Elemental Geosystems, 5e (Christopherson) Chapter 1 Foundations of Geography

1) Geography is described as A) an Earth science. B) a human science. C) a physical science. D) a spatial science. Answer: D 2) he word spatial re!ers to A) the nature and character o! physical space. B) items that relate speci!ically to society. C) things that are uni"ue and special. D) eras o! time. Answer: A #) A principal methodology go$erning geographic in"uiry A) is beha$ioral analysis. B)

in$ol$es spatial analysis. C) uses chronological organi%ation. D) is !ield wor&. Answer: B ') (hich o! the !ollowing best describes the current emphasis in the !ield o! physical geography) A) understanding soil de$elopment B) modeling economic interrelationships among countries C) studying weather D) understanding how Earth*s systems interact to produce natural phenomena Answer: D +) (hich o! the !ollowing most accurately characteri%es the goal o! geography) A) the production o! maps B) memori%ation o! the names o! places on world and regional maps C) memori%ation o! the imports and e,ports o! a country D) understanding why a place has the characteristics that it does Answer: D

-) (hich o! the !ollowing terms characteri%es the discipline o! geography) A) eclectic

B)

holistic

C)

unscienti!ic D) A. B. and C

E)

A and B only Answer: E /) (hich o! the !ollowing compose the !undamental duality in the !ield o! geography) A) physical $ersus human0cultural B) physical $ersus economic C) economic $ersus political D) political $ersus en$ironmental Answer: A 1) 2elati$e to the !undamental themes o! geography proposed by the Association o! American Geographers. communication and di!!usion re!er to A) location.

B) place.

C)

human3Earth relationships. D) mo$ement.

E)

regions.

Answer:

D 4) 2elati$e to the !undamental themes o! geography proposed by the Association o! American Geographers. latitude and longitude re!er to A) location. B) place. C) human3Earth relationships. D) mo$ement. E) regions. Answer: A 15) 2elati$e to the !undamental themes o! geography proposed by the Association o! American Geographers. resource e,ploitation and ha%ard perception re!er to A) location.

B)

place. C) human3Earth relationships. D) mo$ement. E) regions. Answer: C 11) 2elati$e to the !undamental themes o! geography. the a6 7ahal in 8ndia and Ayers 2oc& in Australia are best described within which o! the !i$e themes) A) location

B)

place

C)

human3Earth relationships D) mo$ement

E)

regions

Answer:

B 12) 2elati$e to the !undamental themes o! geography. your home address is best described within which o! the !i$e themes) A) location B) place C)

human3Earth relationships D) mo$ement E) regions Answer: A

1#) he wind3blown soot. hydrocarbons. and sul!ur compounds !rom the oil3well !ires that burned in 9uwait during 1441 !all within which o! the !i$e themes) A) location

B)

place

C)

human3Earth relationships D) mo$ement

E)

regions

Answer:

C 1') he inducti$e method o! reasoning used by Earth scientists to discern patterns in nature in$ol$es reasoning !rom A) the comple, to the simple. B) the simple to the comple,. C) the speci!ic to the general. D) the general to the speci!ic. Answer: C 1+) (hich o! the !ollowing is the most strongly supported by e,perimental and obser$ational e$idence) A) speculation

B) hypothesis

C)

educated guess D) theory

Answer:

D 1-) he scienti!ic method is described by which o! the !ollowing) A) the application o! common sense B) a relation to procedures de$eloped by :ir 8saac ;ewton C) the de$elopment o! hypotheses !or testing and prediction D) All o! these are correct. E) ;one o! these is correct. Answer: D 1/) (hich o! the !ollowing is true o! scienti!ic theories) A) hey are based on se$eral hypotheses. B) hey are broad in scope because they uni!y se$eral &nown !acts about the world. C) hey are based on natural laws <such as those pertaining to gra$ity. relati$ity. atomic theory. etc.). D)

all o! the abo$e E) A and B only Answer: D 11) (hich o! the !ollowing is an e,ample o! a system) A) a lea!

B)

a ri$er drainage basin C) a midlatitude cyclonic storm D) All o! these are e,amples o! systems. E) ;one o! these are e,amples o! systems. Answer: D

14) A non3rechargeable battery can best be described as a0an ======== energy system and a0an ======== material system. A) closed> closed B) closed> open C) open> open D) open> closed Answer: D 25) (hich o! the !ollowing is incorrect) A) Earth represents a $ast integrated system. B) Earth represents an open system in terms o! energy. C) Earth represents a closed system in terms o! matter. D) ;ew resources and matter are being added to Earth*s systems all the time. Answer: D 21) (hat type o! !eedbac& maintains stability in a system. i.e.. what type o! !eedbac& &eeps a system !unctioning properly) A) positi$e B) negati$e

C) neutral

Answer:

B 22) 8! a system responds to a change in input by mo$ing !urther away !rom its e"uilibrium condition. what type o! !eedbac& has occurred) A) positi$e B) negati$e C) neutral D) ;ot enough in!ormation is gi$en to indicate what type o! !eedbac& has occurred. Answer: A 2#) (hich o! the !ollowing is correctly matched) A) e"uilibrium balance o! inputs and outputs B) steady state e"uilibrium small !luctuations about an a$erage condition C) dynamic e"uilibrium small !luctuations about an a$erage condition that changes gradually o$er time D) All o! these are correctly matched. Answer: D 2') (hich o! the !ollowing best describes the condition o! steady3state e"uilibrium)

A) :ystem inputs always e,actly balance outputs so the system ne$er changes. B) :ystem inputs and outputs !luctuate around a stable a$erage so the system does not mo$e !ar !rom its a$erage condition. C) :ystem inputs produce large. random !luctuations in output. !orcing the system into a new state o! e"uilibrium. D) :ystems slowly ad6ust to long3term changes in input and output. Answer: B

2+) 8! increased le$els o! carbon dio,ide lead to !urther increases in temperature by promoting the release o! e$en more carbon dio,ide !rom the oceans. this means that ======== !eedbac& has occurred and that the planet is ========. A) positi$e> in e"uilibrium B) positi$e> out o! e"uilibrium C) negati$e> in e"uilibrium D) negati$e> out o! e"uilibrium Answer: B 2-) he carbon dio,ide that is being added to the atmosphere by the burning o! !ossil !uels is an e,ample o! an ======== $ariable to the atmosphere and an ======== $ariable !rom the lithosphere. A) input> input B) input> output C) output> output D) output> input Answer: B 2/) he increase in meltponds in Arctic regions is an e,ample o! A) positi$e !eedbac&. because the melt ponds absorb more solar energy than the ice did. B)

positi$e !eedbac&. as the melt ice !ree%es it increases the area o! ice. C) negati$e !eedbac&. because the ponds re!lect more sunlight than ice and there!ore absorb less energy. D) negati$e !eedbac&. as the ice melts the water !ree%es. increasing the amount o! ice. Answer: A 21) (hich o! the !ollowing is true o! models) A) hey are abstract representations o! the world. B) hey are ideali%ed representations o! the world. C) hey are simpli!ied representations o! the world. D) hey are abstract and ideali%ed. but not simpli!ied representations o! the world. E) All o! the abo$e are true. Answer: E 24) he three inorganic Earth realms are the A) hydrosphere. lithosphere. and atmosphere. B) thermosphere. lithosphere. heterosphere. C) atmosphere. geoid. homosphere. D) stratosphere. magnetosphere. and troposphere.

Answer: A #5) ?i$ing systems are considered A) biotic.

B)

inorganic.

C)

part o! the lithosphere. D) abiotic.

Answer:

A #1) (hich o! the !ollowing is true o! the biosphere) A) ?i!e processes generally are not shaped by the abiotic spheres. B) ?i!e processes generally are shaped by the abiotic spheres. C) 8t is uni"ue and there!ore segregated !rom the other spheres. D) 8t only occurs in the hydrosphere. Answer: B #2) he reali%ation that the earth was a sphere A) did not occur in Europe until the !irst $oyages o! Columbus. B)

had to wait until the modern era <1155s). C) was !irst made by @ythagoras. +153+55 BC. D) was made by 8saac ;ewton. Answer: C ##) A $alue !or Earth*s circum!erence was !irst calculated by A) Columbus.

B)

@ythagoras. C) modern satellite measurements. D) a librarian at Ale,andria named Eratosthenes. Answer: D #') (hich o! the !ollowing statements about Earth is correct) A) 8t is elongated. B) he earth is the second largest planet in the solar system. C) he e"uatorial circum!erence is +/ &m <'2 mi.) greater than the polar circum!erence. D) he earth is per!ectly spherical. Answer:

C #+) he oblateness o! the earth occurs at the A) poles. B) e"uator. C) subtropics. D) prime meridian. Answer: A #-) he earth*s circum!erence is greatest when measured around the A) poles. B) e"uator. C) subtropics. D) prime meridian. Answer: B #/) he science that speci!ically attempts to determine Earth*s shape and si%e by sur$eys and mathematical means is called A) geography. B)

geology. C) cartography. D) astronomy. E) geodesy. Answer: E

#1) he indi$idual who !irst determined the circum!erence o! the earth did so using all but which o! the !ollowing) A) geometry

B)

a water well C) the shadow o! an obelis& D) camels

E)

All o! these were used. Answer: E #4) (hich o! the !ollowing is easily determined using the position o! the :un or stars) A) longitude

B)

latitude

C)

altitude

Answer:

B '5) An angular distance measured north or south o! the e"uator !rom the center o! Earth is termed A) longitude.

B)

latitude.

C)

%enith.

D)

Greenwich distance. Answer: B '1) 8! an obser$er determines that the ;orth :tar <@olaris) is located #5A abo$e the hori%on. then the obser$er is located at ========. A) /5 degrees north latitude B) -5 degrees north latitude C) #5 degrees north latitude D) -5 degrees north longitude E) #5 degrees north longitude Answer: B '2) An angular distance measured east or west o! a prime meridian !rom the center o! Earth is termed A) longitude. B) latitude. C) %enith. D) Greenwich distance. Answer:

A '#) Bow !ar north you li$e !rom the e"uator is measured as your ========. whereas an imaginary line mar&ing all those places at that same distance north o! the e"uator is called a ========. A) longitude> meridian B) meridian> longitude C) latitude> parallel D) parallel> latitude E) location> place Answer: C

'') he basis !or de!ining the length o! a day is the !act that A) Earth rotates east to west. B) Earth mo$es through #-+.2+ days a year in its orbit about the :un. C) Earth rotates on its a,is in 2' hours. i.e.. it rotates 1+ degrees o! longitude per hour. D) Earth does not rotate> rather. it re$ol$es. Answer: C '+) he meridian opposite o! Earth*s prime meridian <5 degrees longitude) is called A) Coordinated Cni$ersal ime. B) Greenwich 7ean ime. C) the e"uator. D) the 8nternational Date ?ine. Answer: D '-) ?atitude is A) the angular distance measured north or south o! the e"uator. B) the angular distance measured east or west o! a prime meridian. C)

the basis !or establishing meridians. D) portrayed on a globe as lines that cross the e"uator at right angles. Answer: A '/) he most e,treme northern and southern parallels to e,perience perpendicular rays o! the :un at local noon are located at A) the e"uator. B) 2#.+ degrees north and south. C) '+ degrees north and south. D) --.+ degrees north and south. Answer: B '1) Areas located abo$e ======== latitude e,perience 2' hours o! daylight !or si, months o! the year and 2' hours o! night !or si, months o! the year. A) 15 degrees B) 2#.+ degrees C) --.+ degrees D) 15 degrees Answer: C '4)

?ongitude is A) an angular distance measured north or south o! the e"uator. B) an angular distance measured east or west o! a prime meridian. C) the basis !or establishing parallels. D) determined by :un altitude abo$e the hori%on. Answer: B +5) 8! you were standing at 25 degrees north latitude. you would be within which latitudinal geographic %one) A) tropical B) midlatitude C) e"uatorial D) subarctic E) subtropical Answer: A +1) A line connecting all points along the same longitudinal angle is called a A) meridian. B) parallel.

C) prime latitudinal angle. D) great circle. Answer: A +2) <place your city here) appro,imate location is best described as A) <place your latitude and longitude here as presented in lecture ) B) 15+ degrees north latitude by '1 degrees west longitude. C) north and east o! Greenwich. ?ondon. England. D) south and east o! Greenwich. ?ondon. England. Answer: A +#) ?ongitude is con$eniently determined at sea using A) chronometers. B) pendulum cloc&sas in olden days. C) magnetic compasses. D) se,tants and :un angles. Answer: A

+') (hich o! the !ollowing is not true o! meridians) A) hey cross parallels at right angles. B) hey are lines which run in an east3west direction. C) All meridians are the same length. D) hey are used to measure east3west angular distances. Answer: B ++) he letters A7 stand !or A) a!ter midnight. B) a!ter morning. C) ante ma6olica. D) ante meridiem. E) a!ter meridian. Answer: D +-) he letters @7 stand !or A) prior ma6olica. B)

pre$ious morning. C) post meridiem. D) possible meridian. Answer: C +/) he letters A7 and @7 re!er to the time at which A) the :un*s rays !irst appear abo$e the eastern hori%on at dawn. B) the :un*s rays !irst disappear below the western hori%on at dus&. C) the :un is directly o$erhead at noon. D) the :un crosses the e"uator mo$ing north on the !irst day o! :pring. Answer: C

+1) (hich o! the !ollowing is true o! the length <as measured in &ilometers) o! a degree o! latitude) A) 8t is constant at all latitudes. B) 8t is longer near the e"uator than near the poles. C) 8t is shorter near the e"uator than near the poles. D) 8t is shorter near the prime meridian than near the international dateline. Answer: A +4) 8! City A is located west o! City B. the time at City A is ======== than that at City B because the earth rotates !rom ======== when $iewed !rom abo$e the ;orth @ole. A) earlier> west to east <i.e.. countercloc&wise.) B) earlier> east to west <i.e.. cloc&wise.) C) later> west to east <i.e.. countercloc&wise.) D) later> east to west <i.e.. cloc&wise.) Answer: A -5) 8! a cloc& on a ship indicates that it is 2:55 @7 in its home port. while another cloc& on the ship indicates that it is 12:55 noon at the ship*s present location. what is the di!!erence in longitude between the ship*s position and its home port) A) he ship is 2 degrees east o! its home port. B)

he ship is 2 degrees west o! its home port. C) he ship is #5 degrees east o! its home port. D) he ship is #5 degrees west o! its home port. E) he ship is '+ degrees west o! its home port. Answer: D -1) 8! you began a trip at -5 degrees west. 25 degrees north and tra$eled 125 degrees !arther west and +5 degrees south. your new position would be A) the 8nternational Dateline at /5 degrees north latitude. B) the 8nternational Dateline at #5 degrees south latitude. C) the Greenwich meridian at /5 degrees north latitude. D) the Greenwich meridian at #5 degrees south latitude. E) #5 degrees north. 125 degrees west. Answer: B -2) 8! it is 15:55 @7 on Duly #rd at #5 degrees west. what date and time is it at 1+ degrees east) A) Duly #rd> 11:55 @7 B) Duly #rd> 4:55 @7 C)

Duly #rd> -:55 @7 D) Duly 'th> 1:55 A7 E) Duly 'th> 2:55 A7 Answer: D -#) :tandard time %ones A) ha$e yet to be generally established. B) are 1+ degrees wide because Earth rotates through that distance in one hour. C) are only used in the de$eloped countries. D) are spaced at + degree inter$als o! longitude in ;orth America. Answer: B

-') 8! it is 15:55 A7 in 7iami. Elorida <Eastern time %one). what time is it in ?os Angeles. Cali!ornia located # time %ones to the west in the @aci!ic ime %one) A) /:55 A7

B)

1:55 A7

C)

1:55 @7

D)

2:55 @7

Answer:

A -+) (hich o! the !ollowing is true o! the prime meridian 6ust prior to the year 111') A) 7ost countries were already using the Greenwich meridian !or their land maps. B) All countries were already using the Greenwich meridian !or their marine maps. C) he Cnited :tates used a combination o! the (ashington meridian !or land maps and the Greenwich meridian !or marine maps. D) here was no such thing as a prime meridian be!ore 111'. Answer: C --) C C re!ers to A) the 8nternational Date ?ine. B) Cni$ersal ime Con!erence.

C) Coordinated Cni$ersal ime. D) a system o! local time using phases o! the 7oon. Answer: C -/) ime is now precisely measured with primary standard cloc&s that are based on A) $ery precise pendulum motion. B) the pulsed $ibrations o! "uart% crystals. C) the $ibration o! cesium atoms. D) the pulse rate o! pulsar stars. Answer: C -1) he practice o! setting time ahead or behind during the year. out o! coordination with the :un. is termed A) Coordinated Cni$ersal ime. B) Daylight :a$ing ime. C) :tandard ime. D) Greenwich 7ean ime. Answer: B

-4) he earliest &nown maps date to ======== and were made by ========. A) '+.555 BC> ;eanderthals B) 2.#55 BC> the Babylonians C) +55 BC> the Gree&s D) /55 AD> the Catholic Church E) 1155 AD> 7ongol warriors Answer: B /5) he part o! geography that embodies map ma&ing is &nown as A) theodesy. B) geodesy. C) cartography. D) calligraphy. Answer: C /1) A great circle is A) any parallel o! latitude. B)

the shortest distance between two places on the sur!ace o! the earth. C) a circle o! circum!erence whose center coincides with the center o! Earth. D) a correct magnetic compass direction on a !lat map. Answer: C /2) Earth*s e"uator is an e,ample o! A) a small circle. B) a great circle. C) a prime meridian. D) a line o! e"ual longitude. Answer: B /#) A map scale o! 1:2'.555 means that A) one inch on the map e"uals 2'.555 inches on the ground. B) one centimeter on the map e"uals 2'.555 centimeters on the ground. C) one !oot on the map e"uals 2'.555 !eet on the earth. D) all o! the abo$e E) none o! the abo$e

Answer: D /') Any orderly system o! parallels and meridians drawn on a !lat sur!ace is called a A) diagram.

B)

cone.

C)

map pro6ection. D) globe.

Answer:

C /+) A scale gi$en as Fone centimeter to one &ilometerF is an e,ample o! a A) representati$e !raction. B) graphic scale. C) written scale. D) All o! these are correct. Answer: C /-) (hich o! the !ollowing is an e,ample o! an intermediate map scale) A) 1:#.1-1.555 B)

1:-#.#-5

C)

1 cm G 5.2+ &m <1 in. G 2555 !t) D) 1:12+.555 Answer: D //) (hich type o! map scale would be appropriate to use i! the map were to be enlarged by Hero,ing) A) written

B)

graphic

C)

representati$e !raction Answer: B

/1) he larger the scale o! a map. the ======== the area co$ered by the map and the ======== detail it pro$ides. A) larger> more B) larger> less C) smaller> more D) smaller> less Answer: C /4) Ib6ects appear ======== on large scale maps. A) large B) small C) 8t is impossible to compare the relati$e si%e o! the same !eatures on maps o! di!!erent scales. Answer: A 15) (hich o! the !ollowing describes the property o! e"ual area on a map) A) e"ui$alence B) con!ormality C) pro,imity D)

e"uidistance Answer: A 11) (hich o! the !ollowing describes the property o! true shape on a map) A) e"ui$alence B) con!ormality C) pro,imity D) e"uidistance Answer: B 12) (hich o! the !ollowing possesses all the earth properties o! area. shape. direction. pro,imity. and distance. correctly) A) 7ercator pro6ection B) Alber*s e"ual3area conic pro6ection C) 2obinson pro6ection D) a world globe Answer: D 1#) I! the principal map pro6ection classes. which cannot be generated using a physical3perspecti$e approach. i.e.. an approach based on the pro6ection o! the shadow o! a wire3s&eleton globe onto a geometric sur!ace) A)

cylindrical B) o$al C) conic D) planar Answer: B 1') In which one o! the !ollowing pro6ections do great circle routes appear as straight lines) A) 7ercator pro6ection B) Goode*s homolosine pro6ection C) any conic pro6ection D) a gnomonic pro6ection Answer: D

1+) In the 7ercator pro6ection. areas at high latitudes appear ========. A) larger than areas o! the same si%e located nearer to the e"uator B) smaller than areas o! the same si%e located nearer to the e"uator C) the same si%e as areas o! the same si%e located nearer to the e"uator Answer: A 1-) 8n plotting true magnetic compass readings <i.e.. rhumb lines) between two points. which map pro6ection is generally used) A) 2obinson pro6ection B) 7ercator pro6ection C) Goode*s homolosine pro6ection D) any conic pro6ection Answer: B 1/) he change in the proportional si%e o! !eatures at high latitudes on a 7ercator map occurs because A) meridians are stretched apart at high latitudes. B) there are no tangent lines anywhere on the map. C) shearing is used to create the map. D)

a conic pro6ection is used to create the map. Answer: A 11) 8! you were preparing a map showing the distribution o! world climates. which type o! map pro6ection would you want to use to allow accurate comparison o! areas and regions) A) e"ual area B) a gnomonic pro6ection C) true shape D) a 7ercator pro6ection Answer: A 14) (hich o! the !ollowing is a cylindrical map pro6ection) A) 2obinson pro6ection B) 7ercator pro6ection C) Goode*s homolosine pro6ection D) sinusoidal e"ual3area pro6ection Answer: B 45) (hich o! the !ollowing is not a class o! map pro6ection) A)

cylindrical B) planar C) conical D) geometrical Answer: D 41) An isoline denoting all points at the same ele$ation is called A) an isobar. B) an isotherm. C) an isohyet. D) a contour line. Answer: D

42) Global @ositioning :ystem <G@:) units A) recently !ound the correct height o! 7ount E$erest to be 11+5 m <24.5#+ !eet.) B) show your location accurate to 155 m. C) are used in @recision Agriculture. D) are used by sur$eyors and the military. E) are used !or all o! these. Answer: E 4#) (hich o! the !ollowing is the most popular and widely used map prepared by the C.:. Geological :ur$ey) A) a topographic map B) a 2obinson pro6ection C) a resources map D) portolan chart Answer: A 4') 2emote sensing is A) a sub6ecti$e determination o! temperature. B)

the monitoring o! a distant ob6ect without physical contact. C) an earthbound techni"ue not used in modern satellites. D) based on the principle that sur!aces must be physically handled and directly measured !or study. Answer: B 4+) he use o! aerial photographs to impro$e the accuracy o! sur!ace maps is called A) the electromagnetic spectrum. B) photogrammetry. C) G8:. D) calligraphy. Answer: B 4-) :atellite images are based on A) standard photographic !ilm which is reco$ered a!ter the satellite is returned to the earth. B) digital data that is stored electronically and then transmitted to Earth by radio wa$es. C) holographic images created using laser3generated inter!erence patterns. D) all o! the abo$e Answer: B

4/) A satellite imaging system that beams electromagnetic energy at the sur!ace and then records the energy that is re!lected is classi!ied as a0an ======== system. A) acti$e B) passi$e C) photographic D) holographic Answer: A 41) (hich o! the !ollowing is an e,ample o! an acti$e remote sensing de$ice) A) !ilm B) in!rared sensor C) $ideo camera D) radar Answer: D

44) (hich o! the !ollowing is a capability o! a geographic in!ormation system <G8:)) A) data storage B) data manipulation and analysis C) map production with o$erlays o! di!!erent in!ormation layers D) G8: systems can do all o! the abo$e. E) data storage. manipulation. and analysis only Answer: D 155) (hich o! the !ollowing is a capability o! a geographic in!ormation system <G8:)) A) data storage B) data manipulation and analysis C) map production with o$erlays o! di!!erent in!ormation layers D) all o! the abo$e E) A and B only. Answer: D 151) G8: is being used to

A) monitor !lood ha%ard areas. B) plan urban de$elopment. C) analy%e crime trends. D) help !ight wild!ires. E) All o! these are uses o! G8:. Answer: E 152) (hich o! the !ollowing is an ad$antage o! a geographic in!ormation system) A) production o! speciali%ed maps suited to the needs o! speci!ic users B) rapid production o! maps based on continuously updated in!ormation C) analysis o! spatial in!ormation D) creation o! data o$erlays showing the spatial relationships between two or more $ariables E) All o! these are ad$antages. Answer: E 15#) Geography is a discipline de!ined by a speci!ic body o! content and sub6ect matter rather than by an approach. Answer:

rue

Ealse 15') he essential approach in geographic studies is spatial analysis. Answer:

rue Ealse 15+) Areas that display a degree o! unity are called regions. Answer:

rue Ealse 15-) :ystems methodologies are not applicable to geographic analysis. Answer: rue

Ealse 15/) @hotosynthesis in a plant lea! is an e,ample o! an open3system operation. Answer:

rue Ealse 151) @ositi$e !eedbac& tends to ampli!y or encourage response in system operations. Answer:

rue Ealse

154) ;egati$e !eedbac& tends to lead a system to sel!3regulation. Answer:

rue Ealse 115) A model is essentially a simpli!ication o! natural systems. Answer:

rue Ealse 111) ?ongitude measures distances east or west o! a prime meridian on Earth*s sur!ace. Answer:

rue Ealse 112) ?atitude is the angular distance measured north or south o! the e"uator !rom the center o! Earth and it describes a parallel line on the sur!ace. Answer:

rue Ealse 11#) ?ongitude is the name o! an angle. and FmeridianF is the name o! an imaginary line on Earth*s sur!ace. Answer:

rue

Ealse 11') ?atitude is easily determined using celestial ob6ects whereas longitude is not easily calculated in such a manner and re"uires time3&eeping de$ices. Answer:

rue Ealse 11+) Coordinated Cni$ersal ime is the present name !or world standard time. Answer:

rue Ealse 11-) he prime meridian and the 115th meridian are opposite hal$es o! the same great circle. Answer:

rue Ealse 11/) All parallels are #-5 degrees in length. Answer:

rue Ealse 111) he day o!!icially changes on Earth at the prime meridian. Answer:

rue

Ealse 114) 8! it is Duly #rd in o&yo <1#4 degrees E). it is Duly 'th in ?os Angeles <111 degrees (). Answer: rue

Ealse 125) Geographers consider maps to be Ftools.F Answer:

rue Ealse 121) A map scale o! 1:2'.555 is considered a small scale as compared to a scale o! 1:25.455.555. which is considered a large scale. Answer: rue

Ealse 122) A written scale appears on maps as a bar graph. Answer: rue

Ealse 12#) A twel$e3inch diameter globe has a smaller scale than a ##3inch globe.

Answer:

rue Ealse 12') he globe is the only map that accurately portrays all spatial relationships characteristic o! Earth*s sur!ace. Answer:

rue Ealse

12+) Cylindrical map pro6ections. such as the 7ercator. ha$e a rectangular grid. i.e.. parallels and meridians cross at right angles. Answer:

rue Ealse 12-) 8n order !or shape to be preser$ed on a map. the parallels and meridians must intersect at right angles. Answer:

rue Ealse 12/) A gnomonic light source is located at the sur!ace o! a globe. Answer: rue

Ealse 121) 7aps that are intended to show spatial distributions should be based on pro6ections that minimi%e area distortion. rather than shape distortion. Answer:

rue Ealse 124) A circular sur!ace area. when drawn on a map designed to preser$e area. might appear as an o$al. Answer:

rue Ealse 1#5) A ?andsat or weather satellite image is an e,ample o! passi$e remote sensing. Answer:

rue Ealse 1#1) @ure science !re"uently in$ol$es the ma&ing o! $alue 6udgments about the moral or political correctness o! a !act. idea. or theory. Answer: rue

Ealse 1#2) Because scienti!ic ideas are tested. they can be corrected when they are wrong. Answer:

rue Ealse 1##) :cienti!ic theories are capable o! generating testable predictions. Answer:

rue Ealse 1#') ?ist the !i$e principal themes o! modern geographic education. Answer:

location> place> region> human3Earth relationship> mo$ement 1#+) A ======== is any ordered. interrelated set o! ob6ects and attributes as distinct !rom their surrounding en$ironment. A ======== represents an ideali%ed part o! the real world greatly simpli!ied. Answer: system> model 1#-) Earth*s nonli$ing systems are called ======== and include the ========. ========. and ========. Earth*s li$ing system is called the ========. and is also sometimes re!erred to as the ========. Answer: abiotic> atmosphere> hydrosphere> lithosphere> biosphere> ecosphere 1#/) ======== is an entity that assumes a physical shape and occupies space. whereas ======== is a capacity to do wor&. Answer: 7atter> energy 1#1) A ======== is any circle o! Earth*s circum!erence whose center coincides with the center o! Earth. All other circles on Earth constitute ========. Answer: great circle> small circles 1#4) he !our classes o! map pro6ections are called: ========. ========. ========. ========. Answer: planar> cylindrical> conic> o$al 1'5) At least three methods o! e,pressing scale on maps are: ========. ========. ========. Answer: written> graphic> representati$e !raction 1'1)

Geography is a ======== science. and the part o! geography that in$ol$es map ma&ing is ========. Answer: spatial> cartography