C

{ u Bsk
uSv & II
h mkU S x
Aih vzumhx.

wsh J a\
wsh J [S
wsh uzu \

u|mk
h PP
Pa \, \ 600 006

c u|k A_
u v&2004
vzv v&2007

Sz u

\x. Sn\P
h
xP Ba] C x
a\ P, \ 600 030.

_. C\\

. \

xP mhu B] (C)
A_ {
PhUP, \ 600 024

u { (C)
A_ PU P
|u, \ 600 035

. P\
u { (C)
Co P (um])
\ 600 004

P. oP

Q C
xP mhu B] (C)
A_ P {
A\U |P, \ 600 083

. P|u

h (C)
Gzv P P
\ 600 008

xP mhu B] (C)
A_ P {
va\[Pk 637 211
|UP mh

]P

C. CS
xP mhu B] (C)
uzv Py P Psn
\mi {
\ 600 011

_. \
Eu ] (C),
S.R.M. P
S.R.M. A
u~m {
({P{ PU PP)
Pmh[ Pzy 603 203

N.
u
^ mU {
\, \ 600 073

u BUQ

_. C\\
xP mhu B] (C)
A_ {
PhUP, \ 600 024

.
h[P u : u|k A_UPP
UP CUPP, u|k
C 60 GSM u Aa]hmkx.


UP P UQx vP Ax
{U PS. x Pzvmhzvx CUS |UQ
PzvmhzvS UTi Pmhzv {U P Ex.
Aih A uPUP AizuP C
hzu n n uukUQ. xU P
uP u Aih A Hkzu, v
SP C h, v PzxPh Azxz
uP
Aihz
uPPh

\mk
iUPmkx.
J
h
AP

h
G
EUPmkx. Azx h[P u, u,
_UP UP[P PkUPmk. hzv Cv wUPmh
PnUSP u vmk UP PkUPmk.
h \uh PzxP x Pux P
UQuS. G, hzu P x Pa \x
n, n u[PP u[P Gsn[P UPna \x
A]Qx. C hzu Bh PS P Ch
UPh uhh kP PkUPmk.
B \ vP E|US vP n
nhzv UP UQzx AUPmkx. AP P
A[P \P zvS Eu G |Q.
Ch ]U TP.
N v uPP PkUPmk.
N h[P uP mk.
N n n Pn v US uzv
uvmk UP (vP mk) PkUPmk.
N Pouzv Aih C x P ix
Gu ] PouU PzxP \kP PkUPmk.
uS Bzu \ x. n n uvmk
Sv E UP / PnUSP mk, h /
hzvmhzvx PmPhUTi UP PnUSPUS
hUP BzukzvU P sk.
Cvz xnUP vmh Cu uPP Azu
Cv s B {zvS (ISRO) u | EzuSP!
\x. Sn\P
Szu

hUP
UP

6.

AP ..........................................................

7.

A CUP ...................................................

43

8.

CUP ....................

92

9.

Pv J ...................................................

148

10.

Pu ..........................................................

189

n ...............................................................

224

hUP AmhnP ...........................................

226

6. AP
^ P ChP sk sk {P Gu
CUP ^ CUP (Periodic motion) Gk. `a
_ PP CUP, PiP J CUP,
PUPiPzv \\mh \UPzv CUP, vx
PnUTi, 76 BskPUS J `a _
(Halley's comet) CUP ^ CUPzvS
GkzxUPmkPS.
zx sk sk,
CUPzu P, Ax A CUPzv
(Oscillatory motion) Ex Gk. Qmh (guitar) PP
AvP, F\ Ssi CUP, C\UP J AvP,
_ u[Phmh { AP, u]
JUQ E mi (diaphragm) AvP
A CUPzvS GkzxUPmkPS. CkzxUPmkP
Azv, AvP u |UQ CUS.
\ (sine) Ax P\ (cosine) ua
^\a \U Psk APU Sh. u
a_ Avs Eh ^\ AP ua ^\
CUP (SHM) G.

A
P
y

6.1 ua ^\ CUP (Simple harmonic motion)

xP kUPx, { x Ax
Ahu Cha]US |zuP, A
|UQ CUP C, AzxP ua ^\
CUPzvS EmkQx G.

P G xP J |UPmi, O G
zx A-S, B-S Ch
B
ua ^\ CUPzu PuPU PxP. (h 6.1) h 6.1
xP kUPx Gx { |UQ
xP
CUS. Au Gs v xP Cha]US ua ^\
CUP
|zuP CUS.
1

Aux, a y
a = 2 y

Cv, G ua ^\ CUPzv Pn AvsnU

SUQx. Cha] Hmh v\US Gvzv\ kUP Cu
GvUS SkQx. xP { m G, Au sk
|k{USU Psk \,
F = m 2 y

Ax F = k y

k = m 2, Gx \ Ax _
Gk. Cu AS N m1. \x |k{ |UQ
CUS.
{ J zu A CUPzv,
\x, Gx Cha]US |zuP, A{
|UQ C, AUP ua ^\ CUP G
UPk.

6.1.1 ^ mh CUPzv mhzv u a] ua ^\

CUP
h 6.2& Pmi,
O G a G B
Eh mhzv v
xP
v
G
^
Pzxh Chg_z v\
C[SuPU PxP. XX /
X
YY
G C \[Szx
mh[PS.

Y
P

N
a

t PzvS S xP
P&

CuPU
PP.

Gx
Pnzv\P
G, t Pzv Hmh Pn
Y/
Cha] = t BS.
h 6.2 ^ mh CUPzv a]
P-x YY&US PN G
\[SzxUPk P. xPx X&x Y-US |P x,
\[SzxUPmi Ai N-Bx O-x Y&US |PQx.
2

, xPx Y&x X&US S Y-US sk X&US

|Pu, a] N&Bx Y-x O&S S Y&US sk
O&S |P. xPx v J a _UPzu
Psh, N G O G |k{ zx J
AS EmkQx. YY mhzv u N& CUP ua
^\ CUPS.
G, ^ mh CUPzv mhzv u a] J ua
^\ CUPS.

ua ^\ CUPzv Cha]
Gu J Pnzv Avh xPx |k{x Phx
u u Cha] Gk. h 6.3& Pmi, xP
P& Ex, Y&Aa] Au Cha] y BS.
Y

OPN&, sin =

X/

ON = y = OP sin
y = OP sin t ( = t)

ON
OP

OP Gx mhzv B
X (a) Bu, Avh xP

Cha],
y = a sin t

...(1)

|k{x
xP
P

Ch
a], a_ G UP
.

h 6.3 Cha]

ua ^\ CUPzv v\P
Cha] u, Avh xP v\PS.
\k (1)&IU Pzua \x P \,
v = a cos t

dy d
=
(a sin t)
dt dt
...(2)

v cos

h
6.4&
Pmi,
mhzv C[S xP
v\Pzu
C
TPP
Szx .

v sin

P
a

(i) OY-US CnP v cos

(ii) OY&USa \[SzuP v sin
v sin Tx OY&USa \[
SzuP Cu, YOY
Au CUPx.

v\P =

v cos = v cos t

h 6.4 v\P

|UPmkz v\P = B Pnz v\P

v\P v = a cos t

v\P = a 1- sin 2t
2

y
v\P = a 1-
a

v\P =

sin = a

a2 - y2

...(3)

] |P
(i) |k{ xP Ex, Aux y = 0 G, v\P
S (a) ; v = + a Gx v\P BS.
(ii) xPx Av Ex, Aux
y = +a G, v\P _S.

ua ^\ CUPzv kUP
v\P u, Avh xP kUPS.
d2y
d dy
=

2
dt dt
dt

 kUP =
=

d
(a cos t) = 2 a sin t.
dt
d2y
dt 2

= 2y

T,
xP
kUPzu
.

...(4)
v2
cos
a

PO

P, xP
P& |US kUP
v2
BS. h 6.5&
a
Pmi, Au C
TPP SUP.
(i)

v2
sin
a

v2
a

OY&USa \[Sz

uP, PN P

v2
cos
a

(ii) YO&US CnP

h 6.5 kUP

v2
sin
a

2
OY&USa \[SzuP Cu, YOY P v cos G T
a

CUPx.

G, kUP =

v2
sin
a

= a 2 sin t

kUP =

( v = a )

y ( y = a sin t)

kUPx, Gx Cha]US
zu |UQ Cu GvUS SkQx.

Gvzv\

] |P
(i) xP |k{ Ex, Aux y = 0 G, kUP
_S.
5

(ii) xPx Av Ex, Aux

y = + a G, kUPzv v a 2 BS. Cv kUP a_

Gk.
(4)&x \mix, ua ^\ CUPzv PUPa
\mi RUPsh Sh.
d 2y
+
dt 2

2 y = 0

...(5)

Ps \kPx, ua ^\ CUPzvP
Cha], v\P kUP vP PnUQhmk
Amhn 6.1& PkUPmk.
Amhn 6.1 & Cha], v\P kUP
P

Cha]
a sin t

a cos t

v\P

kUP
2a sin t

t = 0

t =

T
4

+a

a2

t =

T
2

t = 3T

3
2

+a2

t = T

+a

y = 0 G |k{ xP v\P P (+ a )

kUP _P CUQ. y = +a G Av
v\P _P kUP P ( a 2)Gvzv\
CUQ.

ua ^\ CUPzu hzv Sku

Pzua \x k Cha], v\P kUP
BQ h 6.6& E h[P Shmk.
(i) Cha] h J \ (sine) PhS. xP

Cha] y = +a.
6

(ii)

Avh xP
v\P |k{
S. Aux, v = + a .
Av Au
v _ BS.

3T
4

y
T
4

(iii) Avh xP
kUP
|k{

_P
Av

P Aux,
a 2 CUS.

T
2

T
2

3T
4

T
4

Cha]h

v\P
Pmh v\
2

Pmh,
Pzu h kUP
2
Cha] h kUP
Pmh
UQ
E.
Aux, Cha] |US
P
C,
kUP
GvUS P CUS.

T
4
T
2

3T
4

h 6.6 hzv Sku

6.2 ua ^\ CUPzv UQ P
(i) AU P

xP J AS GkzxU P P AU
P (T) BS.
h 6.2&, P G xPx, Pnz v\Pzxh, J a
_ { \x, mhzvS mh \[SzxU
Pmi Ai N, J Av { \Qx. G,
AU P T BS.
=

2
2
Ax T =
T

ua ^\ CUPzvS Emk xP Cha]U

RUPsh Sh.
7

y(t) = a sin

y(t) = a cos

2
t
T

...(1)

2
t
T

...(2)

C, T Gx AU Pzu a Gx
Cha] (a_) SUQx.
t Gu (t + T) G Psh \P sk sk

Hk.
y (t + T)

(t+ T)
= a sin
T

...(3)

= a sin 2 + 2
T

= a sin 2

t
= y (t)
T

Cu, xP y (t + nT) = y (t ) G Sh
Ps

\P

AU

Pa

(T)

\S

GkzxUPmkPS. Gx Pn Avs G, T =

PzvS S CUPx sk sk {P. xP J

_UPzvS T Pzv Hk Pn 2 BS.
(ii) Avs Pn Avs

J |i Hk AP GsoUP Avs
Gk. Cx n GU SUP. J A { \ BS
AU P

1
BS.
n

1
, Avso uR, AU PS. Cu AS
n
m (hertz) = 2n Gx Pn Avs BS. Cu AS
rad s1.
T =

(iii) Pmh

ua ^\ CUPzv Avh xP Pmh Gx,

Gu Pn|zv CUPzv v\ { uh
JS. y = a sin (t + o) G \mi (t + o) = Gx
Avh xP Pmh Gk.

uhUPU Pmh (Epoch)

Av xP uhUPU Pmhx t = 0 Pzv E
PmhS.
= o

( = t + o)

Pzua \x, Av xP Pmh h. B,

uhUPU Pmh Gx Pmh S.
Y

Y
P

t
X

A
Y/

Y/

(a) Pmh = (t o)

(b) Pmh = (t + o)
h 6.7 Pmh

(i) P G xP X G {x mh, xP

Pmh _.
(ii) xP X - CuPU Pv, PzuU PouSvP,
xP A- CuPU Pv PzuU PoUSx (h 6.7a)
XO P = (t o) BS. Cv (t o) Gx xP-- PmhS ().
(o) Gx uh-U-PU Pm-h--S-.
(iii) xP X - CuPU Pv, PzuU PouSvP,
xP B- CuPU Pv PzuU PoUSx (h 6.7b)
XO P = (t + o) BS. Cv (t + o) Gx xP-- PmhS ().
(+o) Gx uh-U-PU Pm-h--S-.
9

Pmh k
\ AU Pzxh ua ^\ CUPzu P C
Avh xPP J |zv J v\ A
PU Phu A Jzu Pmhzv E Gk.
C Avh xPP J |zv B Gvvzv\,
A PU Phu A Gvv Pmhzv
E Gk. (Aux, Pmh mh US).
AvUPa \kP
y1 = a sin t y2 = a sin (t )

Pn[PUS Ch k,
Qh Pmh miSa \ BS.

CUP[PU

Pmhk = t t = .
u CUPzuh Cshx CUP u[Qu GvUS
PmkQx.
y2 = a sin (t + ) G Pmh k = t + t = .

u CUPzuh Cshx CUP UQ Ex.

CUPzvP PnzuU Pu, Cx ua ^\
CUPzu Ax Psh. CUPzvP Pn \
(|UPmka ^\ CUP) Ax v\P (Pna ^\
CUP) CUP.

ua ^\ CUPzv GkzxUPmkP
(i)

Hmh _ Qhzu \[Szx

AP
(ii) U iU S } \[Szx AP
(iii) uUS E AP
(iv) u F\ AP
(v) C\U P AvP

10

6.3 ua ^\ AP CUP \
A AP Hh, m] s {
BQ C Aih sP PnP E. ,
x
Cha
\mkuPU
PxP.
\x A sk USU Psk .
(i) Av Cha] ; v\P
_; kUP . x |UQ |P.
(ii)

\ PnP, sk
uh. A[S, v\Px Gv P Cu,
U Phx\.
(iii) Av Gv Cha] Gv ;
v\P _; kUP | ; G, x

|UQ |PQx. i Cha]

_S x v\P | Qx.
(iv) { PnP, U Phx \Qx.

Cx {P sk sk Hku A AQx.
\x Cha]US |zuP zu |UQ
CUS.
Aux,

F y
F = ky

... (1)

Cv k Gx \ BS. Au, KS Cha]

Hkzx \ GU T. Cu AS N m1.
{mh Csh vi
F = ma

...(2)

k y = ma
Ax a = -

k
y
m

...(3)

ua ^\ CUPa \mii a = 2y
kUPx, Cha]US |zuP GvP CUS.

11

Ps \kPx =
AU P, T =

k
m

... (4)

T = 2

m
k

T = 2

{U Po
_ Po

...(5)

6.4 Pna ^\ A
P J \[SzuPz u[PhmkuU Pu. P
R Gh CnUPmkx. P {x
PnzvSz v Au x v\ \mk, P
sk {USU Psk . v\x Pn
Cha]US |zuP CUS.
G = C

...(1)

Cv C Gx v\ S. KS Pn Ch
a] Hkzuz u Cmh vz v
v\ G. Cu AS N m rad1.
v\x Pn Cha]US Gvzv\ Cu
GvUS SUQx. CP {P Pna ^\ CUP BS.
GkzxUPmkP : US F\, PUPiPzv \ \mh \UP
v\, = I

...(2)

Cv Gx v \, I Gx
{z vz v, Gx Pn
kUPzu SUQx.
PnkUP,

C
I

...(3)

Ca\k, a = 2 y Gu
h 6.8 US F\ Ex.
A

12

y-US vP , a-US vP vmh

= 2 =

AU P,

Avs,

C
I

T = 2

n=

C
I

I
C

1
1
1
=
=
T 2 I
2
C

C
I

6.5 |USa ^\ A
_h CnUPmh J |USa ^\
AS. GkzxUPmhP, _ uu P
P A AP _ u
(_, k) {z u (m) .

6.5.1 _ Qhzu AP
U vUS Emk _ J
J {P zumk

m
G
{
CnUPmkuPU Pu (h 6.9).
x, E \u x
UPmkx. UPP
x u Cha \x kzu,
\x Gvz v\ \mk
Aa
\.
C\
Ch
a]US |z uP CUS.

m
x

m
F

x
h 6.9 | USa ^\
A

\ F = kx.

{mh Csh vi, F = ma

ma = kx (Ax) a =
13

k
x
m

Cu, ua ^\ CUPa \h a = 2x, Eh Jh,

2 =

k
(Ax) =
m

B, AUP T =

Avs,

n =

k
m

2
= 2

1
1
=
T 2

m
k

k
m

6.5.2 _ \[Szx AP

h 6.10 Hmh _ \[Szx AP

\, m]z uUP _ J \[SzuP

u[Phmku h 6.10(a) PmkQx. h 6.10(b)
Pmi, Au R m { Eh Cnzu,
_x dl G ] }zvS }m]hQx. _ Hkzx
|UQ \ (F) R|UQ Gh (mg) \P CUS.
\, F = k dl
k dl = mg

...(1)
14

Cv, k Gx _ BS. x ]u \a
\kzv, Aua ] uS R|UQ Czxmh,
zx R A. h 6.10c
Pmi, x US y u CuPU
PP. _ }m] (dl y) BS. - x \---k |-U-Q \ k (dl y) G, Au x \k uS \,
F = k (dl y) mg = ky

...(2)

CzuS \x, \{x Ahu

Cha]US |z uP Cu, CUP ua ^\ CUPS.
h 6.10 d Pmi, Hkzumh zu }m] (dl + y)
G, u |UQ \ k (dl + y) BS.
G, _ u |UQ \ (AvPS)
k (dl + y) mg = ky

BP, R|UQ }m] Hkzv, _ x,

\x ky G v AvPQx. \x Cha]US
Gvzv\ \ku CUP, ua ^\ CUPS.
F = ky
ma = ky
a =

k
y
m

...(3)

ua ^\ CUPa \k, a = 2 y
Ps \kP Jh,
=

B,

k
m

T =

...(4)

2
m
= 2

\k (1) x, mg = k dl
m dl
=
k
g

15

...(5)

dl
g

G, A P, T = 2

n =

Avs,

...(6)
1
2

g
dl

| 1 : C _P UP Cn CnUPmiu
h 6.11 Pmi, k1 k2
G _ PoP Eh C _P
u[PhmkuPU PxP. Tmh
m
{h
F1
R
CnUPmkx.
\{x, yuS
R|UQ CuPU PxP. C _P
y G \}zvS }m]h. B,
A \P miUS.
F1 F2 G m]\P G,

F2

m
h 6.11 UP Cn
_P

F1 = k1y, F2 = k2y

zu \ = (F1 + F2) = (k1 + k2) y

G, AU P T= 2

m
k1 + k2

k1 = k2 = k G T = 2

Avs, n =

1
2

m
2k

2k
m

| 2 : C _P uhn CnUPmiu
C _P uhn C uP CnUP
(h 6.12 a, 612 b)
16

k1

k2

k1

k2
m

(a)

(b)

h 6.12 uhn _P

C
_P
uhn
Tmh
y
uS Cha \u, k1 k2 G \P
Eh A y1 y2 G }m]P ES.
F = k1 y1
F = k2 y2

Cv F Gx \ BS.
1

zu }m], y = y1 + y2 = F k + k
2
1
B, F = ky
y = F

\kP (5) (6)x,

(Ax) k =

k1k2
k1 + k2
17

F
k

1 1
+

k1 k2

= F

m(k1 + k2 )
k1k2

AU P, T = 2

Avs,

n =

1
k1k2
2 (k1 + k2 )m

C _P \ \ Psi
k1 = k2 = k G n =

1
2

k
2m

6.5.3 U iU S vzuzv AP
A G ^ SUS l } Eh Q u
vzu JU PxP (h 6.13). uhUPzv C [P
v mh[P \P E. S J zv, v mh
R[S Azui, Csk v mh[P O C G
uhUP P zx, SQ PzvS A.

S, J zv v mhzu y
uS R[Pa \x (depressed),
C [P E v mh[PUS
Ch k 2y BP CUS.
S Chx zv, O G uhUP {US
y Ezv D G { v mh
C, x zv C G uhUP
{USU R y Bzv B G { v
mh CUS. \ PnP
vzv x Hk Tku Azu,
Tku E Ahzv g
Azu

= 2 y g

h 6.13 U iU
S vz uzv
AP

vzv u \ = Azu S SUS

= 2 y g A

..... (1)

O&x Ahk Cha]US Gvzv\ \

18

\ku GvUS PmkQx.

l } vz uzv { = P A Ahzv
m

= l A

F = l A a

.... (2)

\kP (1) (2)&x

l A a = - 2 y A g

a=

2g
y
l

..... (3)

B, a = 2 y

2g
y = 2 y ; =
l

2g
l

kUP, Cha]US |zuP Cu, CUP ua

^\ CUPS.

AU P T

= 2

l
2g

6.5.4 u F\ AP

19

B
A

x
sin
mg

mg

cos

\[Szu {x, Pnzu

HkzxuPU Px. A G |k{x
F\ Sshx AB u CUQx. B&
Gh mg&x \[SzuPU R|UQa \k
Qx. C\ (Gh) CTPP SUP.

mg

u F\, UPoUPzuUP { m]z

u J J Pmhmk
m {h PiU Ssk (bob)
u[PhmiUS. F\ } l GU PxP.
F\ Ssi ]u Cha \
Czx hmh, Ax { zx
A. F\ Ch u { h 6.14
PmkQx.

h 6.14 u
F\ |
USa ^\
CUP

(i) mg cos G T, O G {

|UQa \k C\ \ \Qx.
(ii) Sa \[SzuP \k mg sin G T \
\kv. C\x, F\ Ssh |k{USU
Psk Qx. A a_ ]uP Cu F\
Ssi u |UPhP PukQx.

F = mg sin

...(1)

Pn Cha] ]uu, sin

F = mg
B, =

x
l

F = mg

...(2)

x
l

Ca\mi {mh Csh v F = ma&Eh

Jh,
kUP, a =

gx
l

...(3)

Cha]US Gvzv\ kUP Cu GvUS

SkQx. G, u F\ CUP J ua ^\ CUPS.
ua ^\ CUPzv kUP, a = 2x Cx, \k (3)&US
\.
2 =

g
l

g
Ax =
l

AU P, T =

Avs, n =

...(4)

= 2

1
2

l
g

...(5)

g
l

...(6)

F\ vP
u F\ AP
RUPs vP UP.

AU
20

Pa

\mix

(i) }zv v

u F\ AP AU P, F\ }zv
Ci zvS |zuP CUS.
Aux, T

(ii) kUPzv v

u F\ AP AU P, D kUPzv
Ci zvS GvzuP CUS.
1
Aux, T g
(iii) { v

u F\ AP AU P,
{ (material) \uu.

F\

Ssi

(iv) a] v

] a_h A u F\ AU P, a]a
\uu.
S : 0.99 m } |i F\
AU P 2 |iPS.

l sin

2 = 2

l =

l
g

9.81 4
= 0.99 m
4 2

u F\ AP Pna ^\
CUPP Pu.
B

mg

h 6.15 u F\ &
Pna ^\
CUP

J Smh Pnzv, B& F\ Ssk

Ex, Ax Hkzv Pn Cha]
GU PxP. CUPzv uzvSa \[SzuPU
QhzuU Pmi zx F\ Ssk
_Qx (h 6.15).
O& zu v\,

= mg l sin
21

 = m g l (H Pa ]x) ...(1)
Aa\ zu {z vzv= m l 2

...(2)

a_ ]uu, F\ Ssi CUP, Pna ^\

CUPS. G, _] Aa\ zx A Pn
kUP,
=

mgl
g
=
; =
2
I
ml
l

...(3)

ua ^\ CUPa \k, = 2

...(4)

\kP (3) (4)& Jh, 2 =

AU P, T =

Avs,

g
l

Pn Avs,

=2

n =

l
g

1
2

...(5)

g
l

...(6)

6.6 ua ^\ CUPzv B
h \ \kx, A xP J
zu B, Au CUP B {B TkuUSa
\ BS.
x y Cha] E {, ua ^\
CUPzu P xP v\P,

CUP B
m {h xP CUP B,
K

1
m
2

a 2 - y 2

22

v = a2 y2

1
m
2

2 (a2 y2)

...(1)

{ B
ua ^\ CUPzv, F = ky. ] Cha] dy& x
\ \mh
dW = F.dy = (ky) dy = ky dy

y Cha]UP zu ,
y

dW =

W =

m y dy
2

W =

[ k = m2)

1
m2 y2
2

\mh
Cu
\UPmiUS.
U =

ky dy

1
m 2 y2
2

{P

...(2)

zu B E = K + U
=

1
m2 (a2
2

1
m 2 a2
2

y2) +

1
m 2 y2
2

BP, ua ^\ CUPzvS Emk xP zu B

1
m 2 a2 BS.
2

] |P
(i) xP Ex Aux y = 0 G {

CUP B P { B _P Ex. G,
zu B CUP BP Ex.
23

E = K =

1
m2a2
2

(ii) xP Av , Aux y = + a G

{ CUP B _P { B P Ex.
G, zu B { BP Ex.
E = U =
(iii)

y =

1
m2a2
2

a
G {,
2

K =

K =

3 1 2 2
m a

4 2

2 a2
1
m 2 a 4
2

; K =

3
E
4

U =

U=

1
1 1
a

m 2 = m 2a 2
2
2
4
2

1
E
4

a] vP Cha] Ex K =
BS. K U & 3 : 1 G Quzv E.

3
1
E, U =
E
4
4

1
m 2 a2
2
u { zu Bx, J
BP, J Sv { BP CUS.
E = K + U =

Sv

CUP

ua ^\ CUPzv E xP, B A vUS

EmkQx Gu Ps UP UQx.

B h
y& vPUS K U vP E- P
Amhn 6.2& PkUPmk. h 6.16& Pmi,
A xP B Cha]a \x kuU
Sh.

24

Amhn 6.2 B
y

a
2

a
2

CUP B

3
E
4

3
E
4

{ B

1
E
4

1
E
4

h 6.16 B & Cha] h

6.7 AP PP
AP UQ PP E.
(i) C AP

J ux C Avso Avhu, Ax
C
AP
PQx
G.
CP
Avs, {U Po _ Po \ux.
n =

1
2

GkzxUPmkP
(i) C\U P AvP
25

k
m

(ii) P Hk AvP
(iii) u F\ AP
(iv) mi (Bottle) J Sv P Fuku
(ii) uh AP

P Ax Hu J FhPzv Hk AP

uhUTiuP
CUQ.
AP
x, +a
FhPzv E Ax Pzuh
PnP uha \ \
HkQx.
G,
uh
\x
sk
x y
t
B J Sv nQx. BP,
AP a_ Pzua \x
Sx S _Q k. CP
AP
uh
AP -a
Gk. (h 6.17)
h 6.17 uh AP

GkzxUPmkP
(i) P A uF\
(ii) Pmh Pa _ Hk Puz uh

AP
(iii) umia _ ES Pu AP
(iii) {{zumh AP

A AS
Bz uhx Pku
a_ AP
Hkzu i. A Hk
B C Dk\ B
AUP mh AP a_

CUS.
CP
AP
{
{zumh h 6.18 {{zumh AP
AP Gk (h 6.18).
26

GkzxUPmkP
{, u a_h A Fg\US B uhx
PkUPk.
(iv) vo AP

x ^ \a \kzv, C
Avs A \ Avso (n) Avha
\u, AvP vo AvP G. \
CUQ (driver) G Avh C[Q (driven) G
T.
a^ \x, Avha \Qx. CUQ
C[Q Avs miU Psk vov
a]U PnUQh. Avs k AvPP C
vo AP a_ SP CUS.

GkzxUPmkP
(i) PP E C\U PP A vo AvS
EmkQx.
(ii) Avh C\UP u (tabla) P x

Azxu Ax vo AvS EmkQx.

vov, Avs k
SP C a_ AvPP CUS
(h 6.19). C AvsP \P
C a_ P CUS. C{P
vov J ] {PS.
a^ \ Avsq
A A C Avsq
\P C, A a_ P
AvPP
CUS.
Cu
Jzuv
GQ.

27

a_

(v) Jzuv

no

Avs
h 6.19 Jzuv

|P
(i)_U

(sonometer)

Psk, Jzuv kzv

C\UP J AvsnU PnUQh.
(ii)
uUPm] umia _
Jzuv kzv u Avsn .

wP
(i)

{|kUPzv
x
Jzuv
A
Hkzx.
{|kUPzv Hk ^P Avs Pmih[P
AvsoSa \P Cu, a_h Pmih[P
A ]u |k.
(ii) PsniU S J AvsoSa \
Avso k (singer) i Jzv Hmk S
Eh |k.

28

wUPmh PnUSP
6.1

/3 uhUPU Pmh 25 Hz Avsq 0.05 m a_ Eh

ua^\ CUPz xP \mi P.
a_ a = 0.05 m, Avs n = 25 Hz,
uhUPUPmh o = /3.

uP :

w : = 2n = 2 25 = 50
ua ^\ CUPU \k y = a sin ( t + )
ua ^\ CUP Cha] \k y = 0.05 sin (50t + /3)
6.2

ua^\ CUPzu P xP \k

y = 5 sin t + G (i) a_ (ii) AU P (iii) z

3

v\P (iv) 1 |iUS S v\P BQU PnUQkP.

(y Gx mh Ex)

uP : y = 5 sin t + 3

w : ua ^\ CUPa \k y = a sin ( t + o ).
\kP Jh
(i)
a_ a = 5 m
2

(ii)

A P, T =

(iii)

v = a = 5 = 15.7 m s-1

(iv)

1 |iUS S v\P = aw cos (t + o)

=2s

= 15.7 cos 1 + 3

v = 15.7

1
2

29

= 7.85 m s-1
= 7.85 m s-1

6.3

ua^\ CUPzu P xP AU P T.
a] v Cha]P Ah xP GkzxU P
P G?

w : ua ^\ CUPzv Cha] \k y = a sin t

Cha] a_ y =
Ax sin t =

t =

1
;
2

a
a
, G
= a sin t
2
2

t =

6.

2
T

GkzxU P P t =
6.4

T
s
12

ua^\ CUPzu P xP |k{x 2 cm

3 cm uP Ex Au v\P[P
4 cm s-1 3 cm s-1 G, a_ AU PzuU
PnUQkP.

uP :

v1 = 4 cm s-1 = 4 10-2 m s-1

v2 = 3 cm s-1 = 3 10-2 m s-1

y1 = 2 cm = 2 10-2 m ; y2 = 3 cm = 3 10-2 m

w :

v1 = a2 - y12

... (1)

v2 = a2 - y22

... (2)

\mi CiUQ, SUP

v1

v2

a 2 - y12
= 2
a - y22

4 102
a 2 4 10 4
=

2
a 2 9 10 4
3 10

9a2 - 36 10-4 = 16a2 - 144 x 10-4 (Ax) 7a2 = 108 10-4

30

= 15.42 10 -2 = 0.03928 m

G a2& v \k (1) vh
4 102 =

108 10-4
- 4 10-4
7

A | T =

7
rad s1
5

2
= 2

5
7

T = 5.31 s

6.5

10 kg { 15 cm B Eh mhz umk Au zv

CnUPmh P u[Phmkx. mhz umk

_mk kUPkQx. US A AU P
1.5 s GU PnUQhkQx. US U PnUQkP.

uP : m =10 kg, T = 1.5 s, r = 15 cm = 15 10-2 m, c = ?

w : mhz uPmi zv Aa\
{z v v I =

1
MR2
2

Pna ^\ CUPzv AU P T = 2
\mh CiUP, T2 = 42
C =

I
C

4 2 I
T2

1
4 2 MR 2
2 (3.14)2 10 0.152
2
C=
=
T2
(1.5)2

C = 2.0 N m rad-1
31

I
C

6.6

ua^\ CUPzu P 2 kg {h
Cha] y = 3 sin

100 t +
cm.
4

CUP

BU PnUQkP.

uP : a = 3 cm = 3 102 m, = 100 rad s-1, m = 2 kg

w : y = 3 sin

100 t +

ua ^\ CUPa \mkh Jh y = a sin (t + o)

CUP B =

1
1
ma2 2 =
2 (0.032 1002)
2
2

CUP B = 9 J
6.7

_ \ 15 kg {h
ua^\ CUPzu PQx. CUPzv a_ 0.1m
AU P 3.14 s G, _ x Hkzx
\U PnUQkP.

uP : m = 15 kg, a = 0.1 m, T = 3.14 s

w : UP { Ex A x
\k \ k a BS. Cv k Gx _ .
Pn Avs = =

2
= 2 s-1
T

_ k = m 2 = 15 4 = 60 N m-1
x \k \ ka = 60 0.1 = 6 N
6.8

65 N m-1 _ Eh Qhzuzv CUS _

680 g {h CnUPmkx. |k{x
11 cm uS Czx hkQx. A
(i) Pn Avs, AU P (ii) Cha] (iii)

P kUP BQU PnUQkP.

uP : m = 680 g = 0.68 kg, k = 65 N m-1, a = 11 cm = 0.11 m

32

Pn Avs =

w :

n=

Avs

AU P T =

k
m

65
= 9.78 rad s-1
0.68

9.78
= 1.56 Hz
2

1
1
=
n
1.56

= 0.64 s

P = a = 0.11 9.78 = 1.075 m s-1

kUP = a 2 = a
= 1.075 (9.78) = 10.52 m s-2

Cha] y( t ) = a sin t
y ( t) = 0.11 sin 9.78 t metre
6.9

60 cm } 4 103 N m-1 \ Eh _
10 kg { u[Phmkx. Au \[Szx APUS
Emkzv, (i) Avs (ii) }mhmh _ P }

BQU PnUQkP.

uP :

k = 4 103 N m-1, F = 10 9.8 N

l = 60 10-2 m, m = 10 kg

w : (i) n =

1
2

k
1
=
m
2

4 103 20
=
10
2

Avs = 3.184 Hz
(ii) T = 2

dl
dl
2
4 2
g (Ax) T =
g

} (dl) =

T 2g
4 2

1
n

g
4 2

9.8

dl = (3.184) 2 4 (3.14) 2 = 0.0245 m

}mhmh _ } = 0.6 + 0.0245 = 0.6245 m

33

6.10 _ Jh CnUPmh m {x 4 |iUS J

AQx. { 4 kg AvPzu AP 1
|i TkQx. uhUP {U PnUQkP.

uP : m {x 4s A Pzv AQx.
{ 4 kg AvPzu A P 5s BQx.

w :

A P T = 2

m
k

4 = 2

... (1)

5 = 2

m+4
k

... (2)

C \mi CiUQ SUP

25 m + 4
=
16
m

25 m = 16 m + 64 Ax 9m = 64

m=

64
= 7.1 kg
9

6.11 { x D kUP 1.7 m s-2. u F\ J

AU P 3.5 s G, { Au AU
P G?

uP :

{ D kUP = 1.7 m s-2

D kUP = 9.8 ms-2, AU P = 3.5 s

w :

T = 2

l
g

{ AU P Tm GP.
Tm = 2

US,

3.5 = 2

l
1.7

... (1)

l
9 .8

... (2)
34

\k (2)I (1)B Szx CiUP,

Tm2 1.7 = (3.5)2 9.8

3.5 1.7

=
Tm 9.8

T m2

(Ax)

3.5 9.8 12.25 9.8

=
1.7
1.7

Tm =

120.05
= 8.40 s
1.7

6.12 u F\ J AU P 4.2 s. F\ }zv 1m

SUPkx AU P 3.7 s BQx. D kUP
F\ uhUP } BQU PsP.

uP : T = 4.2 |i, } 1 m BPU SUPmh AU

P 3.7 s
w : T = 2

l
g

l
T2

Ca\mh CiUQ, \ \, g = 42
g = 42

} 1 m BP S x, g =

l
(4.2)2

4 2 (l 1)
(3.7)2

C \mh \\

l
l 1
=
(4 .2)2
(3 .7 )2

(7.9 0.5) l = 17.64

l=

17.64
= 4.46 m
7.9 0.5

\k (1) vh g = 42

4.46
(4.2)2

g = 9.97 m s-2
35

175.89
17.64

...(1)

... (2)

u vk
(Cuz uvmk Sv PkUPmk UP
PnUSP vP. C, h x Gu
Ax PnUQ iUP. n, n
uvmk Svx mk, h x
iUPhUTi UPUS PnUSPUS hUP Bzu
\x P sk.)

6.1

ua^\ CUPzvP Cu {u Gx?

(a) u AU P
(b) u kUP
(c) Cha] kUP |zuP
(d) Cha] v\ |zuP

6.2

6.3

ua^\ CUPzu P xP Cha],

x = 0.01 sin (100 t + 0.05). AU P
(a) 0.01 s

(b) 0.02 s

(c) 0.1 s

(d) 0.2 s

ua^\ CUPzu P xP Cha]

y = 0.05 sin (100 t +

6.4

6.5

) cm. xP z v\P

(a) 0.5 cm s-1

(b) 0.05 m s-1

(c) 100 m s-1

(d) 50 m s-1

Cha] Gsv kUPzvS \, AU P

(a) 1 s

(b) s

(c) 2 s

(d) 4 s

2 g { 10 cm a_h ua^\ CUPzu

PQx. z v\P 100 cm s-1 G, 50 cm s-1

v\P CUPUTi u (\i mh)

(a) 5 2

(b) 50 3

(c) 5 3

(d) 10 3
36

6.6

|USa ^ CUP A C J zu B
160 J G
(a) { 100 J
(b) CUP B 160 J
(c) ] { 100 J
(d) CUP B 100 J

6.7

\[SzuP E _ J 6.4 N \x 0.1 m

}m]ha \Qx.

AU Pzxh Ax A,

u[Phh si {,
(a)
(c)

6.8

6.9

kg

(b) 1 kg

1
kg
4

(d) 10 kg

g = 9.8 m s-2 CUS Chzv |i F\ }

(a) 0.25 m

(b) 1 m

(c) 0.99 m

(d) 0.50 m

xP J 4 cm a_h ua^\ CUPzu PQx.

x v { BP v CUP
BP E Cha] Gx?
(a) 2 2 cm

(b)

2 cm

(c) 2 cm

(d) 1 cm

6.10 xP J a a_h |UPmi ua^\ CUPzu

PQx. { B P CUS Cha].
(a) + a
(c) +

(b) _

a
2

(d)

37

a
2

6.11 ua^\ CUPzu zx, CUPzvP {uPU

TP.
6.12 ^\ CUP[P Azx A CUP[PS. A
CUP[P Azx ^\ CUP[P BPx. H?
GkzxUPmkh USP.
6.13 ^ mh CUPzv mhzv u a] ua^\
CUPzvS Emku UP.
6.14 ua^\ CUPzv (i) Cha] (ii) v\P
(iii) kUPzv T USP.
6.15 ua^\ CUPzvS Emk xP, Cha], v\P,
kUP BQ Pzua \x ku hzv PmkP.
6.16 Avh xP (i) v\PzvS kUPzvS
(ii) kUPzvS, Cha]US Ch Pmh k
G?
6.17 ua^\ CUPzv PUP \mi .
6.18 : (i) AU P (ii) Avs (iii) Pn Avs
6.19 \ . Au AS n k
x?
6.20 ua^\ CUPzv Pmh Gx G? Pmh k Gu
USP.
6.21 Pna ^ CUPzvS Emk AU PzvP
P .
6.22 uhUPU Pmh G G? Au AS G?
6.23 Qhzua _ CnUPmh { AP
USP. AU PzvP P .
6.24
Hmh
_
\[Szx
AvsoP P P.

AP

6.25 |US Pna ^ AP kzxP.

6.26 _ Po G G?
38

6.27 u F\ AP ua^\ CUP GU PmkP.

AU PzvP P .
6.28 Eh P i F\ Ssi } {mkx. F\ Ssk
Ax, } AU P G ?
6.29 A u F\ ]x |zv {hU Pn G?
6.30 u F\ J } Ch[PUPmh AU P
GS?
6.31 ua^\ CUPzu P xP zu BUP
P .
6.32 C Avs GUPoPa \ux?
6.33 vo Av G G? GkzxUPmk uP.
6.34 u F\ ^\ CUPzvS Emkzx \P ?
6.35 Jzuv {P, A HkzxuS J GkzxUPmk uP.
6.36 C _P UP Cn CnUPmh uS
_ G?
6.37 C _P uhn CnUPmh uS
_ G?

PnUSP
6.38 ^\ CUPzvS Emk xP Avs 50 Hz, a_ 0.5 m

uhUPU Pmh . ^\ CUPa \mi GxP.

2

t = 0 Gx Cha]U PnUQkP.

6.39 y = 0.25 sin (3014 t + 0.35), Gx ^\ CUPa \k BS.

Cv y&x mm & t&x s& AUPkQx. (i) a_,
(ii) Avs, (iii) Pn Avs (iv) AU P (v) uhUPU

Pmh BQU PnUQkP.

+ o
6.40 ^\ CUPzvS Emk xP CUP y = 2 sin 2
T

G ShkQx. t = 0 G x Cha] 3 cm.

uhUPU Pmh G?
39

6.41 xP 5 m a_h rad

s-1 Pn Avsqh

ua^\ CUPzvS EmkQx. (i) AU P (ii) z

v\P (iii) kUP (iv) 3m Cha] Ex
v\P BQU PnUQkP.
6.42 10 cm a_h 2s AU Pzxh ^\
CUPzvS EmkQx. _ 6 cm Cha] E x
v\P kUPzuU PnUQkP.
6.43 P J u[Phmk mhzumk Pna ^\
AP HkzxQx. |k {x 30 o Ch
u 4.6 N m v \ HkQx. umi {z
vzv 0.082 kg m2 G, AvsnU PnUQkP.
6.44 1200 N m -1 \ Eh
m
k
_ J hzv Pmi
F
QhzuP
\
x
UPmkx.
Au
J
3 kg { CnUPmk 2 cm uS JP
CUPmk kUPkQx. (i) AP Avs (ii)
z v\P (iii) kUPzvU PnUQkP.
6.45 _ J J 0.2 kg { CnUPmh
15 mm }m] HkQx. { 10 mm u R Czx
kUPmh 10 mm a_h \[Szx AP
HkQ. (i) AU P (ii) CUP BU
PnUQkP.
6.46 250 N m-1 _ h Jzu _P
Csk A hzv Pmix
5 kg { u[P hmkx. A
AU P G?
6.47 400 N m-1 _ Eh Jzu _P
CsiQh 2 kg {h i (trolk1

k2

CnUPm kx. i
|k{ x 3 cm
40

uS Czx kUP kQx. (i) AU P (ii)

z v\P (iii) CUP B BQU
PnUQkP.
6.48 ^ SUS h, \[SzuP UPmk U&iU
S 0.3 m EzvS } Ex. } mh ^\ CUPzvS
Emkx AU PzuU PnUQkP.
6.49 4 cm a_ 1 s A Pzxh u F\ J
AQx. (i) F\ } (ii) |k{ v\P
BQU PnUQkP.
6.50 u F\ J, 100 AP J Chzv 8 {h
2 |iP, Chzv 8 {h 20 |iP
HkzxQx. C Ch[P D kUPzu JkP.
6.51 0.2 kg { xP 2 cm a_h 6 s AU
Pzxh ua^\ CUPzu HkzxQx. xP (i) zu
B (ii) |k { x 1 cm Cha]
CUP { BU PnUQkP.
6.52 |i F\ J } 2% AvPUPmh, | J Ax
Gzu |iP CUS Ax HS?

41

hP
6.1

(c)

6.2

(b)

6.3

(b)

6.4

(c)

6.5

(c)

6.6

(b)

6.7

(b)

6.8

(c)

6.9

(a)

6.10 (a)

6.38

0.5 m

6.39

0.25 10-3 m, 480 Hz, 3014 rad s-1 0.0021 s, 0.35 rad.

6.40

60o

6.41

2 s, 15.7 m s-1, 49.3 m s-2, 12.56 m s-1.

6.42

0.314 m s-1, _ ; 0.2512 m s-1, 0.5915 m s-2

6.43

1.64 Hz

6.44

3.2 Hz, 0.40 m s-1, 8.07 m s-2

6.45

0.25 s, 6.533 10-3 J

6.46

0.628 s

6.47

0.314 s, 0.6 m s-1, 0.36 J

6.48

1.0098 s

6.49

0.25 m, 0.2512 m s-1

6.50

1.076

6.51

4.386 10-5 J, 3.286 10-5 J, 1.1 10-5 J

6.52

P C 864 s

42

7. A CUP
A CUP Gx FhPzv B u J
S. FhPzv E xPP, A \{ P
zx ^ CUPzvS Emku, J xPx
xPUS, B kQx.
Cv AP, Pu AP
AP G AP Pk. m]s {s Eh
FhP[P mk Cv AP EP i. }
Hk AP, J AP {|kUP AP
Cv APS. FhPzv u x Pu
APS. i AP, U AP, APa]U PvP,
PmS J, FuU PvP, XPvP PU PvP Pu
APS. GUm mh Aihz xPP
CUPzvx uhh AP APS.

} x Hk AP
A CUP Pzu xP, } ] P
J a \. } P u x mh i
AP, Azxz v\P u UP. J
E } |Px |USz u. uUS
(PQu) } UPmh, Ax R A. B,
AP Au Pa \. }zxPP, A P
zx Avu AP EQ G A iQx.
FhPzv xPP, A P zx ^
CUPzvS Emku, FhPzv Hk J P k
AUP Gk. CUPx uhx J xPx Akzx
xPUS k.

7.1 A CUPzv sP
(i) FhPzv, FhPzxPP ^ CUP PnP Hmk
\UTi J P k A CUP BS.
(ii) FhP, m] s { s UP sk.

43

(iii) FhPz xPP Azx J |zv mh (disturbance) Hv. J xP AuS E xPh ]x

| Pzx Avhz uh[S.

(iv) A v\P xP v\Pzvx mhuS.

FhP J A v\P S. B, xP
v\P P Av
_P U Psh CUS.
(v) A CUP x, FhPzv xPP h, J

xPx xPUS B mk k.
(vi) Gvzu, P, SURmk
sPUS AP EmkQ.

7.1.1 Cv A CUP
SUP CUP |mh CUP G Cv A
CUP C Pk.
(i) SUP CUP

A v\USa \[SzuP, FhPz xPP, A

P zx ua ^\ CUPzu P
AP A CUP SUP CUP Gk. n, ]u,
C\UPP PP Hk AP Pu
AP SUP CUPzvS GkzxUPmkPS. Pk
APk G SUPP Q. |USz v\
xP Cha] Pk
G GvUSz v\ xP
B
F
Cha] APk G
Tk. Pk Gx Av
G
E
C
A
US APk Gx
Av USU R
D
CS.
h 7.1 SUP

ABCDEFG
Gx SUP
G, B F P PkP

D APk BS (h 7.1).
SUPP uS, FhPx Jmku s m]
s zu sk. UP v[P Jmku s
Cu, A SUPP Cx. vh P
v[P mk SUPP i.
44

(ii) |mh CUP

v\,
FhPz
xPP,
A
P zx ua ^\ CUPzu P
AP A CUP |mh CUP Gk.
[P (v[P UP) J AP
|mhPS. FhP J |mhP x
CUP[P ua]P EQ.
_ J J _ E PUQ Pmhmk
P A\zu, _ Pa_P
A uhUP { zx A, _
|mhP Q (h 7.2).
C

h 7.2 CUP ua]

Pa _P |UPP E Sv CUP { G
_PUQh AvP Ch CUS Sv ua] { G
T.
C\UP J C xsi x AiUS x, Au C
[P A \{ P zx P
Avz uh[SQ. A G |UQ A1-US |P x
AuQ E PSv CUPkQx. Cu CUPSv UQ
|Px Cu Akzx P Sv CUPhx, CUP
Ax P \Qx. B, E|UQ A2-US
|Px, x |Pu FhPzxPP, m]s PnP ux
UQ ChxP |PQ.
Cu ua] HkQx.
BP, Akzukzu HhU
Ti CUP[P ua]P
|mh ]PS.
vh, v {
FhP[P Azv |mhP
Q. CUP { E
Ahzv
Azu
ua]
{ Euh AvPS.
45

h 7.3 |mhP

7.1.2 A CUPzv k ] UQ AP
(i) A} ( )

FhPzv xP J, J Av { \ x A
Phx \ u A} Gk. A x Jzu Pmhzv
E, Akzukzu C xPPUS Chmh u G
A}zu \.
SUPP, Akzukzu C PkP Ax APkPUS
Chmhz u G |mhP, Akzukzu C CUP[P
Ax ua]PUS Chmhz u G A}zu
UP.
(ii) AU P ( T )

A}zvSa \ uU PhUP, A J GkzxU

P P AU P Gk.
(iii) Avs ( n )

J |i EUPmh AP GsoUP, Avs G

UPkQx. xPx J Av { \ BS P T
G, J |i Ax Hkzx AP 1 BS.
T

G, Avs Gx A Pzv uRS n =

1
T

A v\P, Avs A}zvQh

uh
FhP J J |i A PhUS u Au FhPzv
A v\PS. v Gx A v\P G,
v\P

Phu u
P
v =

Avs
v\PS.

= n

A}zv

46

n = T

UP

v,

7.2 FhP[P A v\P

Cv A v\Px FhPzv m] s
{ sa \ux.

7.2.1 CzxU Pmhmh P \ SUP v\P

J zumk C\ \kzumh
P JU PxP. P J Czxkx, Ax
AvhQx.
h 7.4& Pmi, Av P Chxzvx
xP \ xi (pulse) SUPU Px.
J Smh |zv EF Gx P Chu {S.
Ax, R B O P Psh mh Ex. EF
G mh O 2 Pnzu HkzxQx.
m Gx P KS }zvP { G, dx Gx EF G
} G Pumh P EF Sv { m dx BS.

|US \ =

m.dx.v 2
R

...(1)

C\x CO Pa \k. E F G P
\k C\P uS (T) Pn, T T cos T sin
G C TPP SUP.

T cos

T cos

R
T

T
T sin

T sin

h 7.4 P SUPv

47

COSa \[SzuPa \k T cos TP Gsv

\P Gvvz v\ \ku J \
\Q.
COS CnP T sin TP \kQ. G, E
F \k C\P uS 2T sin BS. Cx CO Pa

\k. v ]u sin =
uS C\ = 2 T
= 2T.

dx
2R

= T.

dx
R

dx

2 =
R

... (2)

EF \{ CUP,
m.dx v 2 T.dx
=
R
R

v2 =

Ax v =

T
m

T
m

...(3)

7.2.2 m]zuh FhPzv |mhP v\P

E Gx m]U SnP Gx FhPzv Ahzv G,

|mhP v\P,
v =

...(1)

(i) vh { E usk J [ SnP q usi

Ahzv G, usi |mh v\P,
v =

...(2)

(ii) vzv m]U SnP k vzv Ahzv G,

v[P |mh v\P.

v =

...(3)

48

7.2.3 P J AP v\PzvP {mh \k

\{ G {u Aih P J AP
uP {mh Pv. Aux, FhPzv {
CUS.
Azu Hk , (Boyle's) vUS
EmkQx.

PV = .

P \,

P . dV + V .dP = 0
P. dV = V dP

P =

dP
dV

A--zu
-
-

- z
- v--

P = k ( m-]U Sn-P-)

BP, \{ {u Aih P = k
v =

Cv P Gx P Azu Gx P Ahzv
BS. Ps \k {mh \k Gk.
NTP-, P = 76 cm u\ E Azu
P = (0.76 13.6 103 9.8) N m2

= 1.293 kg m3.

NTP- P J v\P
v =

0.76 13.6 10 3 9.8

1.293

= 280 m s1

P J v\P 332 m s1 G \u
PnUQhkQx. B, {mh \mii PnUQhmh
280 m s1 G v \u PnUQhmhu h 15 %
S. CUSmi {mh \mi UP
i.
49

7.2.4 vzu (Laplace's correction)

Smh Pshmh vS Pnmh vS
Ch Si 1816 B Bsi UQ. P
J AP |mhP BS. G, AUPx
CUP[PP ua]PP Qx. CUP{P P
{ AvPUS ua] {P, hu {
S.
P, zv Av PhzvS. G, CUP{ Hmh
E Pva_ P Phzu P, P CUPx.
] P Ch, ua]{ P zu x. Cu
PnP, FhP v { ^P CUPx.
\{ {u Aih A h
{v Aih P J AP uP Pv.
h {P, AzuzvS US Ch
uh ,
P V

= -

P
Cv, = C Gx u HzvP uPS.
V

P \,
P V -1 . dV + V dP = 0

V dP
V -1.dV

P =

P =
P =

V.

dP
dV

dP
= k
dV

P = k ( m]-U Sn-P-)

G, h {P Aih, J v\P,
v =

50

Ca\k, vzumh \hS.

NTP- P, = 1.41, = 1.293 kg m3

v=

= 1.41 280

= 331.3 m s1

Cv, \u Pshmh v 332 m s1 Eh

Jzxx.

7.2.5 UP J v\Pzu vUS PoP

(i) Azuzv
{ C, vi, PV =

Aux, P . = -
{ ux

Gx J BS. Azux

P-x P US hu AS Ahzv -x
P

US h. G = .
P

\h

S. G,

{ ux J v\P, Azu zua \uu.

(ii) {

v i,
PV = RT
P.

= RT
P

RT
m

Cv m Gx {, T Gx \ {
R Gx BS.
v =

RT
m

51

 J J v\P, \ { Ci
zvS |zuPUS.
0o C t o C- J v\P[P vo vt G

C, Ps \mix,
vo =

R
m

vt =

273

vt
vo =

273 + t

273 + t
273
1/2

vt = vo 1+

273

DU P kzv, kzv, E AkUSP

UPozu,

vt = vo 1+ 2 . 273

= vo 1+ 546

0o C vo = 331 m s-1
vt = 331 + 0.61t m s1
1 oC
0.61

m s1

{ Ex
AvPUQx.

v\Px

(iii) Ahzv

\ { Azu, mh AhzvP Eh C
UPU PxP. A J v\P[P
v1 =

v1
v =
2

1P
1

-- v2 =

1 2
.
2 1

v \P E UP

v1
v2 =

2
1
52

2P
2

 J v\Px Ahzv Ci
zvS GvzuP CUS.
(iv) Duzv

P Du AvPzu, } A AvPUQx. G,
Ahzv SQx. H, } Ahzv Eu P
AhzvhU S. J v\P, Ahzv Ci zvS
GvzuP Cu, Jx Eu P \uh Du
UP P PPa \. Cu PnP, |
J PPa \Qx.
w

(v) P

P _u J v\P
vUQx. J v\, P, w G
v
s
v\Pzxh
_x,
J
wcos
J
v\P v + w G AvPUS. J
h 7.5 P
v\US Gvzv\, P _x,
J v\P v w GU S. J v\US Pnzv P
_x, J uS v\P (v + w cos) G CUS.
S : FhP J AvsP Ax A}[P
Eh J AP \ v\Pzv \. BP, J
v\Pzv x Avs Gu v Hkzxv.
Amhn 7.1 FhP[P J v\P
(uUS Eu)
-U-P-

Fh-P-

-v-\--P- (ms1)

0oC P

331
343
965
1284
1402
1482
1522
6420
5921
6000

20oC

v--[-P-

vh --P-

-
i---
0oC }
20oC }
Ph }
-A----
GLS
Q--m
53

7.3 A
AvUPx, m]z uh FhPzv J
xPx Akzukzu xPPUS uhx k Au
A G UP.

7.3.1 \u A \k
A v\, FhPzv E Av xP
Cha], A \hPU Sh. A
J xP ua^\ y
2 x
CUPzu
PQx.
B
A A P a_
\P CUS. B, Pmh
A
O
t
P
P CUS.
x
|US X&Aa], Bv
O&x
A
J
\uPU
h 7.6 \u A
Px (h 7.6).
= 2n G Pn Avs a a_h Av xP
Cha],
y = a sin t

...(1)

Smh |zv Ox x u E P G xP
Cha],
y = a sin (t - )

...(2)

C xPPUS Chmh u G, AQh

Pmh k 2 BS. G, x u E xP P& Pmh,
=

.x

2x

y = a sin t

= 2n = 2

...(3)

Gu,

2 x
2vt
y = a sin

54

y = a sin

(vt x)

...(4)

= 2 Gu, \k (3)&I UP,

T

t x
y = a sin 2
T

...(5)

A, Gvzv\ x,
t x
y = a sin 2 +
T

...(6)

(i) Pzxh Pmhzv

u u, Pmhx Pzua \x uhx .

O&x x u, t1 t2 P[P Pmh[P

1 2 G,
t

1
1 = 2 T

2
2 = 2 T

2
1
2 - 1 = 2 T T

2
(t2 t1 )
T
2
t
T

t P Ch xP Pmh BS. t = T G
= 2 BS. T G AU PzvS S xP Pmh
Au v US.
(ii) uh Pmhzv

J Smh P t& x G ua \x Pmh sk

sk ^P h. t Pzv, Bvx x1 x2
55

uP E C Pmh[P 1 2 G
t

1 = 2 T 1

2
2 = 2 T

2 1 =
=

(x2 x1 )

Ax ChxUPzvx xUPPa \x
P Pmhzv u[Qu GvUS PmkQx.
x = G, = 2 BS. C xPPUQh u
k G Pmh k 2 BS.

7.3.2 A ]P
1. FhPzv J xP, A zx
AvQ. J xPx xPUS hx (S)
mk a \.
2. FhPzv xPP, A zx \a_h
AvhQ.
3. A v\ J xP AuS E xP
CUPzu P. B, ]x P Pzu
Avhz uh[S.
4. J xP Pmh 0&x 2 .
5. Guz xP {P K Cv. J Av
x xPP, Av C P Pn|zvS K
CUS. xPP A{ P[P Ah.
6. SUPP PkP APkPP,
|mhP CUP[P ua]PP Q.
7. A v\ FhPzv B
\kQx.
8. Azxz xPP A PU PhUSx, \
A z v\P[P US.

56

9. m Gx Gs G, m u UPmh xP
Cha], v\P kUP \S.

7.3.3 Ja\ A
, [S, Hk J |
\US CP xUQ, mh P J
Hk J | PxUS AP E.
J E (loudness),
Env \ux.

A v\USa \[SzuP, KS Pzv KS

PhUS B Aa \ G UP. \
AS Wm2.
J \ (i) Jzv a_ (I a2) (ii) J zv
(I A) (iii) FhPzv Ahzv (I ) (iv) Avs (I n2)
(v)
J zvx PmS| (observer) CUS u
(I

1
)
r2

a \vUS.

u \USU PmPU Ti Sum\ J \,

Pmh uhUP Gk. Cu Io GU Sh.
Avs Eh JUS Io =1012 W m2. Ja \
A h] (decibel) G AP AhkQx. & LU
vi,
1 KHz,

h] A () = 10 log10 I
o
Cv Io Gx Pmh uhUP BS (1012 W m2). Cu
A 0 dB BS. I Gx \ u[QU PUTi a \,
1W m2 USa \ 120 dB BS.
1

1012

= 10 log10
= 10 log

10

(1012)

= 120 dB.
57

 J[PUP h] v B Ahzv
(\) Amhn 7.2& PkUPmk.
Amhn 7.2 J [P \
(uUS Eu)
J

Ja \ (dB)

\ (W m2)

120

70

105

65

3.2 106

50

107

40

108

20

1010

10

1011

1012

\ uUS J
|\ UP USzx
Eh
xP C[S P

qqzu
Ca \SP \\
Pmh uhUP
7.4 J Gv

N
C

D
B G C EPU
SPU PxP. h 7.7& Pmi,
r
i
J S J EPz
uPmi x UP. C SPUS
Ch P J UP. S
A& vu PUPiP J
B&
UP.
Ph
S
O
A
J Smh Pnzv zx iUiU B
h 7.7 J Gv
J uPU PmP. Ph
S B Hkzx Pn GvU
Pnx, Ph S A Hkzx
Pn kPnzvSa \P CUQx.

7.4.1 J Gv P
O

(i) xP _ Th (Whispering gallery)

u xP _ Th u
Pwm Axx. mh i E
h 7.8 xP _ Cu, Khzv J Ax S
Th
], sk sk Gvzx J,
58

Thzv AvUS A \ Ah. _P

P Cu, P Gv HkQx (h 7.8).
(ii) Jz xi A P (Stethoscope)

|x Eh E EUP Hkzx Jz xiP

Pmh, zxP kzx P hzuP BS. Ax,
C Ax EPzu }sh S Ehx. S J
\ Jz xiP S Em P
GvS Emmk \h. CuU Pmhx,
zxP |P Cuz xi EnQP.
(iii) Gv (Echo)

PmS|hx, u E Gvzx
J AP Gv Gk. J J Hkzxu
1
{zv, Pmh }mi PnP, J |i 10 [S
PzvS | uhx J PmkU PsiUQ. J P
340 m s1 Jx \ Gvzx 0.1 |iUS S
uhu, Ax Phu u 34 m BS. J zvx 17 m
uS SP Gv C Gv Hhx.

7.5 J P
h 7.9& Pmi, P&h&BU\k {mh C
EU Psk J Phu UP. P&h&BU\i
J v\P, P EuhU S. G, C E
_ \kQx. Fu (Whistle) J JP (s)
kzumh,
_
\ J UP
O& E zva _h
O
x SQx. _hx O&
S
CO
2
Ex mk J
HkQx. G,
J AP J FhPzv
x FhPzvSa
L
\
x
P
h 7.9 J P
AhQ.

7.5.1 J P kP
J, P |zv Pmuh C |zv Gv PmP
59

i. P |zv, Q E P Sv h P
shzv Sv SP CUS. C |zv, P shzv
Svh PQ E P Sv SP CUS.
U P J PP u, P |zv J AP
|UQ Phx, x Su u PhUS. C
|zv, J AP R|UQ Phx |ku
PhUS.

7.6 xu uzx
J uzu
CUPPU PuUTi, Csk
Ax
AuS
mh
AP J |zv J
FhPzv \ x,
Gu

uS Cha]x,
A P uzu
Ch
a]P
Uh
TkuUSa \S.

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(a)

(b)

h 7.10 AP xu

Czuzxzu, h 7.10(a)& Pmi Pa _ Psk

UP.
1. h (i) Bx C xiP \uU PmkQx.
2. h (ii) Bx, C xiP J Smh u
UPmkuU PmkQx.
3. h (iii)&Bx, C xiP xuU PmkQx.
4. h (iv)&Bx, uS GU PmkQx.
\ B Gvv C xiP {P h 7.10b
PmkQx.
J , Y1 Y2 G A Cha]P G,
uS Cha] Y = Y1 + Y2 .

|Y1 |=|Y2 |= a, J v\ Cha]P C,

| Y | = a + a = 2a

60

|Y1 |= |Y2 | Gvvz v\ Cha]P C,

| Y | = a + (-a) = 0

AP xu uzx A {P SURmk
, P { AP kQ.

7.6.1 AP SURmk
\ Avs Eh C AP, FhP J v\
\x Jh xu, ] P
uS \ P ] P uS \
]P Hk {P SURmk G.
J v\ \ \ Avs Eh C ua ^\ CUP
APU Px. a1 a2 G A a_PP,
Gx AQh Pmh hP C, A
Pn| Cha]P,
y1 = a1 sin t
...(1)
y2 = a2 sin (t + )
...(2)
xu uzxzv Aih, uS Cha],
y = y1 + y2
= a1 sin t + a2 sin (t + )
= a1 sin t + a2 (sin t. cos + cos t.sin )
= (a1 + a2 cos )sin t + a2 sin cos t

...(3)

Ca\mi,
a1 + a2 cos = A cos

...(4)

a2 sin = A sin

...(5)

GU Sh. A G P,
y = A sin t. cos + A cos t. sin
y = A sin (t + )

...(6)

uS Cha] Ca\mi A Gx a\S.

\k (4) (5)&x
A2cos 2 + A2 sin 2 = (a1 +a2 cos )2 + (a2 sin )2

A2 = a12 + a22 + 2a1a2 cos

61

 A =

a12 + a2 2 + 2a1a2 cos

... (7)

a2 sin
tan = a + a cos
1
2

...(8)

\ Gx a] CiUS |zuP CUS. Aux I A2

I (a12 + a22 + 2a1a2 cos )

...(9)

] |P
cos = 1 Ax = 2m
a_ A S. Aux,

(m Gx Gs) G, uS

I (a1+ a2)2
cos = 1 Ax = (2m + 1) G, uS a_ A ]S.

Aux,
I] (a1 a2)2

= 2m Aux 0, 2, 4, ... G Pmh mi (Jzu

Pmhzv) AP SUQkx, SUQk P a \
Hmk BUPU SURmk {P. = (2m + 1) Aux , 3, ...
G Pmh mi (Gv Pmhzv) AP SUQk x, SUQk
P ]a \ Hmk Azu SURmk {P.

7.6.2 J SURmk a \x Pmk \u

h 7.11& Pmhmh,
SP S PU Psk
P
C
|mhP
SUQkua \x PsUP
i.

S
A

R
SP S P A
h 7.11 SP S
B G Csk U iU
SP E. SAR S S
R& vP (Openings) E. B G Sx A S x
| A Ehx. S-x k Ax SAR SBR
G uP Gvvz v\P \ R G Chzv \vUQ.

C APUQh u k, A}zv Gs
h[PP C, BUPU SURk PnP Ja \ Hk.
62

Aux, SAR ~ SBR = m

C APUQh, uhh Pmh k Bx
& Cmhh GsoUPS. Aux m = 0, 1, 2, 3 .... G
= m 2
S B& |Pzxu , Au }zu zu, J
{ R& Azu SURk PnP \ _Qk. J
PmPh mhx.
C APUQh u k,

& Jh

GsoUPP C ]a \ Hk.
Aux, SAR ~ SBR = (2m + 1)

C APUQh, uhh Pmh k Bx

& Jh GsoUPS. Aux m = 0, 1, 2, 3 ..... G
= (2m + 1).
(a)

7.6.3 P

\US \ AvsP
Eh C AP FhP
J
v\
\x (b)
Jh v
P EQ. uS
J a_, J ^ P (c)
Ch
AvPUP,
S \.

]. .

]. .

]. .

].

h 7.12 PU Pmk
uS Ja\, J
h
^ P Ch
AvPUP S \. \
zvS AvPu J a] G, ]zvSU Su
J u G T.

\US \ AvsP Eh C J AP
SUQku Hk J a] Jz u {P P
Gk.

63

S
\ a_, \ mh AvsP n1 n2 (n1~ n2 <
10)
Eh C AP FhP J J v\ \uPU
Px.
t = 0, Pzv C AP Jzu Pmhzv \Q. C

AP \kP,
y1

= a sin 1 t
= a sin (2 n1)t

y2

...(1)

= a sin 2 t
= a sin (2 n2)t

...(2)

C AP xx, uS Cha],
y = y1 + y2
y = a sin (2 n1) t + a sin (2 n2) t

n1 + n2
t cos 2
2

y = 2a sin 2

...(3)

n1 n2

t
2

n1 n2
n1 + n2
A = 2 a cos 2
t - n =
2
2

...(4)

G-

y = A sin 2nt

n1 + n2
Pzua \x
2
k a_ A Eh ua^\ AU SUQx.
Ca\hx, Avs n =

(i) uS a_ P CUP ( 2a)

n1 n2
t= 1
2

cos 2

n1 n2
2 t = m,

C[S m = 0, 1, 2 ...

Ax (n1 n2) t = m
t1 = 0& u Hk.

64

t2 =

1
n1 n2 & Cshx Hk.
2

t3 = n n & x Hk.
1
2

Akzukzu C [PUP P Ch,

1
n1 n2

t2 t1 = t3 t2 =

J |i ES P GsoUPx, Akzukzu
C [PUP P Ch uRS.
n1 n2
(ii) uS a_ ]P CUP (= 0), cos 2
t = 0
2

n1 n2
2
+ m = (2m + 1)
t =
2

2
2
Ax (n1 n2)t =

(2m +1)
, C[S
2

(m = 0, 1, 2 ...)

t1 = 2(n n )& u ] Hk.

1
2
t2 = 2(n n )& Cshx ] Hk.
1
2
t3 = 2(n n )& x ] Hk.
1
2

Akzukzu C ][PUP PCh,

1

t2 - t1 = t3 t2 = n n
1
2

J |i ES P GsoUPx, Akzukzu
C ][PUP P Ch uRS.

7.6.4 P P
(i)
C Av P AvsPa \UQ
Jzuvmkv P kQ. GkzxUPmhP, PU

65

Psk _U P Avsn C\UP J

AvsoSa
\kzu.
Avmh
C\UP
_ x USx _U P Avsq
C\UP Avsq \US \P Cu P
PmS. P }zuz \\ P GsoUP Sx
Cv _S. ux, P Avsq C\UP
Avsq \ BS. C\UPP C
kzumk Jzuv \kQ.
(ii) P kzv, C\UP J AvsnU
Psh. Avs uu C\UPh Avs N Eh
izu C\UP Avmha \ sk. J |i ES
P GsoUP n G uu Avs N+n BS. uu
Avs Eh C\UP ]x u Q Jmi, Avs
SUPh sk. sk C C\UPP J[P Avmha
\ sk. ux P GsoUP h AvP G,
uu Avs N-n BS. P GsoUP hU
S G, uu Avs N + n BS.

7.6.5 { AP
\a_ \ A} Eh C AP,
|UPmi Gvvz v\P \x, J x
xu { AP EQ.
S
a a_ A} Eh A J |USz
v\ X Aa] \Qx.
t x
y1 = a sin 2
T

...(1)

Cu A GvzuS GvUSz v\ X Aa] sk

Qx.
t x
+
T

y2 = a sin 2

...(2)

xu uzxzv Aih, uS Cha],

y = y1 + y2

66

= a sin 2 T + sin 2 T +

2 t
2 x

cos
= a 2sin

T

y = 2a cos

2 x

sin

2 t
T

...(3)

Ca\k { AU SUQx.
(i) x = 0,

3
2 x
= 1
G P, cos

, ,

A = + 2a. CP uS a_ S. A
GvPqUP GkQ (h 7.13).

3 5
2 x
,
.... G P, cos
= 0.

4
4
4
A = 0. CP uS a_ ]S (_S). A
PqUP GkQ (h 7.13).
(ii) x =

A
N

A
N

h 7.16 { AP

Akzukzu C GvUPqUP Ax PqUPUS Chmh

u
u

J PqS Aukzu GvUPqS Chmh

BS.

(iii) t = 0,

3T
2 t
T
, ,
, 2T, Gx sin
= 0, Cha]
2
2
T

_S.
(iv) t =

T
,
4

3T
,
4

5T
4

Gx, sin

2 t
= 1,
T

S.

7.6.6 { AP ]P
1. A i {P CUS.
2. PqUP GvPqUP EQ.
67

Cha]

3. Cha] _S P PqUP G Cha]

S P GvUPqUP G Tk.
4. PqUP Azu P GvUPqUP Azu
]P CUS.
5. PqUP E xPPz u Azxz xPP \
A Pzxh ua^\ CUPzu PQ.
6. J xP a_ \. GvUPqUP P E
a_, Sx Psh \ PqUP _S.
7. PqUP _P E xPP v\P, AvPzxa \
GvU PqUP Qx.
8. Akzukzu C GvUPqUP Ax PqUPUS Chmh
u
u

J PqS Aukzu GvUPqS Chmh

BS.

9. { A B kv. J Av
x, FhPz xPP Azx A |k{ J
Pzv C P PhUQ.
10. J (segment) xPP Azx Jzu Pmhzv,
Akzukzu xPP Gvv Pmhzv AvhQ.

7.7 PP { AP
CzxU Pmhmh PP Hk AvP PnP, ]u,
C\UPP J HkQx. C P
CUPP zumh P Av P A.
C\h E P Avmk x, SUP
EQ, P J USa \ Gvzx sk . G
{ AP EQ.

7.7.1 _ (Sonometer)
_, Hzu J mh } Eh Jmi
Ex. ^ SUS Eh EPU P J J
Pmhmk , P J \, Gh u[Qh
CnUPmkx (h 7.14). P Q G T U PmhP
68

x P, u ASz
u[Q GhPmk UP sk.
P Av }zu UP,
U
PmhPUS
Chmh
ua \\ sk.
h 7.14 _

P
{
A
EUS x, P Q G CUP P PqUP
|k GvUPq ES.
P Av } l = /2 G = 2l. Av
Avs n G,
n =

...(1)

2l
T Gx C\ m Gx KS }zvP { G,
T
m

v =

BS.
n = 1

2l

T
m

...(2)

P Av P
(i) Aih Avs

P E P C
PUQh \ SUP
J Gvzx u
{
SUP
HkQx
(h 7.15).
l } AB G P, J
P (Segment) Avh x,
l=

1
2

. G 1 = 2l. PUS

Avs n1=

1
2l

l =

2
B

C
l =

B
C

G Aih
1
Avs HkQx.
n1 =

T
m

...(3)

69

l = 32

h 7.15 P Aih
Avsq _[P

(ii) _[P
AB G P, C PP Avhx, l=

2
2

2
2

= 2 .

B, n2 =
2
n2 =

1 T
= 2n1
l m

...(4)

n2 Gx u _zvP AvsnS. Cvs

Aih Avsn C h[PP Cu, Cu
Cshx ^\ G.

Px, PP Avhx,
_[P HkQ.
P P P C, J },

l P
2l
Ax p =
=
P
2
P

Avs, nP =

P
2l

T
m

= P n1

...(5)

Aux, P G ^\x (P-1) G _zvSuS.

7.7.2 PP SUS AvPUP vP

(i) }zv v (ii) C\ v (iii) { v G
PP SUPv vPS.
(i) u { C\ Eh Smh J P
Av Aih Avs, Av }zvS GvzuP CUS.

Aux, n

1
Ax nl = .
l

(ii) u { Av } Eh Smh J P
Av Aih Avs, C\ Ci zvS |zuP

CUS. Aux, n

T.

(iii) u C\ Av } Eh Smh J
P Av Aih Avs, KS }zvP {

Ci zvS, GvzuP CUS. Aux, n

70

1
.
m

7.8 SP Pz uzv AvP

[S, Qm C\UPP Pz u[P
AvP G uzx kQx. S, k A Gvzx
A xu { |mhP EQ.

7.8.1 BP SP
S P Fxu C\ J HkzuU Ti
C\UPP BP SPS. (i) J hmiUS i
BP S (ii) C P vvUS vu BP S
G BP S C Pk.
(i) i BP S

i BP S vu xP P Fuku
Pz u Aih Avso AvQx (h 7.16a)
i Pq vu GvUPq EQ.
S } l G, l = 1 Ax 1 = 4l
4

n1

Gx Aih Avs v Gx P J
v\P G,
n1 =

v
4l

... (2)

S vu PP P Fuku
Aih AvsoS mh E AvsP EUP.
AP _[P Gk. Csk Ax CsiS mh
PqUP GvUPqUP Eh Av P h 7.16b
7.16c& Pmhmk.
l =

4l
33
Ax 3 =
3
4

...(3)

3v

n3 = = 4l = 3n1
3

...(4)

Cu u _ Ax x ^\ G.

71

N
N
A

l
N

A
A
N

N
1=4l

l
3=4
3

(a)

(b)

N
5

=4 l

(c)

h 7.16 i S { AP

Cx n5 =

5v
4l

= 5n1

...(5)

Cu Cshx _ Ax Iux ^\ G.
G, P G _zv Avs (2p + 1) n1 BS. (n1 Gx
Aih Avs BS). i S Jh ^\P mk
ES. ^\P AvsP uP 1 : 3 : 5 ... BS.
(ii) vu BP S

vu BP S P Fukx, Pz ux
Aih { AvhQx (h 7.17a). S C P
GvPqUP, |k Pq ES. S } l G,
l =

Ax = 2l

1
2
v = n11 = n12l

Aih Avs, n1 =

...(1)
v
2l

...(2)

Cukzu, Av {, Tku PqUP GvUPqUP

h 7.17 b 7.17 c & Pmi ES.
l = 2 Ax v = n22 = n2 . l.
v

n2 = l = 2n1

...(3)

Cx, u _ Ax Cshx ^\ Gk.

72

A
A

N
N
A

A
N
N
A

l
2=

1 = 2l

l
3=2 3

(b)

(a)

(c)

h 7.17 vu S { AP

3v

Cx, n3 = = 2l = 3n1
3

...(4)

Cx, Cshx _ Ax x ^\ Gk.

G, P G _zv Avs (P + 1) n1 BS. (n1 Gx
Aih Avs). ^\P AvsP uP 1 : 2 : 3 ..... BS.
7.9 Jzuv Pz uU P
Jzuv Pz
uU P J
mh
}
PsniU S G
Ex. h 7.18&
Pmi
Au
R, } \U
Ph (R) CnUP
mh C S
zumkx.
P s n i U
Sx, AP
z u m h
\[Szxz
u[Q

l1 =

l2=

h 7.18 Jzuv PzuU P

73

3
4

zumkx. S J Sv } {mkx. \UP

Ax RUQ, S }mhzva \\.
n Avs Eh Avmh C\UP S vu
Q UP sk. } mhzu Pz uzv
}zu \ \ sk. Pz u E S Sv i BP
S Ex. C\UP Avsqh Pz u
Jzuvx Ja\ Hk.

S, { |mh EQx. } Pq vu
Q GvUPq EQ. Jzuv Pz uzv } l1
z vzu e G,

= l1 + e

...(1)

sk J C\UPh Jzuv Hk Pz
uzv }zu AvPUP sk. ux, Jzuv Pz uzv
} l2 G,
3
= l2 + e
4

...(2)

\kP (1) (2)x,

= (l2 - l1)

...(3)

A { P J v\P,
v = n = 2n (l2 l1)

...(4)

z vzu
GvUPqx, xPU S vu EP,
vu USa \ u ES. Czu zvzu
Gk.
l1 + e =

l2 + e =

3
l 3l
Gx, e = 2 1
2
4

r Gx S B G, e = 0.61r,

v PshkQx.

74

G zvzuzv

7.10 h
PP C[S C si K { E Pm
(PmS|) |UQa \x, Au Fu J _v (Avs)
AvPx , PmS| mk Qa \ x _v Sx
u. Avso u zu u uP 1845&
h Pshx UQ.
J zvS PmS|US Ch \UP CUSx,
J Avs x u {P h
Gk.
{PP
RUPsh UPh.

Avs

(i) J Pm K{ Ex
S O G J Pm {PP
CUPmk (h 7.19 a)
n AP
n Gx J Avs
v Gx J
O
S
v\P
BS.
J
|i
J
v
Hkzx AP PhUS
h 7.19a J Pm K {
u, SO = v

A} =

v
.
n

(ii) K { E Pm |UQ J |P x

K { E
Pm
|UQ
n AP
J vs v\Pzv
|Pu J |iUS
/
S
S SS = vs G S
CUS J S&I
vs
Ah.
Jzu
v - vs
hmh n AP
h 7.19 b K { E Pm
h7.19b& Pmi
|UQ J |P x
(v vs) u BUQ
zxU P.
75

G-, J- u A-}-,
v

v - vs
n

u Av---s, n = = v - v n
s

...(1)

n > n Gu, J _v AvPx uQ-x.

K {- E Pm- mk Q J-- |P--x

Jx vs v\Pzxh, K { E Pm
mk Q |Px
u Avs,

v
v
n =
n =
n
v (v s )
v +v s

...(2)

n < n Gu J _v Sx u.
(iii) K { J CUPzv Pm Ex
S O G J Pm {PU

SUQ. Jx =

v
G A}h n AP J
n

|i kQx. O-S A-S Ch n AP

Pm \U Phx \ (h 7.20a) Aux, u A
A- CUS x n-x A Pm CUS Ch O-
CUS.
n AP
A
S

A
S

vo

h 7.20a, 7.20b K { E Jzu |UQ Pm |Pu

76

K { E Jzu |UQ Pm |Pu

{ Jzu |UQ Pm vo G v\Pzxh
|PuPU PxP. J |iUS S, OO = vo GUS, PmS| O
G a \hQ. PmU Phx \ AP
GsoUPx, OA u E n AP OO u
vo

AP GsoUP TkuS. (h 7.20b) G,

J u Avs,

vo

n = n +

vo
n
v

= n +

v + vo

...(3)

n > n Gv J _v AvPx u.

K { Jzvx Pm Q |Pu
v + (-v o )
n
v

n =

v - vo

n = v n

...(4)

n < n Gv, J _v Sx u.

S : J Pm J v\ C[S x,u
Avs,
v - vo

n = v - v n
S

...(5)

J v\, w G v\Pzv P _x, u

Avs,
v + w - vo

n = v + w - v n
s

...(6)

77

7.10.3 h kP
(i) P J Pzu Aku

P P (police car) zu miUS P J

Pu A E. Cu Ax, C[S Pa (source)
\k C[S Pzvx GvUPk. Gvzu
A Av so Hk. Avso zvx
P kzv, PPa \ P[PU P
Psh.
(ii) xnUP J Pshu

xnUP J x SuSa \ x,
Au Emh i AP Avs S.
{zu HPk Avsn {zv EUPk
Avsn Jh, Avs QhUS. CuU Psk
xnUPU Psh.
(iii) h (RADAR - RADIO DETECTION AND RANGING)

hx, Avs UP i AP BP zu
|UQ A. Gvzx AP h {zv E H
Psh. Avso E mhU Psk zv
PzuU PnUQh.
(iv) \ (SONAR - SOUND NAVIGATION AND RANGING)

P Cx J AP EUPmk }, |[Q
}QU P |UQ Ak. Gvzu AP
AvsnU PnUQku }QU P Pzu \
P A.

78

wUPmh PnUSP
7.1

256 Hz Avs Eh C\UP 25 AvP {

\ x, P J Phu u x? P J
P 343 m s1.

uP : v = 343 m s1, n = 256 Hz, d = ?

w : v = n
=

343
= 1.3398 m
256

A} Gx C\UP J Av A PhUS
u BS.

25 AvP { \x J Phu u

= 25 1.3398

J Phu u = 33.49 m
7.2

J, 100 kHz Avs Eh EQx.

}x J GvUPkQx. Gvzu
Fk J A}[PU PnUQkP. (P J P
340 m s-1 } J P 1486 m s1 ).

uP : n = 100 kHz = 105 Hz, va = 340 m s-1, vw = 1486 m s-1;

a = ?, w = ?
w : Gvzu J A } a =
a =

340
105

= 3.4 10-3 m

Fk J A } w =

w =
7.3

va
n

1486
105

vw
n

= 1.486 10-2 m

50 m } 0.5 kg { Eh P J 400 N C\h

CzxU Pmhmkx. Au 10 Hz Avs Eh
SUP J \Qx. (i) Az v\Pzu A}zu
PnUQkP. (ii) A, P Ah BS P G?

uP : m = 0.5 Kg, P } = 50 m; T = 400 N; n=10 Hz

v = ? ; = ? ; t = ?
79

m =

P {
P }

SUP, 50 m u \ BS P=

50
= 0.25 s
200

w : P KS }zvP {
m =

0.5
= 0.01 kg m-1
50

P v\P v =
v =

T
m

400
= 200 m s-1
0.01

v = n
200 = 10

= 20 m

P } = 50 m

7.4

0.022 1011 Pa U SnP Eh } 256 Hz Avs

Eh J v\Pzu A}zu PnUQkP.

uP : k = 0.022 1011 Pa, = 1000 kg m-3, n = 256 Hz

w : } J v\P
v =

0.022 1011
= 1483 ms-1
1000

= n
7.5

v =

1483
= 5.79 m
256

27o C P |mh PzuU PnUQkP.

(P UT { 28.8 g mol-1 P v 1.4, R- v
8.314 J mol-1 K-1)

uP : m = 28.8 10-3 kg mol-1, = 1.4,

R = 8.314 J mol-1 K-1, T = 27oC = 300 K

w :

v =

RT
m

80

1.4 8.314 300

28.8 103

v =

= 348.2 m s-1

7.6

NTP- P Ahzv 0.001293 g cm-3 (i) {mh \mi

i (ii) vzuzv i, |mh v\PzuU

PnUQkP.

uP :
= 1.4, P = 1.013 105 N m2 , = 0.001293 103 kg m-3.
w : {mh \mii, |mh v\P
v

1.013 105
0.001293 103

= 279.9 m s-1

\mii,
v

1.4 1.013 105

0.001293 103

v = 331.18 m s1

7.7

27oC J v\P 347 m s1G 627o C P J

v\PzuU PnUQkP.

uP : v27 = 347 m s-1, v627 = ?

w :

v
v 27
v 627

v27
v627

273 + 27
300
=
273 + 627
900

1
3

81

 v627 = v27

3 = 347

= 347 1.732 = 601 m s-1

627oC { P J v\P = 601 m s-1

7.8

A J \k y = 0.50 sin (500 t - 0.025x), y, t

x G cm, s, m- E. (i) a_ (ii) Pn
Avs (iii) AU P (iv) A} (v) A P
BQU PnUQkP.

w : A xa \k
2

y = a sin t

y = 0.50 sin (500 t - 0.025x)

Csk \kP Jh,

(i)

a_ a = 0.50 10-2 m

(ii)

Pn Avs = 500 rad s-1

(iii) AU P T =
(iv) A } =

(v)

=
s
500
250

2
m
0.025

= 80 = 251.2 m
A v\P v = n
250

80

v = 2 104 m s-1
=

7.9

J J 2 watt uzv B Azxz v\P ^P

kQx. Jzvx 20 m u E J
\ (i) W m-2 & (ii) h] PnUQkP.

uP : v = 2 watt, r = 20 m
w : Ja\ I =

2
I = 4 (20)2

(20 m B PP zv J EuP PxP)

82

I = 4 10-4 W m-2

\ = 10 log

I
10
Io

= 10 log

4 104
10
12

10

( Io = 10-12)

= 10 log10 (4 108)

\ = 86 dB
7.10 A B G C C\UPP Cnx 4 Pz
uUQ. J Smh C\ E 0.96 m }
_U P, C\UP A-h Jzuv Qx. Au
C\ E 0.97 m } Au _U P, C\UP
B-h Jzuv Qx. C\UPP AvsPU
PnUQkP.

uP : l1 = 0.96 m; l2 = 0.97 m; n1 = ?; n2 = ?
l1 < l2

n1 > n2

n1 = n GP

w :

n2 = n - 4

SUS AvPUP u vi
n1 l1 = n2 l2
n 0.96 = (n-4) 0.97
n(0.97 - 0.96) = 3.88

3.88
= 388 Hz
0.01

n =

n2 = 388 - 4 = 384 Hz

A G C\UP Avs n1 = 388 Hz,

B G C\UP Avs n2 = 384 Hz.

7.11 1 m } 5 10-4 kg { Eh P J 20 N
C\ Ex. C P P Av, P
Av AvsnU PnUQkP.

uP : P C P AvhQx.
P = 2 P, l = 1 m, m = 5 104 kg m-1, T = 20 N
83

w :

Av Avs n =

P
2l

T
m

2
20
2 1 5 10 4

n=

n = 200 Hz

7.12 Azu BUPmh, P E P, Au

Aih Avsn 512 Hz- AvhQx. Au
BUPmh, } mh u P Ch[PP
E, u P C\ h[S C\ Eh
Cshx P Aih Avs G?
uP : n = 512 Hz, Cshx | C\ = 3T, } = 2 l,
B = 2r
w : P } l G, C\ T G B r G
PP
n =

1
2l

T
m

P JS }zvP { P SUS mk
Ahzv USz uPP Gu. Aux m = r2d
512 =

1
2l

....(1)

r 2d

Cshx |
n=

1
2 2l

3T

....(2)

(2r )2 d

\k (2)&I (1) B SUP

n
1
=
512 2

3
(2)2

(Ax) n =

512
4

3 = 222 Hz

7.13 i S x _, vu S u _zxh
J[PQx. SP }[P uP x?

uP : l1 l2 G i vu SP }[P
GU PP. n1 n2 G AP Aih AvsP
GP.
i S, n1 =

v
4l1

84

vu S, n2 = 2l
2
i S x _
= (2P + 1) n1 = (2 3 + 1) n1 = 7n1

vu S u _ = (P + 1) n2 = (1 + 1) n2 = 2n2

7n1 = 2n2
v

7 4l = 2 2l
1
2

l1
l2

7
4

7.14 256 Hz
Avs Eh C\UPh Jzuv Pz
uzv Pa] } 32 cm. 384 Hz Avs Eh
C\UPh Jzuv Pzuzv Pa] } 20.8 cm
z vzuzu P J v\Pzu PnUQkP.

uP : n1 = 256 Hz, l1 = 32 10-2 m

n2 = 384 Hz, l2 = 20.8 10-2 m

v

w : i S n = 4(l + e )
v

u C\UPUS,, 256 = 4(32 + e ) 102

v

Cshx C\UPUS, 384 = 4(20.8 + e ) 102

u \mh Cshx \mh SUP,
256 20.8 + e
=
384
32 + e

e = 1.6 cm.
v = 256 4 (32 + 1.6) 10-2

P J v\P v = 344 m s-1

7.15 C Gg] J P J JUP CnP,
144 km/hr 72 km/hr v\P[Ph Gvvz v\
C[SQ. Gg] Fu J Avs 500 Hz
85

J v\P 340 m s-1. (i) P Gg] J

|[S x (ii) Csk J mk Qa \
x, Px PmPU Ti J AvsPU PnUQkP.

uP : J zv v\P vS = 144 km/hr

Pm v\P vo = 72 km/hr
v = 340 m s-1, n = 500 Hz

w : (i) P Gg] J |[S x :

v +v

o
n = v v n

vS =

144 103
= 40 m s-1
60 60

vo =

72 103
= 20 m s-1
60 60

n =

340 + 20
500
340 40

PmPU Ti J Avs = 600 Hz

(ii) P Gg] J mk Qa \ x :
v vo

n = v + v n
S

340 20
340 + 40

500

PmPU Ti J Avs = 421 Hz

86

u vk
(Cuz uvmk Sv PkUPmk UP
PnUSP vP. C, h x Gu
Ax PnUQ iUP. n, n
uvmk
Svx
mk,
h
x
iUPhUTi UPUS PnUSPUS hUP Bzu
\x P sk.)

7.1

7.2

7.3

7.4

Smh J Pnzv, |mh CUP HkQx.

A Avs 50 Hz. Cu CUP, z
ua]P P
(a) 0.01 s

(b) 0.002 s

(c) 25 s

(d) 50 s

256 Hz Avs Eh J FhP J Qx.

Cha] 0.1 m G z v\P
(a) 60 m s-1

(b) 51.2 m s-1

(c) 256 m s-1

(d) 512 m s-1

J v\Pzu vUPux Gx?

(a) {

(b) Azu

(c) {

(d) u HzvP.

J FhPzvx
UTix
(a) Avsq v\P

FhPzvS

x,

(b) Avsq A}
(c) A} v\P
(d) Avs, A} v\P.

7.5

7.6

Jzvx AP Azxz v\P Q.

Jzvx 9 m 25 m uP a] uP G?
(a) 25 : 9

(b) 9: 25

(c) 3 : 5

(d) 81 : 625

C JP \ AP 100 dB 50 dB G, A
\P uP
(a) 101

(b) 105

(c) 103

(d) 1010

87

7.7

y1 = a sin 2000 t y2 = a sin 2008 t G C AP

Hkzx P GsoUP

7.8

7.9

(a) 0

(b) 1

(c) 4

(d) 8

P Aih Avsn 100 Hz -x

400 Hz -BP AvPUP C \ Gzu h[S AvPUPh
sk?
(a) 2 h[S
(b) 4 h[S
(c) 8 h[S
(d) 16 h[S
2 m } i S Hk u _ vu S
Hk Cshx _ \ Avs Eh G, vu
S }
(a) 2 m

(b) 4 m

(c) 0.5 m

(d) 0.75 m

7.10 150 Hz Avs Eh J Hkzx J Pm

J |UQ 110 m s-1v\Pzxh |PQx. J
v\P 330 m s1 G Pm PmS J Avs,
(a) 225 Hz

(b) 200 Hz

(c) 150 Hz

(d) 100 Hz

7.11 AUP . A FhPzv sP ?

7.12 AUPzv UQ sP ?
7.13 SUPP |mhP kzxP.
7.14 vh P SUP |mh
UP SUPP ix. H?

7.15 AUPzv A}zu Avsn . v = n

G UP.
7.16 P Aih Avso Av x,
SUP v\PzvP \mi P.
7.17 UP
J
\mi .

v\PzvP

{mh

7.18 J iQ { ES J v\Px
0.61 m s-1 AvPu UP.
7.19 | J, PPa \Qx. H?
7.20 \u A \mh .
88

7.21 J \ E kzxP.
7.22 h] Gx } Aux G?
7.23 J \ GUPoPa \ux?
7.24 Gv G G? ] A J Gv Hhx. H?
7.25 xP _ Th SxP.
7.26 xu uzxzuU TP.
7.27 P EPz u {uP ?
7.28 P G G? J |i ES P
GsoUP, AvsP miSa \ GU PmkP.
7.29 J AP SURmk G G? SURmk
US \u .
7.30 { AP G EQ?
7.31 { A \mi .
GvPqUP EP {uP P.

PqUP

7.32 { AP sP ?
7.33 Avh P SUPv vPU TP.
7.34 AUS { AUS E kPU TP.
7.35 _[P ^\P G ?
7.36 [S \uS vu BP S ]ux. H?
7.37 i BP S, ^\P AvsP 1 : 3 : 5 G
Quzv E G UP.
7.38 vu BP S _[P Eu USP. vu S
Azx ^\P HkuU PmkP.
7.39 z vzu G G?
7.40 h G G? (i) J Pm |[S
x Ax mk Qa \ x, (ii) Pm J zu
|[S x Ax mk Qa \ x Avs
zv \kP .
PnUSP
7.41 0.60 cm } A, P 340 m s-1 v\Pzv Qx.
ua \ Au En?
7.42 } J v\P 1480 m s-1 } P Au A}
\ } A AvsnU PnUQkP. (P
89

A Avs 1000 Hz P J v\P

340 m s-1).
7
5

7.43 i-- = 5 --z-v = 3 J v\Pz

uPU PnUQkP (Csi { \).
7.44 y = 10 sin (2t - 0.01x) Gx A J \k. y
x mh t |i AUPkQ. (i) a_ (ii)
Avs A} (iii) Az v\P BQU
PnUQkP.
7.45 AvPkzumh \ Po 60 G, J A Gzu
h] AvPS?
7.46 J Jx u C AP C uP
\ J xQ. J 1 kHz-
AvQx. C AP J, h 83cm AvP
u \Qx. P J v\P 332 m s-1 G
SURmk u x?
7.47 _U P }[P 1m 1.05m Ex _
C\UP
|iUS
5
P
EUSQ.
C\UP AvsnU PnUQkP.
7.48 1.2 m } 9.8 N C\h E GLSU P J 240 Hz
Avso Ix P JzuvQx. P { G?
7.49 Aih AvsP Qu 1 : 3 : 4 GUS, 114 cm
} P G PP UP?
7.50 vu BP S Aih Avs 240 Hz. i BP
S u _ vu BP S u _ \
Avs Eh G, J S } G? A
{ J v\P 350 ms-1 GU PP.
7.51 800 Hz Avs Eh C\UP J JzuvU PzuU
Ph JzuvQx. Akzukzu Jzuv }[P 9.75 cm
52.75 cm G P J v\PzuU PnUQkP.
7.52 \PU Pmi { PsiUS C si J 256 Hz
Avs Eh Fu J GQx. C si
(i) {zu 40 ms-1 Pzv |[S x (ii) {zu
mk 40 m s-1 Pzv Qa \ x {zv K
{ CUS J PmPUTi J AvsPU
PnUQkP.
90

7.53 480 Hz
Avs Eh Fu J 1.25 m Bh
mhu 16.0 rad s-1 Pn Pzv _Qx. mhzv
zu zx u E Pm J PmPUTi
PU Su P AvP AvsP ? (J
v\P 340 m s-1)
7.54 A B G C C\UPP Cnx |iUS 4 Pz
uUQ. 15 cm } i Pz uzxh
C\UP A JzuvQx. 30.5 cm } vu Pz uzxh
C\UP B JzuvQx. C\UPP AvsPU
PnUQkP.

hP
7.1

(a)

7.2

(b)

7.3

(b)

7.4

(c)

7.5

(a)

7.6

(b)

7.7

(c)

7.8

(d)

7.9

(b)

7.10 (a)

7.41

5.666 104 Hz, \ Enx

7.42

4353 Hz

7.43

1.833

7.44

10 m, 1 Hz, 200 m, 200 ms-1

7.45

18 dB

7.46

& JhP Cu Azu SURk.

7.47

205 Hz

7.48

7.38 104 kg

7.49

72 102 m, 24 102 m, 18 102 m

7.50

54.7 102 m, 72.9 102 m

7.51

344 m s-1

7.52

290 Hz, 229 Hz

7.53

510 Hz, 453 Hz

7.54

240 Hz, 244 Hz

91

8. CUP
P[P PU PPi, x PsqUS
hu Gh PU Pumhx. A PU G
AUPmhx. {P E C P
J umkU PsiUS x A PUP
u[Ph U Pu a \{ AhQ.
Ask P \{ Ah PU Bx
Eu { x Su {
US Qx. B CUPP Pm k (Court
Rumford) |hzv \uP. E EshPU Ti
B UPz ux. |h PP J uUS
x EshQx. xka \UPa (paddle wheel experiment) \ux, E EshS Gx
uux. CUPm]vP CUP PPUS
Szu. CUP PP i J BP
Pumk B G AUPkQx.
J

UTP
Bx.

u, { zx, C UTP, |UPmk

CUP, AvUP, Au Aa\ _] CUP BQ
UP. J P CUP UTPUS ]u CUP
Bz uQx. C Au Azx UTP
CUP BP Tku A zu
Bz uQx.
J Gu ASa `hP Ax Sa]P Ex
GuU Pmkx Au { BS. P J
umkU PsiUSx E { x
Su { E US B Qx.
{ uPU PzxUP CUP _
vx (Zeroth law of thermodynamics) kQ.
B v\ wUS J \u {
Au { Gk. { Gx Cx J Aih
AP PukQx.
92

8.1 CUP PP
| CUP PP { G xP
HU Pmh h (Daniel Bernoulli) B.
B CU PPUS J Ev Pou Aih Azx
uu izu AzuP G Q] (Clausius)
U (Maxwell) GPa \.

8.1.1. CUPPP GkPP

1. J P GsoUPu U TP
Bx. J UT x Jzu m]zv Psh P
BS.
2. UTP uha] J[P CUPzv E.
A
mh
v\P[Ph
Azxz
v\P
C[SQ.
3. UTP Ch E u |UP J
UT Pa]x. G |UP
UT UPoUPzuUPx.
4. UTPUS UPmk PP
_PUS, Ch Pa] \ Ax US \ C.
5. UTPUS Ch Hk uP UTP
PP _P x Hkzx uP, m] uP
BS. G uP x UTP Eu CUP
B E.
6. C Akzukzu uPUS Ch J UT
|UPmi
\Qx.
UT
J
Akzukzu
C
uPUQh PhUS \\z u ''\\ uhz
u'' GkQx.
7. uP PU SQ P[P |hQ. Aux
C Akzukzu uPUS Chmh |zu |UP, u
| UPoUPzuUPx.

APm Gs
J A E UTP GsoUP
APm Gs Gk. Azx PUS u Gsn
Cu v 6.023 1023 BS.
93

8.1.2. Hkzx Azu

J UTP J Pmkh CUP{ E.
A PP _P x uhx xQ. J
u x PP _PUS Eu kQx.
UTP _P x uhx xu Azu
EshQx. C uhx |h uP PP
_P
En
\,
Y
KSU Pzv _PUS
AUPk zu EuzvSa
\. PP _P
E
F
KS Enk
C
\ Azuzuz
D
uQx.
I
II

G
H
C

J
X
EhUQ l UP Psh J
A
B
P
\xU
P
JU
l
Px.

E Z
UTP GsoUP 'n'
h 8.1 Hkzx Azu
G. UTP C1, C2, C3
... Cn G v\P[P
C[SuP Px (h 8.1). C1 v\Pzv C[S J
UTx x, y, z Aa_ v\P u1, v1, w1 G TP
US. Cu Cshx UT v\PU TP u2, v2

w2.
Cu

Y
UTP v\PU TP
US. C1 v\P Psh P
G UT X Aa_US \[SzuP
E I (BCFG) G Shmk
C
v
_ x umk. UT
X
T
mk.
v\Pzv
X
u
w
Aa_US zuuP CUS.
Z
G uUS UT Eu
h 8.2 v\PU TP
=mu1
BS. Cv 'm' Gx
UT {S.
1

Cu u J m] u BP UT u1 G
v\Pzxh Gvzv\ sh. G uUS
UT Eu = mu1
94

UT Eu k = Cv Eu uhUP Eu
= mu1 mu1 = 2mu1

UP I x Hkzx J Akzukzu u x J
UT UP I&x UP II&USa \ sk UP IUS u
2l uU PhUP six.
2l

C Akzukzu uPUS Chmh | = u

1
Euk

Eumk u = GkzxUPsh P
=

2mu1
2l
u1

2mu1 2
mu1 2
=
2l
l

Aux, UT x \k \ =

mu1 2
l

{mh x CUP vi,

UT Hkzx \ =

( mu ) =
l
2

mu1 2
l

Azx "n' UTP Hkzx \

Fx =

mu22
mu1 2
mun 2
+
+ ..... +
l
l
l

UTP Hkzx Azu

1 mu1 2

=l2 l

Px =

Fx
A

mu22
mun 2
+ .....+

l
l

m
u 2 + u 2 2 + ..... + u n 2 )
3 ( 1
l

Cu Y Z Aa_z v\P UTP Hkzx

Azu[P
Py =

m
(v1 2 + v2 2 + .....+ vn 2 )
l3

95

m
l3

Pz =

(w

+ w22 + .....+wn2 )

x PP _P x \ Azuzu Hkzxu

Px = Py = Pz = P
P =

P=

Px + Py + Pz
3

1 m
[(u12 + u22 + ... + un2 ) +
3 l3

(v12 + v 22 + ....+ vn2 ) + (w12 + w22 + ....+ wn2 ) ]

P=

1 m
2
2
2
(u22 + v 22 + w22 ) +...
3 [(u1 + v1 + w1 ) +
3 l
1 m

2
2
2
...... + (un2 + vn2 + wn2 ) ] = 3 l 3 [C 1 + C 2 + .... + C n ]

C[S, C12 = (u12 + v12 + w12 )

1 m n C12 + C

l3

= 3
P

2
2

+ .... + C
n

2
n

1 mn
. C2
3 V

C Gx uzu UTP Cia \\ Ciz

v\P (RMS) BS.

Aux C =

C 1 2 + C 2 2 + .. .. + C n 2
n

8.1.3 AzuzvS KS UP
|UPmk CUPzv \\ CUP BUS uh.
KS Psh Azu P =
P =

1
mnC2
3

1
C2 ( mn = KS Psh {)
3

(mn = , Ahzv)

96

KS Psh |UPmk CUPzv \\

CUP B
E =

1
C2
2

1
C 2
P
2
= 3
=
1
E
3
2
C
2

P =

2
E
3

8.1.4 UT J \\ CUP B
{ M, V Psh 1 A JU
Px.
P =

1
C2
3

P =

1
3

PV =

M 2
C
V
1
MC2
3

\mi i,
PV = RT

RT =

1
MC2
3

3
1
RT =
MC2
2
2

J \\ CUP B =

3
RT
2

J A N AqUP Eu (N Gx
APm Gs) M = Nm BS.

1
3
mNC2 =
RT
2
2

1
3
mC2 =
2
2

R
3
R
T =
kT { k =
= m }
N
2
N
(k = 1.38 10-23 J K-1)

97

 UT JP \\ CUP B

3
kT
2

Cvx J UT \\ |UPmk CUP B

AP Au { Ex Gx uQx.

8.2 EiP
C[S uSv J EiP Gx Au {.
A UPz u BzuP Ax
umh AP zu GsoUPS.
|UPmk CUPzvS EiP
1. Hu J Aa]S CnP J Pmi C[S xP
J E i GsoUP J BS. GkzxUPmk :
A u F\ F\ Ssk.
2. J \uzv (X Y Aa_P) C[S J xP, Csk
EiP x. GkzxUPmk : u |P J G.
3. (space) J C[S J xP (X, Y, Z Aa_P)
EiP x. GkzxUPmk : US .
J { (point mass) _] CUPzu ix.
B Ax |UPmk CUPzu mk i. UPmh
{ Psh J vs . _] CUP |UPmk
CUP[P x. |UPmk CUP 3 EiP
x. (space) _] CUP E iP
x. G, J vs zu B EiP
US.

8.2.1 Kq UT

Kq UT J {
Psh Kq mk Psiu
Ax |UPmk CUPzvP
EiP x, y, z v\UTP
X
Pskx (h 8.3- Pmii)
Z
GkzxUPmkP . BP
h 8.3 Kq UT
u UP UTP
98

8.2.2 Dq UT

Gu Aa\ zx
_UTi Dq UT J Au
Aa_USa \[SzuP Au Aa_P
zx _i. G Ax _
CUPzv
C
EiP
|UPmk
CUPzv

EiP x. G Z
J Dq UT Ix EiP
x (h 8.4).

X
h 8.4 Dq UT

GkzxU PmkP O2, N2, CO, Cl2 UTP.

8.2.3 q UT (|UPmk A)
|UPmk A E q UT J {
(centre of mass) Auh Aq x Au Ax Dq

UT \kQx. G, Ax |UPmk
EiP, Csk _] EiP zu
Ix EiP x.
GkzxUPmk : CO2, CS2 UTP
h 8.5 q UT |UPmk A

8.2.4 q UT (|UPmi Au P)
|UPmi Au q UT J (h 8.6
Pmi) JUP \[Szu Aa_UP a _
i. G, Ax Bzu
Y
Aa_P, |UPmk EiP
xh mk, _]
EiP u zu B
EiP x.
X
Z
GkzxU PmkP H2O, SO2
UTP.
h 8.6 q UT
(|UPmi
Au P)

T
PP
UTP
|UPmk CUP _ CUP
99

mk Pzv Pmh. UTP AvUP Pzv

Ph.
8.3 B \[Rmk v

a \{, C[S uSv zu B,

uSv Azx E iPUS \P [QhkQx. Cx
B \[Rmk vS.
UT J J EiUS
B = 1 kT. (K Gx m )

uhh

{ T- a \{ J A Kq
UT U Px. J UT. |UPmk
CUPzv |UPmk EiP US.
CUP PPi UT J \\ CUP
B

3
kT.
2

Aa_P UT J RMS v\Pzv TP

Cx , Cy, Cz G CUPmk. Cx J UT \\
B ukQx.
1
1
1
1
mC 2 =
mC x 2 +
mC y 2 +
mC z 2
2
2
2
2

1
1
1
3
mC x2 +
mC y 2 +
mC z 2 =
kT
2
2
2
2

UTP Pmkh v\P A[S[S C[Su

J EiUS E \\ CUP B J vU
Pskx.

1
1
1
mC x 2 = mC y 2 = mC z 2
2
2
2
1

2
2
2
Aux, 2 mC x = 2 mC y = 2 mC z = 2 kT

G
B

UT

1
kT BS.
2

100

EiUP

\\

8.4 a \{
\ C BzuP X YU Psk,
P UPk uSvU Px.
U PoP { x CUS , X
Y& vP Ahx C, uSvx a
\{ CuPU TkQx.
_ J UPmh C uSvP A, B & U Px.
C UP Bz uP X Y, X1
Y1 BP CUPmk. Cx _ }UPk x uSvP v
x BzuP X1 Y1&z ua\P
. Cx uSvP Jh a \{
CuPU TkQx.

8.4.1 CUP _ v
uSvP A B G uzuP C G x
uSvh a \{ C C uSvP
Jh a \{ E. ( CUP
_vx C uSvP uzu J x uSvh
a \{ C A Jh a \{
CUS).
CUP u Cshx vP TmhuS
S PzvS L G CUP _
v Tmhx. { C P Bu
uS CUP _ v EuQx.

8.4.2 {
JUP a\{ E z uSvPU
Px. uSvP {P, UP V1, V2, V3 ...
Au Azu P1, P2, P3... C SUPkQ.
1 (P1,V1) = 2 (P2, V2) = 3 (P3, V3) G Gu.
C[S Gx P Va \u J \S. Ca \P mh
PoPQ Azu BQU Psk x
C Gsv Ax uSvP { J A
Ex.
101

C uSvP Jz uk Pnk x J
uSv Au AQ uSvh a \{ CUQu
Ax C Gu Ev\ J Smh s {
G UPkQx.

8.5 u Hzv
J u Hzv Gkx Au 1 kg
{ { 1K EzxuSz u
zv A G UPkQx. Cu AS J kg1K1.
J u Hzv
J u Hzv Gkx, J
A J { 1K {
EzxuSz u B A G UP
kQx. Cu AS J mol1K1.
J u Hzv v AuS B
AUPk uzu zx US + US Ch Ex.
J { 'm' GP. Au u Hz v 'C' GP.
Q G B EmPk x, { E T
G

Q = m C T Aux, C =

Q
m T

| (i) J Au `x vUPsn J
[Phzu xP AUPmk vj AUPk x Ax
kzuku x AUPhu x
Au { EQx.
Aux, Q = 0
C =0
| (ii) xP h AvUPk x
{ x CUP AuS x Q G A
B AUPkQx.
C =

Q
Q
=
= +
m T
0

102

( B
|US Qx)

AUPku

| (iii) xP AUPkx u
Q { CUS P U PhzukQx.
Q
Q
== -
m T
0
( uSv AUPku Q GvUSS)

G C =

C {P Pmkkzu CUS x J
, u Hzv v + u kQx.
G J u HzvU PsuS
Auh Azu Ax P UPh six.
Cu P J C u HzvPP Pskx.
A 1. u Hzv 2. Azu u
Hzv.

J u Hzv
x CUS x J A
{ 1K EzxuSz u B A
u Hzv (C v ) G
UPkQx.

J Azu u Hzv
Azu x CUS x J A
{ 1K EzxuSz u B A
Azu u Hzv (C p) Gk.
Kq, Dq q UP u Hzv
BP, Kq UP E iP
. J EiUP UT J CUP B
1
2

kT

G | A. EiP Psh UT

JP CUP B

3
2

kT.

103

J A Kq zu CUP B
3
3
kT N =
RT
2
2

E =

Cv N Gx APm Gs BS.

dE
3
= R
dT
2

u J { dT A
EzxuSz u B A dE G
dE = 1 CV dT
CV =

dE
3
= R
dT
2

R = 8.31J mol1 K1 Gu CV =

3
8.31=12.465 J mol1K1
2

CP CV = R
CP = CV + R =

3
5
5
R + R =
R =
8.31
2
2
2

Cp = 20.775 J mol1 K1

i, BU, |m Dq UP J
UT Ix EiP x. G J Dq
P zu B
E = 5

Cv =

1
5
kT N =
RT
2
2

dE
d
5
5
=
( RT) =
R
dT
dT 2
2

5
8.31 = 20.775 J mol1 K1
2
B, Cp = Cv + R

Cv =

5
7
R + R =
R
2
2

7
8.31
2
= 29.085 J mol1 K1
Cu, q UPUS Cp Cv U PnUQh.

Cp =

104

AP B

J uSv AP B U Gx UT CUP
UT A AzuSv B BS.
UTP AP C-UP B- UK, UT CUPzu,
AP{ B UP UT A HkQx. CP,
U = UK + UP

Cx, uSv uhUP Cv {P mk zx

Axx. J | (ideal) S UTPUS
Ch \P _ G GkzxU PkQx. G, UT
Ch u kx \h.
Bu UP = O. G, J | AP B, AP CUP
B mk x. Cu AP CUP B
{ mk \x Ex.
J C (real) . UTPUS Ch \P
_ A. G UTPUS Ch u x
J Smh A \h six. C J
C AP B, Auh AP CUP B AP {
B C Tku BS. G Cx {
Au BQ Csh \xx.

8.6 CUP u v
C[PUTi.
E
h
J
zumh E E JU
Px. E _P [ Phzu
B. Au AiP
Phzx Bx (h 8.7).
E AiSv GPh (burner)
uh PsiUS. kzuk x
AuS PkUPk zu B
P kv. B J
Sv { Ezu kQx.
Aux AP B Ezu kQx.
u B h |UQ |Pzu
kQx. Aux \ kQx.
105

h 8.7
CUP
u v

S AUPk B Q G U1, U2
Au uhUP Cv B G, A \mh
W G Psh

Q = W + (U2 - U1)
Q = W + U
C[S U Gx A AP B k BS.
G, ASU PkUPmh B, A AP
B k A \mh C
TkuUS\ \ G CUP u v TQx. Cu
vx B A vUS Emmkx.
8.7 Cp , Cv- CS Ch uh ( uh)
E h Psh J E 1 JU
Px. E A GP. Azu, ,
u{ BQ P,V,T BP CUPmk (h 8.8).
S dQ G A B AUPkQx.
CUP h x J ] Gh
UPkQx. Azu { P + dP

dx
P+dP
V
T+dT

dQ

P
V
T

dQ

P
V+dV
T+dT

h 8.8 uh

T + dT US EQ. Cu B dQ AP
B dU A Ezu kzukQx. B Gu
\v (dW = 0).

dQ = dU = 1 Cv dT

... (1)

106

Cx h vx AvPi Gh }UPkQx.
Cx Ahmk Azu sh AzuzvS (P)
\S P h |UQ |PQx. hu
{ TUS SQx.
Cx { T + dT BP dQ G A
S AUPkQx. Cu B AP
B EzxuS mk, h |UQ |Pzuz
u dWI \ kQx.
dQ = dU + dW
u Azuzv hu
dQ = CpdT

CpdT = CvdT + dW

... (2)

\mh , dW = \ u
= P A dx
dW = PdV

CpdT = CvdT + PdV

... (3)

| P \k
PV = RT

C Pkzu
PdV = RdT

... (4)

\k (4)I (3) vh
CpdT = CvdT + RdT
Cp = Cv + R

Cp Cv = R
Czuh uh Gk.

8.8 _mkh (P-V h)

J mh X Aa], Azu mh Y
Aa] Pmk h _mk h Ax P-V h Gk.
107

_mkhzv i, uSv Emkzuk CUP

{P zx A.
x E h zumk ]sh J
E J A | JU Px.
uhUP { P1, V1, T G CUPmk. dV G UPiu ]
AS AvPUS x Azu P P
GkzxUPkQx G, \mh ]
A
dW = P dV

_mkhzv dW =
a1b1c1d1 BS. V1x V2US
h
x

\mh zu
V2

W =

PdV = _mk hzv

V1

ABCD&

h 8.9 _mk h

G J _mk hzv USU R E ,

\mh U SUQx (h 8.9).

8.8.1 \{ {P
{ J
Ax AUPzvS Emk {P
\{ {P Gk.
E h Psh J
E JU Px.
h
E
[Phzx
Q.
h
xP
R|UQ |Pzuk x, u
B EhiP `US
kQx.
G,
{
vUS. B Azu h 8.10 \{ {P
AvPzx S.
K \{ {PP \k, PV = .
108

{ CUS x P V CS
Ch h i \{
QhUQx. T1, T2 T3 G {PUP
\{ P h 8.10 Pmhmk. C
E{P Bzvx (O) Qa \Q.
\{ zv u Hzv v
DS.
Aux, C =

Q
= ( T = 0 )
m T

GkzxUPmk : ES{
Pv{ } Bu.

UPmi

ESu

8.8.2 \{ \mh
E h Psh J E 1 |
U Px. E _P, h [Phzx
B. uhUP Azu,
{P P1, V1 T GP. { (T)
V2US hmk. Ax Au Azu P2US
SQx. h GUPnzv Azu P GP. A Gx
h SUS G \ F = P A.
h Pa] A Cha] dx x
Azu P P Ex GU Px.
\mh dW = F dx = PA dx = P dV
uhUP V1x Cv V2 S
h x, \mh
V2

W =

P dV

V1

PV = RT, P =
V2

W=

V1

RT
V

RT
dV = RT
V
109

V2

V1 dV

V1

2
W = RT [ log e V ]V
V

= RT log e V 2 - log e V1
= RT loge V2
V1
W = 2.3026 RT log10

V2
V1

Cx \ { {P x \mh UP
\k BS.

8.8.3 h {P (Adiabatic Process)

QUP 'AiiU' G \ "Gx
Phv' GuS.

J A {P Azu, , {
BQ x AUS E Ax Ax
\v G, A{P h
{P Gk. C h {P x A
zu Ex.
h J zumh x [Phzu E
E JU Px. hU R|UQ |Pzv,
vj AUPk x, uQx. G
{ AvPUQx. u C{P h
AUP GkQx.
h |UQ |Pzv vj ha
\ x, h CUSuSz u B, AP
Bx GkzxU Pku { SQx.
Cu {U S, `x GkzxU Pmk Dk
\kv. C{P h S.
AUP x zvS |
Cu P, vj {PPP Czu sk. G J
h {P x { k Gx
HkQx.

110

} Cvzv E E } , EG
Cvzv kzumh UP , J vsi Ax
Ex si \UPzv C S izu,
J AP u h {PUS GkzxU
PmkPS.
J Azu P V, CQh
h uh
PV = k J -

Cv =

... (1)

Azu u H zv
- u H zv

izu \mix
PV = RT
P =

RT
V

... (2)

P v \k 1 vh
RT
V =
V

T.V1 =

J h {P Q =

Q = 0
u Hzv C =

Q
m T

C=0
8.8.4 h x \mh
x Phzu _PU Psh J E
UPmk J A | JU Px.
E x E Phzu h J
zumkx.
uhUP Azu, { BQ
P1, V1, T1 BP CUPmk. h SUS A
G h x \kzx \
111

F = P A. Cv P Gx h x Gu J
Pnzv Au Azu BS.

h Pa] Cha] dx x
Azu J G GkzxU PkQx.
\mh dW = F dx = P A dx
dW = P dV

h
h x \mh

V1x

V2US

V2

zu = W =

P dV

V1

h {PS PV = (k)
Cv =

CP
CV
V2

W =

V2

V 1

1 V

k.V dV = k

V1

W =

k
V21 - - V11-
1-

W =

1
kV21- - kV11-
1-

P =
V

B P2V2 = P1V1 = k

... (1)
... (2)

kC v (1) vh
1

1-
1-
W = 1 [P2V2 . V2
P1 V1 V1 ]
1
W =
[P2 V2 P1V1]
1

... (3)

h x, Cv { T2 G
P1V1 = RT1, P2V2 = RT2

112

CP (3) vh
1
W =
[RT2 RT1]
1-
R
W =
[T2 T1]
1-

... (4)

Cx h {P x \k UP
\k BS.

8.9 \ P, a \ P
8.9.1 \ (Reversible Process)
(i)

CUP {P J \mi
{P Gvzv\ v \ mPh C x
(ii) \mi J Sv x P, Ax
P mh B, Cv\P \ vU
PsiUS x Au CUP {P J \
GU TkQx. \ J { x
E, m] s, uh, Q \ B
C Hkv. [Phzu, a\
Pva_ `USz uk B CP
_S.

\ UP {u
(i) {P P xP |h sk
(ii)

uSv, a \{ Czu sk Ax
uSv ` J { Czu sk.

GkzxUPmkP
(i) J \{ AUPkuPU P.
G `US PhzukQx. Au A ] \
AP h x, { SQx. B
Ax `x zu , {
zxU PQx.
(ii) AP uh Cv, S J \
P PukQx.

113

8.9.2 a \ (Irreversible Process)

a \ Gx Gvz v\ mPh iu J
{P BS.
GkzxUPmkP : UP v[P u, P
mh {Pu E B C
. xP a \P P P {Pu
{P h Cx. v
P a\ PS.

8.10 CUP Csh v

CUP u vx
CQh E \ { GkzxUQx.
CUP uvi HkzuUTi {PP Es
|h C Ax C G A UP
Csh v EuQx. Cu CUP Cshx v
B mi A v\ U TQx.
Cu v ]PU Pn P A
AbP P Cu vU T.
(i) P T

P CUP Cshx v,

Cvzv CUSzv Ah Azv Aih

Aux.

J , Au `h PU Su {U
Pmi SP E {USU Su Au
uhx Cx.
(ii) Q] T

Eu u C[S Cvzv Su
{ J x AvP {
US zu Cx.
(iii) P & [U T

zv zvx AuSa \
a \ J _ C[S Cvzv AUP
Cx.
114

8.11 Pm Cv
Cv Gx B Cv BP
J P BS.
1824-B Bsi Pm Cv JP J
Cm] {Pa _ J Azu. Cu Cm] {Pa _
AhuS
k
Cv J Cm]
-[
- P
- -h z
- u E-
Cv Ax
Pm Cv
\-
- k
- --
G AUPkQx.
J
Pm
Cvzv Cu
EUP h 8.11-
Pmhmk.

T1

(i)

-[
- P
- -h z
- u H-
h
T2

h 8.11 Pm Cv

Cx { T1& UPmk J kzumh

. Cx Ah iu AS Su A Hz
v x. Cvx Gu AS GkUPmh
{ (T1) CUS.
(ii) H

Cx J u Su { T2- UPmk J
Sa] S. Cx Ahiu AS Su A
Hzv u CuS Gu AS
AUPmh Cuh { AvPUPx.
(iii) E

E,
Phzu

_P
Phzx
AiPzu Pskx. | J \k Pa
\kQx. x Phzu , E h J
Eh zumkx.
(iv) [Phzu h

[Phzu h h \kP Hkzx

P AUPmkx.
115

\k u
Pm
Pskx.

Cv

|S

\mk

{PU

1. \{ 2. h 3. \{
AUP 4. h AUP

\{

E UPmk
1 A |
JU
Px.
Auh
uhUP , uhUP Azu
V1, P1BP CUPmk.
PV

uhUP
{
hzv A G
T1
SUPkQx.
E,
{ zv O
x UPkQx.

A (V1,P1)
B (V2,P2)
D (V4,P4)
C (V3,P3)

E F

G H

h 8.12 Pm _

h P, h xP C[S
AvUPkQx.
zvx

kQx.
C{P { T1 \{ {PP Ex. Cv
V1 x V2US Qx. Azu P1 x P2US
Qx. _mkhzv C{P ABB SUPkQx (h 8.12).
C{P x zvx EmPk B Q1
W1 Gx, \mh BS.
V2

Q1 = W1 =

P dV = RT

V1

V
loge 2 = - ABGEA
V1

...(1)

h
E zvx GkUPmk [Phzu h x
UPkQx. V2 x V3US P,
Azu P2x P3US P h
CUPkQx. Cu h BCB SUPkQx. ,
Azx UP[P [ Phzu `mku,
`x zu ix. { T1x
116

T2USU SQx. h hx

\mh ,
V3

W2 =

PdV

V2

R
(T T2 ) = BCHGB
1 1

...(2)

\{ AUP
Cx E T2 { H x
UPkQx. { vUS x h
xPU R|UQ |PzukQx. Cx CD B SUPkQx.
D Azu V4, P4 G CUPmk. E
AiP Phzx Bu, AUPzv x EshUPmh
, HUSU PhzukQx. G {
T2 x Ex. HUS AUPmh B Q2 BP
CUPmk. \ { AUSx x
\mh W3 GP.
V4

Q2 = W3 =

V3

V
dV = RT2 log e 4
V3
= - CDFHC

...(3)

GvUSx \k x \kuU
PmkQx.

V3

V4

Q2 = RT2 loge

h AUP
Cx E [Phzu h x UPkQx. h
R|UQ |Pzuku, h
AUPmk, uhUP V1 uhUP Azu P1 &I
AhQx.
Azx UP[P [Phzu
`miu

EshS
,
Auh
{ T1US EzxQx. Cu k J h
k BS. Cu k DA SUPkQx. { D
117

(V4, P4)x uhUP { A (V1, P1)US Gkzxa \ Au

h AUSu Au x \mh
W4 GP.
V1

W4=

P dV =

V4

R
(T T1 )
1 2

GvUSx, \k x \kuU
PmkQx.
W4 =

R
(T - T ) = - DAEFD
-1 1 2

...(4)

Cvzv \k J _P
J CUPa _, \mh
zu = (W1 + W2)
J CUPa _ x \mh
zu = (W3 + W4)
J CUPa _ \mh
{P W = W1 + W2 (W3 + W4)
B,

W2 = W4

W = W1 W3
W = Q1 Q2

, W = ABGEA + BCHGB - CDFHC -

DAEFD
W = ABCDA

G, Pm Cvzv, J _ x
\mh {P, _U SUS Pso S
Gsn \.

Pm Cvzv CUSzv
=

Q1 - Q 2
P
- mh
-
=

- - zv-x HP
- mh
-
Q1

118

Q2

= 1 Q
1

Q
W
B, 1 = 1 =
Q2 W3

RT1 log 2 T1 lo g V 2
V
V 1
1

V3 T lo g V 3
RT2 log
2

V 4

V
4

...(5)

B C G P J h Pk
BC u Au
T1V2-1 = T2V3-1 ( TV

= -) C[S, = C
v

- 1

T1 V3 1
=
T2 V2 1

...(6)

D A G P J h Pk
DA& x Au

T1V1 - 1 = T2V4 - 1
T1 V4 1
=
T2 V1 1

...(7)

V3 1 V 4 1
(6) (7)x, V 1 = V 1
2
1
V3 V4
V 2 V3
=
Ax V = V
V2 V1
1
4

...(8)

\k (8)Ia \k (5) vh
Q1 T1
=
Q2 T2

Aux,

V
log 3
V4
V
log 3
V4

Q2
T
= 2
Q1
T1

119


Ax,

=1

Q2
T
=1 2
Q1
T1

T1 T 2
T1

(9)

iP
Pm _ CUSzv \k a \ux A.
B , H CP {Pa
\xx.
T1 = Ax T2 = 0 K G, Pm _ CUSzv 100%
G CUS. zv { DP Ax
H { 0 K BP BUP ix Gu J
_ C[S Pm Cv 100% CUSzv
ix.

8.12 Su (Refrigerator)
Su
- H- T2
Gx
Sa]
Hkzx J \u
BS. J Cm]
Su Gx
A-z-u-U-P--
v\
\k
\-
- k -
J Pm
Cv BS. G
Cx
J

- T1
--s-h-
C
(heat
pump)
G
h 8.13 Su
AUPkQx.
Su J \k x, J mh
A Su { Hx J
Smh A zu EmPx, E {
zvS AvP A zuz uQx (h 8.13).
J Su E L B (hS
h uCCl2F2) J \k P \Qx.
Su UPk P, T2 G Su {
120

E HP \kQ. mh CUPk J
AzuUP J Smh A W, \k
x \kQx. G, Ax Hx Q2 A
B EmPx zvS (shzvS) Q1 A
B AUQx.
Cx J _ {P Gu \k AP B
k _S. Aux dU = 0
CUP uvi dQ = dU + dW
B,

dQ = Q2 - Q1; dW = -W dU = 0

dQ = Q2 - Q1 = - W

WC GvUSx A x \kuU

SUQx.
Aux, W = Q1 - Q2

\v Gs (Coefficient of performance)
Su EUS Px J _
}UPmh A Q2 US, Cu zu , Aa_
\UPk B WUS E uP \v Gs (COP) G
UPkQx.
Aux, \v Gs =

Q2
Q2
=
Q
W
1 Q 2

T2

Aux, COP = T T
1
2

... (1)

Cvzv CUSzv
T2

=1 T ;
1
1-

1-

T2
T1

1 =

T2
T1

T1

T T
1
2

T2

= T T
1
2

... (2)

121

\kP (1) (2)x

\v Gs (COP) =

1-

...(3)

iP
(i) \k (1)x, T1 - T2 v ]uSx COP

v AvPQx. Aux shzvS Sa \ si

PUS Ch E { k ]uSx
COP AvPQx.
(ii) Su C[Sx, UPmi ESu T2 Sx

Psh Qx. T1 HUS {P Ex. G COP

SQx. Su }UP (defrost) \kx T2
AvPQx.
G, Su \v AvPUP }UP \u Pz
ux BS.

8.13 u
x Khzvx ChzvS PP
Qx. A UPhzu (conduction), a\ (convection)
UPv\ (radiation) BS.

8.13.1 U Phzu
vh P UPhzu mk
Qx, vh J kzukx,
A AqUP UTP AvP Qa]US Emmk
AvP a_h Avz x[S. Cu k AQ
UTPUSU Phzuk.

kP
(i) Cmha _Ph GQUP kP UPmiU
Psk AUPmk. mi Em x, UP
Su a `US ku Cmha _PUQh
AhmhU P ukUQx.
(ii) SP[P P A CUPP AiUPi zx

hUSu A CUPPUS EhUS Ch Ahmk

122

P, P Eh Cx Hk C Su `US
kuz ukUQx.
(iii)
UPmiP
\USP
Ax
zyP
zvu, zyP Ch AhkQ P, `x
UPmiUS kuz ukUQx. G UPmi
ESv.

U Phzx Gs (Coefficient of thermal conductivity)

^ SUS A Psh EPz usi J
kzukuPU Px. ]x | Pzxz usi
J Sv u { . B usi
SvP { . Cx
{ { (Steady state) BS. C{ EmPu
|hv.
x u E C SvPUS Ch {
k T GP. Q A t Pzv PhzukQx
G, Phzx u (

Q
)
t

(i) usi SUS S (A) |zuP

(ii) C SvP { miS (T) |zuP
(iii) C SvPUS Ch E uS (x) GvzuP

A.
T PoPU Psk
Q
T
A
t
x
Q
T
= KA
t
x

Cv K Gx , Cu EPzv U Phzx Gs
G.
T
x

Gx { mh Ax {a \

(Temperature gradient) Gk.

123

A = 1 m2,

T
= KS { mh G,
x

Q
Q
= K 1 1 AxK =
t
t
J vs U Phzx Gs Gx Au KSU
SUS KS { mhzvP
Phzuk uzvS \S. Cu AS W m-1 K-1

8.13.2 a\ (Convection)
zv E xPP, CUPzv P ,
Khzvx ChzvS k {P, a \
Gk.
zu kzxx, Ahu Sv
hu S Ahzv Qx. ASv
Gx Ahzu Su SvP {Q. sk
Su SvP ku A . Ahzu
Su SvP sk {. C{P uhx |h.
CP |h , UTP CUP
B Phzu |h U Phzu x mhuS.

kP
kP UP uS kP
mkuS, Sha \uUS a \ UQ
[Q BQx.

8.13.3 Pva_ (Radiation)

FhPzv Eu k {P
U Pv\ GQ.
U Pva_
J x, Au { PnP Pva_
B kx U Pva_ Gk. UPv a_
a \xx.
(1) {, (2) Pv_ u
124

U Pva] A} 8 10-7 m u 4 10-4 m

BS. A Pu AP { APa] Sv
Axx.

U Pva] sP
(1) UPva_ h P .
(2) A |UPmi J v\Pzv \Q.
(3) A Gv P Aha \. A
SURmk {PP kzxQ.
(4) A
kv.

\x

SUQk

FhP

kzu

(5) A GvzuP Ci vUS EmkQ.

EmPv Pva_z v
EmPv (Absorptive power)
Smh A}zu { Psh J
EmPv Gx KS Pzv KS
EmPk U Pva_ BUS, KSU Pzv, KS
Q zu BUS E uP BS. Cx a G
SUPkQx.

Pva_z v (Emissive power)

Smh {, Smh A}U Pva]S
Pva_zv Gx KS Pzv KS x
hk BS. Cx e GU SUPk. Cu AS
Wm2.
8.14 UP (Perfect black body)
UP, Aux Q Azx A}[P
Eh U Pva] P EmPQx.
`hkx
Azx
A}[P
kQx.
UP Gu UPva] Gvx Ax
Phzxx C Gu UP EmPv v J
BS.
125

8.14.1 L P (Fery's black body)

L P K Cmha
_
Eh
P
BS.
CUPzv J zv O G J ]
v, AuS |Gv T i
P
}mi P Ex (h 8.14). Au
O
Em PUP PUP
mkx. Pzv v "O" P
~
Pva_UP
Pzv
Em_P GvUPmk,
h 8.14 L
J Gv _ 97%
P
Pva\x PUP EmPkQx.
G, GvS S Pva_ HUS x
EmPkQx. T i }mi v "O" |i
GvPz uUP kQ. P {
{ E `hmh } UPkx, Pva_
x Qx. Czx "O" Bx P
EPa \kQx.

8.14.2 UPP (Prevost's theory of

heat exchanges)

a \{ G Pzv U Pva]S
G kzv. A Pzvi J UPv_
u Ax EmP u Au u, Au {,
` { zx A. J
{ AvPUSx Au hk zuU Pva_
B AvPUQx. E { x, `x
B h AvP A B
kQx. Cu PnP EPUS {S x,
J u zu EnQ.
Au S { x, `US
CUS BU Pmi `x AvP
B Qx. Cu u UPmi zv {P
Sa] EnQ.
C { AvP Ax Su Gx U
Pv\ zu HkQx. {, `
126

{USa \P CUSx {hx,

C{ hk B, Ax EmPQ
BUSa \S.
J ua_ { (0 K Ax 273o C) mk
Pva_ B Eu {zx. Cu { UT
CUP B _S.
G, PPi, ua_ {h
AvP { E Azx P Azx
{P A ` u GP C U
Pva\ E.

8.14.3 Qa\L v (Kirchoff's law)

Cvi, J Smh A}zv Smh
{ Pva_ vUS EmP vUS E uP
Azx
PUS S. Cu x, Au
{ E Au A}zvP UP
J U Pv a_z vUSa \S. G, PkUPmh
{ A}zvP Pva_z v e G,
Au { Au A}zvP EmP
v a G, Au { Au A}zvP UP
Pva_z v E G Pv, Qa\L vi
e
= = E
a

Psh uhx a v AvPP C e

AvPP CUS Gz uQx. Aux J x Smh
A}[ Psh Pva\ P AvP A EmPu Ax Au
A}[ Psh Pva\ P AvP A kQx. ]u
EmP P, ]u Pva_ EPP E.

Qa\L v kP
(i) u Sk a_ \mh

_P Cu Ax EmPu Ev PU Su
v . G AUSk UPmi EhiP
ESv. Av `h v[P Sv.
127

(ii) \i Bx kzumh C

g\ { P kQ. A \izv D1 D2
P Gk. uh{z u P UQx
Su { \i B
\zumh uh{ C A}[P D1 D2
EmPmk P PPz u. C{P Qa\L vi
|hQx.

8.14.4 Cha] v (Wien's Displacement law)

Cha] vi, { (T)
AvPUSx, BUS A}x (m) SQx.
m T = b
C[S "b" Gx S. Cu v 2.898 10-3 m K

8.14.5 jL v (Stefan's law)

jL vi UP J KS
J |i hk zu B Au
P { |iUS |zuP Ex.
Aux E T4 Ax E = T4
Cv
5.67

10-8

Gx
m-2

jL

S.

Cu

K-4.

Cx jL m v G AUPk. H
jL vUP Pzv UPzu m G
Azx.

8.14.6 {mh S v (Newton's law of cooling)

{mh S vi E { J
zu CUS u, AUS _a `US
Ch { miS |zuP CUS.
Cvx ] { miS mk x.
Pva_ Hk C, u
A \x Ex.

128

{mh S va \US B :

P
{
\mh 'm' { J PU
PU Px. Ax 'm1'
{
`h}
{kQx. {h
P
u[Qx
u[PhkQx (h 8.15).
P Av
`h
}
B
Pva_
CUS. J {zx PiP
Psk J 30 |iUS
{ 20oC S
AkP SUPmk, Amhn
kzukQ.
P

}
h 8.15 {mh Sv
T1x
T2&S
{
t |iP Su, Pva] Cu B
Q = (ms + m1s1) (T1 T2). C[S P } u
HzvP s s1 GP.
S u =

Cu - B
GkzxU P
- P

Q
(ms + m1 s1 )(T1 - T2 )
=
t
t

A{ To G P \\ {US
_ `US Ch \\ { Svk
T1 + T 2

- T o BS.

{mh S vi,

Q T1 + T 2
- To

129

Amhn 8.1 {mh S v

{ J 4o
a_
{U
SP
P t

T1 + T2

- To t

\\
{
Svk
T1 + T2

- To

T1 + T 2

(ms + m 1 s1 )(T1 - T 2 )
- To

2

(m s + m 1 s 1 )(T1 T + T2
t 1
- T0
2

T2 )
= -

J 4oC {
SP P SUPkQx.
Amhn CvU Pmhzv
E
J
vU
dT
Psk.
Cx
{mh
S v {UQx.
Pzu
X
Aa]
{ Y Aa] Psk
J
S
Pk
kQx h (8.16).

A
T

C
B

t
dt

h 8.16 S UPk

S Pmix, T { S u
dT
AB
=
dt
BC

BS. S u

dT
dt

Gx (T - To)&US |zuP

Ex. CP {mh S v \UPkQx.

130

8.15 ` (Solar constant)

` Gx sh Cu x x
`U Pva] v\US |USzuP UPmk UP
J J |i KS k Pva_ B
AS.
Cx S G SUPkQx. Cu v 1.388 103 W m-2.
` { `U Psk PnURk
\.

` {
` 'r' B { T Psh J
UP GU PxP.
jL vi, ` KS x, J |i
hk B. T 4USa \S. Gx jL
S. ` J |i Pva_ hk
zu B
E = ` A T 4
E = 4r2 T 4

...(1)

` PU Psh
R

PU
P
JU
Px. `US US
`
Ch E u R GP
(h 8.17). `x h 8.17 ` {
B, CuU Pzv
Phx \ siUQx.
S Gx ` G, KS Pzv CUPzv x
B
E = 4R2S

...(2)

i, \k (1) (2) \S.

4r2T 4. = 4R2S
T4 =

R 2S
r 2
131

R 2S 4
R 2 S 4
T = 2 ; T =
r
r
uu vP R, r, S `
{U PnUQh.

8.15.1 B[m mh (Angstrom Pyrheliometer)

mh G P U Pva_ A
` Avh.
mh G P G x P
B[m G izu.
B[m mh A Psh J
v EP mhP S1 S2 E.
mh J \v S1 Eh \v S2 Eh
CnUPkQx. ~sqn UP J Pmh
mhh CnUPmkx.

M
S2

S1

V
K

Bt
Rh
h 8.18 B[m mh

h 8.18& Pmii EPmh J _h

CnUPmkx. EPmhP x ` J hu i
UPmk x P mh UP Hx. H
C mhP J { E. Cx S1 x `J
k S2 x `J hu M G i zx
UPkQx. `x UPvP S1 x ku
132

Au { Ex P mh UP PmhkQx.
Cx S2 mhzua \zv Au va \\u
P mh _UP Pmk \kQx. Cx
S1 S2mhP sk J { E.
KS KS Pzv S1 mh x Q U
Pva] A Q G Au EmP Gs a G Psh,
KSU Pzv S1 B EmPmh U Pva] A QAa
BS.
KSU Pzv S2 C E zv A V I G.
Cv V Gx zu k I Gx
mhzv AS.
EmPmh = uUPmh
QAa = VI
Q =

VI
Aa

V, I, A a C vP Au Q vU

PnUQh.

133

wUPmh PnUSP
8.1

J Cia \\ Ciz v\P (RMS

v\P) Gu { izu { Azuzv
(NTP) Ex h[PS?

w : NTP C,, To = 273 K

RMS v\P C =

3RTo
; C =
M

3R 273
M

... (1)

{ TC, RMS v\P h[PS G

3C =

3RT
M

... (2)

\k (2)I (1)B SUP

3C
=
C

3RT
M
3R 273
M

T = 273 9

8.2

(Ax) 3 =
(Ax)

T
273

T = 2457 K

NTPC (C { Azu) 15 cm3& E |m

E iP GsoUPU PnUQkP.

w : NTP C
22400 cm3 A
UTP GsoUP
6.02 1023 G 15 cm3 P
A |m E UTP GsoUP
n =

15
6.023 1023 = 4.033 1020
22400

Dq UT 273 K { EiP
GsoUP f = 5
15 cm3 E zu EiP = nf

EiP zu GsoUP
= 4.033 1020 5 = 2.016 1021

134

8.3

T { 2 BU 4 BP UP

\u
PP

Ex.
AvUP
{
UPozxmh z uS B 11 RT GU PmkP.
(R& x )

w : BU 5 EiP Psh Dq UT
Gu
2

BU
E
UTP
EiP = f1 = 2 N 5 = 10 N
BP Kq UT Gu 4 BP E
UTP EiP = f2 = 4 N 3 = 12 N
U P zu EiP = f = f1 + f2 = 22 N
B \[Rmk vi, J Eih \u
B A =

1
kT
2

uS zu B =
8.4

1
kT 22 N = 11 RT
2

A B G uh Cn \k Pm
Cv[P. 600K { zvx
Cv A, zu , T { E
HUS AUQx. A Azu zu Cshx Cv B
UPsk, Ax 150 K { E HUS
(i) C Cv[P
zu AUQx.
k \P E x
(ii) C Cv[P

CUSv
PnUQkP.

\P

{U

w : (i) k \P E x u
CvzvS (A), W1 = Q1 Q2
Cshx CvzvS (B)

W2 = Q2 Q3

W1 = W2 (PkUPmkx)

Q1 Q2 = Q2 Q3
C Q2B SUP

Q1
1 = 1
Q2

135

Q3
Q2

Q1
600
=
Q2
T

Q2

Q3

Q1 T1
=

Q2 T2

T
150

600
150
-1 = 1 T
T

600 T T 150
=
T
T

T = 375 K

(ii) C Cv[P CUSvP \P E x

1 = 1 -

Q1

Q3

2 = 1 - Q
2

1 = 2 BP Cu,
1 -

1 -

Q2
Q1

= 1 -

T
150
= 1 600
T

600 T
600

T 150
T

T
150
=
600
T

T 2 = 600 150

T = 300 K
8.5

50% CUSv Psh Pm Cvzv H 7o C

{ Ex. CUSv 70% BP uS
zv { Gu {US Ezuh sk?
uP : 1 = 50 % = 0.5 ; T2 = 7 + 273 = 280K ; 2 = 70% = 0.7

136

w : 1 = 1 -

T2
T1

280
T1 ;

; 0.5 = 1 -

T1 = 560 K

E { zv { T1 GP.

2 = 1

T2
280
; 0.7 = 1 ; T1 = 933.3 K
T1
T1

Ezuh si {
933.3 K 560 K = 373.3 K

8.6

J Pm Cv 177o C 77o C {PUS

Ch \Qx. J _ Cvx
4200 J B zvx J
_ HUS AUPk zvU PsP.
Cvzv CUSv Ax \u AU
PnUQkP.

uP : T1 = 177o C = 177 + 273 = 450 K

T2 = 77o C = 77 + 273 = 350 K
Q1 = 4200 J Q2 = ?

w :

Q2
Q1

T2
T1

Q2 = Q1

T2

= 4200

T1
Q2 = 3266.67 J

CUSv = 1

=1-

350
450

T2
T1

350
= 0.2222 = 22.22%
450

\mh
W = Q1 - Q2 = 4200 - 3266.67
W = 933.33 J

8.7

J Pm Cv (i) 100 K 500 K (ii) T K 900 K

{PUS Ch \kx \ A CUS
vPU Pskx G T C vU PnUQkP.
137

w : (i) T1 = 500 K; T2 = 100 K

=1

T2
T1

= 1

100
= 1 0.2 = 0.8
500

(ii) T1 = 900 K; T2 = T = 0.8

=1
0.8 = 1

T2
T1

T
T
Ax
= 1 0.8 = 0.2
900
900

T = 180 K
8.8

277K C E Su (Refrigerator) Em x
300 K { E AUS kQx. ^

\UPk J US AUS
AUPmh B A P PnUQkP.

uP : T1 = 300 K ; T2 = 277 K
w : Su \v Gs
COP =

T2
T1 T2

277
= 12.04
300 277

...(1)

kzumh J US
Q2 A
Su Emzvx kQx GP.
J US, AUS AUPk zv
A,
Q1 = Q2 + W = Q2 + 1

(W

= Q1 Q 2 )

Q1 Q2 = 1
Su \v Gs =

Q2
= Q2
Q1 Q2

\k (1) (2)x
Aux Q2 = 12.04

Q1 = Q2 + 1 = 12.04 + 1 = 13.04 J

138

...(2)

8.9

\ } \{ mh Psh
Q A B G C uskP E.
J P { T1 T2. A B
\P CuP {uU PsP.

w : l } A B uskP PUQh E
{ k (T1 - T2)USa \P Ex GP.
C uskP Phzx u \P C
K1 A1 (T1 T2 ) K 2 A2 (T1 T2 )
=
l
l

K1 A1 = K2 A2 Ax

A1 K 2
=
A2 K1

Aux, \ A PhzxuzvS C uskP

SUS Auu U Phzx GsqUS GvzuP
A.
8.10 J Pa \x EP 60o C-x 52o CBP SuS
5 {h BQx. ` { 32o CBP C
A { 44o C BP SuS G P
GkzxU P?

w : 60o C x 52o C BP SuS

S u =
=

60 52
=1.6o C/{hzvS
5

1.6o C
/ |iUS
60

S x \\ { =

60+52
= 56o C
2

\\ { Sv = 56 32 = 24o C
{mh S vi, S u { Sv
S u = k ({ Sv)
1.6
= k 24
60

...(1)

139

EPU P\x 52o Cx 44o CBPU SuS BS

P t |iP GP.

S u =

52 44 8
=
t
t

S Ahx \\ { =

52 + 44
= 48o C
2

\\ { Sv = 48 32 = 16o C
{mh S vi,
S u = k ({ Sv)
8
= k 16
t
\k (1)I (2)B SUP
1.6
24
t

=
60
16
8

= 450 s.

140

...(2)

u vk
(Cuz uvmk Sv PkUPmk UP
PnUSP vP. C, h x Gu
Ax PnUQ iUP. n, n
uvmk Svx mk, h x
iUPhUTi UPUS PnUSPUS hUP Bzu
\x P sk.)

8.1

APm Gs Gx Gu Au
UTP GsoUPS?
(a) NTP E 1 mh
(b) J
(c) J Q
(d) J QQ

8.2

8.3

8.4

8.5

CUP uv Gu A EshS
BS.
(a) Eu

(b) mh

(c) {

(d) B

Smh { i BU C
RMS v\P[P uP
1
4

(a) 4

(b)

(c) 16

(d) 8

h {Px, J uSv hu
s
(a) {

(b)

(c) Azu

(d)

Qhzu |P G JP zu EiP
(a) 1

(b) 2

(c) 3

(d) 6

141

8.6

8.7

J A UTPUP |UPmk
CUP B
(a)

3
RT
2

(b)

2
kT
3

(c)

1
RT
2

(d)

3
kT
2

C J AP B Cx
(a) Sv CUP BP Sv {P
(b) x {P
(c) x CUP BP
(d) C u HzvP uPa \x

8.8

8.9

8.10

J C[S Su J i A UPmkx.
A {
(a) E

(b) S

(c) x

(d) A a \vUS

J UP x } {mk A
UPmkx. 80oC x75oC US t1 {h[P,
75oC x70oC US t2 {h[P, 70oC x 65oCUS
t3 {h[P Shu
(a) t1 = t2 = t3

(b) t1 < t2 = t3

(c) t1 < t2 < t3

(d) t1 > t2 > t3

RUPsh Gx AvP A zuU Pv_

(a) s
(b) \\ s
(c) P
(d) \\ P

142

8.11

C { UPmi J A UP
mi Ax
(a) Pv \x
(b) SP Pv_Qx. B AvPP EmPQx
(c) EmPuh AvPP Pv_
(d) EmP A Pv_

8.12

UP CUP PP GkPP ?

8.13

UT \\ CUP BUP uh P.

8.14

C UP J { C A
UTP J RMS P[P US?

8.15

AP B . J _ {P Au v
x?

8.16

EiP G ?

8.17

B [Rmk vU TP. A { Dq
JS, Au C u Hz vP uP 7/5 G
{P.

8.18

\{
kzxP.

8.19

\{ {P & uP. C{P \k

UP uh P.

8.20

J C u HzvP, v vs
J u Hz v Psk. H?

8.21

h {P J _ \k UP
uh P.

8.22

Azuzv u Hz v .

8.23

uh P.

8.24

_mkhzv uP.

8.25

\ a
GkzxUPmkPh kzxP.

{P,

143

{P

CP

8.26

zu AUP { AvPUP
C? USP.

8.27

Tmh J S| Kmi Au \UPzv

Pzu ]x AvPuSU Pn G?

8.28

CUP Cshx v CUP u

vx Gu kQx?

8.29

Q] TU TP.

8.30

Pm
Cvzv
\k
CUSvP uh P.

8.31

CUS (Heat Pump) GkzxUPmkz uP.

8.32

PP A mk Cvzv CUSv 100%

CUP C. USP.

8.33

\v Gs (Coefficient of performance) Gx x?
CuS CUSz vUS E uh P.

8.34

kP \[P (Ventillators) Au |UP x?

8.35

: { mh.

8.36

[Phzx {P { { Gu .

8.37

UPhzx Gs GUPoP zxx?

8.38

Qa\L v kP ?

8.39

: EmPv.

8.40

j vU TP.

8.41

UP L Pzu USP.

8.42

Cha] vU TP.

8.43

{mh S
B USP.

8.44

] {U Psniz xshx kzumk

GkUPmh a\ {zxh Jx H?

8.45

: `.

8.46

U Pva_
USP.

vU

TP.

Cv

(Pyrheliometer)

144

Au

\US

\k

uzu

PnUSP :
8.47

320 K { Dq UT J

|UPmk CUPzvP CUP BU PnUQkP.

8.48

NTPC i UTP RMS v\PzuU PnUQkP.

(NTP-C J i 22.4 mh U Pshx)

8.49

NTPC vz xPP RMS P 2.2 10-2 m s1 G

vz xPP \\ {U PnUQkP.
8.50

J UT { 4 10-26 kg Au RMS v\P

400 m s1 G NTPC 10 10-6 m3 U Psh
E UTP GsoUP x?

8.51

NTP- J i UTUP |UPmk

CUPzv CUP BU PnUQkP (R = 8.31 J mol-1 K-1).

8.52

J C \{ Ch[PP h
\ U PnUQkP. uhUP { 0oC
(R = 8.31 J mol-1 K-1).

8.53

3 sh AzuzvS P AhUPmh h vj
iUQx. = 1.4. US P uhUP
{ 27o C G hu Au {
G S?

8.54

NTPC E Smh Psh Eu P

(i) \ { {P (ii) h {PP Au
h[PP hQx. J {P Cv
Azu, Cv {PU PnUQkP (P = 1.4).

8.55

J uhUPzv Cu vS vj
AUPkQx. uhUP { 300 K G {
AvPU PnUQkP ( = 1.5 GP).

8.56

J Ax
8.4 k J
zu EmPx 500 J
a \Qx. uSv AP B miU
PnUQkP.

8.57

J miz xsix k Bx \
k 4.2 105 J G Au kzx
145

60 kg { u G E H i GU

PnUQkP (u Eh CUSv 28%)..

8.58

|h s v E Smh sx
k BUP A} 1.449 10-5cm G
s {U PnUQkP

8.59

Hmh PP {
1000 K G Gu uzv Au B Pv\kQx?
( = 5.67 10-8 W m-2 K-4).

8.60

Ak J Sv Gvv UP[P 100o C

{ mi E. Sv 300 cm2
Au ui 0.2 cm G J {hzv Au
P zv A x? (K = 0.2 W m-1 K-1)

8.61

` { 27oC. 227oC { Phmh

EPU PPzv C uzvS, 127oCC Au
PPzv C uzvS E uPU PnUQkP.

8.62

C P KS x hk Pva_
BP uP 16:1. Cv AvP h
{ 1000 K G u {U PnUQkP.
S : E (T4 T04)

8.63

` {U PnUQkP. (m = 4753 ).

8.64

60o C x50o C BP SuS kzumh vs

GkzxU P P 10 {h[P, A { 20o C

G 40o CUS A SuS BS Tku PzvU
PnUQkP.
8.65

J kzumk Sha \kQx.

Au { 70oC BP CUSx S u
{hzvS 3oC G Au { 60oC BP CUSx
G C `
S u {hzvS 2.5oC
{U PnUQkP.

146

h-P-
8.1

(b)

8.2

(d)

8.3

(a)

8.4

(d)

8.5

(b)

8.6

(a)

8.7

(c)

8.8

(a)

8.9

(c)

8.10 (d )

8.11 (b)

8.47

6.624 10-21 J

8.48

1845 m s-1

8.49

2.335 10-17 kg

8.50

4.748 1020

8.51

3.403 x 103 J

8.52

1572.6 J

8.53

80.8 K

8.54

3.376 10 4 N m-2 ; 273 K ; 2.171 10 4 N m-2 ; 176 K

8.55

124.2 K

8.56

7900 J

8.57

200 m

8.58

20000 K

8.59

5.67 104 W m-2

8.60

18 K J

8.61

31 : 10

8.62

500 K

8.63

6097 K

8.64

840 |iP

8.65

10o C

147

9. Pv J
JU PvP PP
JU Pv v\ Gx J B \U Ti v\S.
|h JUPvx Ah iu AS Pa ]
APzuU Pshx. , hzv Ax |UPhP SUPkQx.
JU PvP uS JUPS. uk US (Search light) J
Cn JU PP EQx (h 9.1a).J UQx
JUP Azxz v\P hx \Qx. (h 9.1b). J
S_ ux CnUPPU SUQx. (h 9.1c).

(a) Cn- P-

(b) -- P-

(c) S-- P-

h 9.1 JUPP

9.1 J Gv
|S Pmh EP P u x J _
80% u 90% GvUQ. BP Ah mi
E P US BiP, Psni a_
\mk EUPkQ. AUP P Pnzv
Ea] u|UQ E _ 5 mh
SUP Psh, P A a_ \mh PP Bi,
EPzv P Gv BS. PsniP J
GvUS. B a_ \mh Psnih Jk
x \un PsniP SP GvUQ. Psni
_ 5% mk J GvUQx.

9.1.1 Gv vP
AO G JUPv XY G \u Bi O G uPU
P. CUPv OB&P Gv AhQx. uk ON G

148

|USzxU Pk P. kPvUS,
A
|SzxU PmiS Chmh
Pn AON Gx, kPn i
BS (h 9.2). GvU
PvUS, |USzxU PmiS
Chmh Pn BON Gx X
GvU Pn r BS.
\uP RUPs
Gv vP {.

r
Y
O
a-_

h 9.2 \u Bi Gv

(i) kPv, GvU Pv uk Gvz

uzvS mh |USzxUPk BQ J uzv A.

(ii) kPn,
Au--x (i = r)
B

GvU

a-_

C
h 9.3 \u Bi J
v\

PnzvSa

\P

CUS.

9.1.2 \u Bi J v\
AO G JUPv XY G \u
Bi O G uPU
P (h 9.3). CUPv OB&P
Gv AhQx. kPv AO \u
Bi XY&h Hkzx Pn AOX,
ukPn Gk. GvU
Pn kPnzvSa \P Cu,
GvU Pv OB \u Bih
Hkzx Pn BOY, ukPn
&US \P CUS.

JUPv AO v\x OB v\US v\ AhQx. Pn

= Pn AOX Gu,
P
A
v\U Pn d = 2.
B
2
G, xP, J \u
COY

Bi Ax J \uzv K
JUPv Ah v\U Pn
ukPnzv Ch[PS.
X
9.1.3 Bi
v\

_]

/
J X

Y/
Y
C

AO G JUPv XY G \u
Bi O G uPU

149

h 9.4 Bi- _--]- J-

v\----

P. CUPv OBP Gv AhQx. XY&h JUPv

Hkzx ukPn GP (h 9.4).
v\U Pn COB = 2.
Bi mk Pn _ XY G { Aha \P.
Cu kPv AO ux OPP Gv AhQx. C[S
XY&h ukPn ( + ) BS. G v v\U Pn
COP =2 ( + ). CP K Bi Pn _ x
GvUPmh J BOP G Pn _Qx.
BOP = COP - COB
BOP = 2 ( + ) 2 = 2

kPv JS, Bi Smh PnzvS _,

GvUPmh Pvx AUPnzu Ch[S Pn _.
9.2 \u Bi
h 9.5& Pmi, \u BiUS
A&
P

UPmkuPU Px.
A
x AO G
JUPv Bi mk OB P
Gv AhQx. O \u
N
BiUS ON G SzxUPk P.
kPn
Pn BON.

AON

M
D

Gv

AD G Pv Bi
D& |USzuP mk GvUPmk
DAP Qx.

B
h 9.5 \u Bi

BO& AD& }mi A I& \vUS. C

Bi M& Gv Ah PvP BiUS I G

x uPz u.
hzvx,
AON = DAO

G Jmh Pn[P

BON = DIO G Jzu Pn[P

G, DAO = DIO
150

UPn[P ODA ODI uzu

AD = ID
J Smh {US A D G {
P BS. AD = ID G Cu, I {x. G, AO = OI.
BP \u Bi, Bix CUS Au \[Szxz
u BiUS u.
O -

9.2.1

[P

\u Bi UP
mk

M
BiUS HkQx.
Bi GvUPmh PvP
Es I& \vv.
B I& \vx

u HkQx. CzuP
I
h 9.6 a
zv
v
Pn
Cx. H Bi
HkQx. CP Gk (h
9.6a).
I --
S P \u Bi
u A GvUPmk
M G Bi h
9.6 b Pmii I G
M
Pa \Qx. h 9.6 a
J (h
P)
zu
HkzxQx. h 9.6 b J
-
O
(S P)
h 9.6 b
zu HkzxQx.
G, \u Bi, zu mk
Hkzxv. Ax zu HkzxQx.

9.2.2 \u Bi u zv ]P
(i) \u Bi u , Bix CUS Au
u BiUS uQx. Bi u
Gx BS.

151

(ii) ES Ch AhuuS.
(iii) u sk, Bi A

A vx CUP sk.
(iv) \u Bi Pn _ GvU Pv 2 Pn

_.
(v) JUP Pn \P E C \u BiPUS

Ch UPmh , n =

360o
1

[P Hkzx.

9.3 PP P Gv
J,
Eh
Pzv J SvP CUS
BiP Ax
C
C
P
P
A]uS (h 9.7). Bi
J a_ \
mkx.

J
h 9.7 S S Bi
Gv |hQx. Pzv
Su Gv |h (Pzv zu |UQ) Ax
S Bi Gk. Pzv Su Gv |h
(Pzv zvx ) Ax S Bi Gk. \u
Bi Gv vP PP BiPUS x.
PP Bi, GuU Pzv J SvP AQu Au
Pzv , PP Bi (C) Gk.
PP Bi i , Bi (P) Gk.
Bi zu CnUS |UPk Bi
u Aa_ Gk.
PP Bi GuU Pzv J SvP AQu, AuU
Pzv B, PP Bi B (R) Gk. Cx, PP
Bi Bi zvS, zvS Ch E
uSa \S.
u Aa]S CnP JUP PP Bi mk
GvUPmh u Aa] x Gu SQu (S
Bi) Ax Gu Cx x \x uQu
(SBi) A uU S (F) Gk. Bi zvS
uU SzvS Ch E u, Bi Sz u
(f) Gk (h 9.8).
152

C
F

h 9.8 uU S

9.3.1 PP
[P

Bi

EUS
O

PP BiP, h

Ax
]

[P
Ax

[P EUSQ.
h 9.9 Pmi h
zv { A
RUSmk Hu Csk
PU P sk.
(i) u Aa_US CnPa

\ JUPv S Bi
GvUPmh
uU
S Pa \. , S
Bi uU Szvx
x \x u.

O/
O
I

I/

I/

(ii)

Bi
Pa
\
JUPv,
GvUPmh

Au
u va \.

O
C
F

(iii) uU S Pa

\ JUPv PP Bi
GvUPmh
u
Aa_US CnPa \.
153

h 9.9 S Bi
[P Eu

(iv) Bi zv u Aa]S i G kPnzv

JUPv, u Aa_h Au A Pn i Hk

GvUPk.
9.3.2 S Bi uUS
S Bi G[S UPmh, G
x BiUS ,
|,
]
A
uQx.

Biz
O'
vS
Au
uU
I'
SzvS
Ch
C
P
ES (h 9.10).
I F

h 9.10 Si Eu

xP,

[P
PP
BiUS
[P
BiUS u
Q.

9.3.3 Pmi] (Cartesian) Smk

-|-UQ
- E- (|-U-S
- )

Ch-x--
k-P-v--US Gv-
u (Gv--U-S-)
R-|-U-Q
E- (Gv--US-)

k-Pv
-
- v\-
u- (|-U-S-)

h 9.11 Smk

RUPs Smk P kzukQ.

(1) Azx uP Bizvx AUPkQ
(] J zvx AUPkQ)
(2) kPv
PukQ.

v\

AUPk
154

uP

|USP

(3) kPv v\US Gvz v\ AUPk uP

GvUSPU PukQ.
(4) u Aa_US \[SzuP |UQ AUPk E[P
|USPU PukQ.
(5) u Aa_US \[SzuP R |UQ AUPk E[P
GvUSPU PukQ.
(6) A Gx |USPU PukQx. B
| |USP, uR GvU SP
PkQx.
(7) EUP | () zvS |USP,
uR () zvS GvUSP PkQx.

9.3.4 PP BiP u, v f-US Ch E uh

PP Bi u u, zv u v
Sz u f BQS Ch E uhU Pmk
Pou \k Bi \k Gk.
(i) S Bi &

A
O'
S Bi u Aa] C-US
OO
G

A
C
I
UPmkuPU PP. kPv
P
F
O
GvU Pv u h
G
9.12& Pmhmkx. OA
I'
u Aa_US CnPa \
JU Pv P&US AQ E A
h 9.12 Si &
GvUPmk S F Pa
\Qx. JU Pv OC Pa \ Bi
|USzuP u Au u sk \Qx. x JUPv
OP Bi P& mk PI BP Gv AhQx.
GvUPmh JUPvP I G miU
PQ. u Aa_US II G \[SzxUPk P. II Gx
OO G uR BS.

\[Pn UPn[P,
UPn[P BS.

II P

II
PI
=
OO PO

OOP

Jzu

... (1)

155

\[Pn UPn[P II F APF G Jzu UPn[P

BS. (A G PUS P AQ Eu, AP J \[SzxU Pk)

II
IF
=
AP PF

AP = OO BP,
II
IF
=
OO PF

... (2)

\k (1) (2)&I Jh,

PI
IF
=
PO PF

... (3)

B IF = PI PF
G, \k (3)x,
PI
PI PF
=
PO
PF

... (4)

Smk kzu, PO = u,
PI = -v PF = -f

\k (4) vP vh,
v v ( f )
=
u
f

A-x

v vf
v
=
= 1
u
f
f

\----m-i C--- v B Szx, AUP

1 1 1
+ =
u v f
Cua \k Bi \k Gk. S Bi Hk
zvS Ca\miz uUP.
(ii) S Bi &

S Bi u Aa] x Hux J Chzv OO

CuPU Px. kPv GvU Pv h 9.13
Pmhmk. u Aa_US CnPU \ OA G Pv, S
156

Bi x P-US AQ E A G
kQx. Gvzu Pv,
A
O'
S F-x x \x
I'
uQx.
C
F
C- Pa \ O'C G
O
I
P
Pv, Bi x |SzuP
x Gvzx Au u
Q
sk Qx. OP G x
Pv, Bi P- mk (incident)
h 9.13 S Bi
PQ P GvUQx.
GvU PvP UQ }mi, A I' mkx
u. u Aa_US II' G \[SzxU Pk P. II' Gx OO'
G BS.
II'P OO'P G Jzu \[Pn UPn[PS.

II
PI
=
OO PO

... (1)

A Bi P-US AQ Ex. G AP Gx \[SzxU

PhS. II'F APF G Jzu \[Pn UPn[PS.

II
IF
=
AP PF

AP = OO' GU Px x,

II
IF
=
OO PF

...(2)

\kP (1) (2) I Jh,

PI
IF
=
PO PF

... (3)

B, IF = PF - PI

PI
PF PI
=
PO
PF

PO = -u, PI = + v, PF = +f G Smk kzu,

+v + f (+v )
=
A--x
u
+f

157

v
f v
v
=
=1
u
f
f

1 1 1
\mi C v-B Szu S UP, u + v = f

Cu, zu EUS S Bi Bia \k

G.

9.3.5 E UP
zv AS AS Ch uP G
E Ax SUS EUPzu UP.
h1 h2 G zv AP G,
--z-v A h 2
EUP = - A = h
1

h 9.12 x,

II
PI
=
OO PO

Smk Pa \kzu,
II = h2 (R|UQ AUPk E)
OO = +h1 (|UQ AUPk E)
PI = v (kPvUS GvP zv u)
PO = u (kPvUS GvP u)

Ps vPa \mi vh,

h 2 v
EUP, m = +h = u
1
h 2 v
m = h = u
1

| zvS EUP |US uR

zvS EUP GvUS BS. S BiUS C{vP
\PP.
Bi \mhU Psk EUPa \mi .
h 2 v f v
f
m = h = u = f = f u
1

S S BiP CsiS Ca\k x.

158

9.4 AP Gv
AO G JUPv, J AhS FhPzvx AhS
FhPzvSa \ x, u XY-, Pv J Sv Gvzx
Au FhPzv, J Sv Phx AhS FhPzv OC

P \ (h 9.14).
kPn AvPUPmh, S Pn r- AvPzx, J
Smh { r- v 90o G CUS. ux, S Pv
OC-x \[SzxU Pmix P AvPP Q, uzv
\. uzv P S Pv \ AhS FhPzv
A kPn {U Pn (c) Gk.
kPn AvPUPmh, JU Pv Ph,
xP GvUPmk AhS FhPzv \. C{P
AP Gv Gk.

Ah--S
O

Ah---S

Ah--S
Y

r = 90

Y X

Ah---S

Ah---S

Ah--S

i=c

i>c
B

h 9.14 AP Gv

d Gx AhS FhPzv JP Gs G, | vi,

AhS FhPzua \x P JP Gs,
d

a =

sin i
sin r

a sin i
=
d sin r
1

sin i
sin r

(H-, P- a = 1)

r = 90o G- i = C BS-

1
1
sin c
1
=
A
x
sin c =
A
x
c = sin1 d
o
sin 90
d
d

159

 1
-1
AhS FhP Psni, c = sin
g

G, AP Gv Hh (i) Jx AhS
FhPzvx AhS FhPzv \ sk (ii) AhS
FhPzv kPnx {U Pnzu h AvPP CUP
sk. Aux, i > c.
Amhn 9.1 ] FhP[P {U Pn[P
(uUS Eu)
Fh-P-

J---P Gs

---{--UPn-

1.33

48.75

Q- Ps-n-i

1.52

41.14o

Ah--S -sm Ps-n-i

1.62

37.31o

2.42

24.41

9.4.1 kP
(i)

[P UP (UP) UQU Pn AP
Gv BS. Pa \x zv JP Gs 2.42 BS.
zv {UPn 24.41o. zv Gu UPzv
24.41o US AvP Pnzv JUPv \x
AP Gv AhQx. uSu AS zu mku (mh
wmku) AP GvP Hk.
(ii) J C A (optical fibre)

J C A, AP Gv Aihz uzxS.
J C Gx U mh (106m) A Bh P
Psni Ax Sm_ ~s SS. Cx
~sSP Ah[Q Pmk (bundle) J JUS Gk.
(h 9.15a)
160

-
- S
- v
- ( = 1.5)

C ( = 1.7)
(a)
h 9.15 J C A

(b)

J C () A J uzx h 9.15b-
Pmhmkx. CU S EmSv JP Gs
Sv (cladding) JP Gsn h AvP BS. J CU
S J ] Pnzv k JUPv, Em P
sk sk, AP GvP--U-S Emmk Cv
P . Sva \x EmSv
{U Pnzuh kPn AvPP CUS. J CU
S zu Ax UQ Th, Jx Gv S
Phx \.
zxzv,
PsPa
kQ. \vz uh
kQ.

\vv
JU
\PP v

SP
AP

9.5 UP\ (Michelson's method)

AUP C, A.A. UP\ ux |
BskPP ]zx J v\PzuU Pshu. 1926 A
EUQ J v\Pzuz xP PnUQhU
TiuS.
\u A h 9.16 Pmhmkx.
UQx J, (S) Pa \ R G Gs P
Bi a G UPzv mk GvUQx. , Jx b c
G C \u BiP GvUPmk, \ vUS M1
G Si CnUPmk \Qx. Cu CnU P 35 km
u \ \m Au x Si M2-
x x Au Szv E d-G \u Bi
GvUPkQx. d- Cx J, sk M2-B
GvUPmk Si M1-I AhQx.
M1- GvUPmh J, e f G \u BiP,
GvUPmk, GsP Bi a1 G GvUPzv Qx.
161

f
P

a1
M2

e
c

M1

S
b
h 9.16 U-P--\

mhP P- Hk APGv PnP .

Cv zu PsnS _ E- Pn.
GsP Bi K { C, zu PsnS
] PU Pn i. GsP Bi _z uh[Qh
x kQx. Bi, K { Ex Amh
sk uPz u R- _] Pzua
\\ s-k-. _] P mP (stroboscope) G
P AhkQx.
UP a-x UP a1-USa \uS J Phx \
u D J |i Bi R _ _]P GsoUP n
GU PP.
GsP Bi 45o Pn _uS Ax J _] Gmi J
1
8

[S ( ) _uS BS P =

1
8n

CuU P Ch, J Phu u = D

J v\P, c =
c

Phu u
P

D
1
8n

= 8nD.

162

xP, _i N P[P (UP[P) C, J

v\P = NnD. J v\Pzv v 2.99797 108 m s1G
UP\ PnUQmh.

9.5.3 J v\Pzv UQzx

hzv J v\Pzv v, A UQ [S
QUQx. RUPs PzxUP J v\P kQx.

(1) Avs A}z uh : c = , G uhx,

P-uU Pv---a-] A-}- Ai AvsnU PnUQh.
(2) v\Pzua \x { u: \U PP i, v
v\Pzv C[S xP {x m =

mo
1

v2
c2

G uh i

. Cv mo Gx xP K { {S.
(3) {B uh: E = mc2 G uhi {
BP B {P . AqUP AqUP
Cn
S
B,
CzuhU
Psk
PnUQhkQx.
(4)

|ku
Aku
:
u A J Bsk G AS kzu
kQx. K Bsi J PhUS u J Bsk Gk. Cu
v 9.467 1015 m.
(5) J P Gs PnUQku: FhP J J P Gs,
=

hzv J v\ P c
=
FhPzv - J v\ P v

9.6 J P
Fk u K FhPzv Cx FhPzv J
\ x, FhP[P uzv v\ a (x) \u J
P GQ.
J P {P PnP, PP _P
EQx. \u P J P vP Azx
S zuP CUS. P J PUP
PP US x, RUPshU Pzv PQ.
163

(i) kPvx J{ JS.

(ii) kQ JU P uP u Aa]S |UP

P Ex.

9.6.1 Pmi] Smk

PP Bi mh Smk P PP
JPUS xQ. A mk C Smk
P E.
(i) SUS ] v |US G US ] v
GvUS G Shk.
(ii) FhPzv JP Gs Gx |USS. Csk

PP Hk x, A J P GsP k
|USS.

9.6.2 PP J P
1 2 G
JP GsP Eh
C FhP[P PP

AB
uPU
Px (h 9.17).
P- mk
C Pa O
\ Aa\ zx
AB \a ^P Ex.
P G
Gk.
B R GU PP.

E
1

D A

r
C

h 9.17 PP JP

u FhPzv Aa] x E O-PU PxP.

O-x OP OD G C PvP kuPU PxP. OP G
Pv AB-US |USzuP ku, P Hx Cshx
FhPzv \. P-US AQ E D- OD G Pv kQx. J
PUS S, Ax Aa] x I G \vzx zu
EUSQx. CE Gx D- mh \[SzxU PhS. i
r G kPn S Pn GU PxP.
DOP = , DCP = , DIC = GU P-P

164

P-US AQ D Cu, Pn[P , G

]S. h 9.19x,
tan =

DP
DP
DP
, tan =
-- tan =
PO
PC
PI

DP
DP
DP
, =
-- =
PC
PI
PO

ODC & ---x, i = +

...(1)

DCI & ---x, = r + A--x r =

...(2)

i r G ] Pn[PUS,

2
sin i
=
G | v
1
sin r

----U-P, 1 i = 2r

... (3)

\kP (1), (2) (3) x,

1 ( + ) = 2 ( )
1 + 2 = (2 1)

... (4)

, vPa \k (4)& vh,

DP
DP
+ 2
PO
PI

1
PO

) DP
PC

2 2 1

PI

PC

...(5)

kPvx Chxx xP u, Czv\ Aa]

|US v\PU Pu. G u&x GvUS v&, R&
|US BS. PO = u PI = +v, PC = +R vP \k (5)&
vh,

1
u
2
v

Ca\k,
\hS.

1
u

2 1
R
=

2 1

... (6)

PP

PUP

xa

u FhP PP Cshx FhP JP Gs &

165

EhuP C,

1
1

=
u
R
v

...(7)

9.6.3 _P JP
_ Gx | |S A-u J PS. _ Gx
J Fk C PP P `mhuS.
] C PUS Chmh u Pa ]u, Au
_ G.
C C G C PP P [P
1
2
AS B[P R1 R2GU PP. C1 C2 &

CnUS Pk ] u Aa\S. u Aa] x

] J Gk.

9.6.4 \ EUS \k _ \k
2 G JP Gs Eh FhPzu BUPmh _
J, 1 G JP Gs Eh FhPzv UPmiuPU
Px. R1 R2 G ACB ADB G C
PP P B[P P-Gx JP
CUPmk.
u Aa] x O&PU PxP. OP G Pv
PP S |USzuP ku, P Hx _ Pa
\Qx. P&US AQ E A& OA G JUPvkQx. ACB G
Phu S I& EQx. B, A
{PuS , ADB G
A
JUPv i
1
1
Pha
\kQx.
G, CvP I&
2
EQx (h 9.18).
O
C P D
I
I'
PP
JPUP
\k,

2
v

1
u

xa

B
u

2 1
R

v
v'

h 9.18 ] JP

...(1)

ACB G US --S, \k (1)&x,

166

2
v

2 1

...(2)

R1

ADB G S I G Pa \kQx.
C-v-P I - E--Q--x. JP Gs Eh FhPzvx
2

1 Eh FhPzvS J \x Cshx P HkQx.

ADB G US --S, \k (1) Smk Ph

Guh,
1
v

1
= 2

v R 2

... (3)

\kP (2) (3)&IU TmkP.

1
v

1
1
= ( 2 1 )

u
R1 R2

1 & B SUP,
1 1 2 1
1
= -1

v u 1 R1 R2

...(4)

iz u C, ] Szv
ES. u = G-, v = f BS-.

1 1
1 2
=
1
f 1
R1 R2

...(5)

JP Gs Eh ] P US x, 2 =
1 = 1.

1
1
1
= ( 1)

f
R
R
2
1

...(6)

u Sz u Eh ] EUP, iUP
si A Ca\k Euu, Cu
_ EUS \k GQ. Ca\k S]S
zuuS.
167

\kP (4) (5)& Jh,

1 1 1
=
v u f

... (7)

G _ \k kQx.

9.6.5 EUP

A
O'

h
9.19&
F
Pmi, OO G
I
P
F

u O
Aa]x, Au E
Aa_US
\[SzuP
I'
B
C U S
h 9.19 EUP
UPmkx.
J \ JUPv OP, Ph |Pa \
k. u Aa_US CnPa \ O A G Pv, PUS
S S F2 Pa \. O PI & AF2I & mk Chzv
ES. I &x u Aa_US J \[SzxU Pk P.
II Gx OO & S.
2

zv AS AS Ch uP G
E Ax SUS EUPzu UP. h1 h2 G
zv E[P G,
zv A

II

2
EUP, m = A = OO = h
1

OO P -- II P, G Jzu \[Pn UPn[Px,

II
PI
=
OO PO
II

= - h ; OO = + h ; PI = + v ; PO = - u G Smk P
2

kzv S
EUP, m =
m = +

h 2 +v
=
+h1 u

v
u

168

 zvS EUP GvUS zvS

EUP |US BS. S] Gx |US BS.
_ \mix EUPa \mh .
m =

h2 v
f v
f
= =
=
h1 u
f
f +u

Ca\k S
[PUS x.

S_PUS

9.6.6 ] v
] v Gx, Au x k J SUS Ax
US u Ak J APS. Sz u
uR G ] v UP.
1
P = f

v AS hh (D) BS. 1 D = 1 m-1. 1 mh Sz

u Eh ] v 1 hh BS. SUS ] v
|US US ] v GvUS Shk.
G, vzumh ] v +0.5 D G Ps zx Skx,
+ 2 m Sz u Eh S_ u GU SuS. -2.0 D
Gx -0.5 m Sz u Eh S_ u GuS.

9.6.7 _P Tmh
f1 f 2

G
Sz
u Eh
A B G
P
I
I1
C
_P O
J
u m k U
v
PsiUS
CUPmk.
u
v1
h 9.20 C _P Eu
x u
Aa]x u
_ A& SzvP O G UPmkx.
_ A zu I1& EUSQx. Cu I1 Cshx _
169

B&US Pa \kQx. h 9.20& Pmi Cv

I& EQx. _P P Cu, P G x J

zuU Pu.
u ]x u PO = u G,
Cvzv u PI = v G, u ]x zv
u Cshx ] uP Aux, PI1 = v1
G PxP.
A G u _ EUS I zvS ,
1

1 1
1
=
v1 u f1

...(1)

B G Cshx _ EUS I G Cv zvS,

1 1
1

=
v v1
f2

...(2)

\kP (1) (2)&U TmkP.

1 1
1
1
=
+
v u f1
f2

...(3)

TmhS vP F Sz u Eh u _,
O& zu I& EUQ,
1 1 1
=
v u F

...(4)

\kP (3) (4) &x

1
1
1
=
+
F
f1
f2

...(5)

F Gx TmhSa \ ] Sz uS.

Cx, f1, f2, f3 ... G Sz u Eh

_P J umkU PsiUSx, Tmh
uS Sz u,
1
1
1
1
=
+
+
+ ...
F
f1
f2 f3

...(6)

170

\k (6)x vUP \k,

P = P1 + P2 + P3 + ....

...(7)

umka PsiUS _P Tmh v, uzu

_P vP S TmkzuPS.
_P Tmh xP, ~snUQP, {hU PP
(camera) u|UQP J PP kQx.

9.7 mhP
mhP Gx \u UP[P J F
FhPS.

UP[P
J
UP
uUPmiUS.
UPmh C UP[P US P[P Gk. C
US P[PUS Chmh Pn mhPU Pn Ax
US Pn Gk. mhPzv x UP AiSv
Gk.

mhPzv JP
P UPmk ABC G UPn i mhPzv
SUS mkz u h 9.21 Pmhmkx. mhPzv
US Pn A GU
A
PxP. PQ G kPv AB
A
F
G US Pzv mk,
QR P Phx
E
d
RS

kPvP
R
Q
i2
i1
Qx. C US
r2
r1
P[P
kPn
O
S Pn
C
P
B
S
i1, r1, r2 i2 BS.
h
9.21

m
h
P
z
v

kPv PQS kPv

RS-S
Chmh
Pn v\U Pn (d) Gk.
QER UPn
FER = EQR + ERQ
d = (i - r ) + (i - r )
1

171

d = (i + i ) - (r + r )
1

...(1)

|Pzv,

AQOR G
\[Pn[PS.

Pn[P

Q + R

= 180

A + QOR = 180o

...(2)

QOR Cx
r + r + QOR
1

= 180o

...(3)

\kP (2) (3)x

r + r = A
1

...(4)

\k (1) (4)x
d = i + i - A
1

A + d = i + i
1

...(5)

Smh
mhPS,
Smh
A}
Eh
JUS
v\U
Pnx
kPnzua
\ux.

D
i

h 9.22 i-d h

kPn i AvPUP,
v\ UPn d Sx, ] v
D Ahx S AvPUS. D Gx
]z v\U PnS. v\
]P CUSx J kPn mk
CUS
Gx
h
9.22x
AkQx.

]z v\ {, mhPzv AiSv zx
kPv kPv \a^P CUS. Aux, QR G SPv
mhPzv AiSvUS CnP CUS.
]z v\ {
i = i = i -- r = r = r
1

\k (4) x 2r = A A-x r =
172

A
2

\k (5) x 2i = A + D A-x i =
| vi JP Gs =

A+D
2

sin i
sin r

A +D
sin

2
=
A
sin
2

9.8 J {P
x {[PP UPk {Pa] {P
Gk. J {[P uSv { Gk. {
Psq Sv, Fu u ] E { PU
Pn. VIBGYOR G \ {[P \U SUQx. (Fu
(Violet), P} (Indigo), } (Blue), a\ (Green), g\ (Yellow),
Bg_ (Orange) ] (Red)) (h 9.23).
mhP
A
J

{[P

u
-
G
Gx
-

C

u
vP
C
B
Cux. mh
P,
{[P
h 9.23 J {P
EUSQu
Ax HP CUS {[P UQu?

v
R
O
Y
G
B
I
V

CuP UPzu \ I\U {mh Azu. A, J mhP

AP Au mhPzuU uRP zu. h 9.24
Pmi, u mhPzv kPx Cshx --m-h-P-zv x - \----m-h-x. Cshx mhPzvx
P P Cux. u mhP zu {[P
uR Cshx mhP J \UQx. G, mhP
{[P EUSv. B, {[PP
UQx Gz uQx.
173

P2

R
V

P1

R
V

h 9.24 {PUP {mh \u

FhPzv JP Gsnx {[PUS (A

}[PUS) P Cu {P HhU PnS. FuU
Pv v\ -- JP Gsq ]U Pv vPh
AvP. G, Psni mhPzv FuU Pv S
v\Pzv ]U Pv AvP v\Pzv \Q. g\
Pv
v\
JP
Gsq
\\
vPPU
PukQ. Q Psni m Psni,
A}[PUP
JP
GsP
Amhn
9.2
PkUPmk.
Amhn 9.2 JP GsP
(uUS Eu)
{

A} (nm)

Q Psni

m Psni

Fu

396.9

1.533

1.663

486.1

1.523

1.639

g\

589.3

1.517

1.627

656.3

1.515

1.622

hzv, J P A}zua \uu. G,

h Gx, Azx {[P \Pzv \ {P
Ah iuuS.

9.8.1

{v (Dispersive power)
mhP JP Gs,
174

A+D
2
A
sin
2

sin

Ca\mi, A Gx mhPU Pn D Gx ]z
v\U Pn BS.
mhPzv Pn (US Pn) 10o G A C,
Au ]Pn mhP G. Cx mhP[P J
\x, v\ U Pn ]uP CUS.
A Gx ]Pn mhPzv US Pn Gx
v\U Pn G, mhPa \k

A +
sin

2
=
A
sin
2

] Pn[P A S, ,

A +

2
A
2

sin

A+ A+
=
2
2

sin

A-x A = A +

( - 1)A

r G
Fu ]U PvP
v\U Pn[P G
v r G Fu
]U PvPUS,
mhP[P
JP
GsP G Pv,

...(1)

A
r

v
R

v-

r
V

h 9.25 {v

Fu JUS, v = ( v - 1) A

A A
=
2 2

...(2)

] JUS, r = r - 1 A

...(3)

\kP (2) (3)x

v - r = ( v - r ) A

...(4)

{ Czv E Cv {[P v\ U
Pn[PUQh k (v - r ) Pn {P Gk
(h 9.25).
175

 y G g\ Pv (\\ A}) v\
J P Gs G,
y

g\ JUS, y = ( y - 1) A

...(5)

\k (4)I (5)B SUP

v - r (v - r )A
=
y
( y - 1)A

v - r v - r
=
y
y - 1

G Smh SUP

v - r
Gx mhP
y

{v BS.
v - r

= -1
y

G C A}[P ({[P) Pn {PUS

\\ A}zv v\U PnzvS Ch uP G
mhP {v UPkQx.
9.9 {
{ Gx, J [P {P
A P JP GsPU PnUQh hUTi
J PS (h 9.28). { CnUQ, mhP
\, u|UQ G Aih SvP E.

h 9.26 {
(uUS z u)

176

CnUQ
Cn JUP EUS A CnUQS.
Cu CUS }sh E iU S Em S_
J \[Szx J E. ]
Szv CUS, S ]S Chmh u
\ \. Jzu |UQ CUS UPmiUS.
AP UPU Ti P CUS. CnUQx,
P AiSvh CUPP zumiUS.

mhP \
mhP, Ro uS mhP \
kQx. mh \ (levelling) vSP zumh, C
EP mhzumkP E. mhP \, Au Pa
\ \[Szx Aa\ zx _ C. Au { V1 V2
G AP Sh. mhP \ Ezv Ax
uzv u Ezv zui.

u|UQ
S Ka], J S _
SUSUPP zumh Psn_ _ Eh
u|UQ Ex. CnUQ Cx CnU P SUS
PP x Szx, u zu Hkzx u|UQ
E PsnS _US S _US Chmh ua
\\.
mhP \ , u|UQ \[Szx Aa\
zx _UTiuS. A iQ iPPU SUPmh mh
AP J u|UQh CnUPmiUS.
u|UQ mhP \ uk Chzv
{P zvU P BzvSP (Radial screw) E.
~sn \\uS (fine adjustments) uk vSP E.

9.9.1 {a \\u
{U
Psk
\ua
RUSmh Aua \\ sk.
(i) PsnS ] \\u

\uS

Jmh J |UQ, u|UQz v,

PsnS ] P |Pzv, SUSU PP uPz
u \ sk.
177

(ii) u|UQa \\u

u E |UQz u |UQ zx,

A u SUSU PP x ES,
PsnS _US S _US Ch ua
\\ sk. Aux, u|UQ Cn PvP mk
HS \\ sk.
(iii) CnUQa \\u

CnUQ Aa_U Pmi u |UQ UP sk.

CnUQ E Jzu Jmhhsk.
u|UQ E SUSU PP x u
ES, CnUQ E _US S Chmh
ua \-\--- -sk. u |UQx CnU PvP
mk HS \\miu, CnUQx
JUPvP CnP x mk, u
ES.
(iv) mhP \ \\USu

C\ mh (spirit level) JU Psk mh \ vSP

Eu mhP \U QhmhP \\UP sk.

9.9.2 mhP J P GsnU Pn

{U Psk \uz uh[S u|UQ,
CnUQ, mhP \ a \\ sk.
mhPzv Pn ]z v\U
S
Pn
Amh,
mhPzv
JP GsnU PnUQh.
(i) mhPzv Pn (A)

A
T1

T2

2A

h 9.27 mhPzv
Pn

mhPzv US P[P \vUS

CnUQ |UQ CUS
mhPzu mhP \ x UP
sk (h 9.27). \i B UP
JmhkQx.
CnUQx Cn
PvP mhPzv AB AC UP[P
kQ.
178

AB G US Pzvx GvUPmh Pv Aux,

u|UQ
\[SzxU
Ph
JUS,
u|UQa _ T1 { zu. AkP
SUPh sk. AC G US Pzvx GvUPmh Pv,
Aux, u|UQ \[SzxU Ph
JUS, u|UQa _
T2 { zu.
sk AkP SUPh sk.
S
C AkPUS Ch E k,
u|UQ _mh PnS. Cx mhPU
Pnzv C h[QSa \. Cv v
mhPU PnS. (A)
(ii) ]z v\ UPn (D)

CnUQx Jx J US
Pzv \ Phx, Akzu US Pzv
B
u|UQ UPU Ti mhP mhP
A
\ x UPh sk (h 9.28). v\
C
U Pn S mhP \ _
sk. J Pmhzv (Stage) Pn |zvS {
D
Gvzv\ |Pz uh[S. Aux, v\U
T
Pn AvPUS. {, v 1
T2
Chzv
u|UQ
zv,
x
\[SzxU Ph JUSa \ sk.
h 9.28
Cu { mhPzv ]z v\ {S.
]z
AkP SUPh sk. ux,
v\U
Pn
mhPzu
AP,
u|UQa
_
|UPvU Pn sk. |U Pv \[SzxU P
JUS \x, AkPU SUP sk. C
AkPUS Ch k ]z v\U PnS (D).
mhP

\mix PnUQh.

JP

A +D
sin

2
=
.
A
sin
2

Gsn

()

RUPs

v J JP GsnU PnUQh, Eh Psni

mhPzv Azvzu {, Psh \ua \
sk.
179

9.10
|P Ex, zv Hk J
PsP {Pa]S. shzv }z xP ` J
{P AhuS, K GkzxUPmhS.
x Ax u S, P uUS
}zxPx k ` J, J P, AP Gv
{P AhQx. US `
}zxP C, J P C P A
V

xn -
R
V

R
R

u --
54

V
V

Ps 51
41

43

h 9.29 ESu

PnUTk. UP ] EmUP Fu Eh Em
u Gk. UP Fu EmUP ]
Eh xn Gk.
u ESu h 9.29 PmkQx. `hx
J, J AP GvS Csk PPUS Emmk
]z v\ Ahu u EQx. 43o
Pnzv ] J \ P, 41o Pnzv Fu
J \ P Ex. z xP Hk sn
P Fu ] {zvQh CUQ.
xn Ex h 9.31 Pmhmkx.
`hx J, C AP GvPUS C
PPUS Emmk ]z v\ Ahu xn
EQx. xn , UP Fu 54o
180

Pnzv EmUP ] 51o Pnzv CUS. u

h, xn x Sx SQ
CUS. u xn P Csk, ` {
Azx {[P kzxQ.
umhzvx Pqx Sv
mk u. Ezumh Ch[Px, Aux, BP
x Pq x mh izv u.

wUPmh PnUSP
9.1

2 m E J \u Bi JS { PsiUQ.
ux Ax PsP 1.90 m Ezv E. Ax

u sk, Bi ] A G?

w :
M - Bi,
H

FH & u.
H & u,
E - Ps,

F - P u.

ux HA G JUPv,
Bi x A& mk, AE P
Gvzx E&I AhQx. AD Gx
HE& \[Szx mkUPhS.

AC =

1
1
HE =
0.10 = 0.05 m.
2
2

Px FB G Pv, B& mk BE P Gvzx

E&I Ah. BN Gx EF& \[Szx mkUPhS.

CB =

1
1
EF =
1.90 = 0.95 m.
2
2

Bi A = AC + CB
Bi A = = 0.05 m + 0.95 m = 1 m
9.2

2.5 cm E , SiUS , Au Sz
u (f) 1.5 h[S u UPmkx.
zv E G? |u? uRu?

181

uP-- : f = f; u = 1.5 f; h1 = 2.5 cm; h2 = ?

w :

1 1 1
= +
f
u v
1 1 1
1
1
= =

v f u f 1.5 f
1
1
1
=

v 1.5 f
f

f
F

1.5f

v = 3f
v
3 f
= ( )
u
1.5 f
m = 2

E -U-P-, m =

B-

h2
= m = 2
h1

h2 = 5 cm

--zv E- 5.0 cm - u-R--x G-u Gv--U-S

PmkQx.
9.3

J v\Pzu PnUQh Eu UP\ _ia

\u GsP Bi C Gvv Gvz
u[PUQh J \ u 150 km. GsP Bi
_ P iUS 250 _]P G x
{P Cx uQx. J v\Pzu PnUQkP.

uP :
D= 150 km = 150 103 m ; n = 250 rps ; N = 8 ; C = ?

w :
UP\ \u, J v\P
C

= NnD

C = 8 250 150 103

C = 3 108 ms1

9.4

C S_ J B[P J 10 cm.
] Sz u v P vzv
PnUQkP. Psni vzv JP GsP
1.5 1.8.
182

uP-- : R1 = 10 cm, R2 = 10 cm ; g = 1.5 l = 1.8

w : P--,

1
=
fa

( a g 1) R1

1
1
1
= (1.5 - 1) +
R2
10 10

fa

= 10 cm

Pa

1
1
= f =
10 10 -2
a

Pa

= 10 h-h-

v--z-v
1
=
fl

1
1

R
R
2
1

g 1)

g
1
1 1.5 1
1
1 2
- 1 +
= 1 R R =
=

6 10
1.8 10 10
2
l
1
f l = 30 cm
Pl =

1
1
=
fl
30 102

Pl = 3.33 h--h

9.5

5 cm A F] J _US P 45 cm u
Ex, ]x 90 cm u E v

EQx. _ GPa \ux? ] Sz u

G? zv A G?

uP- : h1 = 5 cm,
w :

1 1 1
=
f v u

u = 45 cm,

v = 90 cm,

f = ?

h2 = ?

1
1

90 45

= 30 cm

f |U-S--P C---u-, _ S-U-S u Ps-h-x.

h2
h1

v
u

h2
90
=
= 2
5
45

h2 = 10 cm
Gv--U-S-, ---x u-R- --- G-uU PmkQx.
183

u vk
(Cuz uvmk Sv PkUPmk UP
PnUSP vP. C, h x Gu
Ax PnUQ iUP. n, n
uvmk
Svx
mk,
h
x
iUPhUTi UPUS PnUSPUS hUP Bzu
\x P sk.)

9.1

C Cn \u BiPUS Ch [P
GsoUP
(a) Gsou-x
(b) 1
(c) 3

9.2

9.3

9.4

9.5

9.6

(d) 0

40 cm B Eh Si ES zv A
A Ch[S G, E u
(a) 20 cm

(b) 10 cm

(c) 30 cm

(d) 60 cm

AhS FhPzvx AhS FhPzvSa \ JUPv

kPn i. GvUPmh Pv S Pv JUP
\[SzuP E. GvU Pn r S Pn r'
G, {U Pn.
(a) tan1 (sin i)

(b) sin1 (tan i)

(c) tan1 (sin r)

(d) sin1 (tan r )

{mh S J \Qx. Sx
x, S J
v\P
(a) AvPUS

(b) S

(c) US

(d) u AvPzx S

UP\ \u, _i
AvPkzv, J v\P,

P[P

GsoUP

(a) S

(b) AvPS

(c) x

(d) _]a \x

FhP J v\P, hzv Au v

(2/3) h[S G, FhPzv JP Gs
(a) 3/2c

(b) 2c/3

(c) 2/3

(d) 1.5

184

9.7

9.8

+12 hh 2 hh v Eh C _P J
uk UPmk. Tmh Sz
u
(a) 8.33 cm

(b) 12.5 cm

(c) 16.6 cm

(d) 10 cm

SUS _ J v zu EUSQx. ]
Rv, J Fk u v UPmh
(a) zv v x k
(b) u
(c) EPx
(d) zv \ AvPS

9.9

J kPvUS 1.6 1.8 JP GsP Eh C ]

Pn mhP[P \ A v\zv EshUSQ.
mhPU Pn[P uP
(a) 0.88

(b) 1.33

(c) 0.56

(d) 1.12

9.10 EPU Pn {P
(a) JP EmPu
(b) {P Shu
(c) J P ]u
(d) {P AP Gv

9.11 J Gv vPU TP.

9.12 Bi Pn _ GvUPmh Pv 2 Pn _
Gu UP.
9.13 \u BiP uu USP.
9.14 PP BiP {PUS
uu hzv PmkP. zv u SkP.
9.15 (i) \u Bi (ii) Si (iii) Si ES
[P k G?
9.16 `U PsniP (sun glasses) P P C,
A v _PU Tk. H?

185

9.17 Si (i) (ii) ES x, Bia

\kP UP.
9.18 AP Gv {P JUPv h[Ph USP.
{U PnzvS J P GsoS E uh x?
9.19 J CU SP SxP.
9.20 J v\PzuU PnUQhUTi UP\ .
9.21 J v\Pzv UQzx U TP.
9.22 CU S_UP _ EUS \mi
.
9.23 ] v G G? J hh Gu?
9.24 umkU

Psk

_P

uh

1
1
1
I {P.
=
+
F
f1
f2

9.25 =

A+ D
2
G uh .
A
sin
2

sin

9.26 Eh mhP J U P {P
Ah?
9.27 mhP {- vUSa \k .
9.28 { .
9.29 {U Psk mhP ]z v\U
Pnzu G Psh i Gu USP.
9.30 P SxP.
PnUSP
9.31 \u Gv x 5000 A} J kQx.
GvUPmh J A}zu Avsn
PnUQkP. GvUPmh Pv kPvUSa \[SzuP CUP
sk kPn G?

186

9.32 2.5 m Sz u Eh Si J ] {
PsiUQ. Ax Ezv v A uQx G,
A BiUS P { PsiUS u G?
9.33 UP\ _ia \u, GsP Bi C Ch[P
Hk GvPUQh J PhUS u 4.8 km
G, sk EP, GsP Bi ]a _] P
G?
9.34 Psni JP Gs 2.5 1.5 G,
Jx zv \u h Psni Gzu h[S AvP
Pzv \?
9.35 21 cm Sz u Eh S ]x 14 cm u
3 cm A UPmkx. _ EUS
zv { G?
9.36 C _P Tmh Sz u 80 cm. J
] v 2.0 hh G, ] Sz
u G?
9.37 kPn, kPn \P CUS, JUPv J
\UP UPnzv \Qx. kPnx mhPU
Pnzv 3/4 [S G, v\U Pn G?
9.38 400 nm 700 nm A} JUPvPUP Lm
Psni \UP UPn mhPzv JP GsP
1.66 1.61 G, v\U Pn[P k
G?
9.39 5 o Pnh ] Pn mhPzv kQx.
] Fu PvPUP JP GsP 1.642
1.656 G, Pn {P PnUQkP.
9.40 1.5 JP Gs Eh mhP J, JUPv
5 o ] v\U Pnzv v\Qx. J P Gs 1.25
Eh Gsn mhPzu USx ]z v\U
Pn G?

187

hP
9.1

(a)

9.2

(b)

9.3

(b)

9.4

(a)

9.5

(c)

9.6

(d)

9.7

(d)

9.8

(b)

9.9

(b)

9.10 (d)

; 6 1014 Hz; 45 o

9.31

5000

9.32

2.5 m

9.33

7.8 103 rps

9.34

1.66 h[S

9.35

8.4 cm

9.36

30.8 cm

9.37

30 o

9.38

4o

9.39

0.07 o

9.40

2o

188

10. Pu
Pu (Magnetism) G \x QUP |mi U
Gk w PshkUPmh Uhm (Fe3O4) G Cz ux
x Hmhx. Q.. 2000 Bsi Puzv sP ^
UP Avu G |kQx. Q..1100B BskP
Ph n[Px v\ A _ Pu F] ^P
kzv. B Qm (Gilbert) G Pu Aih
PmkP {. A x P \mhU PuPa
\kQx G Pzu uzvu.
\k Puzv v Hzu 104 T BS. CUPux
Bzv Ix h[S EzvS x.

10.1 U Pu U PuU TP
x J uh u[Phmh Pu F]x
Hzu hu v\ K
{ Ah. Cvx P

Pu
C
Pa
S
\kQx G Au Pu
P x[PUS AQ
N
E G A. J Pu
F] h Hzu h
S
(NG) |UQ {u (NG)US
AQ Au UPu
N
U Puzv u (Sm) G.
S
u US (SG) AQ
Au
Pu

N
UPuzv h (Nm) G
AUP (h 10.1).
m

x J U
h 10.1 U Pu
Puzv x UP
k C AP U PuU TP GkQ.
A (i) Pu JxUP (Declination)
189

(ii) Pua \ (dip)

(iii) UPuzv QhzuU T Bh

U Pu sP Pn[P
UPu sS \ Pn C Ah.
G CuP UQU PoP.
(i) Pu s {u SvP.
(ii) E mh[P.
(iii) shzv SvP Pnk
mh[P.
(iv) `x Pva_P.
(v) { \k.
6400 km B _ 3500 km B EP
Sv EQ { mh EP P
Cu Pu HkuPU PukQx.

10.1.1 \mhU Pu (Bar magnet)

Uhm Gk K Czux, C, Pm, {UP
] xskPU PvUS K CPU PuS.
CPU Pu[P SuuP J[P izv
Psk. Cz xsk Ax GLSz xsi J Puzxh
uUS x. Ax Pu sP Qx. C C Ax
GLQx EshUPk Pu[P \PU Pu[P Gk.
\PU Pu[P u izv u h
A i. \PU Pux \P i Ax E
i C Ax \mhU Pu Gk.

10.1.2 Pu[P Aih sP

(i) Puzv Cz xP Azv GkUS x A
Puzv P JmiU PQ. Puzv C P Pa]
S. Cu P Pu P G AUPkQ.
(ii) J Pu uh u[Phkx, Gx hUS
uSz v\ {S. hxzu |UQ {S Puzv
Pu h N G u xzu |UQ {S
190

Puzv Pu u S G AUPk.
(iii) Pu P Gx \iPP mk CUS. Aux

ukzumh Pu Cv.
(iv) Puzv } Gx Au i }zv (geometric
length) hU SP CUS. H Pu[P C
Px (free ends) \ EmP Pu P

Ax. (B PnURmk |UP[P i } Gx

Puzv }P GkzxU PkQx).
(v) Jzu P J USQ. P

J PQ. J Puzv h
Puzv hUPQ Psk u US \U Pn.
B,
J
Puzv
h

Puzv
uUPQ Psk u Pa] \U Pn.
(vi) C Pu PUQh E Pa] Ax US \
T GvzuP Ci v kQx.

S : Pu P uu Pzx
x. Pu AihU Pn mh {Pu
mk G AkQx. G Pu P UP
PzxP Aih Cu Sv AUPmkx. Pu
"m" G SUPkQx Au AS B mh A m BS.

Puz vz v
Gu J PuzvS C P Cu Au Pu
C G AUP.
J Puzv vzv Gx Pu US C
Pu PUS Chmh u UP S.
'm' Gx J G, 2l Gx CPu

PUS Chmh u G C Puz vz v,

M = m (2 l )

Puz vz v Uh AS. Cx M G SUPkQx.

Au AS A m2. Cu v\ ux h |UQ
A.

Pu
Pu J \ En Ch Pu BS. Ax
Puzv P EnkQ, Aua `x Ch Pu
Gk.
191

Puz ysh
J Puzv Aih s Puz yshS.
Puzv J Puzysh Gx A
UPk KS h x \k \ BS. Cx B G
SUPkQx. Cu AS N A1m1 BS. Cx J Uh A. Cu
Pu Ahzv G T.
Puzv J UPk 'm'
Psh Pu En \ F G. A Puz ysh
B =

F
BS.
m

Pu \U PkP
P AvP GsoUP Pu \U PkP u
Puzu |S A.
J uzu h Pu zv UPkx Ax |P
uU SUSPk Pu\UPk Gk.

Pu \U PkP sP
(i) Pu \UPkP, Pu P \ i
uha] PkP BS.
(ii) PuzvS Pu\U PkP v\ hx

u
|UQ,
PuzvS
h |UQ A.

ux

(iii) Pu \U Pmix Gu x, AU PmiS

mh ukPk, A E Pu zv v\U
SUS. (Aux) A Puz ysh v\ Ax uQx.
(iv) A J J miUPv.
(v) A Pu Su Chzv |UPP

S Chzv P A.

Pu Pu Ahzv
J A \ Pu \U PkP
GsoUP Pu Gk. Cx G SUPkQx.
192

Cu AS (weber). Cx J P AS.
Pu \UPkP v\US \[SzuP E KS
\ Pu \U PkP GsoUP Pu Ahzv
Gk. Cu AS Wb m2 Ax tesla Ax N A1m1.

Pu = B . A

^ ^ Pu
J
Chzv
Azx
P Puz ysh Gs v
\P
J
v\
Psiu AUPu ^
Pu
G
Tk.
^
Pu
CnPkP
u
SUPkQx (h 10.2).

h 10.2 ^ Pu

J AP ^ Pu zvS GkzxUPmk
UPu S.
J Chzv E
P
Puz
ysh
N
S
Gsv,
v\
mh.
Pu
^
PuS.
\mhU Puzv Hk
h 10.3 ^ Pu
Pu ^ Pu
S. Cx S Ax h Pu \U PkP
SUPkQx (h 10.3).

10.2

C Pu PUS Ch E \

1785 Bsi T uh USz u] kzv (torsional balance) C Pu PUS Ch u \UP

vU Pshu.

T GvzuP Ci v
T
Gvz
uP
Ci
PUQh Pa] Ax
193

vi,
C
US \x

Pu

P USz uPUS |zuP, AS Ch

u CiUS GvzuP CUS.
K FhPzv m1, m2 G h Pu P
Chzu d G,
F m1m2 F

m1m2

F
F = k

1
d2

d2

m1m2
d2

C[S k Gx Qu. k =

Cv Gx FhPzv EmSv.
B = o r
r =

r FhPzv J EmSv
o hzv EmSv
m1 = m2 = 1 d = 1 m G

o
4
hzv o = 4 10-7 H m-1
k =

F =

107 m1 m2
d2

107 1 1
F =
12
F = 10-7 N

G, J, uUSa \ u Psh J
x, h Ax P J mh u
AvUS x 10-7 N US \ EshUS, A KS
G UP kQx.
194

10.3 J Pu C (\mhU Pu) Aa_U Pmi

J Puz ysh
NS G J \mhU Puzv } 2l G, 'm'
G PP. Puzv 'O'x 'd' u Aa_U
Pmi Ax 'P' G U Px (h 10.4).
2l
S

N
d

h 10.4 Aa_U Pmi Puz ysh

Ci GvzuP vi F =

o m1m2
4
d2

Pu h 'P' G Puz ysh

B1 =

o m
4 NP 2

(NP P) B =

o
m
B1 = 4 (d l )2 (NP P)

Pu u PC Puz ysh
B2 =

o m
(PS P)
4 SP 2

o
m
B2 = 4 (d + l )2 (PS P)

\mhU Puzu 'P'& Puz ysh

B = B1 B2

o
o
m
m
B = 4 (d l )2 4 (d + l )2 (NP P)

om 1
1

B = 4
2
(d + l )2
(d l )
B =

om
4

(d + l )2 (d l )2

(d 2 l 2 )2

195

B =

om 4ld
2 22
4 (d l )

B =

om 2l 2d
4 (d 2 l 2 )2

o
2Md
B = 4
(d 2 l 2 )2

C[S M = 2 ml (Pu C vzv) BS.

] \mhU PuzvS l& v
SuS. G l 2 UPoUPkQx.
B=

'd'k

JkP

o 2M
4 d 3

Puzysh
P Ex.

v\

Aa_UPmi

10.4 \mhU Puzv |k U Pmi J Puz

ysh
B1

NS G \mhU Pu J }
2l G Au m G
PP. Puzv 'O'x
U Pmi 'd' u E
J PIU Px (h 10.5).

B2

Pu h PC Puz
ysh
B1 =

o m
4 NP 2

o
=
4

(d

(NP P)

m
2

+ l2

(NP P)

( NP 2 = NO 2 +OP 2 )

O
2l

h 10.5 |k UPmi
Puzysh

Puzv u PC Hk Puz ysh

B2 =

o m
4 PS 2

(PS P)
196

o
= 4

m
d2 + l2

B1

(PS P)

B1, B2 C Qhzu \[SzxU

B1 cos
TPP SUS x \[SzxU TP B1 sin T
B2 cos
B2 sin \P Gvzv\
A u J J \ \x
PQ.
B

QhzuU TP B1 cos B2 cos

PT Tku AhQ.

B1 sin
P

B2 sin

h 10.6 PuU
TP

\mhUPuzv PC uS Puz ysh

B = B1 cos + B2 cos (PT P)
B =

o
m
.
4 d 2 + l 2

l
2

d +l

m
l
o

2
2
2
4 (d + l ) d + l 2

SO NO

=
cos =

PS NP

B =
=

o
4

2ml
(d + l 2 )3/2
2

o
4

M
2

(d + l 2 )3/2

(Cv- M = 2ml)

] \mhU PuzvS l 2
B=

UPoUPzuUPuS.

o M
4 d 3

Puz ysh B& v\x PT P NSUS CnPa

\k.

10.5 \mhU Puzv Hk Puzv h u

\u u x \mhU Pu UPmk Au
h AP ] _ Pu F] UPkQx. _ Pu
F] h u P ] J
PPU SUPkQ. _ Pu F] |Pzv Au
ux hUP k x \x sk
hx SUPkQx. Ca \ uhx \u
Akzukzuu P kQ. CP CnUPmk
J ^ Pk kQx. Cu Pk J Pu
197

\U PhS. \mhU Puzua _ J ] PkP mk

mh. Pu\U PkP \mhU Puzva _
x x.
(i) Puzv h h |USu

P
x
u (paper) zu
kQx. _ Pu F]U
N
Psk Puz xzu
B
B
kQx. Azuzv
P
P
x J \mhU Pu Au
B
B
h

S
h
|US
UPkQx. Puzva
_ Pu \U PkP
h 10.7 _P & Pk
_
Pu
F]
kzv kQ (h 10.7).
H

\mhU Pu Pu C uS
Pu \U PkP HkQ. \mhU Puzv
U Pmi P P G P UPmh _ Pu F]
UP Ahx. AP _P (Neutral
points)
GkQ. C P \mhU Puzv UPmk
Pu (B) U Puzv QhzuU T (Bh) Pa \P
\ \kQx.
G, \mhUPu C uS Pu
GP _P Eu AP _P Gk.
G, _P B = Bh

o
M
2
4 (d + l 2 )3/2

(ii)

= Bh

Puzv u h |USu

P J u zukQx. J _ Pu F]
ux Puz xzu kQx. Azuzv x J
\mhUPu Au u h |US
UPkQx. _ Pu F] Puzua _ Pu \U
PkP hzv (h 10.8) Pmi kQ.
198

\mhU Pu
C
Pu
[P
uS Pu \U
PkP
Ax.
\mhU
Puzv Aa_U Pmi P P
G P UPmh _
Pu F] UP Ahx.
AP _ P Gk.
C P \mhU Puzv
Aa_U PmkU Pu (B) Bx
Pu
zv
QhzuU
T (Bh) Pa\P \
\kQx.
G.
_
P B = Bh

10.6

Bh
P
B
S

Bh
P

B
h 10.8 _P Aa_UPk

o
2Md
= Bh
2
4 (d l 2 )2

^ Pu zv \mhU Puzv u v\

Puz ysh (B)

mB
N
Psh J ^ Pu
zv
v\US

Pnzv UPmk
2l
2l
}
'm'

B
E \mhU
Pu NS JU Px
S
(h 10.9).
mB
A
B-B
Pu
h 10.9 \mhUPuzv u v \
h x \k
\ mB. Cx Puzv v\ \kQx. u x
\k \ mB. CxPuzv v\US Gvzv\
\kQx.
Cu Csk \P \P. Gvzv\P Au
C Cmh EUSQ. Cu CmhUP v \,
=J \ v \PUS Chmh \[Szxz u
199

 = F NA
= mB NA

...(1)

= mB 2l sin

= MB sin
...(2)

= M B G Uh Smh SUPk.

C v\x, M B CPU Psh uzvSa

\[SzuP Axx.
B = 1 G, = 90o G, \k (2)x = M .

G Puz vz v M Gx KS Puz ysh Psh

Pu zv AuSa \[SzuP J Puzu UPz u
v \USa \.

10.7

hgm v

JUP |USzu C Pu [P \k
u[Phmk Pu F]x A [P uS
zv v\ K {US .
B1 B2 G
B2
mB2
C
^
\[SzuPa
\k Pu[PS.
N
Csk
Pu[P
mB1
\k
Chzv
UPmk J Pu F]
2l
C
v
\PUS
B1
EmkQx.
C
Pu
F] Gvvz v\P
_
kQ.
C
A
mB1
S
\ Gvv
Cn\P mB1 mB1
mB2
EUS v\ (1)
Puzv B1US CnP
h 10.10 hg\m v
{zu . Cu
mB2 mB2 G C \ Gvv Cn \P
Hk v \ (2) Puzv B2US CnP {zu .
Csk v \P JUP \{ Ah v\
Pux K {US . Cx (h 10.10& Pmii) Pu
B2Eh Hkzx Pn BS.
200

\P mB1 mB1 Hkzx UP v\

1 = mB1 NA
= mB1 NS cos
= mB1 2l cos
= 2l mB1 cos

1 = MB1cos
Cu \P mB2 mB2 Hkzx v \
2 = mB2 SA
= mB2 2l sin
= 2lm B2 sin

2 = MB2 sin
\{ 1 = 2
MB1 cos = MB2 sin
B1 = B2 tan
Cx hgm vS.
hgm v kP Pu
Gx UPuzv QhzuUT Bh BS.

B2

Gx

10.8 S Pu
S Pu K T x Pa ] PuF] Qhzuzv
uha _ UPmkx. J \ }sh
AU S J Pu F]USa \[SzuP zumkx.
CUS Pu F]h \x _ (h 10.11).
90
0

0
90

h 10.11 S Pu

|S P mh[PP UPmk 0o u 90o SUPmh

J mh AP Cv Ex. \u Bi mh AP R
zumk, S Au zuk Cnx ui
201

\ku Ch u C Ak \uS
EuQx. S, Pu F] AP BQ
Psni zumh mi E. Cu C \i mh
AkP SUPmh C[P E. A _ AP Pu
F] zxh xQ.

10.8.1 |US { Ax h A { (End on or Tan A)

\mhU Puzv Aa_UPmi E J Pux,
UPu zv QhzuU TUSa \[SzuP A. S
Pu \mhU Pu Cu {uUS H UPmh
C{ h A { Gk.
h A { uS SPu [P QUS&
S v\ Aux Puz uzvS \[SzuP UPkQx.
\mhU Pux QUS & S v\ SPu [PUS
CnP hzv E UPkQx (h 10.12).
2l }, M Puz vz v \mhU Pu, Pu F]
zvx d' u UPkQx. C Pu [P
\mh Pu F]x Pn UPhQx. AP (i)
\mhU Puzv Aa_UPmi E Pu B (ii) UPu
zv QhzuU T Bh.

\mhU Puzv Aa_UPmi d u Ax

o
2Md
Pu B = 4 (d 2 l 2 )2
90
N

N
0

hgm vi
E

90

B = Bh tan

o
2Md
2 2 2 = Bh tan
4 (d l )

h 10.12 h A {

C \mhU Pu[P vz vP Jku

(i) P :
h A { SPu
UPkQx (h 10.13). S Pu J zv M1
vzv 2l1 } E \mhU Pu Pu F]
zvx d1 u Pu F] mi J
202

UPkQx. S Pu ~sqn 45o& AvPP

Cu Puzv u SPu UP[P 30o u
60o CUS uukUPkQx. AU S
PmkQ AkP 1 2 GU SUPkQ. Puzv
P vmk Au u UPmk C
AkP 3 4 SUPkQ. Puzv Pu
F]mi UPzv Au u zx |S
AkP 5, 6, 7 8 SUPkQ. Cu Gmk
AkP \\ I BS.
vzv M2 } 2l2 E Cshx Puzv d2
u zx \ \u sk \kQx.
Cx Gmk AkP \\ vx II BS.
u PuzvS hgm vi
o
2M1d1
= Bh tan I
4 (d1 2 l1 2 )2

...(1)

Cshx PuzvS,
2M 2d2
o
= Bh tan II
4 (d22 l 22 )2

...(2)

90
0

N
0

90

d1

h 10.13 P

\k (1) (2) x

d12 - l12
M1
=
M2
d2 2 - l2 2

d2 tan I
d1 tan II

] | :
Pu[P J u UPmh d1 = d2 = d
203

...(3)

(
(

d 2 - l12
M1
=
M2
d 2 - l2 2

)
)

tan I
tan II

u d' I Jh l1 l2 Ga ]PU
Psh
M

tan

1
I
M = tan
II
2

(ii)

_ P :

SPu h A { UPkQx. Puz vz v

M1 } 2l1 Psh J \mhU Pu, Pu F] mi
zvx d1 u UPkQx. Puzvzv M2
} 2l2 Psh Cshx \mhU Pu Pu F] mi UPzv
Pu[P P J |US UPkQx. u
Pu Hkzx P _S P AU S 0o 0o
AU Pmk Cshx Puzv u \ \mk Ax
x1 GU SUPkQx. u Puzv P vmk Au
u d1C UPkQx. Cshx Puzv P
vmk AU S 0o0o Pmk P Au u
\\kQx. Cx Cshx Puzv u x2 BS.
Pu[P Gv[PUS \u sk
\kQx. Csk uP
x3 x4
SzxU
Pk. uP x1, x2, x3 x4 C \\ d2 G
GkzxU Pk.
\mhU Pu[P Pu zv Hk Pu [P
Gsv \P, Gvz v\P CUS.
90
N

N
0

90

d1

d2

h 10.14 _ P

Aux,

B1 = B2

o
o
2M 1d1
4 (d1 2 l1 2 )2 = 4

2M 2d2

(d22 l 22 )2
204

d12 l12
M1
=
M2
d22 l 22

d2
d1

\mhU Pu[P ], uP d1 d2I |UP

l1 l2 UPoUPzuUP

M1
d3
= 13
M2
d2

10.8.2 |US { Ax h B { (Broad side on (or)

Tan B position)

J \mhU Puzv |kU Pmi

E J Pu, UPuU
QhzuU TSa \[SzuP Ex. Cu
{uUS H S Pu, \mhU
Pu UPmk A h B {
BS.
Cu
uS
SPu
[P, h, u v\P UPkQ.
Aux [P Puz xz uzv
UPkQ. \mhU Pu QUS Sz
v\ AU SS CnP
UPkQx (h 10.15).

d
90
0

0
90

Puz vzv M 2l }
Psh J \mhU Pu, Pu F]
zvx d u UPk x
(i)
|kUPmi

\k
h 10.15 h B {
\mhUPu Hkzx Pu B
(ii) UPu QhzuUT Bh G C Pu [P
\mi Pu F] Pn P AhQx. \mhU Puzv
|kU Pmi u d&
o

Pu B = 4 (d 2 + l 2 ) 3/2

205

hgm vi,
B = Bh tan
o
M
2
4 (d + l 2 )3/2 = Bh tan

\mhUPu ]uP CUSx u dI |UP l ]uP

Cu l 2 UPoUPkQx.
o M
= Bh tan
4 d 3

C \mhU Pu[P Puz vz vP Jku

(i) P :

S Pu h B { UPkQx. Puz vz
v M1 2l1 } Psh J \mhU Pu Pu F] mi
J UPzv Pu F] zvx d1 u UPkQx
(h 10.16). S Pu ~sqn 45o & AvPP Cu
P 30oUS 60oUS Ch A P \mhU Puzv
u uukUPkQx. AU S Pmk
AkP 1, 2 G SzxU PkQ.
\mhU Pu Au Pu P vmk
N
Au u UPkQx. Csk
S
E
AkP 3, 4 SzxU PkQ.
N
Pu F] mi UPzv \mhU Puzu
Au u u
|S AkP 5, 6, 7, 8 SzxU
d
PkQ. Gmk AkP \\
90
v I BS.
1

0
90

Puz vzv M2 } 2l2

Psh Cshx \mhU Puzv d2
u
zx
\u
sk
\kQx. CuP Gmk AkP
\\ v II-Iz uQx.
hm vi u \mhU PuzvS

h 10.16 P

o
M1
2
4 (d1 + l1 2 )3/2 = Bh tanI
206

...(1)

 Cshx \mhUPuzvS
M2
o
4 (d22 + l22 )3/2 = Bh tan II

...(2)

\kP (1) (2)x

d12 + l12
M1
=
M2
d2 2 + l2 2

3/2

3/2

tan I
tan II

...(3)

] |
\mhU Pu[P J u UPmh d1 = d2 = d

(
(

d 2 + l12
M1
=
M2
d 2 + l12

)
)

3/2
3/2

tan I
tan II

u d I Jh l1 l2 ]
M 1 tan I
=
M 2 tan II
(ii)

N
E
N

_P

S Pu h B
{
UPkQx. (h 10.17) Puz vz
d1
v M1, } 2l1 Psh J \mhUPu,
90
Pu F] mi J UPzv Pu
d1
u
F]
zvx
0
0
UPkQx. Puz vz v M2
} 2l2 Psh Cshx \mhUPu,
90
Pu F]mi UPzv
d2
P J J |US P
UPkQx. u Pu Hkzx P
_S P AU S 0o S
N
0o
AU
Pmk,
Cshx
Puzv
u
\
\kQx.
Cx Cshx Puzv u x1
BS & u Puzv P vmk h 10.17 _P
207

Ax u d1& UPkQx. Cshx Pu P

vmk A S 0o - 0o Pmk P Au u
\ \kQx. Cx Cshx Puzv u x2 BS.
Pu[P Gv[PUS \u sk
\kQx. Csk uP x3 x4 SzxU
PkQ. uP x1, x2, x3 x4 BQ \\
d2G GkzxU PkQx.
Pu F]mi zv C \mhU Pu[P Hk
Pu[P, Gs v \P, Gvvz v\P E.

B1 = B2

o
M2
o
M1
4 (d1 2 + l1 2 ) 3/2 = 4 (d2 2 + l2 2 ) 3/2

d12 + l12
M1
=
M2
d2 2 + l2 2

3/2

3/2

\mhU Pu[P ] uP d1, d2I |UP l1

l2 UPoUPzuUP.

M1 d13
=
M 2 d2 3

10.9 P Pu sP
{ Pu[P Ax Pu[P Ax
EP Sz uSu u P, AP Pu
sP zu AQ. G P Pu sP
A UQzx Qx. Pu sP zx
P PkzxuS P RUPs UP
kQ.
(i) PuUS (Ax) Pua \

J PuUP k Pu, PuUS

Ax Pua \ Gk. Cx H G SUPk. Cu
AS A m1 BS.
208

(S : Pu s u mhzxh uhhx
BP, Pua \ B _ UPkQx.
Cu UP uuUS u.)
(ii)

Pu EmSv

Pu EmSv Gx, J Au Pu\U

PkP AvUS vU SUS.
J J EmSv r Gx J PuUS
zv EUPk KS P Pu
\UPkP GsoUPUS (B) hzv KS P Pu
\UPkP GsoUPUS (Bo) E uP BS.
J EmSv r =
H

B
Bo

r = H =
o
o
FhPzv EmSv = or Cv o Gx hzv
EmSv.
J FhPzv Pu EmSv Gkx FhPzv Puz
ysh B US, Au FhPzv Pua\ H US E Qu
BS.
=
(iii)

B
H

PuUS \

PuUS zv (H) J Gu ASU

PuUP kQu Au, PuUPa \ SUQx.
J Pu PuUPa \ Gx KS UP
Puz vz v BS.
I =

M
V

Cu AS A m1 BS.

J Pu } 2l, SUS A
m G
I =

2lm
2lA

209

I =

m
A

J KS SUS P PuUPa
\ G UPkQx.
(iv)

Puz ysh

J uz xsk ^ Pua \ H Psh J Pu

zv UPkx, uz xsi E Puz ysh Bx
Pua \ hzv Hk Puz ysh Bo
yshmh PuUP Hk Puz ysh Bm CP
TkuUSa \.
B = Bo + B m

B Bo= oH Bm = oI
B = oH + oI

B = o (H + I)
(v)

Pu Hz v

Pu Hz v G s J G Gv
G h PuUPkQx Guz wUQx.
J Pu Hz v m Gx yshmh
PuUPa \S (I) Ax UPmk PuUS zv, Pu
a\US (H) E uPS.
m =

I
H

I H C J n[PU Psku mUS AS

C. m nx.

m r UP uh
m =

I
H

I = mH
B = o (H + I)

B = o (H + mH)
B = oH (1 + m)

Gx Pu EmSv G, B = H.
210

 H = o H (1 + m)

= (1 + m)
o
r = 1 + m

10.10 Pu P Pkzxu
PuUS zv P sP zx A
xP PP UP.
(i) h Pu P
(ii) Pu P
(iii) L Pu P
(i) h Pu P sP

{P Puz vzv _ v AqUPU Psh

P h Pu P Gk.
(1) Pu Hz v GvUSU Psh Su vhx.
(GkzxUPmk : zvS m= 0.00017)
(2) Pu Hz v { zux A.
(3) J EmSv v J h \ S.
(4) CP ^ Pu zv UPk x, zu
mk |Px \. Aux zv Su Svx Su
Sv |UQa \. hzv Pmix AP
zvS Gv v\ Puh (h 10.18).
hPu v

PsniU Qsn
S

h 10.18 h Pu s v

(5) ^ Puzv ua\P u[Phk x

CP zvS \[Szu v\ x {S (h 10.19).
211

GkzxUPmkP : Bi, Sb, Cu, Au, Hg, H2O, H2 .

h 10.19 Pu zv \[SzuP h Pu P
(ii)

Pu P sP

J AqUP Ax UTP _ {P Puz

vz vU Psiu A PuP Gk.
(1) Pu Hz v |US Psh Su vhx.
GkzxUPmk : AzvS m = + 0.00002
(2) Pu Hz v P {US GvzuP A.
m

1
Aux { AvPUS x Pu Hzv SQx.
T

(3) J EmSv Jh AvP.

(4) CP ^ Pu zv UPk x zv
Su Svx UP Sv |UQ |P. A Pu
zv v\ PuhQx (h 10.20).
Puz v

PsniU Qsn
S

h 10.20 Puz v

(5) ^ Puzv ua\P u[Phkx A

zvS CnP x {S (h 10.21).

h 10.21 Pu zvS CnP Pu

GkzxUPmk : Al, Pt, Cr, O2, Mn, CuSO4

212

(iii) L Pu P sP

L Pu P E AqUP Ax UTP
J {P Puz vz v CP .
CP Sv Pu sPU PmkQ.
(1) Pu Hz v J EmSv P AvP.
(GkzxUPmk CUS, r = 200,000)
(2) Pu Hz v P {US GvzuP A.
Aux m

1
. { Ex Pu Hzv SQx.
T

J Smh { L Pu P Pu
PP Q. Cu {US Q (Curie)
{ G . GkzxUPmk : CUP Q {
_P 1000 K.
(3) ^ Puzv ua\P u[Phkx, A
Pu zvS CnP x {S.
(4) CP ^ Puzv UPkx
Su Svx UP Sv |UQ |P. Pu
zv\ A PuhQ.
GkzxUPmk Fe, Ni, Co C EPU PP.

10.11 Puz uUP (Hysteresis)

J PuUS a \
H xP Puh
Cz usk JU Px.
PuUS
a
\
H
hU Tix. PuUS
a \ H AvPUSx
/
K
X
Cz usi Puz ysh
B AvPzx, J umk H{ AhQx. Cx u
OP-

PmhkQx.
S
(h 10.22).
PuUS xP
SUPkx Puz ysh

Y
L

Q
R
U

O
T

G
+H

Y/

h 10.22 Puz uUPU Pso

213

SQx. B Pu ysh B, PO Pz vv. P

H = 0 BSx B- v _ BP v OQI Qx.
Cz usi Pu s u Cu Cx PmkQx. PuUS
_PU SUPmh J Puz ysh
v Au u Puz ysh (residual magnetic induction) Gk.
hzv OQ uU PusU PmkQx. Cx PuUS
a \ Gvzv\ AUSx Puz ysh QR
Sx R& _ v Ah. C uU Puzv _USuS
PuUS a \ ORI Gvz v\ AUP six.

J Pu E uU Puz yshU Szx

_USuS AuS AUPh si Gvzv\ PuUS a
\ v Pu}UPa \ (Coercivity) Gk.
PuUS H-I, Gvz v\ AvPUSx
Puz ysh RS AvPzx S- umk { AhQx. (P
S \a^ PS). ux, sk Puzv v\
x Puz ysh STUP G u \Qx. Cu
i UPk PQRSTUP Puz uUPU Pso (hysteresis loop)
Gk. Cx J PuUSa _U SUQx. ""Puz uUP'' G
\ u[Su G U Pskx. J PuUPa
_x Puz ysh B, PuUS a \ HUS
u[Qx G AQ. PuUS zvS, Puz ysh
u[S {P Puz uUP Gk.

uUP C
J L Pu PuUPkx B
\hkQx. J U PuUPa \UPmh B
v iux. B C i Ex. PuUPa
_ x Av UT Pu[P J v\ x,
sk v\ x |hu Cu B
C HkQx. Cu UTP CUPzu B
EQx. J PuUPa _x Hk KS Psh
B C uUPU Pso Sa \.
uUP zu (retentivity) Pu }UPa \, Pu EmSv, Pu
Hzv B CP E kP
PnP, P J AP E i A
Psh Puz uUPU Pso US. P
214

Puz
uUPU
Pso

Au

|UP[PUS zu Pz uukUP.

10.11.1 L Pu P P
(i) {UPu[P (Permanent magnets)

{UPu[P uuSz uSu P, }shP

Pu s {zvUP A AvP u Puz ysh, AvP Pu
}UPa \ UP sk. CzuP P
GkzxUPmkP GLS A{P (Al, Ni Co \u P
BS).
u
(ii) Pu[P

(Electromagnets)

Pu[P
uUP
k
P, PuUPa _PUS Emh
GLS
six. Auz uUP Pa \
PU Su uUP C
H
UP sk. E v Puz
ysh (B) Su v Psh
PuUS a \ (H) UP
sk. Su u Puz ysh
h 10.23 Puz uUPU
AP
S
uUPU
Pso
Pso & GLS u
u
u,
Pu[P
\ SvP kzukQx (h 10.23) (] G
S uUP C). Ax Su PuUS a\P (H)
AvP B vP Qx.
(iii)

EP

EP \ k P \US
(choke) P P PuUP _PUS
EmkzukQ. P AvPP Puz ysh (B) EuP
A sk. BP Su AP AvP } Eh uUPU
Pso u kzukQx. i EP[P,
P (Pern alloy) mh Su uUP
C Eh ] EPU PP BS.

215

(iv) Pu v |hUP Poo {P (Magnetic tapes

and memory store)

J PuUP Gx PuUS a \ mk
zuu, Ax Emk PuUP _] zux.
PuUPmhv A PuUPa _]P v BS. G
C Poo J {P \PU PP kQx.
L Pu P, J|hU P Pu v
|hUP x _uS, uP PooP {P[P
Hkzu kQ. AzuP P GkzxUPmkP :
m (Ferrites) (Fe, Fe2O, MnFe2O4)

216

wUPmh PnUSP
10.1 J \mhPuzv, h h |UQx.
Puzv zvx 10 cm u _ Ex. B = 4
105 T G, Puzv vz vU PnUQkP.

uP : d = 10 102 m; B = 4 105 T; M = ?
w : Puzv h h |UQ C
_P Puzv |kU Pmi A.
] \mhU Puzv |k UPmi E _
Pu,
B =

o M
4 d 3

M = B d3 10 7 = 4 105 (10 102)3 107

M = 0.4 A m2

10.2 J \mhU Pux UPhu P Qhmhzv Puz

xz uzv u[Phmkx. Puz xz uzvx
Puzv 30 o vuPP P x 270 o
_kQx. Cu \mhUPuzv Gkzxmk, AUP
Cshx \mhUPu u[PhkQx. Cshx \mhU
Pu, Au Pn A Puz xz uzv v P
180o _kQx. C \mhU Pu[P vz
vP uPU PnUQkP. (S : = C)

w : KS _]US v \ C GP.
C \mhU Pu[P vz vP M1 M2 GP.
UP v \ = C
v \ = MB sin
\{, UP v \ = v \
u PuzvS
C (270o 30o) = M1 Bh sin

... (1)

Cshx PuzvS
C (180o 30o) = M2 Bh sin

\k (1)I \k (2)B SUP

M1 240o 8
=
=
M 2 150o 5

217

... (2)

10.3 Puz vz v 5.25 102 A m2 Psh J ] \mhU Pu

UPu zvSa \[Szu v\ Au Aa_ A
UPkQx. \mhU Puzv zvx (i) |k UPk
(ii) Aa_UPmi, Guz u UPu zuk uS
Pu 45o CUS? Au Chzv UPu zv Gs v
0.42 104 T.

M = 5.25 102 A m2

uP :

= 45o
Bh = 0.42 104 T
d = ?

w : hgsm vx
B
= Tan
Bh

B = Bh tan = 0.42 104 tan 45o

B = 0.42 104 T

(i) |k UPmi E US :
B =
d3 =
d3 =

o M
4 d 3

o M

4 10 -7 5.25 10-2
4 0.42 10-4

= 12.5 10-5 = 125 10-6

d = 5 102 m
(ii) Aa_UPmi E US :
B

o 2M
4 d 3

d3

4 107
2 5.25 10-2

4
0.42 10-4

d3

= 250 106 = 2 125 106

= 21/3 . (5 102)

= 6.3 102 m.

Ax

d3

218

o 2M
4 B

10.4 90 g { \mhU Puzv Puz vz v 3 A m2 BS.

Au PuUPa \ v 2.7 10 5 A m 1 G, Pu
AhzvU PnUQkP.
uP : m = 90 103 kg; M = 3 A m2
I = 2.7 105 A m1; = ?

w : PuUPa \ I =

M
V

B , V =
M
I=
m

Im
2.7 105 90 103
=
= 8100
M
3

= 8100 kg m3
10.5 1.5 cm 2 SUS , 8 cm } E usk J x
50 A m1 Pu a \ \ku u Puz ysh
0.024 T G (i) Pu EmSv (ii) Pu Hz v CU
PnUQkP.

uP : H = 50 A m1, B = 0.024 T = 2.4 102 T, 2l = 8 102 m

A = 1.5 104 m2
= ?; m = ?
w : Pu EmSz v, =

B 2.4 10 2
=
= 4.8 104 H m 1
H
50

1
Pu Hz v m = r 1 =
o
4
m = 4.8 10 1 = 381.16
7

4 10

219

u vk
(Cuz uvmk Sv PkUPmk UP
PnUSP vP. C, h x Gu
Ax PnUQ iUP. n, n
uvmk
Svx
mk,
h
x
iUPhUTi UPUS PnUSPUS hUP Bzu
\x P sk.)

10.1

d' u hzv UPmk C Pu P

10N \ EnQ. Pu P Au u

FhPzv J EmSv 2 E FhPzv, UPmh,

A En \ v

10.2

10.3

(a) 20 N

(b) 10 N

(c) 5 N

(d) 40 N

J Puzv Puz vzv 5 A m2 BS. Pu

25 A m G, Puzv }
(a) 10 cm

(b) 20 cm

(c) 25 cm

(d) 1.25 cm

2l }, M Puz vz v, m Pu E J

}
Pu
F]x
Au
|kSv
C
xskPUPkx QhUS J xsi Puz vz
v
(a) M, m

(b)

M m
,
2 2

m
2

(d)

M
, m
2

(c) M,

10.4

C ] Pu[P \A Psk. J
Puzv } Ch[PP Ex. ]
}h Pux h A { Pu F]x 20 cm
u UPkQx. AvP } Pux, S
Pu UPzv UPmk Av UP Hx
Hh CUP, Au u
(a) 20 cm

(b) 20 (2)1/3 cm

(c) 20 (2)2/3 cm

(d) 20 (2) cm

220

10.5

10.6

10.7

S Pu h B { UPk Puzv v\
(a) hUS & uS

(b) QUS & S

(c) hUS & S

(d) uS & S

J Pu J EmSv 10001 PuUS

a\ v 2500 A m1 G PuUPa \
(a) 0.5 107 A m1

(b) 2.5 107 A m1

(c) 2.5 1.0+7 A m1

(d) 2.5 101 A m1

RUPsh,
\vUPx?

Gu

Pu

Hzv

{a

(a) hPu
(b) Pu
(c) L Pu
(d) h Pu Pu

10.8

Q { L Pu ,
(a) Puz u CUQx
(b) h PuQx
(c) PuQx
(d) UP L PuQx

10.9

Pu[P u Psk EUPkQ. H

u Bx __________ Pskx.
(a) Su Pu Hz v, S uU Puz ysh
(b)

AvP Pu Hz v, S uUPuz
ysh

(c) AvP Pu Hz v AvP uU Puz ysh

(d)

10.10

S Pu Hz v AvP uUPuz
ysh
T GvzuP Ci vU T.

10.11

\mhU Pu J (i) Aa_UPmi (ii) |k UPmi

J \k Puz yshUP uhP P.

10.12

^ Pu zv Pu F] x \k v
\UPz uh P.

10.13

hgsm vU T USP.
221

10.14
10.15
10.16
10.17

10.18
10.19
10.20

h A { Gx x? S Pu h A {
Gu A?
h A {UP PP . h A { C\mhU
Pu[P vz vP G JhkQx G .
h B { Gx x? h B { J SPu
G AUPkQx?
h B {UP PP . h B { C\mhU
Pu[P vz vP uP Gu PnkQx G
.
: (1) Pu EmSv (2) PuUPa \ (3) Pu
Hz v.
h, L Pu P kzxP.
JS J GkzxUPmiz uP.
Puz uUPU Pso USP.

PnUSP
10.21

10.22

10.23

10.24

5 104 T v ^ Pu zv UPmk 8 cm

} Puzv J x \k \ v
6 103 N G, Puzv vz vU PnUQkP.
20 cm Ch P UPmk C Pu
PUS Ch US \ 2 10 5 N. CPu
P J h C h[S G
J Pu U PnUQkP.
mh h K Pu P 1 m
Ch E. Hu J Pu x 0.2 m
u 4 A m x Pu \{
C, K Pu P uPU PnUQkP.
10 cm } 24.6 10 2 A m E Pux
0.01 T v Puzv v\US 30o Pnzv C,

Au x \k Cmh vz vU PnUQkP.
10.25

10.26

10 cm } Puzv vzv 9.8 101 A m2. Puzv

zvx Au Aa_UPmi 20 cm u E

\k PuzuU PnUQkP.
J \ x C \[Szu PkP kQ.
0.108 0.192 A m2 Puz vz v v C ]
Pu[P CUPkP x UPkQ. CPkP
222

10.27

10.28
10.29

\vUS C Pu[Px 30 cm 40
cm G, A uS Pu zvU PnUQkP.
72 g {, 7200 kg m 3 Ahzv E Cz usi
PuUPa \ 0.72 A m1. G, Au Puz vz v
vU PnUQkP.
25 cm3 Puzv Puz vzv 12.5 104 A m2
G PuUPa \ vU PnUQkP.
Cz usk J 2 10 3 A m 1 v Pua
\x 4 Wb m2 Puz ysh Hkzv, J
EmSv Pu Hzv CU PnUQkP.

hP
10.1

(a)

10.2

(b)

10.3

(d)

10.4

(b)

10.5

(b)

10.6

(c)

10.7

(a)

10.8

(c)

10.9

(b)

10.21

0.96 A m2

10.22

2 A m, 4 A m

10.23

1 :16

10.24

1.23 104 N m

10.25

2.787 105 T

10.26

106 T

10.27

7.2 106 A m2

10.28

50 A m1

10.29

5000, 4999

223

n
(uUS Eu)
1. Pu JxUP (Declination)
R
R

S
P

h 1 Pu JxUP

ua\Pz u[Phmh Pu F]
Aa] \ \[Szxz u Puz xzu
Gk. xzu Gx hu
v\ ( _ Aa_) \ \[Szxz
u BS (h 1).
h 1& u PQRS Puz xzuzuU
SUQx. u PQR S Gx xz uzuU
SUQx.
Khzv Pu JxUP Gx Pu xz
uzvS xz uzvS Chmh Pn
BS.

Pu JxUPzuU Pn
P2
Khzv xzuzu G
PsuPP 1 u 1.5 m
Q
E | P J {zv P
O
\[SzuP 'O' {zukQx.
'O'& PU Psk Pzv Ezu
P1
BPU Psh mh J kQx
h 2 xzu
(h 2).
|sPUS Pzv { ~ mhzuz uk P1IU
SUP.
sk Pzv { ~ P mhzvz uk P2IU
SUP. Pn P1OP2C C\mi POQ Gx Ahzv
xzu BS.
O
C
B
J Pu F] C P Csk
R
S
Ssl]P \[SzuP zumk Auz
A
D
ua\Pz u[Pku Puz
xz u kQx.
h 3 Puz xzu
Pu F] K { E x, C
Ssl]P Pa \US AB GU Pmh . Pu F]
uRPz vmk Ssl]P Pu F]P P zukQ.
Pu F] K { E x Ssl]P Pa \zx CD G Pk
kQx. AB CD G PkP miU P 'O' GP.
Pn BOD C\mi RS Bx Au Chzv Puz xzuzvz
uQx (h 3).

224

S
xzu PQS Puz P
xzu RSUS Chmh Pn Pu
JxUP Gk (h 4).
R
Q
2 Pua \ (Dip)
h 4 Pu JxUP
U Puzv v\US Au QhzuU
T v\US Ch E Pn Pua \
Gk.
zu Pu Qhzuzvx GuU Pn A \xu
AUPn Pua \ Gk. Pua \ G SUPk. ChzvS Ch
Cu v k. |kU Pmi Cu v 0o BP, Pu
P Cu v 90o BP Ex. \ = 9o7 BS.
Khzv Pua \ v \ mh G PUPsk
Avh.
\ mh
V G \[Szu mh AP zv
V
A
NS G J Pu F] GuPa _ Qhzuz
90
usi zumkx. Pu F] ua\P Cu
S
mh AP x _UTix. mh A P
0
0
|S Pmh SvPP UPmkx. J
N
o
o
o
Sv 0 u 90 SUPmiUS. 0
90
0oAP Qhmhzv 90o 90o AP
\[Szxz uzv SUPmk. Pu F] mh
P
A P Psni zumk A
G \Pmi E. Ca\P mix
Qhzu hzv x \[Szx ys P x
zumkx. h \mhz vSPU
u 360o

Pskx. hzv 0o
SUPmk mh A P Jx (h 5).
h 5 \ mh
\Pmi \[Szx Aa\a _U Tix.
Au { zumh J mh A P A
(hzv Pmhh).
h Qhzuzv CUS mi mh AP \[SzuP
CUS \mhz vSP \\kQ. Pu F] NS P
\[Szx AP 90o 90o GU Pmk \P mi _kQx.
C{ Pu F] UPuzv \[SzxU T v\ AQx.
UPuzv QhzuUT uzvSa \[SzuP Cu Pu F] x
Gu u v Hkzxv. Cvx \[Szx AP Pu
F] Puzxz uzvS \[Szxz uzv E Gx uQx. Cx
\P mix Qhmh mh A P Eu 90o _kQx.
Pu F]x Pa \P Puzxz uzv x AQx. Pu F] Pmk
Ak Au Chzv Pua \S.
225