modeled the details based on the different functional layers described in the ventral stream.

Supervised training was performed at the prefrontal cortex layer and unsupervised learning was performed at lower level such as V1 to IT layers. Serre et al., in their paper, claimed that their hierarchical feedforward model behaves similarly with the human observer across all four animal categories in the ultra-rapid categorization of 50 ms in recognizing animals in the natural scene. (Animals in the natural scenes constitute a challenging class of stimuli due to large variations in shape, pose, size, texture, and position in the scene.) The MIT team further tested and showed that the model is robust on rotated images not re-trained before. However, they reported that at 80 ms, the human outperformed the model. They concluded that it is an open question whether the somewhat better performance of humans for longer than 80 ms is due to feedback effects mediated by back-projections, i.e. top-down influence. Professor Tomaso Poggio, in 2007 Scene Understanding Symposium, declared that the feedforward ventral stream model was completed; he was looking for the next stage of incorporating the feedback or back-projection process and aimed for image inference abilities. Note that the feedforward ventral stream is only a small part of the whole visual pathway. With feedback influence, consideration of object recognition in depth, classifying different objects in the natural scene, stability of the network with positive feedback, and addressing the dorsal stream (the where issue), the whole network could be a very complicated one. Other potential gaps include the global horizontal interaction not included in the model. Current debate indicates that the approach looks like a convolution method and needs to resolve the shift invariance part. The simple cell layer uses the Gabor filter. The Gabor function has long been associated with visual processing. (Stork and Wilson, 1990) pointed out that the Gabor function cannot fit to single-cell receptive fields and they concluded that there are insufficient theoretical demonstrations and experimental data to favor the Gabor function over any number of