Chapter #18: Renewing the Sectional Struggle Big Picture Themes 1.

. The main question facing the nation was, Will new lands won from Mexico have slaves or be free? . The answer to the question was hammered out in the !om"romise of 1#$%. &t said !alifornia was to be free, "o"ular sovereignt' (the "eo"le decide) for the rest of the lands. *. + tougher fugitive slave law was a ma,or concession to the -outh, but it wasn.t enforced. This angered the -outherners. /. The 0orth1-outh rift was widened with the 2ansas30ebras4a +ct. &t re"ealed the Missouri !om"romise which had 4e"t the "eace for a generation. &n it.s "lace, "o"ular sovereignt' o"ened the 5reat 6lains to "otential slaver'. Whereas the slave3land issue had been settled, now it was a big question mar4. IDE TI!IC"TI# S: Stephen Douglas 7e was also a senator, and he wor4ed with 7enr' !la' as the' were tr'ing to "ass the !om"romise of 1#$%. 7e was the one who came u" with the idea to s"lit the com"romise u", and he later came u" with the 2ansas30ebras4a +ct. !ran$lin Pierce 7e became "resident after the election of 1#$ , and was labeled the 8ar4 7orse from the 8emocratic 6art'. +lthough he was a northerner, he was ver' "ro3south, and su""orted both the !om"romise of 1#$% and the 9ugitive -lave :aw. 7e tried to acquire !uba for the -outh as a slave state. %achar& Ta&lor 7e was an +merican general in the Mexican3+merican War, and was considered a national hero. 7e became a candidate for "residenc' for the Whig 6art' in the election of 1#/#. 7e died in office during the issue with !alifornia.s admittance as a state, before an' com"romise could be reached. 7is vice "resident, 9ilmore, was left to deal with the two hostile sides. 'ohn C( Calhoun 7e was -outh !arolina.s senator. 7e later died in 1#$% of tuberculosis. 7e was a strong believer in the !onstitution and wanted to 4ee" the ;nion together at all costs. )atthew C( Perr& +s a naval officer, he convinced the <a"anese to sign a treat' with +merica in the 'ear of 1#$*. This treat' hel"ed the ;- establish a stronger relationshi" with <a"an, as well as establish commercial relations with them.

*enr& Cla& 7e came u" with the !om"romise of 1#$%. 7e had been close to being elected b' the Whigs as the "residential candidate for the election of 1#/#, but his man' shar" s"eeches had left him with too man' enemies for consideration. !ree+Soil Part& This was a "olitical "art' organi=ed b' anti3slaver' "eo"le in the north. The' were mostl' made u" of 8emocrats with a mixture of some Whigs. Their goal was to 4ee" slaver' from s"reading to an' other states. !ugiti,e Sla,e -aw This law required the return of slaves if the' were to esca"e to different states. This also required citi=ens in some cases to hel" with the retrieval of slaves. -laves could also be held in a state.s ,ail, and federal officials were also brought in to handle these situations. *arriet Tu.man -he was an ex3slave woman who became one of the secret conductors of the ;nderground >ailroad. -he, along with other abolitionists, hel"ed slaves esca"e from bondage. Compromise o/ 1801 This was a series of com"romises made to a""ease the 0orth and the -outh. &t stated that the land fought over b' 0ew Mexico and Texas would go to 0ew Mexico, and Texas would get 1% million to "a' its debt to Mexico. &t also said that !alifornia would be a free state, but the 9ugitive -lave +ct would be "assed. #sten2 )ani/esto This incident ha""ened in 1#$/, when southerners attem"ted to bu' more slave territor' from the -"anish in ?elgium. The' wanted to get more slave territor' since the' felt that it would "rovide more balance in !ongress. The' wanted to bu' !uba, but the -"anish refused to sell. When the' tried to ta4e it b' force, the 0orth caught wind of their "lan and became outraged. The whole scheme went to "ieces once the "ublic was made aware of it. 3ansas+ e.ras$a "ct This acted stated the 0ebras4a territor' would be s"lit u" into two "arts, 2ansas and 0ebras4a. 2ansas would be a slave state, and 0ebras4a would be a free state. This was highl' dis"uted since it contradicted the !om"romise of 1# %.

Chapter #14: Dri/ting Towar2 Disunion Big Picture Themes 1. ;ncle Tom.s !abin drove a wedge between the 0ortherner and -outherner. The -outh cried foul sa'ing it gave a view of slaver' that was too harsh and unrealistic, but it cemented each section.s feelings on the issue. . 2ansas became the battleground over slaver'. -ince slaver' there was to be decided b' "o"ular vote, each side "assionatel' fought for their "osition. ?loodshed resulted. *. The -u"reme !ourt.s 8red -cott decision was huge. &t said that !ongress or a legislature cannot outlaw slaver' in the territories. @ffectivel' then, all new lands were "ossible slave lands. /. + financial "anic in 1#$A added to the chaos and uncertaint'. $. +be :incoln arrived on the scene. +lthough he lost to -te"hen 8ouglas for &llinois -enate, he made a name for himself there. B. &n 1#B%, +be :incoln won a ver' sectional race for "resident over * other candidates. The -outh had "romised to leave the union if +be won. 7e won, and the -outh indeed seceded. IDE TI!IC"TI# S: *inton *elper The Impending Crisis of the South 7e was a white citi=en from 0orth !arolina who hated both the institution of slaver' and blac4s. 7e tried to swa' the "ublic o"inion and "rove that the ones who were most negativel' affected b' slaver' were the non3slave owning whites. 7is boo4 was banned in the -outh and widel' burned as well. &t found much more success in the 0orth, since it was distributed b' the >e"ublican 6art'. 5eorge !it6hugh 7e was a social theorist who "ublished his ideas. Cne of his ideas defended slaver' and stated that the negro is but a grown u" child who was de"endent on their masters for economic and social "rotection. 'ohn Brown 7e was an extremel' radical abolitionist who had acted in retaliation to the destruction of the town of :awrence b' butchering five innocent men with his followers. :ater on, he would lead a stri4e at 7ar"ers 9err' which ended in the death of seven innocent "eo"le. 7e was convicted of murder, and was su""osed to be sent to an as'lum on account of his insanit', but was later executed. 7is death united the 0orth against slaver'. Charles Sumner 7e was the senator from Massachusetts whose caustic s"eeches made him the most disli4ed man in !ongress. 7is s"eech, The !rime +gainst 2ansas, was so insulting, it offended !ongressman 6reston -. ?roo4s of -outh !arolina, and caused him to beat -umner to unconsciousness.

Dre2 Scott 7e was a blac4 slaved who lived in &llinois, considered free soil, for five 'ears with his master. With the encouragement of abolitionists, he too4 his case to court and tried to sue for freedom. 7owever, the -u"reme !ourt stated that since -cott was a slave and not a citi=en, he could not sue for his freedom. ".raham -incoln 7e had been a small3time law'er and congressman from &llinois, but gained national fame through the :incoln v. 8ouglas debates. 7e also became active in the issue of the 2ansas30ebras4a +ct, and was later elected as "resident in the election of 1#B%. 'ohn Critten2en 7e was a -enator from 2entuc4' and introduced the !rittenden !om"romise. This was a last3ditch attem"t at avoiding conflict because of slaver'. &t stated that the Missouri !om"romise line would extend all the wa' to the 6acific. 7owever, it failed, and showed "eo"le that the times were now much too dire for com"romise to wor4. 7Blee2ing 3ansas8 The violence that eru"ted in 2ansas due to the mounting tension between "roslaver'ites and abolitionists. This onl' escalated due to the destruction of :awrence and the murders and stri4es caused b' <ohn ?rown. This was also basicall' a civil war that started in 1#$B, and later connected with the larger civil war in 1#B131#B$. "merican or 73now+ othing8 Part& This was the "olitical "art' organi=ed b' the nativists. The' were anti3immigrant and anti3!atholic. &n the @lection of 1#$B, the' nominated Millard 9illmore. Panic o/ 1809 This was a financial "anic caused b' the !alifornia gold rush (inflation), the ra"id s"read of grain cro"s, and overs"eculation in both land and railroads. 6s'chologicall', it heavil' weighed on +mericans, but it was not as severe as the 6anic of 1#*A. -logans such as ?read or 8eath s"read during this time. -incoln+Douglas De.ates These debates occurred in 1#$#, from +ugust to Cctober. :incoln had challenged his o""onent for the "osition of &llinois -enator, -te"hen 8ouglas, to a series of seven debates. The most famous debate of the seven occurred in 9ree"ort, &llinois. 8ouglas had won the debate and the seat in -enate as a result of the debates, but in the end, he lost su""orters in the -outh and an' chance of becoming "resident. !reeport Doctrine This is what -te"hen 8ouglas answered with in res"onse to :incoln.s famous question in 9ree"ort, &llinois. 7e stated that regardless of what the -u"reme !ourt or the +merican 5overnment ruled if the "eo"le do not agree with it, the' cannot enforce that law or act. This was stated in regards to slaver', which "leased su""orters of "o"ular sovereignt', but highl' bothered the -outh. *arper:s !err& Rai2 This ha""ened in Cctober 1#$D, when <ohn ?rown tried to start a rebellion involving the slaves. 7e wanted to give the slaves wea"ons so the' could fight for their freedom (literall'), however this o"eration ultimatel' failed. ?rown was then ca"tured b' the Marines and brought to court. 7e was convicted of murder, and was later hanged. Constitutional ;nion Part&

This was the "olitical "art' made u" of middle3of3the3road "oliticians as well as those from the 2now30othing 6art'. The' wanted to "reserve the union and quell some of the fighting between the 0orth and -outh. Their nomination, <ohn ?ell from Tennessee, for the @lection of 1#B% was also a com"romise. 5;IDED RE"DI 5 <;ESTI# S: Stowe an2 *elper: -iterar& Incen2iaries 2nowE 7arriet ?eecher -towe, 7inton 7el"er 1. Which boo4, Uncle Toms Cabin or The Impending Crisis of the South was more im"ortant? @x"lain. &n m' o"inion, Uncle Toms Cabin b' 7arriet ?eecher -towe was the more im"ortant boo4. This is because it was so widel' 4nown and read, and it was also ver' loved b' its audience of abolitionists and foreigners. This boo4 also fired u" the 0orth, and caused foreign nations such as ?ritain and 9rance, to abstain from aiding the -outh in the !ivil War. &t would be safe to sa' that Uncle Toms Cabin changed the course of the !ivil War significantl'. The orth+South Contest /or 3ansas 2nowE ?eecherFs ?ibles, ?order >uffians . What went wrong with "o"ular sovereignt' in 2ansas? The "roblem with "o"ular sovereignt' in 2ansas was that it did not guarantee a "osition regarding slaver'. -ince the question of slaver' was o"en3ended, it led to more conflicts with "eo"le wanting to ma4e their "oint of view the dominant one. This, of course, led to violence, with the 0ew @ngland @migrant +id !om"an' who "urchased rifles (?eecher.s ?ibles) in order to defend themselves from "roslaver'ites. Then, the southerners formed grou"s, ?order >uffians, in order to gain the "o"ular vote and ma4e 2ansas into a slave state. This inevitabl' led to the clash of the two grou"s. 3ansas in Con,ulsion 2nowE <ohn ?rown, 6ottawatomie !ree4, :ecom"ton !onstitution *. What was the effect of G?leeding 2ansasG on the 8emocratic 6art'? ?leeding 2ansas further divided the 8emocratic 6art'. This issue was incredibl' controversial, what with <ohn ?rown murdering innocents at 6ottawatomie !ree4, and the :ecom"ton !onstitution being heavil' su""orted b' the -outh. These issues were regarded differentl' b' the members of the 8emocratic 6art', which ultimatel' ended their status as the last remaining national "art'. =Bull&= Broo$s an2 *is Blu2geon 2nowE !harles -umner, 6reston ?roo4s /. What was the consequence of ?roo4Fs beating of -umner in the 0orth? The -outh? !ongressman 6reston ?roo4s. beating of -enator -umner (Massachusetts) made the -outh as a whole seem much more violent and wild to their 0orthern neighbors. 7e was seen as uncouth and cowardl', since he "ut -umner in the hos"ital with awful in,uries. &n the -outh, southerners were divided. 0ot all were "roud of what ?roo4s had done, but all of them were angr' over the fact that -umner.s insulting s"eech was widel' lauded b' the

0orth. =#l2 Buc$= ,ersus =The Path/in2er= 2nowE <ames ?uchanan, <ohn !. 9remont, The +merican 6art' $. +ssess the candidates in the 1#$B election. The 8emocrats nominated <ames ?uchanan, and the >e"ublicans nominated <ohn !. 9remont. <ames ?uchanan was, "h'sicall', a ver' im"ressive man. 7e was quite muscular and tall, with a distinguishing e'e3defect. 7e was also well3versed in "olitics since he was a successful 6enns'lvania law'er. 7owever, when it came to big issues and crises, he was not at all useful. 9remont was the 6athfinder of the West, a charming but s"ontaneous adventurer. ?oth candidates were hurt b' mudslinging from all sides. Millard 9illmore, the forgettable ex3"resident was nominated b' the 2now30othing 6art'. The Electoral !ruits o/ 180> B. &nter"ret the results of the election of 1#$B. &n the end, although he won less than the ma,orit' of the "o"ular vote, ?uchanan won the election of 1#$B. +lthough the >e"ublicans didn.t win, man' thought that it was for the best, since there were doubts concerning 9remont.s honest', ca"acit', and sound ,udgment. 7e was also not a ver' strong "olitician. Threats coming from radical, southern fire eaters also coerced man' northern business owners into voting for ?uchanan. The Dre2 Scott Bom.shell 2nowE 8red -cott, >oger ?. Tane' A Wh' was the 8red -cott decision so divisive? The 8red -cott decision was so divisive because it not onl' outright denied slaves and even free blac4s the most basic +merican rights, but led b' >oger ?. Tane' (!hief <ustice at the time), the court decided that the Missouri !om"romise was unconstitutional and !ongress did not have "ower to ban slaver' an'where. The !inancial Crash o/ 1809 # 7ow did the 6anic of 1#$A ma4e !ivil War more li4el'? The 6anic of 1#$A made !ivil War more li4el' because it made the -outh overconfident, and it fanned the flames of the 0orth.s frustration. The 0orth was the side which was hit harder b' the economic "anic, while the -outh.s cotton hel"ed it through with fl'ing colors. The inflation of the south.s ego made them that much more defensive and li4el' to cause conflict with the north. The 0orth wanted more land and at chea"er "rices for their struggling "eo"le, but their 7omestead +ct was vetoed b' ?uchanan, who was heavil' influenced b' southerners. "n Illinois Rail+Splitter Emerges D 8escribe +braham :incoln.s bac4ground. +braham :incoln was born into a "oor famil', and originall' lived in a log cabin now immortali=ed b' +merican histor'. 7e li4ed to read and basicall' educated himself since he went to a frontier school for less than a 'ear. 7e wasn.t ver' cultured, but he did marr' into a higher class when he married Mar' Todd, who was named the she3wolf b' her enemies. 7e later became a well34nown law'er in &llinois and served one term in !ongress. &t wasn.t

until 1#$/, when he became es"eciall' "assionate about the 2ansas30ebras4a +ct, that he became a "o"ular "olitician and debater in the north. The 5reat De.ate: -incoln ,ersus Douglas 2nowE 9ree"ort 8octrine 1% What long term results occurred because of the :incoln38ouglas debates? The long3term results that occurred because of the :incoln38ouglas debates were that :incoln became more famous in the "olitical field, 8ouglas. "art' became even more divided, 8ouglas. chances at "residenc' were lost, and the debates brought the ;nited -tates closer to the !ivil War due to the controversial answers and issues being "resented to the "ublic. 'ohn Brown: )ur2erer or )art&r 2nowE 7ar"erFs 9err', >obert @. :ee 11. Wh' were the actions of one (cra='?) man so im"ortant in the growing conflict between 0orth and -outh? The actions of <ohn ?rown, es"eciall' at 7ar"ers 9err', were incredibl' im"ortant in the growing conflict between 0orth and -outh because he was a significant factor in the unification of the 0orth. The -outh had alwa's been united in their fight to "rotect their livelihood, slaver', but the 0orth had alwa's been s"lit u". When ?rown was ca"tured b' the Marines under !olonel >obert @. :ee.s command, and then executed after his trial, the 0orth as a whole became outraged with the outcome. ?rown.s death served to further motivate his northern brothers. The Disruption o/ the Democrats 2nowE <ohn !. ?rec4enridge, <ohn ?ell 1 . What ha""ened when the 8emocratic 6art' attem"ted to choose a candidate for the "residenc' in 1#B%? When the 8emocratic 6art' attem"ted to choose a candidate for the "residenc' in 1#B%, their "art' became immediatel' divided. 0orthern 8emocrats were "assionate about nominating 8ouglas, but -outhern 8emocrats viewed him as a traitor due to his controversial stance regarding the :ecom"ton !onstitution and the 9ree"ort 8octrine. -o, at both the !harleston and ?altimore convention, the -outhern 8emocrats wal4ed out. &n the end, 0orthern 8emocrats nominated 8ouglas an'wa', while -outhern 8emocrats retaliated b' nominating vice "resident, <ohn !. ?rec4enridge. &n order to tr' and 4ee" some 4ind of "eace, the !onstitutional ;nion "art' was formed b' a middle3of3the3road grou", and the' nominated <ohn ?ell from Tennessee. " Rail+Splitter Splits the ;nion 1*. Wh' was :incoln chosen as the >e"ublican candidate instead of -eward? :incoln was chosen as the >e"ublican candidate instead of -eward because he did not have as man' enemies. -eward had become a hotl' dis"uted "olitician due to his s"eech at >ochester in 1#$#, and other instances in which he made radical statements. The slogan, -uccess >ather Than -eward had even been coined due to the "eo"le.s derision. The Electoral ;phea,al o/ 18>1

1/.

8id the -outh have an' "ower in the national government after :incoln.s election, or were the' hel"less? The -outh did, in fact, have "ower in the national government after :incoln.s election. The' were not hel"less at all. The' had a ma,orit' of five to four on the -u"reme !ourt, and the >e"ublicans did not have the authorit' to dominate -enate or the 7ouse of >e"resentatives. This did not give them the "ower the' wanted in order to wi"e out slaver' in the slave states. &f the' were to "ro"ose a constitutional amendment, it could be defeated b' a fourth of the states, and the -outh occu"ied nearl' half of the union an'wa'. The Secessionist E?o2us 2nowE -ecession, <efferson 8avis 1$.. What did 6resident ?uchanan do when the -outh seceded? Wh'? When the -outh seceded, 6resident ?uchanan ado"ted a wait3and3see "olic'. 7e was ver' indecisive and not at all forceful with this delicate issue. 7e was dedicated to the !onstitution, and didn.t thin4 the -outhern states could secede legall', but he couldn.t find a wa' to ,ustif' the forcible retrieval of the states. 7e was also reluctant to start fighting because his small arm' of fifteen thousand men was des"eratel' needed in the West to ward off &ndian attac4s. The Collapse o/ Compromise 1B. What was the !rittendon !om"romise and wh' did it fail? The !rittendon !om"romise basicall' revisited the Missouri !om"romise and the *B *% "arallel. &t stated that an' land north of the line would ban slaver', while land south of the line would have its rights to slaver' "rotected. This line also extended across to the 6acific. 0ewl'3acquired land would decide their stance on slaver' b' themselves. 7owever, :incoln o""osed it since he did not want to give u" the anti3slaver' stand he.d ta4en during the election. !arewell to ;nion 1A. What advantages did southerners see in secession? Who did the' com"are themselves to? 8ue to secession, -outherners believed that the' would be able to establish their own ban4ing, shi""ing, and trading s'stem. Their new found trade s'stem would be directl' connected to @uro"e, and the' would be able to ma4e more "rofit. The' com"ared themselves to the original thirteen colonies who seceded from the ?ritish @m"ire.