Piping Gravity load (D): In the absence of defined piping loads and locations, an assumed minimum uniform pipe

load of 2.0 kPa should be used for preliminary design of piperacks. This corresponds to an equivalent load of 6 in (150 mm) lines full of water covered with 2 in (50 mm) thick insulation, and spaced on 12 in (300 mm) centers. This assumption should be verified based on coordination with the Piping Group, and concentrated loads should also be applied for any anticipated large pipes. When the actual loads and locations become known, as the project develops, the structural design should be checked against these assumed initial load parameters and revised as required. A concentrated load should then be added for pipes that are 12 in (300 mm) and larger in diameter. The concentrated load P should be: P =(W - s x p x d), s = Spacing of piperack bent, p = pipe weight considered (kPa), d = pipe diameter W = pipe concentrated load. Where consideration of uplift or system stability due to wind or seismic occurrences is required, use 60% of the design gravity loads as an "all pipes empty" load condition. Loading due to hydrostatic testing of lines should be considered in the design if applicable. Coordinate the testing plan(s) with Construction, Startup, and/or the Piping Group as necessary, in order to fully understand how such loads will be applied to the piperack structure. Under most normal conditions, multiple lines will not be simultaneously tested. The hydro-test loads do not normally need to be considered concurrently with the other non-permanent loads, such as live load, wind, earthquake, and thermal. Typical practice is to permit an overstress of 15% for the hydro-test condition. Because of these considerations, the hydro-test condition will not normally govern except for very large diameter pipes.