BI THC TP CHUYN

KHO ST CC C TNH P NG B LC THNG THP

1. Mc ch
Mc ch ca bi th nghim ny l s dng mt b lc tch cc cng c thit
k nh l b lc thng thp 5 cc to thnh b lc c th thay i c, c c tnh
Butterwworth, hoc Chebyshev hay l Bessel .. N c tr khng li vo kh ln
(khong 10k) v tr khng li ra kh nh v v th hot ng ca n khng ph thuc
nhiu vo li vo v li ra ( Ch : Hy gi in p li vo di 5 Volt nh-nh
trnh qu ti ) , Bn cnh sinh vin dng chng trnh MATLAB Signal Processing
Toolbox thit k b lc ny v s dng bn mch Startup kit TMS320C50 DSP (B
s l s tn hiu) vi phn mm hp ng DSK to ra b lc p c cc c tnh trn.
S khi ca th nghim c m t nh sau :
a) S th nghim s dng b lc tch cc cng :

b) S th nghim s dng TMS320C50 DSP

119

2. Dng c thc nghim

i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
vii)
viii)

My pht chc nng

B lc tch cc vi ngun +/- 15Volt
Dao ng k
Volt k RMS
My o phase
My tnh vi phn mm DSK , MatLab
Startup kit TMS320C50 DSP
pht chc nng ( Function Generator);

A. PHN L THUYT
1. Cc c tnh p ng b lc thng thp
Trong phn ny sinh vin phi phn tch , nh gi cc c tnh tn s v p ng
truyn dn ca ng truyn c c trng lc Butterwworth, hoc Chebyshev hay l
Bessel theo cc ch dn di y :
o Vi p ng tn s , phi ch n gi tr suy hao ng k ti cc tn s no
. Cc tn s ny phi c o v v theo tn s c chun ho. Vi mi mt
b lc , cc tn s c chun ho c s dng v trn th sao cho chng
c th biu din dng iu chung nht ca b lc t xem xt c p ng
mi khi c mt s thay i tn s.
o T p ng tn s , cc tr pha ti cc tn s c la chn phi c o v cc
c tnh khuych i, chm phase , tr phase v tr nhm c tnh ton t
cc gi tr o c.
o Vi p ng truyn dn , p ng li ra ca mi b lc khi mt bc li vo c
s dng
a) Gii thiu :
Mi mt b lc bc-5 c mt hm truyn c chun ho di dng :
e

H(s) =

-------------------------------------------------------------------

S 5 + a S4 + b S 3 + c S2 + d S 1 + e

Trong a, b, c, d, e l cc h s ca b lc

120

 Butterworth c hm truyn (TF) c chun ho ti c = 1 rad/s

Chebyshev c 1 dB ripple ,
c = cosh [ (1/n) cosh-1(1/e) ]
Do b lc bc-5 c n=5 v e=0.50885 v th c 1.0338 v sao cho
r khng di -3dB th r = (20000/1.0338 ) = 19346 rad/s c do vy TF
c t li bng s/r = 20000/19346.
Bessel c chun ho ti thi gian tr T0 = 1 sec m bo cho c =
20000rad/s th tr phi gim xung
to = 1.21 x 10-4 sec
TF c chun ho bng cch t li s = sto , trong t0 l tr thit k
tr phase tn s zero c xc nh bng cch t s hay bng
zero v v vy ch cn h s bc-1 trong H(s) , xc nh tr phase kt qu ca biu
thc ( bng cch t s = j ) vi Tp = -f()/
Cho b lc c th chuyn i thnh cc loi b lc Butterwworth, hoc
Chebyshev hay l Bessel cng vi cc thit b th nghim nu trn , sinh vin hy
tin hnh cc bc sau y :
b) tr phase tn s zero
Cc mu s c chun ho theo 3 hm truyn l
9 Butterworth S5 + 3.236 S4 + 5.236 S3 + 5.236 S2 + 3.236 S1 + 1
9 Chebyshev

S5 + 0.908 S4 + 1.601 S3 + 0.889 S2 + 0.509 S1 + 0.104

9 Bessel

S5 + 6.181 S4 + 17.827 S3 + 29.381 S2 + 27.238 S1 + 11.222

s dng tn s ln ti 0 = 20 000 rad/s ( f0 = 3.18 KHz ) sao cho p ng tn

s mong i ph hp vi TF vi S c thay th bng j/20000. Hy s
dng cc thng tin ny tnh ton tr phase tn s zero / c tnh ca
mi mt b lc ( bng cch t 0 v th ch cn li i lng bc nht )
c) Cc tn s tim cn

121

Cc tn s ca cc b lc bc 5 ny c tnh ton theo hm truyn nu

trong mc (a) trn y
d) Quan st p ng tn s
Bin : Vi mi mt b lc, hy so snh in p li ra tnh theo n v
dB v ghi li cc tn s m ti c s suy hao ng k v bin li ra
, tc l vi Butterworth v Bessel, cc tn s cho -0.5dB, -1dB , -3dB ,
-10dB , -20dB , -30dB v -40dB , cn vi Chebyshev ti cc tn s
v gi tr suy hao ng vi gi tr ti a trong bng di v gi tr suy
hao ng vi gi tr ti thiu ti gn mp bng di , cc tn s cho cho 0.5dB, -1dB , -3dB , -10dB , -20dB , -30dB v -40dB
Hy v p ng theo n v dB i li vi thang logarithm tn s
c chun ho
Hy dng my o phase chnh xc v ghi li s chm phase ca b lc
ti mi mt trng thi ca n ti cc tn s sau y
40, 120, 400, 480, 700, 780, 1000, 1080, 1300, 1380, 1600, 1680,
1900, 1980, 2100, 2180, 2300, 2380, 2700, 2780, 3000, 3080, 4000,
4080, 5000, 5080Hz
tr phase / c th c xem xt bn cnh cc tn s ny v gi tr
tng ng vi tr nhm ( / ) c th c tnh theo cc tn s
80, 440, 740, 1040, 1340, 1640, 1940, 2140, 2340, 2740, 3040,
4040, 5040Hz
Hy v s chm phase , tr phase v tr nhm ng vi mi mt trng
thi b lc khi dng cc thang tn s c chun ho tuyn tnh ri tnh cc
tr tn s zero
e) Quan st p ng truyn dn
Cho li vo b lc mt xung in th dng sng hnh vung , hy quan st
thi gian cn thit cho in th li ra t gi tr n nh sau mi mt
bc ca sng hnh vung
Vi mi mt b lc, hy quan st tr thi gian gia tn hiu li vo v
li ra khi li ra t c 50% gi tr cui cng ca n. Chng c th c
coi nh tr hiu dng ca b lc theo p ng li vo
f) M phng
Cho mch lc vi s theo hnh v di y :

122

 Hy s dng phn mm PSPICE ( hay l ELECTR)NIC WORKBENCH)

a ra p ng tn s ca b lc
S dng cc phn mm MatLab hay Mathematica tnh p ng bin
v p ng phase ca b loc
Thay th 1 vi gi tr ca mt vi phn t trong b lc trn y ( theo yu cu
ca gio vin ) ri m phng v thu nhn li kt qu

2. Thit k b lc IIR dng mu Analog.

Mt lp quan trng thit k b lc s IIR l da trn bin i b lc tng t c in
Butterworth, Chebyshev I, Chebyshev II, v Cauter sang dng s tng ng. Phng
php c in thit k cc b lc s IIR c thc hin v nhng l do sau y:
a) u im ca thit k b lc IIR tng t. Do , rt thun tin s dng
th tc thit k c pht trin b lc tng t
b) C rt nhiu phng php thit k b lc tng t hu ch c cng thc
tht k dng n gin, phng php thit k mch lc s da trn cng thc
thit k tng t chun hn l n gin thc hin n, s dng c bin i
tng t hay bt k dng no.

123

c) Phng php xp x tiu chun ca b lc tng t khng cho ta cng thc

thit k n gin khi cc phng php ny c p dng trc tip thit
k b lc FIR.
Bn hm trong MATLABTM SIGNAL PROCESSING TOOLBOX thit k b lc IIR
thng thp ni trn l :
[b,a]=butter(N,Wn)
[b,a]=cheby1(N,Rp,Wn)
[b,a]=cheby2(N,Rs,Wn)
[b,a]=ellip(N,Rp,Rs,Wn)
C 4 phng php thit k b lc thng thp bc N c tn s ct Wn,Wn nm trong
khong 0 v 1, vi 1.0 l mt na tn s ly mu( tn s Nyquist). Vi cheby1 v ellip,
bin Rp l decibel ca gn (ripple) trong di thng, vi cheby2 v ellip di chn c
t l Rs decibel tr xung t gi tr nh ca di thng.
Cc hm sau cho ta h s b lc c chiu di N+1 hng vector b v a. Cc h s b
lc l ly tha ca z:
H ( z) =

B( z ) b(1) + b(2) z 1 + ... + b(n 1) z n

=
A( z ) a (1) + a (2) z 1 + ... + a (n 1) z n

(12)

Cc gi tr nh hn ca gn Rp thng di v cc gi tr ln hn Rs chn di u
dn n qu ln hn (c trng ct ngn hn).
Nu Wm l vector 2 thnh phn, Wn=[w1,w2], thit k 4 hm b lc thng di bc
2N vi di w1< <w2.
B lc thng cao c thit k bng cch thm chui high vo sau cu lnh:
[b,a]=ellip(N,Rp,Rs,Wn,high)
B lc chn di c thit k bng cch thm chui stop vo cui cu lnh:
[b,a]=butter(N,Rp,Rs,Wn,stop)
l b lc chn di bc 2N nu Wn=[w1,w2]. Di chn l w1< <w2.

124

Bc b lc nh nht yu cu phi t c cc tnh cht thc hin c bit, c

nh ngha trong hnh 8.1, c th c tnh ton s dng mt hm chn bc b lc:
[N,Wn]=buttord(Wp,Ws,Rp,Rs)
[N,Wn]=cheb1ord(Wp,Ws,Rp,Rs)
[N,Wn]=cheb2ord(Wp,Ws,Rp,Rs)
[N,Wn]=ellipord(Wp,Ws,Rp,Rs)
Cc hm ny tr li N v Wn s dng trong butter, cheby1,cheby2, hay ellip. Cc
hm chn bc ny cng c dng thit k b lc chn di, thng di v thng cao.
Vi b lc thng cao, Wp>Ws, Vi b lc thng di v chn di, t Wp v Ws l vector
2 thnh phn xc nh tn s c 2 l ca b lc, l u trc l th 2. Wn, vi b lc
thng di, c tr li l vector hng c 2 thnh phn a vo hm thit k b lc.
Ex1: Chn bc b lc Butterworth, Rp =3dB, Kt qu l li ra Wn =Wp. D liu vi tn
s ly mu 1000 Hz, b lc thng thp c suy gim nh hn 3dB 100 Hz v gim
15 dB vi 150 Hz:
Wp=100/500;
Ws=150/500;
Rp=3;
Rs=15;
[N,Wn]=buttord(Wp,Ws,Rp,Rs)
[b,a]=butter(n,Wn);

125

Ex2: Thit k b lc thng di c di thng t 100 Hz n 200 Hz, c suy gim

nh hn 3 dB di thng v di 30 dB 50 Hz c 2 pha, gi s tn s ly
mu l 1000 Hz:
Wp=[100 200]/500;
Ws=[50 250]/500;
Rp=3;
Rs=30;
[N,Wn]=buttord(Wp,Ws,Rp,Rs)
[b,a]=butter(n,Wn);
Ex3: Chn bc b lc Chebyshev I, th tc cng ging nh trn D liu vi tn s ly
mu 1000 Hz, thit k b lc thng thp c suy gim nh hn 3dB 100 Hz v gim
15 dB vi 150 Hz:
Wp=100/500;
Ws=150/500;
Rp=3;
Rs=15;
[N,Wn]=cheb1ord(Wp,Ws,Rp,Rs)
[b,a]=cheby1(n,RpWn);
Ex4: Thit k b lc thng di Chebyshev loi I c di thng t 100 Hz n 200 Hz,
suy gim nh hn 3 dB di thng v di 30 dB 50 Hz c 2 pha, gi s tn
s ly mu l 1000 Hz:
Wp=[100 200]/500;
Ws=[50 250]/500;
Rp=3;
Rs=30;
[N,Wn]=cheb1ord(Wp,Ws,Rp,Rs)
[b,a]=cheby1(n,Rp,Wn);
Ex5: Chn bc b lc Chebyshev loi II, th tc cng ging nh trn D liu vi tn
s ly mu 1000 Hz, thit k b lc thng thp c suy gim nh hn 3dB 100 Hz v
gim 15 dB vi 150 Hz:
Wp=100/500;
Ws=150/500;
Rp=3;
Rs=15;
[N,Wn]=cheb2ord(Wp,Ws,Rp,Rs)
[b,a]=cheby2(n,Rs,Wn);
126

Ex6: Thit k b lc thng di Chebyshev loi I c di thng t 100 Hz n 200 Hz,

suy gim nh hn 3 dB di thng v di 30 dB 50 Hz c 2 pha, gi s tn
s ly mu l 1000 Hz:
Wp=[100 200]/500;
Ws=[50 250]/500;
Rp=3;
Rs=30;
[N,Wn]=cheb2ord(Wp,Ws,Rp,Rs)
[b,a]=cheby2(n,Rs,Wn);
Ex7: Chn bc b lc elliptic, th tc cng ging nh trn D liu vi tn s ly mu
1000 Hz, thit k b lc thng thp c suy gim nh hn 3dB 100 Hz v gim 15 dB
vi 150 Hz:
Wp=100/500;
Ws=150/500;
Rp=3;
Rs=15;
[N,Wn]=ellipord(Wp,Ws,Rp,Rs)
[b,a]=ellip(n,Rp,Rs,Wn);
Ex8: Thit k b lc thng di elliptic c di thng t 100 Hz n 200 Hz, suy gim
nh hn 3 dB di thng v di 30 dB 50 Hz c 2 pha, gi s tn s ly mu
l 1000 Hz:
Wp=[100 200]/500;
Ws=[50 250]/500;
Rp=3;
Rs=30;
[N,Wn]=ellipord(Wp,Ws,Rp,Rs)
[b,a]=ellip(n,Rp,Rs,Wn);
Thc hin b lc IIR
B lc p ng n xung v hn ( IIR ) c s dng rng ri trong cc ng dng
s l s tn hiu. Hm truyn ca b lc IIR c cho bi :
H (z ) =

b0 + b1 z 1 + L + b M z M
1 + a1 z

+ L + aN z

127

Y (z )
X (z )

Hnh dI y cho ta gin khI ca b lc IIR ( kiu 2 ) bc-N Direction-form

. Trong min thi gian n mt b lc IIR bc N c biu din bI hai biu thc khc
nhau nh sau :
Ti khong thi gian th n
- x(n) l mu li vo hin hnh
- y(n) l mu li ra hin hnh

d(n) = x(n) d(n 1)a1 ... d(n N + 1)aN-1

y(n) = d(n)b0 + d(n 1)b1 + ... + d(n N + 1)bN-1

Hai biu thc trn d dng c s dng cho TMS320C50 khi dng cc lnh
nhn accumulator ( MAC, MACD, MADS, MADD ) . C rng biu thc th hai cng
i hi cc lnh di chuyn d liu nng cp ( update ) trng thi xu bin I c
d(n) .
thc hin b lc IIR trnh by phng trnh (9) trc tip. C 2 cch thc hin
b lc IIR trc tip l : Direct-Form I v Direct-Form II. Thc hin Direct-Form I
phng trnh sai phn bc N c ch ra trn hnh 8.2. Cu trc mng c ch ra trn
hnh 8.2 c phng trnh sai phn nh sau:
N

k =1

k =0

y[n] = a k y[n k ] + bk x[n k ]

128

(13)

vi x [n ] v y [n ] l li vo v li ra tng ng. Phng trnh ny cho thy li ra

ca b lc l tng cc trng s ca li vo v li ra ca b lc. S dng cc k thut
tng t vi b lc FIR, iu ny c th thc hin trc tip v c hiu qu trn
TMS320C50,

Thc hin Direct-Form II ca phong trnh sai phn bc N c cho trn hnh 8.3. V
dng Direct-Form II c tr nh nht ( cc nhnh c nhn z 1 ), n cn t thanh ghi lu tr
khi tnh ton. Cu trc ny rt thun li vi b nh d liu nh khi thc hin b lc IIR.
Phng trnh sai phn cho mng ny l:
N

d ( n) = x ( n ) + a k d ( n k )

(14)

k =1

y (n) = bk d (n k )

(15)

k =1

vi x(n) v y(n) tng ng l li vo v li ra; d(n) l bin trung gian. Khi N=2, phng
trnh tr thnh:
d (n) = x(n) + a1 d (n 1) + a 2 d (n 2)
y (n) = b0 d (n) + b1 d (n 1) + b2 d (n 2)

129

(16)
(17)

Cu trc mng ca n c cho trn hnh 8.4. Ch rng s dng Direct-Form II

ny, d(n) l tn s cn lu trong b lu gi tr tr. Sp xp lu gi tr delay-node cho
Direct-Form II IIR c trnh by trn hnh 8.5.

B. PHN THC NGHIM

1. Th tc
1) Tt ngun, ni bn mch vi cng PC RS232-C trn my tnh. Ni 9 Vac Adapter
vi bn mch v cm ra bn ngoi. Bt my tnh v thay i ng dn c cha
phn mm DSK.
2) Chy chng trnh DSKL( DSK5L) v kim tra l chng trnh DSK_COMM
c ti chnh xc. By gi thc hin AUTOTEST (lnh A) v xc minh l
kim tra vng lp. Nu DSK c kt ni v chc nng chnh xc th bn c th
bt u thc hin. Dng chng trnh DSKL.
3) Thit k b lc IIR thng thp. C cc yu cu nh sau:

passband
0-3 KHz
passband ripple
0.5db
stopband attenuation
45db
sampling frequency
15 KHz
transition width
450 Hz
Xc nh cc h s cho b lc s dng Matlab.

130

4) Lng t ha cc h s v lit k cc h s t l s c s dng chng trn.

Lit k cc h s t l ny v tt c cc h s, h s lng t. C th ph thuc vo
h s t l thit k.
5) Trc khi thc hin b lc, so snh p ng tn s ca h s tnh ton vi p ng
ca h s lng t , v chng minh rng lng t khng lm gim p ng tn s
ca b lc.
6) To ra cu trc thc hin v biu miu t b lc ging nh b lc thc hin
dng DSP.
7) To ra m ngun thc hin b lc. a 1 Vrms vo DSK v chy chng trnh.
Quan st li ra ca DSK trn dao ng k v xc nhn rng l xung sin khi tn
s li vo nm trong phn thng di ca b lc. o bin li ra khi tn s thay
i trong khong 50 Hz n 3500 Hz. Nu li ra l sng sin, dng my o in p
xoay chiu o bin . So snh ph o c ca b lc vi gi tr mong mun.

2. Yu cu tin hnh thc tp

Di y l cc chng trnh v d v b lc IIR . Chng trnh v d (*) di
y dng cho b lc IIR thng thp bc N=4 , tn s ct khong 3.4KHz, dng cc lnh
vng lp n ( RPT ) v nhn accumulator ( MAC, MACD ) Do bn cht c th hi quy
c ca mt b lc IIR nn vic lng t ho cc h s ca b lc c th gy ra s thay
i ln so vi p ng tn s mong mun. trnh c iu ny, hm chuyn i b
lc mong mun c th c b thnh cc phn c bc thp hn, lin tip nhau.
Cc v d (**) v chng trnh v d (***) di y cho ta thy mt ng dng
ca b lc IIR bc-2 N tng Cc h s b lcc v cc bin s trng thi c ct gi
trong b nh d liu. Lu vic s dng cc ch dn LTD v MPYA thc hin cc
hot ng di chuyn d liu v a tch ly.
Hy tn dng chng trnh ny tin hnh cc th nghim sau
1. Trong cc th nghim sau, tn s ly mu ca mch TMS320C50 cn t l
22,321 KHz v tn s ct cu b lc tng t thng thp ca mch l 10KHz. Cc
b lc IIR di y c thit k v thc hin, c suy gim 3 dB tn s thng
di v 30 dB tn s chn di.
2. B lc thng thp c tn s ct 2 KHz;
131

3. B lc thng cao c tn s ct 3.4 KHz;

4. B lc thng di c di thng nm trong khong 300 Hz v 3.4 KHz.
5. B lc chn di c di chn nm gia 2 KHz v 3 KHz.
Th nghim 2 v 4 l khng bt buc. Cc b lc Butterworth, Chebyshev I,II v
elliptic c th s dng. Hiu sut ca cc b lc IIR c th c kim tra so snh vi hiu
sut ca b lc FIR , ghi li v bo co nhng g bn thy.
Bi bo co phi trnh by th tc thit k v kt qu thc hin.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------V d (*). Nth-Order IIR Filter Using RPT and MACD Instructions
.title Nth Order IIR Type II Filter
N
N-1

.mmregs
.set
.set

4
3

.ds

TA
RA
TAp
RAp
TB
RB
AIC_CTR

0f00h
.word 20
.word 20
.word 1
.word 1
.word 31
.word 31
.word 09h

YN
YN-1
YNLAST
POUBY

.word 0
.word 0
.word 0
.word 0

MA
XN
XNLAST
POUBX

.word 0
.word 0,0,0,0
.word 0
.word 0

COEFFA
COEEFB

.ps 0980h
.word -5249,19621,-30929,24108
.word 186,-107,296,-107,186

;
; Freq Sampling 8KHz
; not used
; not used
; <10>
;
;

;
; <20>
;

132

;**************************************
; Set up the ISR vector
*
;**************************************
rint:
RINT.
xint:
XINT.

.ps
B

080ah
RECEIVE
B

TRANSMIT

;
;0A

; Serial port receive interrupt

;0C

; Serial port transmit interrupt

;*********************************************
; TMS32C05X INITIALIZATION
*
;*********************************************
.ps

0a00h

.entry
SETC
LDP
OPL
LACC
SAMM
SAMM
SETC
SPLK
CALL
SPLK
CLRC
SPM 0
CLRC
forever IDLE
B

INTM
#0
#0834h,PMST
#0
CWSR
PDWSR
SXM
#022h,IMR
AICINIT
#12h,IMR
OVM
INTM

; Disable interrupts
; Set data page pointer
; OR the status register
; Set software wait state to 0
;
; Using XINT syn TX & RX
; initialize AIC and enable interrupts
; Select serial port receive interrupt
; Enable interrupts

forever

;------- end of main program ----------;

;-------------------------- RECIEVER ISR -------------------------RECEIVE:
LDP
CLRC
LAMM

#XN
INTM
DRR

; get input in ACC

133

SACL

XN

; start IIR
;********************************************************
;* This routine implements an Nth order type II IIR filter.
*
;*
d(n) = x(n) d(n1)a1 d(n2)a2 ... d(nN+1)aN1
*
;*
y(n) = d(n)b0 + (dn1)b1 +...+ d(nN+1)bN1
*
;* Memory Requirement: State variables (low to high data memory): *
;*
d(n) d(n1) ... d(nN+1)
*
;* Coefficient (low to high program memory):
*
;*
a(N1) a(N2) ... a(1) b(N1) b(N2) ... b(1) b(0)
*
;* Entry Conditions:
*
;*
AR0 > Input
*
;*
AR1 > d(nN+1)
*
;*
AR2 > Output
*
;*
COEFFA > a(N1)
*
;*
COEFFB > b(N1)
*
;*
ARP = AR0
*
;********************************************************
LAR
AR0,#XN
LAR
AR1,#XNLAST
LAR
AR2,#YNLAST
IIR_N:
ZPR
LACC
RPT
MAC
APAC
SACH
ADRK
LAMM
ADD
SAMM
RPTZ
MACD
LTA
SACH
LACC
AND
SAMM
RETE

*,15,AR1
#3
COEFFA,*
*,1
4
BMAR
#4
BMAR
#4
COEFFB,*
*,AR2
*,1
YNLAST
#0fffch
DXR

; Clear P register
; Get Q15 input
; For i=1,i<=N1,++i
; Acc+=a(Ni))*d(nN+i)
; Final accumulation
; Save d(n)
; AR1 > d(nN+1)
; Acc > a(N1)
; Acc > b(N1)
; BMAR > b(N1)
; For i=1,i<=N,++i
; Acc+=b(Ni)*d(nN+i)
; Final accumulation
; ??? Save Yn
; and ls 2 bits of top 16 bits, for DAC.

134

;-------------------------- Transmit ISR -------------------------TRANSMIT:

RETE
;********************************************************
;* DESCRIPTION: This routine initializes the TLC32040 for
*
;*
your sample rate and command word
*
;********************************************************
;* aic initialization data
AICINIT:
SPLK
#01h,PRD
SPLK
#20h,TCR
MAR
*,AR0
LACC
#0008h
SACL
SPC
LACC
#00c8h
SACL
SPC
LACC
#080h
SACH
DXR
SACL
GREG
LAR
AR0,#0FFFFh
RPT
#10000
LACC
*,0,AR0
SACH
GREG
LDP
#TA
SETC
SXM
LACC
TA,9
ADD
RA,2
CALL
AIC_2ND
;-----------------------LDP
#TB
LACC
TB,9
ADD
RB,2
ADD
#02h
CALL
AIC_2ND
;-----------------------LDP
#AIC_CTR
LACC
AIC_CTR,2
ADD
#03h
;LACC
#11100000b
CALL
AIC_2ND

; make a 10 mhz clock signal

; Non continuous mode
; FSX as input
; 16 bit words
; Pulse AIC reset by setting it low

; and taking it high after 10000 cycles

; (.5ms at 50ns)
;
;
; Initialized TA and RA register
;
;
; Initialized TB and RB register
;
;
;
; Initialized control register
;
;
135

RET
AIC_2ND:
LDP
SACH
CLRC
IDLE
ADD
SACH
IDLE
SACL
IDLE
LACL
SACL
IDLE
SETC
RET
.end

;
#0
DXR
INTM
#6h,15
DXR

;
; 0000 0000 0000 0011 [X..X]16 b
;

DXR
#0

;
;

DXR

; make sure the word got sent

INTM
;

V d (**) Nth-Order IIR Filter Using RPT and MACD Instructions

.title Nth Order IIR Type II Filter
.mmregs
********************************************************
* This routine implements an Nth order type II IIR filter.
*
* d(n) = x(n) d(n1)a1 d(n2)a2 ... d(nN+1)aN1
*
* y(n) = d(n)b0 + (dn1)b1 +...+ d(nN+1)bN1
*
*
*
* Memory Requirement:
*
* State variables (low to high data memory):
*
* d(n) d(n1) ... d(nN+1)
*
*
*
* Coefficient (low to high program memory):
*
* a(N1) a(N2) ... a(1) b(N1) b(N2) ... b(1) b(0)
*
*
*
* Entry Conditions:
*
*
AR0 > Input
*
*
AR1 > d(nN+1)
*
*
AR2 > Output
*
*
COEFFA > a(N1)
*
*
COEFFB > b(N1)
*
*
ARP = AR0
*
*
*
136

********************************************************
IIR_N:
ZPR
LACC *,15,AR1
RPT #(N2)
MAC COEFFA,*
APAC
SACH *,1
ADRK N1
LAMM BMAR
ADD #N1
SAMM BMAR
RPTZ #(N1)
MACD COEFFB,*
LTA *,AR2
SACH *,1

;Clear P register
;Get Q15 input
;For i=1,i<=N1,++i
;Acc+=a(Ni))*d(nN+i)
;Final accumulation
;Save d(n)
;AR1 > d(nN+1)
;Acc > a(N1)
;Acc > b(N1)
;BMAR > b(N1)
;For i=1,i<=N,++i
;Acc+=b(Ni)*d(nN+i)
;Final accumulation
;Save Yn

V d (***). N Cascaded BiQuad IIR Filter Using LTD and MPYA Instructions
.title N Cascaded BiQuad IIR Filters
.mmregs
*****************************************************************
* This routine implements N cascaded blocks of biquad IIR canonic type II
*
* filters. Each biquad requires 3 data memory locations d(n),d(n1),d(n2),
*
* and 5 coefficients a1,a2,b0,b1,b2.
*
* For each block: d(n) = x(n)d(n1)a1d(n2)a2
*
*
y(n) = d(n)b0+d(n1)b1+d(n2)b2
*
*
*
* Coefficients Storage (low to high data memory):
*
*
a2,a1,b2,b1,b0, ... ,a2,a1,b2,b1,b0
*
*
1st biquad
Nth biquad
*
*
*
* State Variables (low to high data memory):
*
*
d(n),d(n1),d(n2), ... ,d(n),d(n1),d(n2)
*
*
Nth biquad
1st biquad
*
*
*
* Entry Conditions:
*
* AR1 > d(n2) of 1st biquad
*
* AR2 > a2 of 1st biquad
*
137

* AR3 > input sample (Q15 number)

*
* AR4 > output sample (Q15 number)
*
* DP = 0, PM = 0, ARP = 3
*
*****************************************************************
BIQUAD:
;Setup variables
ZPR
;Clear P register
LACC *,15,AR1
;Get Q15 input
SPLK #2,INDX
;Setup index register
SPLK #N1,BRCR
;Setup count
;Begin computation;
RPTB ELOOP1
;Repeat for N biquads
LOOP:
LT *,AR2
;T = d(n2)
MPYA *+,AR1
;Acc = x(n), P = d(n2)a2
LTA *,AR2
;Acc += d(n2)a2, T = d(n1)
MPY *+
;P = d(n1)a1
LTA *+,AR1
;Acc += d(n1)a1, T = b2
SACH *0+,1
;Save d(n)
MPY *
;P = d(n2)b2
LACL #0
;Acc = 0
LTD *,AR2
;T = d(n1), d(n2) = d(n1)
MPY *+,AR1
;Acc += d(n2)b2, P = d(n1)b1
LTD *,AR2
;T = d(n), d(n1) = d(n)
MPY *+,AR1
;Acc += d(n1)b1, P = d(n)b0
ELOOP:
LTA *,AR4
SACH *,1

;Final accumulation
;Save output in Q15 format

138

C. TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]. TMS320C50 Fixed-Point DSP Assembly Language Tools-Users Guide, Texas
Instruments Incorporated, 1990.
[2] Second- Generation TMS320- Users Guide, Texas Instruments, 1989.
[3] The ART Electronic Designed . MIT University , Boston 1996.
[4] Digital Signal Processing , Sanjit K. Mitra , University California . McGrawHill
2006

139

MC LC
A. PHN L THUYT (120)
3. Cc c tnh p ng b lc thng thp (120)
4. Thit k b lc IIR dng mu Analog. (123)

B. PHN THC NGHIM (130)

1. Th tc (130)
2. Yu cu tin hnh thc tp (131)

C. TI LIU THAM KHO (139)

140