
1 n
u a u
n
.
+
Vay $ogar"t c, so a ha" 7e ta +,#c $og
a
'
n8&
= C$og
a
'
n
8 -
n
(&)
;e' aDt 7
n
= $og
a
'
n
ta se6 +,#c 3

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+
+
1 .
! . 1 .
1
n
n 1 n
1aDt Y
n
= 7
n
8 X-
n
.he 7a%o Y
n8&
= CY
n
ta +,#c X =
&
Z
n
= B C
n9&
s'y ra 7
n
= BC
n9&
K -
n
*a% 7
&
= B K - = & nen B =
C
.+c $a% 7
n
= C
n
K -
n
I5 7
n
= $og
a
'
n
nen
n
.
n
a u
Iay
n n
! 1
n
a u


I< A'# - Cho Aa6y ('
n
) +#,c xac nh nh+ sa' 3

'

+
+
1
11
u
; 1 u ; u
1
n
n 1 n
.
.5* so ha#ng to)ng E'at c'(a Aa6y
!"a(" .a thay a =
. ;
;en ta aDt g(n) = XnF
n
1aDt 7
n8&
= '
n
8 g(n) 7," 7
n8&
= F7
n
Ho o ta co 3 '
n8&
8 g(n8&) = F ('
n
8 g(n) )
( ) ( )
n
; n
;
1
;
1
A 1 An ; 1 n A ; . + n g nen
.+% 7
n8&
= F7
n
n ;
;
1
; u ; .
n 1 n
n
1 n
n
. . +

(&)
Ho '
&
=
n 1 n
; n
;
1
;
1
!
1
!
1
11
1 . . + +

n
u &1' 6(, .
I< A'# C .5* so ha#ng to)ng E'at '
n
c'(a Aa6y xac nh
B,(" 3

'

+
+
; u
1 u u
1
n
n 1 n
!"a(" .+%
n
n 1 n
n
n 1 n
1 u u 1 u u +
+ +
Ho o ( ) 1
!
1 1
u 1
!
1 1
1 u u
n
n
n 1 n
1 i
i
1 n
1 i
i 1 i
+

+
Iay
!
8 1
u
n
n
+

?a%" tap
&) .5* so ha#ng to)ng E'at '
n
c'(a Aa6y

'

+

+
7 3 0 a 0 3 u
au u
1
n
n 1 n
-) Cho Aa6y ('
n
) +,#c xac nh nh+ sa' 3
( )

'

+ +
+
3 u
n au u
1
n
1 n 1 n
.
.5* so ha#ng to)ng E'at
c'(a Aa6y
C) .5* so ha#ng to)ng E'at '
n
c'(a Aa6y

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+
+

+
* u
1 u
u
u
1
n
n
1 n
F) .5* so ha#ng to)ng E'at c'(a Aa6y

'

>
+

+
# a u
u u
1
n 1 n
G) .5* so ha#ng to)ng E'at c'(a Aa6y

'

>
+

+
# 3 0 a . 3 u
n u u
1
n 1 n
P) .5* so ha#ng to)ng E'at c'(a Aa6y

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>
+
+
# 3 0 a . 3 u
au u
1
n
n 1 n
sin
H ng - 3 Uot so Ba%" toan 7e= ph+,ng tr5nh Aa6y
7," caDp chS so t+# Ao
@h" gaDp ph+,ng tr5nh Aa6y 7," caDp chS so t+# Ao 7,"
cac thay the chS so ta +a 7e= ph+,ng tr5nh sa" phan E'en
B"et I"ec thay the na%y co the) +a 7e= ph+,ng tr5nh Aa6y
/hong t+,ng +,ng Ho o /h" g"a(" xong ap so ca=n pha("
th+( $a#" trong *ot tr+,%ng h,#p
I< A'# & Xac nh so ha#ng to)ng E'at c'(a Aa6y (x
n
)
thoa( *a6n 3

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+ +

+
&1' n m0 n m x x x
a x
n m n m
1
.
!"a(" 3
.+% 4t (&) , ta s'y ra 3 x
n8&
= x
&
8 x
n
8n
hay x
n9&
K x
n
= a 8 n (-) ay $a% ph+,ng tr5nh sa" phan
t'yen t<nh /hong th'a=n nhat cap & T ph+,ng tr5nh
aDc tr+ng co ngh"e* 1 (,n)
.a co ngh"e* to)ng E'at c'(a ph+,ng tr5nh th'a=n
nhat 7a% ngh"e* r"eng $a% 3
( ) d 3n n * 1 * x
n
n
+
C
n
x .a, .
'
.hay
*
n
x ,( ay 7a%o (-) ta +,#c
,
_

+
!
1
a n
!
1
x
n
*
(C)
.+% o s'y ra ngh"e* to)ng E'at c'(a (&) $a% 3
* '
n n n
x x x +
# * *
!
1
a
!
1
1 a a *
!
1
a
!
1
n x
n
+
,
_

+ +
,
_

+
1
x do
.hay c = 0 7a%o (C) ta +,#c 3
( )
1
]
1

+ a 1 n
!
1
n x
n
.h+( $a#" ta thay /et E'a( na%y thoa( *a6n "e=' /"en
Ban a='
I< A'# -3
.o=n ta#" hay /hong to=n ta#" Aa6y (x
n
) *a%
> n m ,

ta co 3
x
*8n
= x
*
8 x
n
8 *8 n (&)
!"a(" 3 !"a( s+( x
&
= a , theo 7< A'# & ta co
( ) 1 a 1 n
!
1
n x
n

1
]
1

+ +
.h+( $a#" 3 x
&
= a nen ta co t"ep 3 x
-
= x
&
8 x
&
8& 8 & = -a
8-
x
C
= x
-
8 x
&
8 C = -a 8- 8 a 8C = Ca
8 G
x
F
= x
C
8 x
&
8 F = Ca 8 G 8 a 8 F
(-)
x
F
= x
-
8 x
-
8 F = -(-a 8 -) 8 F = Fa
8 L (C)
Ho Fa 8 [ : a ; + a nen t+% (-) 7a% (C) ta co x
F

;
x 7o
$y Iay /hong ton ta#" Aa6y (x
n
) thoa( *a6n "e='
/"en c'(a Ba%" toan
I< A'# C3 Xac nh so ha#ng to)ng E'at c'(a Aa6y so (x
n
)
ne' B"et 3
+
+

+

'

> n m >
!
x x
x
x x
n m
!
n m
! 1
, :
,
!
n m
.)i &1'
!"a(" 3 J"e)n nh"en ta co 3
( ) ( )
!
1 n 1 n n
x x
+ +

(-)
.+% (&) 7a% (-) ta co 3 x
n
= # x x ! x
!
x x
1 n n 1 n
1 n 1 n
+
+
+
+
(C)
!"a(" ph+,ng tr5nh sa" phan t'yen t<nh th'a=n nhat (C)
7," "e=' /"en Ban a='
( )n ! x x
! 1
+
n
x ()* ta ,
.h+( $a#" ta thay /et E'a( na%y hoa%n toa%n 'ng
I< A'# F 3Xac nh Aa6y so (x
n
) ne' B"et 3 x
n*
= x
*
x
n
(&)
!"a(" 3
.a co 3 x
*
= x
*&
= x
*
x
&
s'y ra x
&
= &
!"a( s+(
5 p n
co the) nhan g"a tr t'y y !"a( s+(

p
x
@h" o ta co 3

+ " " " 1 "
p
p
p p p p
x x x x x
1e) cho go#n ta /y h"e'

+
. ;
" 1 " 1 "
p
$ $ $ $ x
"
(-)
.a thay ph+,ng tr5nh (-) $a% ph+,ng tr5nh t'yen t<nh
th'a=n nhat
Ho o
( )
" "
"
$ !
"
p
x +a, 6(* .
(C)

+



+
1 i
"
i
"
i
"
!
"
1
p p
i
i
"
i
"
!
i i ! 1
!
"
!
1
"
1
i !
x
> " + 1 i 5 p p > n
n n
p
"
i
"
1
x ha$ x *o ta &;' .a, &1' 6(,
&;' x s(D EiaD
p p n : *o +uon ta
i
i 1
... ...
, , , ...
?a%" tap 3
& Xac nh so ha#ng to)ng E'at c'(a Aa6y (x
n
) ne'
B"et 3
> n m0

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+
1
m n m n
x
x x x
1s 3 x
n
=
n

- Xac so /hong a* x
0
, x
&
, x
-
, : thoa( *a6n
( )
1 n m
x x
!
1
x x
n ! m ! n m n m

+ +
+
1
a biet
!##;
x 6Anh n. m ma, ,
1s 3 x
n
= n
-
C Xac nh so ha#ng to)ng E'at c'(a Aa6y so (x
n
) ne'
B"et
n #
x
x
x
m
n
m n

+
,
n
x : F" 0
1s 3 x
n
= (9&)
n
F .5* Aa6y so (x
n
) sao cho 3
>
x x x
x x
n m
!
n m
! 1

'

+ !
n m
0
,
1s 3 x
n
=
1 n n !

G Xac nh Aa6y so (x
n
) thoa( *a6n 3

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+
+

+
>
x x
x x !
x
1
x
1
x
n m
n m
!
n m
! 1
!
n m
0
,
1s 3 x
n
=
( )n !
1
+
P Xac nh Aa6y so (x
n
) thoa( *a6n 3

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+ +

+
>
!
x x
x
x x
!
n
!
m
!
n m
! 1
!
n m
0
,
1s 3 x
n
= ( )n ! +
M Xac nh Aa6y so (x
n
) thoa( *a6n 3

'

+

+ n m n m n m
1 #
x x x x
!
8
x # x ,
1s 3 x
n
= -
n
8 -
9n
H ng C 3 Uot so ph+,ng tr5nh sa" phan t+#
t'yen t<nh hoa
I< A'#&3
Xac nh so ha#ng to)ng E'at c'(a Aa6y (x
n
) ne'
B"et 3

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> > + +

+
1 a # 1 3 * 3x ax x
x
!
n n 1 n
1
, ,
!
a o 62ong &1'
!"a(" 3 .a co 3
4t (&) ( ) * 3x ax x * 3x ax x
!
n
!
n 1 n
!
n n 1 n
+ +
+ +
( ) &!' * x ax ! x x * x ax ! x 3 a x
n 1 n
!
n
!
1 n n 1 n
!
n
! !
1 n
+ + + +
+ + + +
.+% (-) ta thay (n8&) B,(" n ta c'6ng co 3
&1' * x ax ! x x
1 n n
!
1 n
!
n
+ +

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1 n 1 n n
!
1 n
!
1 n
x x ax ! x x
+ +

&;'
x &V
# x ax ! x
x x ax ! x x
1 n n 1 n
1 n n 1 n n 1 n 1 n
+
> > +
+
+ +
)
!"a(" ph+,ng tr5nh sa" phan t'yen t<nh th'a=n nhat (F) B"et
1 a a 1 a a
1 1
* 3 a x x
!
!
! n
!
!
!
1 n
1
!
1
!
!
! 1
+


+

+ +
, . .
,
1 n
o 62ong x
: ()* ta
I< A'# -3 Xac nh so ha#ng to)ng E'at c'(a Aa6y (x
n
) ne'
B"et 3

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+
! 1
x 0 x
&C'
1 n
!
n
1 n
x
a x
x
!"a(" 3 4t (0) &1' a x x x
!
n 1 n 1 n
+
+
.+% (&) ta thay n B,(" (n K &) ta +,#c 3 &!' a x x x
!
1 n n ! n
+

.r+% t+%ng 7e c'(a (&) 7a% (-) ta +,#c 3
( ) ( )
t
x x
x
G G G G
G
x x
x
x x
x
x x
x
x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x x
!
! 1
!
n ! ! n 1 n
1 n
1 n 1 n
n
n ! n
1 n
1 n 1 n
n
n ! n n 1 n 1 n 1 n
!
n n ! n
!
1 n 1 n 1 n
!
1 n
!
n n ! n 1 n 1 n

+
+ +
+ +

+
+
+ +
...
n
n n
G 2a su$ o Ho
G 2a su$ ta &1' t(, th G aIt
&1'
Ho o 3 x
n
= t (x
n8&
8 x
n9&
) 1ay $a% ph+,ng tr5nh sa" phan
t'yen t<nh th'a=n nhat he so hang co ph+,ng tr5nh aDc
tr+ng $a% t # t
!
+ a6 B"et cach g"a("
?a%" tap 3
& Xac nh Aa6y so (x
n
) ne' B"et 3
( )

'

+ +

+
+
n
!
n
!
1 n
1
3x
* x x a
# 3 x
1 n
x
so ha/ng *a* +a, * 0 3 0 a 0 ,
(0)
( JA3 +a ph+,ng tr5nh (0) 7e= ph+,ng tr5nh Bx
n
=
a(x
n8&
8 x
n9&
) )
- Cho Aa6y so (x
n
) xac nh B,("

'

+
=# x 18 x ; x
! x
!
n 1 n
#
Ja6y xac nh so ha#ng to)ng E'at c'(a x
n

Ch+ng *"nh rang so ( ) : x

!
1
n !
+ co the) B"e)' A"e\n
tha%nh to)ng B5nh ph+,ng c'(a C so ng'yen t"ep
1 n
C Xac nh Aa6y so (x
n
) ne' B"et 3

'

+
n
1 t
t 1 n
1 #
x
1 n
1
x
x x
C
> n 0
,
1s 3 x ( ) +
!
1
n
F Xac nh Aa6y so (x
n
) ne' B"et 3

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+
n
1 "
n
1 n
1
"
x
x > n
7 x
,
,
*
*
1s 3
!
n
x
n

G Cho Aa6y so (x
n
) +,#c xac nh nh+ sa' 3
( )

'

+ + +

! n x 1 n x ! x 1 x
1 x
1 ! n 1 n n
1
, ...
Ja6y xac nh Aa6y so (x
n
)
P Cho Aa6y so (x
n
) $a% Aa6y th+#c xac nh B,(" 3

'

+ +
+
C
> n 0 &C'
n
! n 1 n
1 n
1 ! 1
x
x x 1
x
1 x x x
Ch+ng *"nh rang 3
* *
, > x > n
n

( JA 3 1+a pt (0) 7e= Aa#ng x
n8F
= Fx
n8-
K x
n
I5 (x
&
,x
-
,x
C
,x
F
)
;
J
nen he th+c tren chS ra rang ( Bang E'" na#p
theo n)
*
, , , > x J x > n
n n

C
> n *u,ng *uoi )
H ng F 3 4h+,ng phap o)" Aa6y
1e) xac nh so ha#ng to)ng E'at c'(a Aa6y so ta
th+,%ng +a ph+,ng tr5nh c'(a Aa6y 7e= ph+,ng tr5nh sa" phan
a6 B"et cach g"a(" hoaDc +a en nh+ng ph+,ng tr5nh Aa6y
Ae\ g"a(" h,n Bang cach aDc Aa6y so ph'# co%n go#" $a%
ph+,ng phap o)" Aa6y
1e) t5* nh+6ng cach aDc Aa6y so ph'# ta th+,%ng
nghch a(o , $ogar"t hoa , *'6 hoa, :cac B"e)' th+c Ban
a=' Sa' ay $a% *ot 7a%" 7< A'# 7a% Ba%" tap *"nh hoa#
I< A'# &3 Ja6y t5* tat ca( cac g"a tr th+#c a e)
x
&
= a T
n
n
1 n
x !
x
x
+

+
(&) , > n xac nh *ot Aa6y ,
ha6y t5* so ha#ng to)ng E'at c'(a Aa6y so
!"a("3
.a co (&)
1
x
!
x
1
x
x !
x
1
n 1 n n
n
1 n
+
+

+ +
(-)
1aDt
1 $ !
x
1
$
n
n
n

+1 n
$ &!' o "hi &C'
(C)
4h+,ng tr5nh (C) a6 B"et cach g"a(" 7a% g"a(" ra ta +,#c 3
( )
a
a ! 1 a
$
1 n
n
+

(F)
.+% (0) 7a% (F) ta co 3
( ) a ! 1 a
a
x
1 n
n
+

(G)
.a pha(" t5* g"a tr c'(a a sao cho > n 0 ! x
n
;gh2a
$a% t+% (G) ta ca=n pha(" co 3
( ) 1 !
!
a !
! 1 a
a
n
n
1 n

Ho o , /h"
n
n
1 n
"
"
x !
x
x a
1 !
!
a
+

+
;
1
x th > " 0
xac nh
*ot Aa6y 7a% so ha#ng to)ng E'at c'(a Aa6y $a% 3
( ) a ! 1 a
a
x
1 n
n
+

VA du !: Xac nh so ha#ng to)ng E'at c'(a Aa6y (x

n
) ne'
B"et 3

'

+
+ +

&1'
3 x
* 3x 3x ! x
x
x x
! n
! n 1 n
!
1 n
n
! 1
,
!"a(" 3 .a co ph (&)
3 x
* 3x 3 3 3x ! x
x
! n
! n
! !
1 n
!
1 n
n
+
+ + +

( ) ( )
&!'
3 x
* 3 x
3 x 3
3 x
* 3 x
x
! n
!
1 n
n
! n
!
1 n
n
+
+ +
+
+
+ +

1aDt y
n
= x
n
8 B /h" o ta co (-)
! n
n
1 n
n
$
* $
$

+

ph+,ng
tr5nh na%y ch<nh $a% ph+,ng tr5nh sa" phan t+# t'yen t<nh
hoa a6 B"et cach g"a(" ( 7< A'# - )
I< A'# C 3
.5* (x
n
) B"et

'

+ +

!
n
n
n
1
x 3 a
x
x
x
(&)
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+
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n
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( c $a% hang so )
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]
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n
) ne' B"et x
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( )
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+

+ (&)
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^
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x
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+
+
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x
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n
n

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"
n 1 n
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+
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Vay $ogar"t hoa ha" 7e c'(a ph+,ng tr5nh (F) theo c, so e ta
+,#c 3 $n7
n8&
= /$n7
n
(G)
1aDt Aa6y ph'# '
n
= $n7
n
(P) @h" o ta co 3 (G)
n
n n 1 n
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+
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trong o c $a% hang so .+% (P) 7a% (C) ta co
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a

x
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(L)
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n
) ne' B"et
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+
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!
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+
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.a se6 ch+ng *"nh E'" na#p rang
1!
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n
n

cos
.hat 7ay 3
!
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= 1!
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1

cos cos 'ng

!"a( s+(
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cos 'ng ta ch+ng *"nh
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+
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+
= -
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+
cos cos (pc*)
.hay y
n
=
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n

cos 7a%o (-) ta +,#c
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! 1 x
n n !
n
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cos
I< A'# M Xac nh so ha#ng to)ng E'at c'(a Aa6y (x
n
) ne'
x
n
thoa(
ph+,ng tr5nh Aa6y sa' Aay 3
3 ax x
n
n
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trong o J
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3
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+ +
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1
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+
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(F)
1aDt Aa6y ph'#
m
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m
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+

(G)
@h" o ta co , pt (F)
m
aK K
m


(P)
1aDt Aa6y ph'#
m
a
m
. m K

log
(M)
@h" o ta co 3 (P) ( )
m m
a
m
a
. . . m a . m
m


log log
. (L)
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"
. .
m

([)
7," 7
/
t'y% y 7a% * = ( ) 1 " > t "
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trong o 3 p , E , r , s 3 $a% cac so a6 B"et
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phan

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$a% ngh"e* c'(a ph+,ng tr5nh a6 cho
.hat 7ay , ta ch+ng *"nh Bang E'" na#p nh+ sa' 3
a
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s 2x
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Ja6y t5* so ha#ng to)ng E'at c'(a Aa6y so (x
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!
1 n 1 n
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+ +
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1
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+
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n
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+
1
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+ +

.h+( $a#" Bang E'" na#p cho thay /et E'a( 7+%a t5* +,#c ,(
tren $a% 'ng
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n
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n
$a% ngh"e* c'(a he

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+
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n
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n 1 n
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"K $ $
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n
n
n
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$
x
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n
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7a% (M) ta co 3
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+ + +
+ +
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n
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nen t+% (L) 7a% ([) ta co 3
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n
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" i a " i a " i
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+
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1

+ +

Hng = G 3 4h+,ng phap +a 7e= $+,#ng g"ac

7a% cac ha%* JypeBo$"c
`)9C, s,( $y th'yet 3
Cac ha%* cosx , s"nx co *"e=n g"a tr $a% b9& T &c nen
/h" ch'ye)n Aa6y so 7e= Aa#ng cac ha%* so $+,#ng g"ac rat
ha#n che Ch' y A+a 7a%o cac Aa' h"e' sa' 3
t # 0 a*ost x aIt :
! !
x a

*ost
a
x aIt :
! !
a x

atgt x aIt : +
! !
a x
x
-
8 y
-
= /
-
3 1aDt
[ ] #@ 0 sin , cos " $ " x
dxd
sin x ha$ *os x aIt : 1
::
Cac ha%* JypeBo$"c co *"e=n g"a tr rong h,n co the)
g"a(" E'yet +,#c ha#ng che tren 7a% c'6ng co nh+6ng
t<nh chat t+,ng t+# ha%* so $+,#ng g"ac
.<nh chat ha%* so JypeBo$"c nh+ sa' 3
0 Ja%* s"nhypeBo$"c 3 ( )
x x
e e
!
1
shx $

UX1 3 e
0 Ja%* coshypeBo$"c 3 y = chx = ( )
x x
e e
!
1

+ UX1 3 e
.>c 3 f(x8y) 8 f(x9y) = -f(x)f(y)
0Ja%* .ghypeBo$"c 3 y = thx =
x x
x x
e e
e e

.>c 3
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
7 $ 0 x
+
+
+
$ x 1
$ x
$ x
T U!. b9&T&c
Ja%* CotghyperBo$"c 3 y = cothx =
x x
x x
e e
e e

+
.>c 3 f(x 8 y) =
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
[ ] 1@1 ? ME6 @ 7 $ 0 x 0
+
+
$ x
$ x 1
0 ch
-
x 8 sh
-
x = & T sh-x = - shx chx
ch-x = -ch
-
x K & T sh(x8y) = shx chy 8 shychx
ch (x8y) = chx chy 8 shx chy
th(x8y) =
thxth$ 1
th$ thx
+
+
T coth(x8y) =
$ x
1 $ x
coth coth
coth coth
+
+
x *h
1
1 x
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1
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+
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I< A'# & Cho Aa6y so ('
n
) +,#c xac nh nh+ sa' 3
'
&
= - T '
n8&
=
n
n
u ! 1
u !

+
, n = & , - , C ,:
a) Ch+ng *"nh rang n # u
n
B) Ch+ng *"nh rang Aa6y a6 cho /hong t'a=n hoa%n
!"a(" 1aDt X = arctg- ( t+c $a% tgX = -) ?ang E'"
na#p ta se6 ch+ng *"nh rang Aa6y so '
n
= tg(nX)
(&)
.hat 7ay /h" n = &, th5 *ot h"e)n nh"en 'ng
( 75 theo g"a( th"et '
&
= - = tgX) !"a( s+( a6 'ng
en n = / , t+c $a% 3 '
/
= tg(/X) (-)
.a co 3
( ) A 1 " tg
tgAtg"A 1
tg"A tgA
u ! 1
u !
u
"
"
1 "
+

+
Iay (-) c'6ng 'ng /h" n = /8& .heo ng'yen $y
E'" na#p th5 (&) 'ng n
?ay g",% ta g"a(" Ba%" toan
a) 9 eo6 ra%ng
!
m
m
!
u 1
u !
mA tg 1
tgmA !
mA ! tg m

!m
u : *o ta
(C)
!"a( th"et pha(n ch+ng g"a( s+( '
n
= 0 Xet ha" /ha(
nafng sa' 3
&) ;e' n chagn , /h" o n = -* .heo (C) s'y ra '
*
= 0
(F)
-) ;e' n $e( , /h" o Bao g",% ta c'6ng co B"e)' A"e\n n
A+," Aa#ng 3
( ) # ngu$en s 0 " a$ )D 0 + 1 s ! ! n
"
S+( A'#ng '
n
= 0 7a% cong th+c (C) , ta se6 " en 3 '
-s8&
= 0 (G)
.+% (F) ta s'y ra ne' * co%n chagn , th5 ta $a#" th+#c h"en
t"eps E'" tr5nh o, cho en /h" * $a% $e(
.o* $a#" ne' to=n ta#" n sao cho '
n
= 0, th5 " en *ot
so ng'yen s # ,
sao cho 3 '
-s8&
= 0 .a co '
-s 8 &
=
s !
s !
u ! 1
u !

+
Ho o s'y ra '
-s
= 9- Va#" theo (C) s'y ra 3
# 1 u u 1
u 1
u
s
!
s !
s
s

(P)
.a B"et rang ne' '
s
thoa( *a6n (P) th5 '
s
pha(" $a% so
7o ty( ( 75 ngh"e* c'(a ph+,ng tr5nh x
-
K x K & = 0
$a% 3
!
8 1
x
1!
t
) nh+ng Ao '
&
= - $a% so h+6' ty( nen t+%
cach xac nh 3
n
n
1 n
u ! 1
u !
u

+
ta s'y ra *o#" so ha#ng
c'(a Aa6y $a% so h+6' ty( Iay " en e=' 7o $y ;h+
the g"a( th"et pha(n ch+ng $a% sa" &5NM' n # u
n

B) 9 .a ch+ng *"nh *ot "e=' *a#nh h,n , /hong Aa6y so

a6 cho /hong t'a=n hoa%n *a% no chS nhan g"a tr na%o
o 'ng *ot $a=n .hat 7ay g"a( s+( to=n ta#" ha" so
ha#ng c'(a Aa6y c'%ng nhan *ot g"a tr "e=' oA co
ngh2a $a% to=n ta#" cac so ng'yen * , n 7,"
1 n 1 m ,
sao
cho 3 '
n8*
= '
n

.+% o ta co 3 tg(n8*)X = tgnX
( )
( )
&C' # u # tgmA # A
#
A A m n
mA
# tgnA A m n tg
m

+
+
sin
cos cos
sin
.+% (0) s'y ra "e=' 7o $y , 75 theo pha=n *ot 7+%a
ch+ng *"nh n #
n
u
Iay g"a( th"et pha(n ch+ng $a% sa" s'y ra "e=' pha(" ch+ng
*"nh
Ch' y 3 He\ Aa%ng ch+ng *"nh ( Bang E'" na#p )
!
1
> n
n
u th ,
7ay Aa6y a6 cho xac nh 7," *o#" x
I< A'# - Cho Aa6y so +,#c xac nh B,(" 3
( )

'

+
n
n
1 n
1
u ! 1 1
1 ! u
u
1
1
u
.5* '
-00C
!"a(" .a co tg 1 !
1 !
1 !
=
1
=
1
1!

+

cos
cos
I"et $a#" B"e)' th+c '
n8&
A+," Aa#ng sa' 3
1!
tg u 1
1!
tg u
u
n
n
1 n

+
(&)
1aDt '
n
= tgX th5 t+% (&) s'y ra 3
,
_

+
+
1!
A tg u
1 n
(-)
I5 '
&
=
=
tg
!
1
nen t+% (-) theo ng'yen $y E'" na#p Ae\
Aa%ng s'y ra3
( )
,
_

1!
1 n
=
tg u
n
Iay 3
# tg
=
8
=
tg
=
8
1==
=
tg
1!
!##!
=
tg u
!##1

,
_

,
_

+ +

,
_

I< A'# C
&) Ha6y ('
n
) +,#c xac nh 3

n
n
! ! ! u + + + ...
.5*
n
n ! 1
n
!
u u u ...
lim
+
-) Ha6y ('
n
) +,#c xac nh 3

n
n
n
! ! ! ! ! u + + + ...
.5* n
u
n
lim
+
!"a(" & .a ch+ng *"nh '
n
= -cos
1 n
!
+

(&)
( ?ang E'" na#p ta Ae\ Aa%ng ch+ng *"nh (&))
.a co
n
n ! 1
n
!
u u u ...
lim
+
=
n
1 n 1 !
n
n
!
! ! !
!
+
+

cos ... cos cos
lim
=
1 n
n
! 1 1 n 1 n
n
n
!
!
! ! ! !
!
+
+ +
+


sin
cos cos ... cos sin
lim
=
1 n
n
n
!
!
1
+
+

sin
lim
Iay ta co 3
n
n ! 1
n
!
u u u ...
lim
+
=
1 n
n
n
!
!
1
+
+

sin
lim
=

+
+
+
! !
!
!
1 n
1 n
n
sin
lim
.+% ca' & s'y ra

n
n
n
! ! ! ! ! u + + + ...
=
1 n
1 n
1 n
! n
n
n
n
n
!
!
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