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Technical Guide Abb Motor
Technical Guide Abb Motor
Contents
Product range Features of standard TEFC motors Manufacturing range summary Designs variants Features of standard SPDP motors General Standards Tolerances Mounting arrangement Degree of protection Cooling methods Direction of rotation Insulation and insulation class Effect of voltage and frequency variation Permitted output in high ambient temperature and high altitudes Permitted output for voltage unbalance Motors for 60 Hz operation Winding connection Electrical Electrical features Starting method for AC motors Typical motor current and torque curves Comparison between starting methods Starting time Example of starting performance with different load torques Electrical braking Duty types Protection accessories Guide for fuse protection Voltage drop along cable Negative sequence withstand characteristics Power factor improvement chart Mechanical Mechanical Features Exploded view of HX motors Pulley diameter Permissible radial forces Permissible axial forces
3 3 3 4 4
Others Testing Motor for frequency converter drive Guide and check points for motor selection (mechanical aspects) Guide and check points for motor selection (electrical aspects) Ordering Information Frequently asked questions 30 31 33 34 35 37
5 6 6 8 9 9 9 10 10 10 11 12
13 14 15 15 16 17 18 20 22 22 23 23 24
25 26 27 28 29
Product Range
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
Standard TEFC motor, IS : 325 - 1996 Crane duty motors Non sparking motors Type EX-n Increased Safety motors Type Ex-e Flame proof motors Type Ex-d Variable frequency drive motors Ring frame motors, IS : 2972 Part III Roller table motors for steel plants Auxiliary motors for a.c locomotives Custom build motors for textile, machine tools and various other applications. Standard SPDP motors, IS : 325 - 1996
Range
Output Voltage Frequency Duty Ambient Temperature 0.18 ...500kW; 0.25 ...675hp; according to IS 325 220 ... 660V 25 ... 60Hz S1 ... S8 according to IS:325 -20C ... 65C
Design Variants
Electrical Non standard voltage and frequency variations AC variable speed drives High torque motors High slip motors Motors for frequent start / stops / reversals Frequency 25 to 60 Hz Special performance requirements Class H insulation Voltage 220V to 550V
Mechanical Non standard mounting dimensions Special shaft extension Double shaft extension Separately ventilated motors Low vibration and noise level Brake motors Special bearings and lubrications Tacho mounting / SPM mounting Non standard paint shade Alternative terminal box position IP 56 protection Special shaft material Special size of terminal box and terminal arrangements Surface cooled motors SS name plate Non standard keyway Epoxy gelcoat on overhangs Space heaters Thermistors, RTD , BTD Single compression / double compression glands
Note: Please refer to the company for details of special designs offered.
Standards
ABB Motors are designed to ensure that performance complies with IS:325. HX/M2BA Motors are totally-enclosed three-phase squirrel cage type complying with relevant Indian Standards. List of Indian Standards applicable to low-voltage induction motors are as given below:
Title Three-phase induction motors (fifth revision) Code of practice for installation and maintenance of induction motors (second revision) Dimensions of three-phase foot-mounted induction motors (third revision) Dimensions of flange mounted a.c. induction motors (first revision) Designation for types of construction and mounting arrangement of rotation electrical machines (first revision) Dimensions of vertical shaft motors for pumps (second revision) Dimensions of slide rails for electric motors Guide for testing three-phase induction motors Degrees of protection provided by enclosure for rotation electrical machinery (first revision) Rotating electrical machines (first revision) Terminal marking and direction of rotation for rotating electrical machinery (first revision) Method of determination of efficiency of rotating electrical machines Designation of methods of cooling of rotating electrical machines Three-phase squirrel cage induction motors for centrifugal pumps for agricultural applications Guide for testing insulation resistance of rotating machines Single-speed three-phase induction motors for driving lifts Dimensions and output ratings for foot-mounted electrical machines with frame numbers 355 to 1000 Values of performance characteristics for three-phase induction motors Permissible limits of noise level for rotating electrical machines Three-phase induction motors for machine tools Mechanical vibration of rotating electrical machines with shaft heights 56mm and higher-measurement, evaluation and limits of vibration severity (super ceding IS 4729:1968) Energy efficient three-phase squirrel cage induction motors Temperature rise measurement of rotating electrical machines Type of duty and classes of rating assigned to rotating electrical machines Guide for measurement of winding resistance of an a.c. machine during operation at alternating voltage Guide on effects of unbalanced voltages on the performance of three-phase cage induction motors Guide for selection and application of three-phase a.c. induction motors for different types of driven equipment 5
IS 2254:1985 IS 2968:1968 IS 4029:1967 IS 4691:1985 IS 4722:1992 IS 4728:1975 IS 4889:1968 IS 6362:1971 IS 7538:1975 IS 7816:1975 IS 8151:1976 IS 8223:1976 IS 8789:1978 IS 12065:1987 IS 12066:1987 IS 12075:1986
Item Efficiency (h) By summation of losses Motors up to 50kW Motors above 50kW By input output method Total losses applicable to motors above 50kW* Power factor (cosf) Slip at full load and working temperature Breakaway starting current with the specified starting method Breakaway torque Pullout torque
Tolerance
-15 percent of (1 - h) -10 percent of (1 - h) -15 percent of (1 - h) +10 percent of total losses -1/6 of (1 - cosf) min 0.02 and max 0.07 20 percent of the guaranteed value 20 percent of the guaranteed starting current (no negative tolerance) -15 to +25 percent of the guaranteed torque (+25 percent may be exceed by agreement) -10 percent of the guaranteed torque except that after applying this tolerance, the torque shall not be less than 1.6 or 1.5 times the rated torque 10 per cent of the guaranteed value
Moment of inertia or stored energy constant for motors above 315 frame * Upon agreement between manufacturer and purchaser
Mounting arrangements
IS:2253 and technically identical IEC 60034-7 specify two possible ways of describing how a motor is mounted. Code I covers only motors with bearing end shields and one shaft extension. The code consists of letters IM, a further letter and a number. Code II is a general one applicable to all rotating machines. The code consists of letters IM and four characteristics numerals as illustrated below.
IM
00
Shaft extension, one cylindrical shaft extension Mounting arrangement, horizontal mounting with feet downward Type of construction, foot mounted motor with two endshield International mounting
Mounting arrangements
IM B 5 IM 3001
IM V 1 IM 3011
IM V 3 IM 3031
IM 3051
IM 3061
IM 3071
IM B 14 IM 3601
IM V 18 IM 3611
IM V 19 IM 3631
IM 3651
IM 3661
IM 3671
IM B 35 IM 2001
IM V 15 IM 2011
IM V 36 IM 2031
IM 2051
IM 2061
IM 2071
IM B 34 IM 2101
IM 2111
IM 2131
IM 2151
IM 2161
IM 2171
IM 1002
IM 1012
IM 1032
IM 1052
IM 1062
IM 1072
Degree of protection
Degree of protection for rotating machines are indicated according to IS:4691 using the characteristic letters IP followed by two characteristic numerals for the degree of protection. The first numeral indicates protection against contact and ingress of foreign bodies. The second numeral indicates protection against ingress of water.
1st Numeric
0 1 No protection Protected against solid objects greater that 50mm (e.g. hand) Protected against solid objects greater that 12mm (e.g. fingers) Protected against solid objects greater that 2.5mm (e.g. tools, wires) Protected against solid objects greater that 1mm (e.g. wire or strips) Ingress of dust is not totally protected, but does not enter in sufficient quantities to harm equipment No ingress of dust
1st Numeric
0 1 No protection Dripping water shall have no harmful effect.
Protected against dripping water when enclosure is titled 150 Protected against spraying water up to 600
Water hosed against the enclosure shall have no harmful effect (water jets)
Water from powerful jets of heavy seas shall have no harmful effects
Cooling Methods
Cooling methods of HX/M2BA Motors are in accordance with IS:6362. The motors are cooled by the method IC 0141, i.e. frame surface cooled, with external cooling fan on motor shaft. The fan is made of strong engineering plastic for frames upto 200 (aluminum alloy/cast iron option is also available). For frames 225 and above, aluminum alloy fans are used. Fans of all motors are bidirectional. The motors are provided with cooling ribs for increased surface area and improved cooling. An air gap is left between ribs and fan cover for cleaning purposes. The ribs are designed so that they keep the flow of air close to the surface of the motor along the entire length, thus improving self cleaning and cooling. The external ventilation of the motors is obtained by means of the fan mounted to the shaft, which sucks in the ambient air through the fan cover on the N-end and blows it over the frame in between the ribs. Fans are axially and radially locked to prevent vibration. The internal cooling of motors is affected by the churning action of internal air by the ribs on the die-cast rotor.
Direction of rotation
In conformation with IS:4728, the terminals of the motor are marked such that when the alphabetic sequence of the terminals U1, V1, W1: U2, V2, W2 corresponds to the supply phase sequence L1, L2, L3 the motor runs in a clockwise direction, when seen from drive end. For anticlockwise operation of the motor, any two of the supply phase connections (L1, L2, L3) are exchanged to obviate the need for change of the terminal markings.
C
15
10 75 95 120
45
Maximum ambient temperature Insulation class Maximum winding temperature
45 B 130
45 F 155
45 H 180
Temperature limits are according to standards. The extra thermal margin when using class F insulation with class B temperature rise makes the motors more reliable. 9
Almost without exception, the starting current decreases slightly more in proportion to the voltage. Thus for example 90% of rated voltage the motor will draw slightly less than 90% of the starting current, approximately 87 to 89%. The starting torque is proportional to the square of the current, the torque delivered at 90% of rated voltage is therefore only 75% to 79% of the starting torque. Particular attention should be paid to these points if the electrical supply is weak and when starting techniques based on current reduction are being used. The pull out torque is roughly proportional to the voltage. If the saturation of the magnetic circuit is neglected, then the general effect of variation in voltage and frequency on the characteristics of induction motor can be given as per the table below. Table - Effect of variation of voltage and frequency on the characteristics of induction motor* Characteristics Torque Starting & maximum Speed Synchronous Full load Slip Current Rated Starting No load Overload capability Temperature rise Magnetic noise Efficiency, full load No change Increase 1% Decrease 17% Decrease 7% Increase 10-12% Increase 10-15% Increase 21% Decrease 3-4% Slight increase Increase 0.5-1.0% No change Decrease 1.5% Increase 23% Increase 1% Decrease 10-12% Decrease 10-15% Decrease 19% Increase 6-7% Slight Decrease Decrease 2% Increase 1% Increase 5% Increase 5% Little change Slight decrease Decrease 5-6% Decrease 5-6% Slight decrease Slight decrease Slight decrease Slight increase Slight increase Decrease 5% Decrease 5% Little change Slight increase Increase 5-6% Increase 5-6% Slight increase Slight increase Slight increase Slight decrease Slight decrease Voltage 110% Increased by 21% 90% Decrease 19% Frequency 105% Decrease 10% 95% Increase 11%
*These variations are indicative in nature and are not uniformly applicable to all the designs.
10
Motors wound for a certain voltage at 50 Hz can be operated at 60 Hz, without modification, subject to the following changes in their data. Motor wound for 50 Hz and 220 V Connected to 60 Hz and 220 v 225 v 380 V 415 V 440 V 460 V 380 V 400 V 415 V 440 V 460 V 480 V Data at 60 Hz in percentage of values at 50Hz Output 100 115 100 110 115 120 100 100 105 110 115 120 rpm 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 120 IN 98 100 98 98 100 100 100 98 100 100 100 100 IS/IN 83 100 83 95 100 105 80 83 88 95 100 105 TN 83 96 83 91 96 100 83 83 86 91 96 100 TS/TN 70 95 70 85 95 100 66 70 78 85 95 100 Tmax/TN1) 85 98 85 93 98 103 80 85 88 93 98 100
380 V
400 V
415 V
98 98 100
83 95 100
83 91 96
70 85 95
85 94 98
500 V
98 98 100 100
83 95 100 105
83 91 96 100
70 85 95 100
85 94 98 103
Efficiency, power factor and temperature rise will be approximately the same as at 50 Hz. 1) IN IS/IN TN Tmax/TN TS/TN = = = = = rated current starting current/rated current rated torque maximum torque/rated torque starting torque/rated torque
11
Winding Connection
Single speed
Star connected windings for motors upto 2 hp and delta connected windings for motors above 2 hp are standard features. The connection diagrams for single speed motors are given below: D - connection Y - connection
Double speed
The difference in winding configuration and application necessitates different winding connections so as to accommodate maximum power in a given frame. Motors with two separate windings are normally Y/Y connected upto frame size 160, larger motors are D/D, Y/D or D/Y connected Motors with Dahalander connection, are in D/YY when they are designed for constant torque drives and Y/YY when they are designed for fan drive.
High speed
Low speed
High speed
High speed
Low speed
High speed
High speed
Low speed
High speed
Low speed 12
High speed
Low speed
High speed
Electrical features
1. Voltage
Rated voltage is the voltage between line terminals for which the motor is designed. Standard voltage for motors is 415V. Motors can, however, be made available for any supply voltage between 220V and 660V. Motors for two different supply voltages have non standard windings and are available on request.
7. Rated current
It is the value of the current taken by the motor when delivering rated power at rated voltage and frequency. The value of rated currents are at specified voltage, for other voltages, Ux, the current Ix may be calculated as: 415.I Ix = Ux Where Ux = new voltage Ix = new current I = current at 415V
2. Frequency
Rated frequency is the frequency of the voltage for which the motor is designed. The basic design of the motor is suitable for a rated supply frequency of 50 Hz. HX/M2BA motors can be offered for any frequency in the range 25 Hz to 60 Hz, however, for supply frequency other than 50 Hz, they are made available on request.
The current consumption varies also with the loading of the motor, but it should be noted that the relationship is not linear.
8. Starting current
Usually, given as a percentage or as a multiple of rated current, it is the value of the current drawn by the motor during starting. The value of the starting current is generally between 500-700% (5-7 per unit) of the rated current.
9. Torque characteristics
Typical torque/speed characteristics of the motor is shown in figures on page no. 15 along with different relevant parameters. The nominal torque of the motor TN' is the torque developed by the motor at rated speed, n while delivering rated power P. The relationship between the torque TN' the power P, and the speed n is TN= 9550 x Where 415.I [Nm] Ux
4. Number of poles
Number of poles of the motor determine the basic speed (synchronous speed) of the motor. Standard motors are available in the configuration of 2,4,6 and 8-poles.
5. Power
Rated power is the shaft power of the motor with an ambient temperature not exceeding 45C/50C and an altitude not exceeding 1000m above mean sea level.
P = power (kW) n = motor speed (rpm) alternatively, torque T, in kgm can be given as TN= 974 x P n [kgm]
Starting torque of the motor TS' is the torque developed by the motor at zero speed when it is directly switched on. Value of starting torque is usually given as a percentage or as a multiple of nominal motor torque TN. Pull out torque of the motor Tmax' is the maximum torque that the motor can develop when it is operated directly on line. Value of pull out torque is usually given as a percentage or as a multiple of nominal motor torque TN.
where hs= synchronous speed (rpm) f = frequency (Hz) p = number of pair of poles note 2p = number of poles The rated speed given in the list is for motors operating at rated power under normal voltage and frequency. The difference between synchronous speed, hs and rotor speed, n; referred to the synchronous speed, is called slip. This slip, s, is expressed as a percentage; hs - h x 100 (%) hs When the motor is partly loaded the slip varies almost linearly with the load. s=
11. Overloads
In accordance with IS:325 motors are rated to withstand an overload, an excess torque of 60% of their rated torque at rated voltage and frequency for 15 seconds.
13
Soft starters
UN Soft starters are based on semiconductors, which, via a power circuit and a control circuit, initially reduce the motor voltage, resulting in lower motor torque. During the starting process, the soft starter progressively increases the motor voltage so that the motor becomes strong enough to accelerate the load to rated speed without causing torque or current peaks. Soft starters can also be used to control the stopping of a process. Soft starters are less costly than frequency converters but like frequency converters, they may inject harmonic currents into the grid, disrupting other processes. IstR UN = Rated net voltage UM IstR = Start current at red. voltage UM = Motor voltage
UN IstR UN = Rated net voltage UM IstR = Start current at red. voltage UM = Motor voltage
14
= = = = = = = =
Motor torque Motor torque with direct-on-line starting Motor torque with start-delta starting Load torque Load breakaway torque Rated motor torque Breakaway torque or locked rotor torque Pull-up torque
Tmax Tacc I IN ID IY n nS
= = = = = = = =
Breakdown torque or pull-out torque Acceleration torque Current Rated current Current in D-connection Current in Y-connection Speed Synchronous speed
1 2 3
= = =
15
Starting time
Theory
The starting current of an induction motor is much higher than the rated current, and excessively long starting period causes harmful temperature rise in the motor. The high current also leads to electro-mechanical stresses. It is, therefore, of importance to know the time taken by the motor to accelerate the load to rated speed. This time is called starting time or acceleration time. Starting time depends upon: Total inertia of the system Torque speed curve of the motor Torque speed curve of load
If only the starting torque and maximum torque of the motor and the nature of the load are known, the starting time can be approximately calculated with the equation: K1 Tst = (JM + JL) x Tacc where Tst = Tacc = K1 = starting time acceleration torque as per diagrams, Nm as per table below Frequency Hz 50 50
Speed Constant nM K1 nM K1
Poles 2 4 6 8 3000 1500 1000 750 345 157 104 78 3600 1800 1200 900 415 188 125 94
10 600 62 720 75
If the torque curves for the motor and the load are known, the starting time can be calculated by integrating the equation: T - TL = (JM + JL) x where T TL JM JL W = = = = = w t
Motor torque, Nm Load torque, Nm Moment of inertia of motor, kgm2 Moment of inertia of load, kgm2 Motor angular velocity
This method of calculation may be used for direct-on-line starting and for motors up to about 250kW. In other cases more points on the motor torque curves are required. In any case up to the point of maximum torque. If there is speed transformation between the motor and the driven machine, the load torque must be recalculated for the motor speed, by using the following formula: TL x nL nM = Recalculated load torque, Nm = Motor speed, rpm = Load speed, rpm
TL' =
where TL' nM nL
The moment of inertia must also be recalculated. JL'=JL' x (nL/nM)2 where JL'= Recalculated moment of inertia, kgm2
16
4-pole motor, 160 kW, 1475krpm Torque of motor: TN = 1040 Nm, TS = 1,7 x 1040 = 1768 Nm Tmax = 2,8 x 1040 - 2912 Nm Moment of inertia of motor: JM = 2,5 kgm2 The load is geared down in a ration of 1:2 Torque of load: TL = 1600 Nm at nL = nM rpm 2
1 = 800 Nm at nM rpm 2 Moment of inertia of load: nM JL = 80 kgm2 at nL = rpm 2 1 JL = 80 x ( ) 2 = 20 kgm2 at nM rpm 2 Total moment of inertia: TL = 1600 x JM + JL at nM r/min 2,5 + 20 = 22,5 kgm2
Constant during acceleration Tacc Tacc tst tst = = = = 0,45 x (TS + Tmax) - T'L 0,45 x (1768 + 2912) - 800 = 1306 Nm K1 (JM + J'L) x Tacc 157 22,5 x 1360 = 2,7 s
Square-law increase during acceleration Tacc Tacc tst tst = = = = 1 x T'L 3 1 0,45 x (1768 + 2912) x 800 = 1839 Nm 3 K1 (JM + J'L) x Tacc 157 22,5 x = 1,9 s 1839 0,45 x (TS + Tmax) -
TL
TL
Speed TL = 1600 Nm T'L = 800 Nm TL Tacc Tacc tst tst = = = = = 0 0,45 x (TS + Tmax)
Speed
Linear increase during acceleration Tacc Tacc tst tst = = = = 1 0,45 x (TS + Tmax) T'L 2 1 0,45 x (1768 + 2912) 800 = 1706 Nm 2 K1 (JM + J'L) x T acc 157 22,5 x 1706 = 2,1 s
0,45 x (1768 + 2912) = 2106 Nm K1 (JM + J'L) x T acc 157 22,5 x = 1,7 s 2106
17
Electrical braking
For slip-ring motors the starting and braking times are both determined by the dimensioning of the rheostatic starter.
Torque
Torque
Braking torque
Acceleration torque
Mb
Speed
Countercurrent braking
Starting
Figure 1 (In this case the load torque contributes to the braking torque. To be on the safe side, however, calculations are based on the braking torque being the same as the acceleration torque.)
P2 P1 -
P2 P1
x P2 P1 tb Ist/I
= = = = =
Permitted number of brakings per hour Output taken from motor, kW Rated output of motor in continuous duty, kW Braking time, s Starting current / full load current
Torque
Torque
For squirrel cage motors the braking time can be calculated approximately with the formula: tb = K1x (Jm + Jb) 0.45 x (Mmax + Mstart) tb K1 Jm Jb = = = = Braking time, s Constant depending on number of poles, see table Moment of inertia of motor, kgm2 Moment of inertia of load, referred to speed of motor, kgm2 Maximum torque of motor, Nm Starting torque of motor, Nm Constant K1 for different number of poles 2 4 6 8 10 345 415 157 188 104 125 78 94 62 75
Braking torque
Acceleration torque
Countercurrent braking
Starting
Speed
where
Figure 2 (It is a complicated matter to calculate theoretically the braking torque curve for countercurrent braking. In most cases it can be assumed that the braking torque is approximately equal to the acceleration torque, when the load current is approximately zero.)
With countercurrent braking there is no braking action in the event of power failure. The technique is therefore unsuitable for use in plant where loss of braking could cause danger.
Although the load torque contributes to the braking torque, making allowance for it complicates the calculation unduly if the braking time must be accurately known. It can therefore be said that the braking torque is approximately equal to the acceleration torque, when the load current is approximately zero.
18
Direct-current braking
When braking with this technique, the a.c. supply to the motor is disconnected and the stator is excited with direct current; this causes the motor to produce a braking torque. An ordinary standard motor and suitable equipment for d.c. excitation may be used. The a.c. voltage follows a decay curve, and the d.c. voltage must not be connected until the a.c. voltage has fallen to a value at which it will not harm the d.c. equipment. The excitation current is determined by the braking time chosen, but is usually 1 to 2 times the rated current of the motor. However, saturation of the magnetic circuit imposes a limit on the braking torque. Direct-current braking gives a far longer braking time than countercurrent braking, however high the excitation current, but thermal losses are lower, so more frequent braking is permissible. If the d.c. voltage fails there will be no braking action. The technique is therefore unsuitable for use in plants where loss of braking could cause danger.
Regenerative braking
This is the method of braking multi-speed motors when changing down to lower speeds. The thermal stresses are approximately equal to those occuring when motors with dual speed connections are started at lower rated speed. With the motor at the lower speed working as a generator, it develops very high braking torque in the interval between operating speeds of motor corresponding to the two poles. The maximum braking torque is slightly higher than the starting torque of the motor at the lower speed. Regenerative braking is also used with variable speed drives. Based on the thermal stesses developed during different braking methods, with reference to those developed during direct-on-line starting, following thermal equivalence is drawn. Four jogs (or inching) One DC injection braking One plug stop One regenerative braking = = = = One start Two start Three start One start
Figure 3
Time
(The lower curve shows the output voltage from the stator winding of a small induction motor after disconnection from the supply. Only half the curve is shown. The upper curve is a 50 Hz scale. With countercurrent braking, the d.c. voltage must not be connected until the a.c. voltage has fallen to a value at which it will not harm the d.c. equipment.)
Torque
Torque
Braking torque
Acceleration torque
Mb
Figure 4 (Example of braking torque with d.c. braking and different excitation currents. In = rated current of motor.) 19
Duty types
The duty types are indicated by the symbols S1 ... S9 according to IS:12824-1989. The outputs given in the tables are based on continuous running duty. S1 with rated output.
P N
Time
S2 Short-time duty
Operation at constant load during a given time, less than required to reach thermal equilibrium, followed by a rest and deenergised period of sufficient duration to re-establish motor temperatures equal to the ambient or the coolant temperature. The values 10, 30, 60 and 90 minutes are recommended for the rated duration of the duty cycle. Designation e.g. S2 60 min.
Time
S3 Intermittent duty
A sequence of identical cycles, each including a period of operation at constant load and a rest and de-energised period. The period is too short for thermal equilibrium to be obtained. The starting current does not significantly affect the temperature rise. Recommended values for the cyclic duration factor are 15, 25, 40 and 60%. The duration of the duty cycle is 10 min. Designation e.g. S3 25%
P N R
Time
P = Output power V = Operation of no load D = Starting R = At rest and de-energised N = Operation under rated condition F = Electrical braking
D F N R
Time
A sequence of identical duty cycles, each cycle consisting of a period at constant load and period of operation at no load. The period is too short for thermal equilibrium to be obtained. Recommended values for the cyclic duration factor are 15, 25, 40 and 60%. The duration of the duty cycles is 10 min.
N V
Time
P = Output power V = Operation of no load D = Starting R = At rest and de-energised N = Operation under rated condition F = Electrical braking
S8 S7 Continuous-operation periodic duty with Continuous-operation periodic duty with related load speed changes electrical braking
A sequence of identical duty cycles, each cycle consisting of a period of starting, a period of operation at constant load and a period of braking. Braking method is electrical braking e.g. countercurrent braking. The period is too short for thermal equilibrium to be obtained. After the duty type the following factors must be indicated: the number of duty cycles per hour c/h, the factor of inertia FI: the moment of inertia JM of the motor, and the permissible moment of resistance TV ( See duty type S4) Designation e.g. S7 40% - 500 c/h - FI.2 - JM = 0.08 kgm2 - TV = 0,5 TN. A sequence of identical duty cycles, each cycle consisting of a period of starting, a period of operation at constant load corresponding to a predetermined speed of rotation, followed by one of more periods of operation at other constant loads corresponding to different speeds of rotation. The period is too short for thermal equilibrium to be obtained. This duty type is used for example by pole changing motors. After the duty type the following factors must be indicated; the number of duty cycles per hour c/h; the factor of inertia FI; the permissible average moment of resistance TV (see duty type S4); the cyclic duration factor for each speed of rotation and the moment of inertia JM of the motor. Designation e.g. S8 - 30 c/h - FI.30 - TV = 24 kW - 740 rpm - 30% 30 c/h - FI.30 - TV = 0.5 TN = 60 kW - 1460 rpm - 30% 30 c/h - FI.30 - TV = 0.5 TN = 45 kW - 980 rpm - 40% JM = 2,2 kgm2 The combinations of the load and speed of rotation are designed in the order they occur in use.
21
Protection accessories
Space heaters
Motors subjected to atmospheric condensation, either through standing idle on a damp environment or because of the wide variation in the temperature of the surroundings, may be fitted with a heater for extra precaution. The heater ensures that the temperature of the air inside the motor, is maintained a few degrees above that of the ambient to avoid any condensation. Such heaters shall not be kept ON when the motor is operating. These space heaters are generally rated for 240 V ac/dc. For motors not having the provision of space heaters, 24 V dc supply can be applied between any two terminals. The leads of space heaters for frame 160 to 400 are terminated in a separate auxiliary terminal box
Thermistors
PTC thermistor is the most common type of temperature detector. It is the characteristics of the thermistors that its resistance hardly varies with increasing temperature until the threshold temperature is reached, thereafter the resistance increases sharply as shown in figure below. Thermistors must be connected to a separate control unit which trips power circuit when the resistance in the thermistor circuit increases abruptly. Thermistors generally provided are rated for 130C (PTC 130) for class B rise and 155C (PTC 155) for class F rise. Normally three thermistors are provided in series - one thermistor in each phase. Six nos. (three nos. for tripping and three nos. for alarm.) can be provided if intimated at the time of enquiry. Like space heaters, the leads of thermistors for frame 160 to 400 are terminated in a separate auxiliary terminal box.
4000
1330
550
100
22
Induction motors draw heavy currents during starting, resulting in considerable voltage drop along the cable, If other loads are connected in parallel to the motors, the voltage drop along the common feeder causes operational problems to these associated loads. Larger the starting current and longer the common feeder, larger will be the voltage drop. In view of this while specifying motors or cables, it is required to estimate the right combination of starting current and cable size, alternatively, it is important to know voltage drop for an installation when starting / locking of motors occurs such that the maximum voltage drop is less than 3%. The relative voltage drop, D u is estimated as Du = u - *100 U where, U is the rated voltage of the motor u is the voltage drop given as u = b rx L cosf + lLsinf Is S where u b r = Voltage drop = Factor equal to 1 for three-phase circuits and equal to 2 for single phase circuits = Resistivity of conductors in normal duty taken as being equal to the resistivity at the normal duty temperature, i.e. 1.25 times the resistivity at 20C, giving 0.02250 mm2/m for copper and 0.0360mm2/m for aluminium = Length of cabling in meters = Cross section of conductors in mm2 = Power factor, if exact figure is not available it is equal to 0.8 and sin~ = 0.6 = Linear reactance of conductors, taken as being equal to 0.08mQ/m if the exact figure is not available = Current in use
L S cosf l lS
% negative sequence voltage = 11.66 / 407 = 2.86% (appx. 3%) Now if the parameters of the machine are as given below: R1 = 0.052 R2 = 0.071 X1 = 0.51 X2 = 0.53 s = 0.0123 then s1 = 2. 0.0123 = 1.9877 From the equivalent circuit diagram VN (R1+ R2 1s1)+ j(X1 + X2) 11.66L158 (0.052 + 0.071/1.9877) + j (0.51+ 0.53) = 11.17 L -243.4 This corresponds to 18.6% (approx. 20%) of the rated current for the case considered here. This condition can be equated to an overload of 20%. Now the thermal withstand characteristics of the motor can be used to obtain the thermal withstand time for this particular motor. Similarly, thermal withstand time for different negative sequence voltage of voltage unbalance can be calculated. The following table gives the thermal withstand time of this sample motor for different negative sequence voltage. % negative sequence voltage 1 2 3 % negative sequence current 6 10 20 40 60 withstand time, sec Cold continuous continuous 3500 1600 1100 Hot continuous continuous 1800 600 400 23
R1
X1
R2/S1
X2
6 9
Present power factor COSf1 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.52 0.54 0.56 0.58 0.60 0.62 0.64 0.66 0.68 0.70 0.72 0.74 0.76 0.78 0.80 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.90 0.92 0.94 0.7 2.16 1.66 1.27 0.97 0.71 0.62 0.54 0.46 0.39 0.31 0.25 0.18 0.12 0.06 0.75 2.30 1.80 1.41 1.11 0.85 0.76 0.68 0.60 0.52 0.45 0.39 0.32 0.26 0.20 0.14 0.08 0.03 0.8 2.42 1.93 1.54 1.24 0.98 0.89 0.81 0.73 0.66 0.58 0.52 0.45 0.39 0.33 0.27 0.22 0.16 0.11 0.05 0.82 2.48 1.98 1.60 1.29 1.04 0.95 0.86 0.78 0.71 0.64 0.57 0.51 0.45 0.38 0.33 0.27 0.21 0.16 0.11 0.05
Desired power factor, COSf2 0.84 2.53 2.03 1.65 1.34 1.09 1.00 0.92 0.84 0.76 0.69 0.62 0.56 0.49 0.43 0.38 0.32 0.26 0.21 0.16 0.10 0.05 0.86 2.59 2.08 1.70 1.40 1.14 1.05 0.97 0.89 0.81 0.74 0.67 0.61 0.55 0.49 0.43 0.37 0.32 0.26 0.21 0.16 0.10 0.05 0.88 2.65 2.14 1.76 1.45 1.20 1.11 1.02 0.94 0.87 0.80 0.73 0.67 0.60 0.54 0.49 0.43 0.37 0.32 0.27 0.21 0.16 0.11 0.06 0.9 2.70 2.19 1.81 1.50 1.25 1.16 1.08 1.00 0.92 0.85 0.78 0.72 0.66 0.60 0.54 0.48 0.43 0.37 0.32 0.27 0.22 0.16 0.11 0.06 0.92 2.76 2.25 1.87 1.56 1.31 1.22 1.14 1.05 0.98 0.91 0.84 0.78 0.71 0.65 0.60 0.54 0.48 0.43 0.38 0.33 0.27 0.22 0.17 0.11 0.06 0.94 2.82 2.31 1.93 1.62 1.37 1.28 1.20 1.12 1.04 0.97 0.90 0.84 0.78 0.72 0.66 0.60 0.55 0.50 0.44 0.39 0.33 0.28 0.23 0.17 0.12 0.06 0.96 2.89 2.38 2.00 1.69 1.44 1.35 1.27 1.19 1.11 1.04 0.97 0.91 0.85 0.79 0.73 0.67 0.62 0.56 0.51 0.46 0.40 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.19 0.13 0.07
The power factor compensating capacitors are specified in terms of kVAR. The input kW of the motor is multiplied by the reading to obtain the necessary improvement in the power factor. Example If the initial power factor Input active power Corrected power factor = COSf1 =0.76 = 100 kW = COSf2 =0.90
From the chart: capacitor kVAR required per kW load = 0.37 hence Total capacitor kVAR required = 0.37 x 100 = 37 kVAR 24
Mechanical
Enclosure
Motors in frame 71 to 315 have cast iron enclosures and larger ones have fabricated enclosures. Foot mounted motors have integrated feet. The housing and the end shields are machined to class tolerances to obtain perfect alignment and fits.
Terminal box
As standard practice, the terminal box is located on the top of the motor. Extended side terminal box can be offered for frame 90 to 280. The terminal boxes for frames 71 to 280 are rotatable in the steps of 900 and are made of die cast aluminum alloy. For frames 225 and 400 the terminal boxes are rotatable in steps of 900 and are made from cast iron. For all the terminal boxes protection of enclosure of IP 55. Motor upto 1.5 kW (2 hp) are provided with 3 terminal and others are provided with 6 terminals as standard practice. The terminal plates and lead ferrules are marked U1, V1 and W1, of U1, V1, W1 and U2, V2, W2. Terminal boxes have provision for fixing cable glands to support copper or aluminum cables.
Core
The stator and rotor cores of the motor are made of high quality cold rolled non-grain oriented magnetic steel having low iron loss.
Drain holes
Motors for operation in very humid or wet environments, and especially under intermittent duty, should be provided with drain holes. HX Motors from frame HX 180 onwards are provided with drain holes and closeable plastic drain plugs in the drain holes. The plugs will be opened, on delivery. When mounting the motors, it should be ensured that the drain holes face downwards. In the case of vertical mountings, the upper plug must be hammered home completely. In very dusty environments, both plugs should be hammered home.
Earthing
Provision is given for earthing of motor. One earthing terminal on terminal box and two earthing terminals on motor body are provided.
Open
Closed
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19 18 17
16 15 13 14
11 10 9 12
8 7 6
RV M CD A
5 4 3 23
2 21
22 20
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Bearing Cover DS Outer Endshield DS Bearing DS Bearing cover DS inner Shaft extension key Rotor assembly Fan key Wound stator Terminal box Terminal plate Terminal box cover Eye bolt
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Bearing NDS Bearing Cover NDS Inner Endshield NDS. Bearing Cover NDS Outer Fan Circlip Fan Cowling Grease Outlet Plug Regreasing Hole Drain Hole Plug Earthing Bolt
26
Pulley diameter
When the desired bearing life has been determined, the minimum permissible pulley diameter can be calculated using FR' as follows: D= 1.9 x 10 x K x P n x FR where: D = Diameter of pulley, mm P = Power requirement, kW n = Motor speed, r/min K = Belt tension factor, dependent on belt type and type of duty. A common value for V-belts is 2.5. FR= Permissible radial force
7
Motor size 71
Poles 2 4 6 2 4 6 2 4 6 2 4 6 2 4 6 2 4 6
80 M
90 SL
100
112
132 SM
Xmax
X0
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Poles 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8 2 4 6 8
180
200 ML
225 SM
250 SM
280 SM
315 SML
355 SM
355 ML
9100 7100 15200 12800 17300 14600 19300 16200 8900 15000 17200 19200 3000 13000 13700 15000
400 L
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The following tables give the permissible axial forces in newton, assuming zero radial force. The values are based on normal conditions at 50Hz with standard bearings and calculated bearing lives of 20,000 and 40,000 hours. At 60 Hz the values are to be reduced by 10%.
For two-speed motors, the values are to be based on the higher speed. The permissible loads of simultaneous radial and axial forces will be supplied on request. Given axial forces FAD' assumes D-bearing locked by means of locking ring.
FAD
FAZ
40,000 hours
FAD N -
FAZ N 3360 3910 4850 5460 6630 8000 9600 9800 9500
2-pole FAD FAZ N N 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1670 1950 2430 2730 3320 5750 5600 8750 8350 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1670 1950 2430 2730 3320
4-pole FAD FAZ N N 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 2100 2430 3050 3440 4180 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) I) 2100 2430 3050 3440 4180
6-pole FAD FAZ N N 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) I) 2400 2780 3500 3940 4780 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 2400 2780 3500 3940 4780
8-pole FAD FAZ N N 2640 3070 3850 4340 5260 2640 3070 3850 4340 5260 5700 6900 6300 6000
890 890 1170 1170 1400 1400 3040 3540 4400 4960 6020 3040 3540 4400 4960 6020
7300 5300 8000 7000 5000 9000 10500 3500 13500 10100 32001 3000
6000 9000 7000 10000 7000 10600 8600 11600 6500 15300 8300 16800 6000 15000 8000 16500
FAZ
Mounting arrangement 1MV1
20,000 hours Motor size 71 80 90 100 112 132 160 180 200 225 250 2-pole 4-pole FAD FAZ FAD N N N 290 430 480 680 890 1100 2420 2860 3600 4140 5020 260 390 420 580 760 919 1820 2100 2500 2740 3330 380 540 610 6-pole FAZ FAD N N 330 490 520 460 620 700 8-pole FAZ FAD N N 420 560 600 3810 4530 5720 6530 8050 12200 14500 24000 25000 26200 FAZ N 2920 3290 3980 4400 5210 6600 7500 5800 4300 2500
FAD
40,000 hours 2-pole FAD FAZ N N 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1970 2300 2970 3430 4160 6950 7450 13000 13100 15400 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1370 1570 1870 2030 2470 4-pole FAD FAZ N N 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 2480 3050 3780 4330 5290 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1720 1810 2320 2550 3060 6-pole FAD FAZ N N 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 2840 3400 4370 5010 6200 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1960 2160 2620 2870 3360 8-pole FAD FAZ N N 3090 3690 4720 5400 6680 2200 2450 2980 3270 3840
880 740 1140 950 1390 1120 3040 3690 4580 5230 6380 2280 2450 3120 3440 4150
990 840 1280 1100 1580 1300 3480 4160 5280 6030 7440 2600 2920 3530 3900 4610
280 8500 4300 9500 4600 11000 5500 315 SML 9000 3700 11600 5400 13500 6200 355 SM 14900 800 19200 3100 22200 4100 355 ML 15000 1) 19800 1700 23100 2500 400 L 17300 1) 21800 1) 24300 1000 1) On request
2700 7700 2800 8900 3350 9750 4200 2100 9450 3200 10900 3650 11900 4650 1) 16400 1) 18900 850 20300 2100 1) 17000 1) 19800 1) 21300 1) 1) 18900 1) 21100 1) 22500 1)
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Testing
The standard test programmes are dividing into four parts: routine tests, type tests, optional tests and special tests. The routine test program is done to every machine. Type test is performed in addition to routine tests normally to one of the machines of a series of similar machines or by a request of the customer. Optional tests are additional type tests subject to mutual agreement between purchases and the manufacturer. Special tests are needed if the machine has to run in special conditions e.g. roller table, hazardous areas, cranes applications. The special test program is specified by the customer/consultant/standards bureaus. If the motor will be fed by a frequency converter it is most often tested together with the frequency converter. Unless otherwise specified all the tests are performed according to standard IS:325-1996.
Type test
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Dimensions Measurement of resistance of stator Locked rotor test Temperature rise test Full load test No load test at rated voltage Reduced voltage running test Momentary overload test Insulation resistance test High voltage test
Optional tests
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Vibration severity test Sound level measurement Degree of protection test Temperature rise test at limiting values of voltage and frequency variation Over speed test Test on insulation system
Special tests
1. 2. 3. Acceleration constant test (B value test, for roller table motors) tE time test (for increased safety motors) Suitability to PWM supply
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Squirrel cage induction motors offer excellent availability, reliability and efficiency. In addition to that, a motor with a frequency converter - variable speed drive (VSD) - has even more excellent properties. A variable speed drive motor can be started softly with low starting current, and the speed can be controlled and adjusted to suit the application demand without steps over a wide range. Also the use of a frequency converter together with a squirrel cage motor usually leads to remarkable energy savings. Most of the squirrel cage motors manufactured by ABB are suitable for variable speed use, but in addition to the general selection criteria, the following points must be taken into account:
At low speed operation the motor's ventilation fan loses its cooling capacity, which causes a higher temperature rise in the motor and bearings. A separate constant speed fan can be used to increase cooling capacity and loadability at low speed. It also important to check the performance of the grease at low speeds.
3. Lubrication
The effectiveness of the motor lubrication should be checked by measuring the bearing temperature under normal operating conditions. If the measured temperature is higher than + 80C, the relubrication intervals specified in ABB' s standard instruction manuals must be shortened; i.e. the relubrication interval should be halved for every 15K increase in bearing temperature. If this is not possible ABB recommends the use of lubricants suitable for high operating temperature conditions. These lubricants allow normal relubrication interval and a 15K increase in bearing temperature conditions.
1. Dimensioning
The voltage (or current) fed by the frequency converter is not purely sinusoidal. This may increase the losses, vibration, and noise of the motor. Furthermore, a change in the distribution of the losses may affect the motor temperature balance and lead to an increase in the temperature of the bearings. In every case, the motor must be correctly sized according to the instructions supplied with the selected frequency converter. When using ABB converters use the Drive Size dimensioning program or "ISOTHERM GUIDE-LINES" of the corresponding converter type for sizing the motors. The loadability curve of a standard motor used with a ACS 600-frequency converter can be found from figure 3.
4. Insulation protection
If the frequency converter has IGBT power components with very rapid switching, practically all cables between the converter and the motor will be long. In that case, steep voltage pulses and reflections at the cables increase voltage stresses at the winding of the motor and therefore, the precautions described in figure 2 below must betaken to avoid risks of insulation damage. For GTO converters, consideration must be given to the information about cable length, pulse rise time and the voltage overshoot using the voltage/ cable length guideline.
2. Speed range
In a frequency converter drive, the actual operating speed of the motor may deviate considerably from its nominal speed (i.e. the speed stamped on the rating plate). For higher speeds, ensure that the highest permissible rotational speed of the motor or the critical speed of the entire equipment is not exceeded. When high speed operation exceeds the nominal speed of the motor, the following points should be checked: Maximum torque of the motor Bearing construction Lubrication Balancing Critical speeds Shaft seals Ventilation Fan noise Permissible maximum speeds for standard motors are described in figure 1. Figure 1. Maximum permissible speeds for basic motors Frame size 71 - 200 225 - 280 315 355 400 Speed r/min 2-pole 4 -pole 4000 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 2600 2300 2200 1800
5. Bearing currents
Bearing voltages and currents must be avoided in all motors. When using an IGBT frequency converter insulated bearings and/or a properly dimensioned filter at the converter output must be used according to instructions in figure 2 below. (For other alternatives and converter types, please contact ABB.) When ordering clearly state which alternative will be used. For more information about bearing currents and voltages, please contact ABB.
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For fulfilling the EMC requirements, special EMC cable(s) must be used in addition to the correct cable gland mounting, with special, extra earthing pieces. Please refer to the manuals of the frequency converter. Figure 2. Selection rule for insulation and filtering in variable speed drives
Motor nominal power P or frame size N PN < 100 kW U N < 500 V Standard motor PN < 100 kW or 3IEC 315 Standard motor + Insulated N-bearing Standard motor + dU/dt-filter OR Reinforced insulation + Insulated N-bearing
PN < 350kW Standard motor + Insulated N-bearing + Common mode filter Standard motor + Insulated N-bearing + dU/dt-filter OR Reinforced insulation + Insulated N-bearing + Common mode filter Reinforced insulation + Insulated N-bearing + dU/dt-filter + Light Common mode filter
< 600 V
< 690 V
dU/dt filter
Series reactor. dU/dt filters decrease the changing rate of the phase and main voltages and thus reduce voltage stresses in the windings. dU/dt filters also decrease so called common mode currents and bearing currents.
Figure 3. Motor loadability with ACS 600, Field weakening point 50Hz.
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Altitude Environment Ambient Corrosion Dust, carbon, Etc Humidity Drip proof, IP23 Totally enclosed, IP55 Special, IP56
Housing Protection
Totally enclosed fan cooled Separately cooled Natural cooled Standard Double shaft Tapered Special
Ventilation
Shaft end
Power Transmission
Direct Belt Gear box Mounting Foot Flange Face IS/IEC User specific TOP/LHS/RHS Cast iron Aluminum
Horizontal Vertical
Installation Dimension
Epoxy Bakelite
Terminal Plate
Terminal Box
Position Material
Noise
Standard Low
Standard Precision
Vibration
Bearings
Ball Roller
Others
33
Drive torque Operating speed Transfer efficiency Load GD2 Load torque
Torque characteristics Operating characteristics Continuous operation Intermittent duty & CDF Equivalent starts per hour
voltage
Frequency
Type of starting
Braking
Torque Characteristics
Normal starting High torque Soft starting (Low pull out torque)
34
Ordering Information
Customer Name_____________________________________ Date______________________________________________ Application_________________________________________ 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 Output_______________kW (___________________hp) Frame size____________________________________ Volatge______________________________________V Voltage variation_______________________________% Frequency Hz 50 60, Other___________________Hz Frequency variation____________________________% Number of poles Ambient temperature 45C 50C Special (Specify)_____________________________0C 09 Temperature rise by resistance method 70C 75C 100C Special (Specify)_____________________________0C 10 Altitude Standard (Sea level upto 1,000m) Special (Specify) 11 12 13 Insulation B F H Duty Continuous (S1) Other(Specify)______________________ Environment High humidity Dusty Tropical Corrosive gas, vapour Area classification class Temp. Class______________ Division__________ 14 Enclosure Open drip proof (IP23) TEFC(IP44) TEFC(IP55) Type 'n' (Non sparking) Type 'e' (Increased safety) Type 'd' (Flame proof) Special (Specify) 15 16 17 Construction Horizontal Vertical Special Mounting B3 V1 Other(Specify) Applicable codes and standards IS 325 IS 6381 (Increased safety motors) IS 9628 (Non sparking motors) IS 3682 (Flame proof motors) IPSS:1-03-007-85 (A.C. roller table motors) IS 2972 (Textile application) IS7538 (Agriculture application) Other_______________________________________
18
Starting current 600% subject to IS tolerance 600%maximum Other_________________% full load current
19
Starting method Direct-on-line (full voltage) Star-Delta Auto-Transfer___________%taping____________secs Frequency converter Frequency range____________Hz to____________Hz Fieldweakning point____________________________ Load torque speed curve________________________
20
Braking details No braking Electromechanical braking Countercurrent(Plugging)_________________no./hour D.C. injection___________________________no./hour Reversal by plugging_____________________no./hour Other (specify)________________________________
21
22
23
24
25
Other ____________________________
26
Belting data Motor pulley dia. and wt.____________mm________kg Load pulley dia. and wt._____________mm________kg Centre distance between pulleys_______________mm Type of belt___________________________________ No. of belts___________________________________
27
Direction of rotation Bi-directional Clockwise from driving end Anti-clockwise from driving end
35
28
Terminal Box Without With Location Top on driving end Right side from driving end Left side from driving end Special (specify)______________________
35
36
Thrust for vertical motor Design thrust Up__________kg Down _______kg Momentary thrust Up__________kg Down _______kg
29
Terminal box construction Stud type 3 terminals Stud type 6 terminals Other_______________________________________ External power cable Type________________________________________ No. of cable____________No. of core______________ Conductor sectional area_____________________mm
2
37
38
Test ABB standard (Non-witnessed) Routine test as per IS 325 Witness routine test as per IS 325 Witness type test as per IS 325 Special (specify)_______________________________
Diameter : Overall ___________________________mm Inner sheath_______________________mm Conduit size____________________________________ Special (specify)_______________________________ 30 Anti-condensation heater Not required ________________Volt Special (specify)_______________________________ 31 PTC Thermistors Class B 130C Class F 155C Special (specify)_______________________________ 32 Paint Standard Munsel Blue Epoxy shade 631 of IS 5 Any other__________________________shade of IS 5 33 Balancing Half key (ABB standard) full key 33 Special features Export packing Tropical protection Foundation bolts Jacking facility Jacking bolts Grounding lug Cable gland Cable lugs Special (specify)_______________________________ 39
Any special requirement __________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________
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Q. What is efficiency based design (EBD) and what is power factor based design (PFBD) ?
Around the world, in standard series motors, there are two design philosophies. One is called "Efficiency Based Design (EBD)" and the other is called "Power Factor Based Design (PFBD)". In the former case, the basic design including stamping designs are optimised for maximising efficiency, while retaining power factor to reasonably acceptable level. Where as in the latter case, it is otherwise.
Q. What is the difference in electromagnetic parameters in case of the above two designs?
EBDs are based on lower losses and hence lower resistances. Lower resistance in the circuit could lead to lower power factor. Where as PFBDs have higher rotor resistances.
Input power=Rated Power*100/Eff, kW 33,333 32.432 Pdiff=Difference in Input Power, kW 0.901 Energy saved/year, kWh=Pdiff x No. of hours/yr when each pump runs 8 hr/day 7081 kWh = Pdiff x 7860 Saving in Rs., @ Rs.3.50/- per kWh 24784
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