Vm B]sB_

>V^ - 1
VlB_ kD
>Vau_s

\_W - x>VD g|
u|k A_
C\ h [S
vmhzvR hmhx.
(US A)

wsh J a\
wsh J [S
wsh uz u \

u|mk
h PP

Pa\, \&600 006.

i

u|k A_

u v & 2010

Sz u
. g. Vz\V,
xz u (Cv)
AMK hUU P,
\UP,
\&602 103.

]P

E. sk\[,

uP B],
A_ BsP { ,
|mh & 635 852,
mh.

V. V[,

. kV>D,

uP B],
A_ BsP { ,
u] & 604 408,
vsn mh.

uP B],
A_ { ,
| & 631 051,
mh.

QV. Bz\V >V,

g. gxD,

uP B],
uzv Py PU Psn \mi
Cx { ,
v & 602 001.

uP B],
A_ BsP { ,
Jsiy,
P & 641 016.

h[P u : u|k A_UPP U P CUPP, u|k.

C 60 .G.G. u Aa]hmkx.

ii

VeD
k..

V>A

1.

VlB_ kD - xD

2.

k s^

3.

]B > WB \A (BIS)

15

4.

bD mD mD x^
\uD \Vt_

19

5.

ksB_ ke^ \uD xA^

38

6.

k][ e s>D

48

7.

AV[

54

8.

k|>Vu^

78

9.

A V^

87

10. m |>KV ^

103

11.

113

kD >_

12. gV

129

iii

VeD
k..
1.

V>A

VlB_ kD - xD
AP & h & h & hzv CUPn & hzv
UQzx & i h & i h & \m
i h & Po P.

2.

k s^
AP & hP & T- i mhP & iLh & ]P
] P & APP & \m P & Po &
ga P & Pmi & P & [Qk P & C[Q[
& hzu

3.

]B > WB \A (BIS)
AP & &Am hzu & PSv & uUPmh &
P[P mi & o B S & \ ]h & i
Ah[P

4.

bD mD mD x \uD \Vt_
AP & Gs, Gzx Gx A] & Gs, GzxUP
A Qu & GzxUPUS Ch Ch & GzxUP
A & GzxUP PP & \[Szx GzxUP & \ GzxUP
& nh & nzv PP & A n & Ch
n & nk P & Ask ]h & hU
]h & nkuUP x SP & }mhmh PkP &
h & AUS u & n Ah & hzv
k PkP, Au Azu[P & nkuUP
vP & h[P \ nh & ]

5.

ksB_ ke^ \uD xA^

AP & T mi & |mhU T & mh & }mh &
& Av & \P Av & }mhzu P
& u mh & } mh & \P & } mhzv
kP & T P & S & CUS & zu Qu
& Aa_ & hU & }mh & & Av & _
& Cm & _ & | & PP & \mh P & Qhmh P
& \[Szx P & \ P & P P & Su P & Su
P & \ mh i
iv

6.

k][ e s>D
AP & h[P A & h[P P & hzv
Gs & hzv & & A Qu & \ A Qu &
S UPm h A Qu & uUPmh A Qu & A
Quzv P & A Quzv P & \un AP &
mh AP & |s AP & hzu izx US
P

7.

AV[
AP & U\ & z u & I\mU h &
I\mU h & KU h & P h &
Pm h & BzuQU h & u Pn P & x
Pn P & J u[P & hzv
si UQ u[P & UPzu & UPzu & UPz
u & BU] u & BzuQU h &
I\mUhzu zx BzuQU h u &
BzuQU hzu zx I\QU h u

8.

k|>Vu^
AP & mkzuzv uP & mkUPkP uP
SP & mkzu & mkzu & {k Pk &
mkzuzv PP & mkzu & Amkzu
& k mkzu & k mkzu & UP
mkzu & B\m mkzu & mP mkz
uzvP Ah[P -& mkzuzu zx
BzuQU h[P u

9.

A V^
AP & CnmP PP & uPP Cn
mP & {u Cn mP & P AP &
SkP Pn[P & Ea\ mh & Qm & m & L[U &
Su mh & B & h y & TPI & m & a mh &
Pn & P PP & UP, ChUP PP & J ,
P & UP, EmUP P & P i[P & BSW
& BA & mU & \x & AU & |UQ &
mm & m, |m, hm \ & hzv P
& \P & \P PP & \[U \ & \[U \ PP
& Cn \ & \ \ & \ \ & k Psh \ &
Lu \ & EmL \ & \i \ & \i \ & umh \i
\ & Ei \ & \P PP & \ zv B & \
SP

10.

m |>KV ^
AP & UPh & CnzxmkuUP h & \
UPh & vSzu[Q & V &U & C &Q & |UQ m

11.

kD >_
AP & Abbreviation for Materials - Ferrous Materials - Non-Ferous Materials - Drawing
Abbreviations - hU SkP, Ah[P & ] x
P[P hzv Sk P & PkUPmh hzu
zx UPUS hzu

12.

gV
AP & kP & AqT[P & &
EmkUPP & mkU PP & \P & {Pz
uUPP & & Bmh Ph xUSu & Bmh Pi UQ
A\[P & umh & R[Somh & omh &
hshk omh & BUm j omh & i
omh & iL omh & Pmh \ & hmh &
Bmh Pm PmhP & PmhP Eh & Bmh Pi P
s & v Bnzu EUSu & HP E Bnzu
vzu & uu Bnzua \zu & uu Bnzu
ku & Bmh Pix u & hUPmhP & Pk
Pmh & mhUPmh & mh Pmh & }mhU Pmh & P
Pmh & \PU Pmh & ma Pmh & i hUm
Pmh

vi

1. VlB_ kD - xD

(ENGINEERING DRAWING - INTRODUCTION)

xD
h

x,

USx,

hzu

zx

xPx, hzu C]x C |, Cx uumk

PS. hzv PuPU T. Ena]P UPmh.
Ga\UP \. Pmh. Pzx \xP. ]x
SuPUS hzv PuP Tu | A.
PuP PsP ]UPx | CUS Chzv mk,
EPzv Azx SvP |hUS J {PS. Ax
x o u Aih u A Gu
|mha \uP C, Gu _P C ""h''
(Drawing (or) Blue Print)

] Pi.

h G \ B[Qzv ""m['' (Drawing) G TQ.

u Cu K G \Q. x ""m[''
(Drawing)

G zuUS P zu \ ""h'' BS. K,

h BQ Csk P PS. CUP kzv |

Gsn[P, PP, EnP BQ, _PUS
Gv Enzu i.

kD
x | kzxQ ] Cv P[P uPsk,
Cv[P , Azu h x A
[P, AP Smk, xPi, GuP
mh h ""h'' (Drawing (or) Blue Print) Gk. Cu h
x E P (Engineers) kuS.

JD
|US u J uzv u m][ (Tracing)
u x P sk. C mh hzvS ""h''
G . hzvU Psk u vP GkzxUPuS
"" sm'' (Blue Print or Ferro Print) G . "" sm'' Gx
hzu u SUS. } { h[P A.
1

k][ D
h

Gx

u,

uP

kzuk US \ JS. US CUPn Ex ,

mkUS vP Ex , h[PUS CUPn Esk.
hzv Guk J zuUS, GsoS, PkPUS,
GzvS,

AhUSPUS

Azu

Esk

Gu

Piu h CUP sk. |mi,

_ x P P h , hzu
Sk BQ J v CUSmk hzu u
hzv CUPnS.
x Cv, Pmhh, , q,
Po A xP E. Au xP h
AuP E vP kQx.

k][ xBmkD:
1.

, Au \u x uUP si mP
vUP h A]Qx.
2. hzv G SP Ax P iQx.
3. mPz uuS , Au hzu uzxU
Pu SkP GuP \\xP.
4. mP uUSx umh, hzv
[Pz uxP.
5. ] C v o \ u , C v z u
zxu, JUP \ UQ Psix Pi.
SP x P. Pm uP x P |.
mh JUP xP i P. G,
A GuP, \P xP ""h'' A].
6. _, |mh Gv x uxP,
Ch[PUS A UP h A].
7. uP, CvoP hzu zx \ z
uP uxPsk o , P x Psk
o, v iP EUP h A].
8. o [P xPP zx, ux v Gkzx
zx uxP h A].
9. h Cu h UP PmP u.
10. J v mP, J |zv, oP Cv[P
2

uzuP hzu zxUPsk o i.

11. hzv | SQx. Ezv AvPUQx.
12. h z u k z v C v o \ x u P { P
.

ksB_ kD (Geometrical Drawing)

i h Gx Azx h[PUS
Aih BS. \x, \P, mh, E, T i[P
Sh i h Eu.

Cu i hzu Csk

PP UP.
1.
2.

i h (Plane Geometrical Drawing)

\m i h (Solid Geometrical Drawing)

e[ ksB_ kD (Plane Geometrical Drawing)

Ax AuSmh PkP Cnx \x, \P,
UPn u[P EUSu i h BS.

Vo ksB_ kD (Solid Geometrical Drawing)

Ax AuS mh P (Planes) J\x

EUSQ uzu \m (Solid) i h GQ. Cx },
AP, E BQ APU PsiUS.

M k (Computer Graphics)

|h UP Po k Azx x
A v P z x Q x.

Po P x P

a] Ahxx. Po P AvP Ah x
x BS.
xP, Po PnUQku, Aa]ku, h u, v i[P
EUSu, h[P u, Pml vh[P EUSu,
C\zu, Ph[P | uUP EUSu
oPz xuP \xiUQx. Cv P G \
x P AvPP kzukQx.
P Cv[Pz uP u ~m a]US H v
iP uS, | iUP, Po P |US
P uP CUQx.

Po Au

BQ Gv Su QhUQx.
x Po h[P Gv Bmh
Pm (Auto Cad), &C (Pro-e) h iUS
P (Softwares) kQx.

sV^:
z] -

BV sB >>|m m.
1.

2.

3.

4.

uzu i][ u x Pmk hzv

A) h
B) h CUPn
C) h
D) h
|mi, _ xP hzu x
A) Pmih
B) h CUPn
C) Po A
D)
Azx h[PUS Aihx
A) Po h
B) i h
C) h
D) h
Pl vh[P k h
A) i h
B) Po P
C) h
D) i[

{ kV>_ sB:
5.
6.

hzvx vP GkUS G?
x E xP CsiU T.
4

7.
8.
9.

i hzv PP ?
Po P \ oP ?
Po kzv h k mP ?

{ k_ sB:
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

z] - g

h G G?
hzv UQzx CsiU T.
i h G G?
i h G G?
\m i h G G?

es_ sB:

z] -

15. hzv UQzxzu .

2. k s^

(DRAWING INSTRUMENTS)

xD
x h[P u, x PP
ukQx. hUPP ~qUPP, xP P
six A]. h[P u PP :
1.

h P

Drawing Board

2.

T- i mhP

&

T-Square

3.

iLh

Drafter

4.

]P ] P -

Pencils and Pencil Leads

5.

APP

Scales

6.

\m P

Set Square

7.

Po

Protractor

8.

a P

French Curves

9.

Pmi

Instrument Box

A) P

Compass

B) [Qk P

Divider

C) C[Q[

Inking Pen

D) } \S P

Lengthening Bar

hz u

Drawing Sheet

10.

(Drawing Board)

h P (Drawing Board)
Gx

|S

xskP,

Ax

Ix

P BS. Cu ui _
20 .. CUS. Cx , L, KU
mP uzx,
ukzumh P
BS.

Cv E zxskP
6

CUPh

CUP

Au

AiSv

kUPmiUS. CP ChxUP J |
a\mh (Ebony Strip) zumiUS. Cx T-i \mh (T-Square) xP
R |PuS EuQx.
h PP \P, P CUPsk. ui J
^P CUP sk. CPP AP BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards)
\xx. C R Amhn umkx.
.
Gs

h
P

A
( mh)
(}, AP, ui)

hz
u A

1.

D0

1500 x 1000 x 25

A0

2.

D1

1000 x 700 x 25

A1

3.

D2

700 x 500 x 15

A2

4.

D3

500 x 350 x 15

A3

T- kk \ (T-Square)

T &i mhPx uUS, P Pi u Psh

zv uUPmhuS. Cv Csk P[P E. J hU

(Stock) k (Blade) BS. Cu Csk P[P JUP

\[SzuP (90 0) CUSi o Ax CnUPmiUS.

T &i mhP } uP, h P AS

CUP sk. k (Blade) kzx J |

a\mh (Ebony Piece) zumiUS. hU Gk Sv h
P E a\mhzv P , R |P.
7

BIS & \mh T &i mhP AP

.
Gs

Sv }
( mh)

i mh
P
T-

1.

T0

1500 x 10

2.

T1

1000 x 10

3.

T2

700

4.

T3

500

T &i mhP Qhmh PkP , JUP

Cn PkP kQx. \m P kzv

Pn[P x \m P AiSv ix |PuS
T &i mhP kQx.

V (Drafter)

Cv J i GLS \mh[P (Steel Strips) A\i

J zumiUS. Cu J i (Clamp) J
zumiUS. h P Sv ChUP Cu i
ih iUP. CuS i Sv G . Cu
_ AiPzxh Ti JUP \[SzuP E AP
zumiUS. CuS \ Sv G . JUP
\[SuP E AP mh AP, _ Pzv 360 0
Pn AP SUPmiUS. _ Sv E usk
_ Sv u PnzvS Azx PkP .
8

iSv h P zvS, Sv
ui |Pzu.

Au \[Szx AP u

PnzvS Azu S, Cn PkP Ax JUP \[Szu

PkP (Perpendicular Lines) .

[E_^ \uD [E_ x^ (Pencils and Pencil Leads)

hzu h[P ]P kQx. hzv
~qUP uzu ] u {nUQx. ] u
Av Qm m (Graphite Lead) &C Piz u zux.
] u[P 7B u 9H 16 u[P Ezv \kQx.
1.

x (Soft)

- 7B u 2B

2.

|kzux (Medium) - B u 3H

3.

Pix (Hard)

- 4H u 9H

HB ] & L sm (Free Hand) h[P uS, H ]

h uS, GzxUP GxuS, 2H ] A SUS
PkP, }mhmh PkP PkP uS, 3H
4H ]P xP GxuS kzu.

eV_^

(Scales)

AS, A si AS, E
A Quzu hzv A (Scale of Drawing) GQ.
A Qu[P J uS, A Quzv E,
JUS mh APP (Set of Scales) QhUQ. Au JUS
mh AP M 1, M 2 , M 3 ........ M 8 G PkUPmiUS.
J

AP

UP[P,

SUPmiUS. Eun Amhn Pmhmkx.

.Gs.

AP

Qu

1.

M2

1 : 2.5

1:5

2.

M3

1 : 10

1 : 20

3.

M4

1 : 50

1 : 100

4.

M5

1 : 200

1 : 500

5.

M6

1 : 300

1 : 600

6.

M7

1 : 400

1 : 800

7.

M8

1 : 1000
9

1 : 2000

AP

Cu AUPP umh (Flat) Ax, UPn (Triangular) i

Pshx. Cu APP \k (Celluloid), Amh (Cardboard),
(Wood) Ax, EPzv (Metal) Bx.

Cu APP x

|UPzu h 7&C P umkx.

VB (Set Square)
Q h m h U P m i S 3 0 0, 4 5 0, 6 0 0 9 0 0 C U S P k P
, J PmiS Pk \[SzuP CUSi, CnP
CUSi, PkP \m P kQx.

\m P Jk J Cnzx zx 15 0 , 75 0 105 0
PkP . \m P Csk PP E.
1.

30 0 60 0 Pn[PU Psh \m P

2.

45 0 Pn[PU Psh \m P
30 0 60 0 Pn[PU Psh \m P Au \[Pn

UPzuz u, Csk PU Pshx. J 30 0

60 0 Ehx. Au, 45 0 \m P Au
\[Pn UPzuz u Csk PU Pshx. Csi
Pn[P 45 0 BS. \m PP \i uUPmhx.

V\V (Protractor)
\mP AUP
iu,

iu

Pn[P AUP,
Cx kQx. Cu i
Amh Ax mhP
CUS. Cv Pn AP
SUPmiUS.

Cx

\k,
uUPmiUS.
10

 ke^ (French Curves)

ga P hmh x. Cx iU, \k
BQ uUPmhx.

Cu G P

i[P AP GUPk (Profiles) AUPk

(Contours)

mhmiUS. Pzv (Compass) iu

PkP mh[P Cv P i.

s (Instrument Box)
CUP mi h uSz u
hU PP Ex. Cv E PP,
1.

A P (Large Size Compass)

2.

] u P (Small Bow Compass)

3.

] u P (Small Bow Ink Compass)

4.

A [Qk P (Large Size Divider)

5.

] u [Qk P (Small Bow Divider)

6.

} \S P (Legthening Bar)

7.

C[Q[ (Inking Pen)

8.

F] P (Pin Point)

9.

C[U m (Ink Point)

10.

m mi (Lead Case)

11

kVBD (Compass)
u AS mh mh P kQx.
Cx EPzu Csk P P[PU Pshx. Cu uP _
Aa_ CnUPmiUS.

Csk P SvP J,

AUPUTi F] P (Pin Point) zumiUS. P

Sv ] m Ax,, C[Q[ mP iUS EPn Ex.

Pzv A uP 150 .. }S. ] Pzv

A 95 .. BS. ] u P, ] mh izx 25 ..
BzvS S ] mh[P, P kQx.
] u Pzv C[U (Ink Bow) J CnUPmiUS. }
\S P 60 .. Bzu h, mh .

|D s (Divider)
| PkP, PkP C
\

P[PP

UP

kQx.

hzvx hzvS, AP Psk

\uS,

APa

uS,

AP Cx hzv AP, \
uS kQx.

Cuh A

Pzu x. B, Cu Csk P
SvP

GLQ

F]

zumiUS.

12

 [ (Inking Pen)
C[U P | PkP, PkP uS C[Q[
kQx. F] P, C[U m C Csh, A
Pzxh Cnzx kzu. u[P Eh ]
P izxUPuS ""m P'' kQx.

k >V^ (Drawing Sheet)

.
Gs

;

;

;

$


;

hz
u

A
}

AP

1.

A0

1189

841

2.

A1

841

594

3.

A2

594

420

4.

A3

420

297

5.

A4

297

210

;

;

u[P

Psh

hzu

kzukQx. hzv u zx hzu u

k.

Cu hzu Ev, vh J ^ ui PshuP

CUP sk. C AUS x, Gu v HhUThx.

hzu C[U u u PshuP CUP sk. Cu u

Psh

UPzv

sk.

UPmh A Psh, J[Skzumh (Trimmed Sheet) hzu

ISO

{zu x \mk hmkx. Cx BIS A

kQx. hzu AP Amhn umkx.

13

sV^:
z] -

BV sB >>|m m.
1.
2.
3.

4.
5.
6.

A h P
A ) D3
B) D 0
C) D1
D) D 2
210 x 297 A hzu
A ) A4
B) A0
C) A2
D) A1
Qhmh Pk Cn PkP kzuk hU
P
A) h P
B) ih
C) T - i mh P
D) Po
L sm h[P k ]
A ) 3H
B) 2H
C) HB
D) 4H
Pn AP AUP, k h P
A) AP
B) Pmi
C) [Qk P
D) Po
| PkP, PkP BQPa \P[PP UP
k hUP
A) C[Q[ B) Po
C) AP
D) [Qk P
1000 x 700 x 25

{ kV>_ sB:
7.
8.
9.
10.

T &i

mh P C P[PU T.
\mP Csk PP ?
] u[PU T.
APP Gu \miUS?

{ k_ sB:

z] - g

11. ga x?
12. C[Q[ x?
13. Pmi E PP T.

es_ sB:

z] -

14. iLmh P .
15. Po, a , P, [Qk P & S GxP.

14

3. ]B > WB \A

(BIS - BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS)

xD
Cv u {n PP 1947 B Bsk {mhx. Cx hzu
G sk G, hzu Smh vPiu
kzu sk G, 1955 &C \ux. Cv
1987&C Cv u {n PP Gu "" B Cv hshm''
G \x \mh Cx.
x hzv RUPsh uP BIS
\xx.
.
Gs.

Cv u
{n

zx

ISO

1.

hzu

IS : 10711 - 2001

ISO : 5457 - 199

2.

hzu x
SP

IS : 10714 - 2001

ISO : 128 - 1996

u ~m h
GzxUP

IS : 9609 - 2001

ISO : 3098 - 1997

IS : 10718 - 1993

ISO : 3040 - 1980

3.
4.

(S : Shmk uP Ax Smh uP
BIS &C

Ax [PUS Emmhx.)

k>V^ (Layout of the Drawing Sheet)

hzv k Azx UQ SP, i
uS, h[P E Am _P SUQx.

CuS

UPmh SUP sk. Cu Ami R

PkUPmk UQ [P Pnk.
1.

PSv (Margin)

2.

uUPmh (Title Block)

3.

P[P mi (Parts List)

4.

o B S (Revision Pannel)
15

5.

\ ]h (Zone System)

6.

i (Folding)

az] (Margin)
hzu J[PP, |zvP CuS hzu
|S UP[P Cx Smh A hk SvUS P
Sv G . P Sv }[PP hzu h[P
GUPk J sk.

>AD (Title Block)

hzu R xPi E PmhzvS ""u
Pmh'' (Title Block) G . Cu u Pmhzv A 185 .. X 65
.. CUP sk BIS \xx. Cu Ax A O u A 5
E Azx hzuPUS x AS. Cv R
PkUPmk [P uk.

16

1.

hzv Gs (Drawing Number)

2.

hzv (u) (Title of the Drawing)

3.

U\ P (Projection)

4.

(Material Details)

5.

A u (Scale of Drawing)

6.

u (Surface Finish)

7.

h (Tolerance) SP

V[ B_ (Parts List)
Cx hzu k P[P P mimkU
Pmh k Amhn SvS. Cv[P E
P[P PP hzu k. Cu P[P
mi u PmhzvS (Title Block) Guk. Cu P[P
[P Ah[Q mi R umkx.
1.
2.
3.
4.

Pzv Gs
Pzv (A) UP
uk GsoUP
JmkUP si hzv uP

5.

mP A \u

gF zA (Revision Panel)
hzv Ax \k vzu , [P v
\ PkUPmk Amhn SvS. Av vzu \mh
Gs, uv, ] S A[RPUS AvP, uvh Ti
_UP BQ Cv v \k. Cx hzu
x Pi Ax u Pmhzv Pnk. Cx hzv Pmhmkx.

V[ ED (Zone System)
hzv

Gu

Chzv

vzu

\kQx

Gu

PmkuPP ""\ ]h'' kQx. A2, A1 A0 hzuP

h Sv (Working Space) \ SvPP (Equal Zone) UPkQx.
CSvP (Zones) { (Column) { (Row) G ShkQx.
{ (Column) Svx 1, 2, 3, G GsP ShkQx. Cx
hzu UP (Top) , RUP (Bottom) PkUPmiUS.
{ (Row) Svx A, B, C, D ..... G GzxUP ShkQx. Cx
hzu x , Chx UP PkUPmiUS.
17

\A BVe^ (Folding Marks)

ui izx P (File) \Q, xPzx zx, u
i zx UP, hzu Gu Chzv iUP sk, GuS
AhP PkP kQx. CuS i Ah G .
Csk P hzu izx UPkQx. Cv J
Gv P \Q UP Ax si[ \ EuQx. C
Px hzu GkUP Ai zxUP, i
izx UP EuQx. P A (File Room) xPzx
UP EuQx. C Cu Csk P ""u Pmh'' (Title
Block)

UP u i izx UP sk.

sV^:
z] -

BV sB >>|m m.
1.

Gx BIS G Cu Bsi mhx

A) 1987
B) 1947
C) 1955
ISI

D) 2000

{ kV>_ sB:
2.
3.

Cv u {n PP Gu Bsk {mhx?
BIS Gv UPzuU T.

{ k_ sB:
4.
5.

u Pmh G G?
o B S G G?

es_ sB:
6.
7.

z] - g

z] -

u Pmhzv Sh si mikP.
hzv &Amh h x, Av [PU SkP.

18

4. bD mD mD x^
\uD \Vt_
(LETTERING AND DIMENSIONING)

xD
hzv Gsq, Gzx Gx P UQ
A\S. hzv u, xn u, P[P A Cu
SP nh GQ. Gsq Gzx Gu PP
kzv AvP | \S. G, PP C P
APP, uP, PP GvSu Gx P UQ.

, m mD xl[ kEBD
1.

G UQzx ux hzu uP Q,
Au hzv Gsq, Gzx uP Gv u h
uS APP CUS.

2.

u Gs, GzxUP Ahzv uzu Pkzxkx

mk, u UPzu PkUS.

3.

uP Gxv Au h AhQx.

G, Gs, GzxUP Gxx, P uP Gxu sk.

, m[ e s>D (Proportions of Lettering)

uP, APP GzxUP CUPsk, Gs
GzxUP E, AP Csk J Smh Quzv Cx |x.
xP, 7 : 4 Ax 7 : 5 G Quzv GukQx. Gs, GzxUP
PP GukQx.
1.

\un GzxUP (Normal Lettering)

2.

_UPmh GzxUP (Condensed Lettering)

3.

}mhmh GzxUP (Extended Lettering)

\un GzxUP E AP, UPP Gx A

CUS.
_UPmh GzxUP AP SUPmk, AuP Ezv
GukQx. GxuP Ch SP CUS h[P CP
Gzx kzukQx.
19

}mhmh GzxUP AP \ AvPP CUS. B E

UP AS CUP sk.

mz BBV k (Spacing of Letters)

Gxx J GzvS GzvS, Ch hk
Ch Cx SUS. A hk Ch \P CUP
sk. Axu u uP CUS. K Gzv Ezv
Iv [S (3/5) Ch Cx |x. Csk PUS Ch
E Ch K Gzv Ezu h J (1.5) h[S CUP sk.

m[ e (Size of Letters)
hzv GzxUP Ax GzxUP
Ezu zux. BIS { RUPsh GzxUP A x
\xx.
. Gs

]P

A (E ..&C)

1.

umkzuzuU Pmk
hzv Gs, Gzx

10, 12

2.

hzv u

6, 8

3.

xn u

3, 4, 5 & 6

4.

mP , n[P,
SP

3, 4 & 5

5.

2, 3

m[ k^ (Types of Letters)
GzxUP J ^ ui Gx PzvU GzxUP (Gothic
Letters)

GQ. PzvU GzxUP ][Q h mUSP (Single

& Double Stroke)

Gu.

][Q hU GzxUPh h mU GzxUP ui

AvP. Cx Csk Pk.
1.

\[Szx GzxUP (Vertical Letters)

A) GzxUP (Uppercase Letters)
B) ] GzxUP (Lower Case Letters)
20

2.

\ GzxUP
A) GzxUP (Uppercase Letters)
B) ] GzxUP (Lower Case Letters)

zm m^ (Vertical Letters)
Cv B[QGzxUP A..............Z GsP 1, 2, 3, ............0
Csk Qhmh PmiS \[SzuP (90 0 ) CUSi Gx
\[Szx GzxUP GQ. Cv ] P GzxUP
Csk Cu u GukQx.

GzxUP

] GzxUP

VFkV m^ (Inclined Letters)

Qhmh PmiS \[SzuP C, \ \zx Gx
\ GzxUP GQ. Cu Pn 75 0 BS.

GzxUP
21

] GzxUP

\Vt_

(Dimensioning)

nh (Dimensioning) Gx APU SkuS. n

Cu h Ahu h BS. n SP
Gx A, Ezv \ , PP
uPPz uQx. n \P uux, , T |
|mh Hk.

\V][ k^ (Types

of Dimensions)

J Gx E, T, P i[P
uUPkQx. G, C n Ckx, Jx
kzv Pmkx _.

hzv kzuk

n[P Csk PPP UP.

1.

A n (Size Dimensions)

22

2.

Ch n (Locating Dimension)

e \VD

(Size Dimensions)

J }, AP, E, B mh
APU SkuS A n GQ. PkUPmk
hzv S Gx A nzuU SUQx.

\VD

(Locating Dimensions)

J E Csk xP [PUS Ch E
yzu, x zvx A E
yzuU

SkuS

Ch

PkUPmk hzv L Gx Ch nzuU PmkQx.

\Vt|D x^

(System of Dimensioning)

BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards) i nk P

Csk Pk.
1.

Ask ]h (Aligned System)

2.

hU ]h (Uni Directional System)

| ED (Aligned System)

xP AS Psh Pk x Av AP SUPkQx.
A k A S Psh Pmi Ch C x
23

AUPiS CnP UP Gs Gx Ask ]h

GQ. hzu AiP Ax xUP PUPmiS (Margin LIne) CnP GsP GukQx.

RM _ ED (Uni Directional System)

AS Psh Pmi zv Ch hmk, Au

Ch Gs Gx hU ]h GQ.
hzu AiPzvS CnP mk G AP
GukQx.

\Vt|>KV VmkV zA^

nk PkP, }mhmh PkP, h , AUS
Psh Pk , Ah[P vPi u
Sh sk.

V|^ (Extention Line)

hzv mk APU SuPP
P Cx, }mhmiUS Csk G PkP
}mhmh PkP GQ. Cx Ch C PhS. Cx
APmhz usi 5 .. AvPP CUP sk.

24

 [ (Leader Line)
hzv ] SP Hu usi
x h kQx.

hzv Gu Chzv UP u

sk Au Chzv Cx J Pk }mhmk, Av J
kUP Pk x Au Pmi, SP Guk. Cx Gu
Chzu Smk PmkQu, Au K A S CUS. Cu
Pmi Pn 30 0 u 60 0 \P \vUP kzu.

DAzl[ > (Arrow Head)

A SUS Pmi C P A S kQx.
Au AUS }mhmh PkPz ukQx.

3 : 1 G Quzv

AUS } AP CUP sk.

\V BVeD (Diamension Figures)

B, mh hzv SkuS, n
Ah kzukQx. B Gu R G Gzu, mh
Gu G AhU Smh PmhkQx. CUSkPz
uhx GsP GukQx.

k]_ kB|D V|D >[ >D

PkP h[P kQx. J
PkP, hzv E ] A\[Pz ukzxQx.
G, hzu \P x P PkP PP, Au
Azu[P ux Px P A]S.
1.

P
uzuU
Pmh
""PsqUSz uQ uizu P
PkP'' (Visible Outlines) kQx.
Cu H Ax HB uh
] kzu sk.

2.

ASUS Pk, h PkP,

}mhmh PkP, mhmh
PUPkP (Leader Lines, Leader
Extension Lines, Hatching Line)
PkP uha]
PkP kzukQx. Cu
2H uh ]
kzu sk.
25

3.

Cx x PUPkP (Hidden
Lines) BS. x P[P, xP
kzx uizu,
^ A, \ Ch mk
mk k ] PkP (Short
Dashes) BS. Cu H uh
] kzu sk.

4.

x,
E

E
mP Aa_ Pk, a \UQ,
|P P[P i G (Centre
Lines,

Pitch

Circle,

Extreme

Position)

k
PhS. CUPk J 15 .. }
Psh PhP (Long Dash),
3 .. } Psh ] PhP (Short
Dash) sk. Ax
5 : 1 G Quzv sk.
Cu 2H uh ]
kzu sk.
5.

A Sk PkP(Dimension Line)
CUPk kQx. Cu
2H uh ]
kzu sk.

6.

mk x QhUS
mkzuzuU Sk Pk (Cut
BS. Cu 2H
] kzu

Sectional Line)

uh
sk.
7.

UP u si Smh Pzv
Sv mk x APzv
u
Sv
}UQmk,
x,
Cu
J[P
GUPk (Irregular Limit Line)
kzukQx. Cu H
uh ] kzu
sk.
26

8.

Smh Chzv mi }zuU

Szx Pmk Pk (Short Break Line).
BS. Cu 2H uh
] kzu sk.

9.

Gu Chzv mi Gu
v\
zu
u
mkzu QhUS Gu
SUS Pk (Cutting Plane Line) BS.
Cu 2H H uh
]P kzu sk.

T PkP, Au Azu[P R PkUPmk hzv

i kzumkuU Pn.

27

\Vt|>KV s]x^ (Dimensioning Rules)

1.

AP iu mk hzv Sh sk.

2.

APkP J miUPUThx.

3.

}mhmh PkP Ak PkP UThx.

4.

Ak PkP |UPP u uUP sk. x Ch

Cu Chzv AUSUS v Ax ] \U
Pmh kzu sk.

5.

mh hzv PU Pmix u Ak Pk Su
m\ 10 .. CUP sk.

6.

Akzukzx APUS Ch E y Sum\ 8 .. CUP

sk.

7.

}mhmh PkP APmk PmiS 2 .. A

ushUThx.

8.

h P Qhmhzvx 30 0 , 45 0, 60 0 Pnzv sk.

9.

] AP u SzuS, Au uhx APU SUP

sk.

10. Szu AP i uzv SUPUThx.

11. P n [ P , A u A P u z v S S h
sk.
12. Ah SP Qh{ Pmi Gu sk.
13. h x uP mi hzv R NOT TO
SCALE G Gusk.
14. G AP J AP C Au hzv R A L L
DIMENSIONS ARE IN MM G Sh sk.
15. PU Skx P, A, } BQ Sh
sk.
16. U PkP, Aa_UPkP AP SUS PkPP
kzuUThx.
17. mhzv AP, mhzv mk Sh sk. C
h[P Pmhmkx.

28








18. mhP (Arcs) Bzv mk Sh sk. C

h[P Pmhmkx.

5

5

19. Pzv A Sk RPsh hzv Pmhmkx.

63+(5(

29

20. 4-Holes 8 Gx |S xP, 8 .. Ahx G .

zv 20 DEEP 20 Gx 20 .. mhh x G, 20 ..
B G k.

21. 12-DEEP 80 Gx 12 .. mh Psh x B, 50 ..

Smkzx (Blind Hole) G . 20 Gx 20 .. mhh }
xU (Through Hole) SUQx.

S : o Smh BzvS mk xhmhu

Smkzx (Blind Hole) GQ. o BzvS
xhmhu } x (Through Hole) GQ.
30

22. 6 HOLES EQUI - SPACED Gx 6 xP \ Ch xhh

sk G .

23. 6 xP J mhzv \u Ch J A xP
Gu h SUQx.

31

24. x P 90 0 Pnzv xmk, UP u A

mh CUSi \uS Psh ][Q[ (Counter Sinking) G .
Cu _UPP CSK G Sk. Cu Sk P hzv
Pmhmkx.

25. HP x Em ]x BzvS mk xmiu

Psh [ (Counter Boring) GQ. Cu _UPP CBR G
Sk. Cu Sk P hzv Pmhmkx.

32

26. E i o E mh v ]u
\ HkzxS \L[ (Chamfering) G . Cu Sk
hzv Pmhmkx.

27. 6 mh Phu B[Qzv Hexagon GQ. Cu _UPP

HEX G, 4 mh Phu B[Qzv Square GQ. Cu
_UPP SQ G SUPkQx.

28. E \x Ph Ti \ Aa_P (Shafts) Sk

P J hzv PkUPmkx.

33

k_ BV xl_ \Vt_ :
hzv AP SUS ] uP Hh sk.
Au, APzv UPzu \P x P ix. h
uuP CUS. hzu PUS Szu Hkzx.
CzuP Hh CUP AP i uxP
sk.

h x HkQ uP, Au \ \x

vPi P, h[P UPmkx.

GkzxUPmkP:
1.

h & 1
2.

h & 1

h & 2

h & 2

34

3.

4.

5.

h & 3

h & 3

h & 4

h & 4

h & 5

h & 5

35

luE :
u nhmh h[P R umkx.
Av uP vzv \ nkP.
1.

2.

3.

4.

36

sV^:
z] -

BV sB >>|m m.
1.

2.

3.

4.

hzv u A
A) 10 ..
B) 6 ..
C) 3 ..
D) 2 ..
QhmhzvS \[SzuP Gx Gzu
A) \ Gzx
B) Gzx
C) \[Szx Gzx
D) ][Q hU Gzx
AUS PmiS CnP UP Gx
A) Ask ]h
B) }mhmh Pk
C) hU ]h
D) h
AUS }zv Qu
A) 2 : 1
B) 1 : 2
C) 3 : 1
D) 5 : 2

{ k_ sB:
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

Gxu PP ?
\ GzxUP G G?
nzv PP ?
Ask ]h G G?
hU ]h G G?
mkzuzvU Sk Pk P.
mhzv A Sk GxP.

es_ sB:
12.
13.
14.
15.

z] - g

z] -

GzxUP A Qu[P PP USP.

hzv kzuk PkP, A Azu[PU TP.
nkuUP vP \kzxP.
Hu J hzu x Au \ nkP.

37

5. ksB_ ke^ \uD xA^

(GEOMETRICAL CURVES AND SURFACES)

xD
x k u P , \un
P x Gi G uxPx P A]. CP
P P[P izu uP Sh EuQx.
i

umk

Csk

uP

uxP.
1.

T (Conics) Ax T mi (Conical Section)

2.

] P (Special Curves)

DA k (Conical Section)
J | mh T (Right Circular Cone) Au Aa]x
{P mkx QhUS u T mi (Conical Section)
GQ.
mh, }mh, , Av C T
mkzu GQ. H C Azx J | mh T
mku QhUQx.

k DA (Right Circular Cone)

38

T AiP Au Aa]S \[SzuP Au Au | mh

T GQ. Th Ea] AU GQ. T Aa_
Gx AU, T AiSv mhzv zu CnUS
P PhS. T Ea]x, mhzv AiSv mhzv
v CnUS PkP mh (generators) GQ.

kD (Circle)
mkzuzu T Aa]S \[SzuP Azx, mk x
QhUPUTi mkzu mh BS.

^ kD (Ellipse)
mkzuzu T Aa]x \zx Azx, mkx
QhUPUTi u } mh BS.

keBD (Parabola)
mkzuzu T Aa]x \zx, T EUPUTi
mh PkP Hu JS CnP Azx, mkx
QhUPUTi mkzu (Parabola) BS.

] keBD (Hyperbola)
mkzuzu Tx \zx Azx, mkx Ax
T Aa] Hkzx Pn AUT EUPUTi PkP (Generators)

Pnzu h ]uP Au Ax Av zu EUS.

k ] keBD (Rectangular Hyperbola)

mkzuzu T Aa]S CnP Azx mkx
AUT Hk u \P Av (Rectangular Hyperbola) BS.

^ k> kD x^
1.

u mh (Concentric Circles Methods)

2.

\P (Rectangle Methods)

3.

Q (Parallalogram Methods)

4.

Q (Eccentricity Methods)

5.

F] P (Pin and String Methods)

6.

m (Trammel Methods)

>[\B k x (Concentric Circles Methods)

u mh J }mh Auh Aa_ (Major Axis)

, ] Aa] (Minor Axis) n[P mk uk.

39

PkUPmh AS Aa_ AB , ] Aa_ CD Csk

JUP \[SzuP CUSi sk. xP, Aa_
Qh mhP, ] Aa_ \[SzuP kQx.

Csk

miUP O Cx Aa_US, ] Aa_US u

mh sk.
Cu mh[P _ 12 Ax, 16 \ P[PP UP
sk. zvx APUS B[P sk. Cu
B[P C mh[P 1, 2, 3, ....... 12 1', 2', 3' ..... 12'
miUP.
2, 3, .......... 12 Cx CD US CnP \[Szx PkP
sk. Au 2', 3' ..... 12' Cx AB US CnP Qhmh PkP
sk. C Csk P 1, P 2, P 3, ............ P 12 G P \vUS.
S,
P 1, P 2, P 3, ............ P 12

US {uP } mh sk.

] :
Aa_ 100 .. ] Aa_ 60 .. Psh Aa_PUS }
mh P.
40

^kD - k x (Rectangle Methods)

C J }mh Aa_ (Major Axis) , ]
Aa] (Minor Axis) AP usk.

PkUPmh AS Aa_ AB , ] Aa_ CD Csk

JUP \[SzuP CUSi sk. A , B P CD
US Cn PkP sk. C , D AB US Cn
PkP sk. C, PQRS G \Pzu EUS.
AB = PQ = RS
OA &

CD = QR = PS

|S \ P[PP UP sk. AuS A x O

|UQ 1, 2, 3, G kP. Au AS - & |S \P[PP UP

sk. AuS A x S & |UQ 1', 2', 3' G kP.
1', 2', 3' CP C h CnUP sk. D x C-1, C-2, C3 US

1, 2, 3 PkP P. Ax P 1, P 2, P 3, ............ P 12 G P

\vUS.
A

x P 1, P 2, P 3 C US {uP J P.

Cu \Pzv UP[PUS P u
}mh QhUS. CUS \P } mh G .
41

^ k][ B[V|^ (Applications of Ellipse)

AnUPmkP, [P, Pmih P mh P[P
USP E GvP CP kzukQx.

DA kl[ >sB_ kB (Mathematics Definitions of

Conical Sections)

DA ke^ (Conical Curves)

F Gx
P

J uzv { S. P Gx |P S.

x { F C yzvS, Azuzv E {Pmix

(L), P

yzvS E Qu P CUS |P P {u

""T P'' Gk.

zsBD (Focus)
G T miP {P E S (Focus) Gk.

Bzk (Directrix)
G T miP {P E Pk CUS (Directrix)
Gk.

\B >Vs>D (Eccentricity)
Szvx |P yzvS, CUS Cx |P
yzvS E Qu "" u Qu'' (Eccentricity) Gk.
42

 uQu

(Axis)

Szvx |P y

___________________________________________________

CUSx |P y

CUSUS \[SzuP, Szv P \ PmiS

Aa_ (Axis) Pk G .

k (Vertex)
Tmi, Aa] mk US hU (Vertex) G .

^ kD (Ellipse)
J mhu E J US, Aa] E (Major Axis)
C S[PUS (Foci) Ch E yzv TmkzuP Gx \P
CUS |Pu A {u (Locus) ""} mh'' BS.

keBD (Parabola)
J mhu E J US, SzvS Ch E
y, AUS, CUSUS (Directrix) Ch E y \P
CUS |P A {u (Locus) "" ''
BS.

] keBD (Hyperbola)
C { P Cx J |P yzv k
P CUS A |P Au {u ""Av ''
Gk.

^ ke (Cycloid)
J \uzv E J mhzv v E J |Px
\UTi {u ""_ '' G .
43

[kV_R (Involute)
J zvx P J, CUPP Czx USx
Ax \ J (Curves) Hkzx. CuS Cm G
.

^ (Spirals)
J uha]P J v\ J | Pmi J {
P Psk _u HkQx. CuS _ (Spirals)
G .

(Helix)
\ \ E ( R i g h t C i r c u l a r C y l i n d e r ) Ax T ( C o n e ) C
J ^ Pn v\Pzv (Angular Velocity) Aa\
|UQ |Pu A EUS | (Helix) Gk.

xA^ (Surfaces)
| J Gu v\x zx Au uzu
{UQ, AuS \[SzuP E PS u P (Plane of
Projection)

G .

u PS CnP E PPUS, \un P

(Normal Surface) G

UPP kQ UPzu (Elevation) , zu

(Plan),

UPzu (Side View) BQ Hux J \un P

u A Ai u. C u[P | PhP
mk u. Qh{ PS, \[Szx PS \zx \un
P (Normal Surface) G .
\mhP C Smh izv A
x S | (Corrugated Surface) G . mi TUS
kzuk P| Kk CuS GkzxUPmhS.
J PP Bx.
R:
1.

\mh P (Flat Surface)

A) Qh { P (Horizontal Surface)
B) \[Szx P (Vertical Surface)
C)

\ P (Inclined Surface)
44

PP PP

2.

P P (Spherical Surface)
A) Su P (Concave Surface)

B) Su P (Convex Surface)

\\ xA (Flat Surface)
k Cu | Cu PS \mh P G .
CP P Qh{, \[Szx, \ BQ PP Ah[S.
(G.P.)
\ P, _ P, mi u, A UP[P,
SuP k \ \USz u
C Azx \mh PPS.

\ xA (Horizontal Surface)
k

Cu

Ax

kUP PS Qhmh P G .
\ UP, mi u BQ Qhmh
PPS.

2I~NI
l1}{

zm xA (Vertical Surface)
Qhmh PS 90 0 CUSi Au P
\[Szx P BS. mi _, ys UP _, A
UP[P BQ \[Szx PP BS.
=<4[Y

l1}{

VFkV xA (Inclined Surface)

Qhmh PS 90 0 C Hux J
Pnzv CUSi Au P \ P

=

l1}{

BS. \zx zu Ho P, SuP

k

\USz

BQ

PPS.

Ve xA (Spherical Surface)

Su P, Su P BQ Csk P PPS.
45

za> xA (Concave Surface)

A[P P E P, C u CshP mi,
mi Sv E P, Ehzu u[P E P BQ Su
PPS.

zs> xA (Convex Surface)

PiP E S, S , C v
, BQ Su PPS.

VF \V k kkD
mh P UQ vUS Su P, HP x
\ u, BQ \ mh
i[PS.

46

sV^:
z] -

BV sB >>|m m.
1.

2.

_ P
A) \mh P
C) \ P
C u CshP mi
A) Su P
C) \ i P

B) \[Szx P
D) Qhmh P
mi E P u
B) Su P
D) Qhmh P

{ kV>_ sB:
3.
4.

Qhmh PS 90 0 CUS Au P G?
mh P UQ vUS Su P G?

{ k_ sB:
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

z] - g

T mi G G?
} mh G G?
P G G?
| G G?
\mh P PP ?
P P PP ?

es_ sB:

z] -

11. i P PP \kzxP.
12. \mh P, Qhmh P, \ P BQ USP.

47

6. k][ e s>D
(SCALE OF DRAWING)

xD
J G UP[P uP uuS
h[P kQx. A x G P
Es Ai x Gx Pi. EunP, J Cv
Pzu Au Es Ai hzu ix. G, J
Smh Quzv A AU Szx hzv
sk. Cu, ] AP Es Ah uP
Pmh si x J Smh Quzv A uUQ hzv
sk. hzu zx uPz uxPuS, Au
kzxuS GuP CUS mk Cu A Qu
kQx.

e s>D (Scale)
Es AS, Au hzu
AS E Qu A Qu (Scale) Gk. h
AUP, Auh Smh Quzv uP, ]uP
uUP . Gu hzu Smh A Quzv u
sk. h ]uP Ax uP mi,
A SUS x Es Az u SUPsk.
APP \k, Pmk,
EP[P uUPmiUS. APP PkP h kQx.
AP h uP A Qu[P (E..
A[S, \..) AP ShmiUS. h uP
UPmh APP uUPmk, kzukQx. M1, M2, M3
....... M8

G hmh UPmh APP HP

izx.

Smh h , UPmh AP

uux, uk A QuzvS H vuP AP uUP

i.

e s>][ B[^ (Uses of Scales)

1.

A SUPmh h , uUPmh h ,
48

2.

P[P nzu |iP AUP

A Qu kQx.

e s>][ k^
1.

\ A Qu (Full Scale)

2.

SUPmh A Qu (Reduceing Scale)

3.

uUPmh A Qu (Enlarging Scale)

\ e s>D (Full Scale)

Es A hzu US ""\
A Qu'' G . Cu 1 : 1 G Sh sk. Cv hzv
A, A Es A J vP CUS.

z e s>D (Reducing Scale)

Es A h, hzu Smh Quzv
Szx US ""SUPmh A Qu'' G . Cu
1 : 2, 1:5, 1:10 ........ G Shsk. Cv 1 : 2 Gx, mh
Ah A Csk h[S x G k.

>V e s>D (Enlarging Scale)

Es A h, hzu Smh Quzv
uUQ US ""uUPmh A Qu'' G . Cu
2 : 1, 5:1, 10:1 ........ G Shsk. Cv 2:1 Gx, mh
Ah A Csk h[S ]x G k.

\ A
h
1:1

h ]uUPmh
hzv A Qu
(Reduced Scale)

1
1
1
1
1
1
1

:
:
:
:
:
:
:

h
uUPmh
hzv A Qu

2
2:5
10
20
50
100
200

(Enlarged Scale)

10 : 1
5:1
2:1

ee e>uV z^
AuS k ASPz uxP six P
A]. ASP mU AP AUPkQx.

49

V eB[|D z^
1.

10 mh

1 \i mh

2.

10 \i mh

1 h] mh

3.

10 h] mh

1 mh

4.

10 mh

1 hP mh

5.

10 hP mh

1 Uh mh

6.

10 Uh mh

1 Q mh

7.

100 \i mh

1 mh

8.

1000 mh

1 mh

9.

1000 mh

1 Q mh

10.

1000 U

1 mh

Ae eB[|D z^
1.

100 \x mh

1 \x \i mh

2.

100 \x \i mh

1 \x h] mh

3.

100 \x h] mh

1 \x mh

ee eB[|D z^
1.

1000 P mh

1 P \i mh 2

2.

1000 P \i mh 2

1 P h] mh 2

3.

100 P h] mh 2

1 P mh

] [D (Representative Fraction) R.F.

Es AS, hzv Au k AS
E Qu ""v '' BS.
v (R.F.) =

hzv A
Es A

hzv 1 \i mh Gx Es A 1 mh G
SuP Psh h ,
v (R.F.) =
=

hzv A
Es A
1
1x10x10

1
100

1 : 100

A Qu[P PnUQh v (R.F.) P A] Gx uQx.

50

e s>][ ^ (Classification of Scale)

1.

\un AP (Plain Scale)

2.

mh AP (Diagonal Scale)

3.

|s AP (Scale of Chord)

4.

AP (Vernier Scale)

5.

mk AP (Comparative Scale)

V>V eV_ (Plain Scale)

J Ax, Csk ASP (h]mh, mh) AUP k
AP, \un AP Gk.

Js eV_ (Diagonal Scale)

Csk Ax ASP (.., \.., h]mh) AUP

k AP ""mh AP'' Gk.

V eV_ (Scale of Chord)

Pn[P AUP, J Pk
Ax Pnzu \vUP, k
AP ""|s AP'' Gk. |s
AP R PkUPmkx.

51

ezD s[ *Eue (Least Count)

PP a] Gx Au P Eu ~qUPP
AUPUTi PUSu AUSUS.
GkzxUPmhP,
1.

AP a] 0.5 ..

2.

P a] 0.02 ..

3.

Umh a] 0.01 ..

4.

U mh a] 0.001 ..

CP, PUS P AUS PP a] k. mU A

SkP Shmh PP UPzv E. A[S A U
mh, U mh, P, E A,
mUh BQ PP A, A a]
PnUQk Ax, PPU P z uxP
sk.

e x^
mP AUP Cu AP kzukQ.
1.

mi Ax B[Q (FPS System)

2.

mU (CGS System)

Psh CP ux kzumk Qx.

mi

}, B, AP, E BQ A[S, Ai (Foot) , P G

AP, Gh sm (Pound) G AP, |zu \Psk (Second)
G AP AUPk.
mU }, B, AP, E BQ mh,
\i mh ( C e n t i m e t r e ) , h]mh, mh AP Gh
Q, Q (Gram), Q Q G AP |zu \Psk (Second)
G AP AUPk.

sV^:
z] -

{ kV>_ sB:
1.
2.

APP Gu mP uUPkQx?
A, hzv A J AP Cu Au A
Qu G?
52

3.
4.
5.
6.

h A, Ah Csk h[S Cu Au A
Qu G?
1000 U Gx Gzu mhUSa \?
\un AP G G?
A Qu P JUT.

{ k_ sB:
7.
8.
9.
10.

z] - g

v ] S P.
|Pmi AUPk ASP GxP.
A Qu G G?
A Quzv x?

es_ sB:

z] -

11. A Quzv P h x US.

12. A Quzv PP .

53

7. AV[
(PROJECTION)

xD
x E P, u~m Eu, Cv
o Azx Dkmk A P
u~m h (Technical Drawing) BS. P APh
Gsn[P QxP u ~m h kQx.

Gu

GkzxUPsh AuS n[P Esk. Aux },

AP, E G n U\U Pshx.

AV[ (Projection)
J x Ja \zxx, Au UPzv E v
(A) uzv A { (A) U\ Gk.

U\ C Pk.
1.

I\mU h (Isometric View)

2.

Bzu QU h (Ortho Graphic Projection)

54

Jkek >VuD (Pictorial View)

J uzv J n[P J hzv ui
k hzvS u G . Cx J |P
USx u ES.
h Pk.
1.

I\mU h (Isometric Drawing)

2.

KU h (Oblique Drawing)

3.

Ui h (Perspective Drewing)

nV\ D (Isometric View)

J }, AP, E BQ AP JP J
hzv ui, mh hzvS I\ mU h G . I\
mU hzu zu Gv G, Pn SvP
SvPU Psh E[P, S SvP CP
hzv x Pi.

nV \ D kD x
J }, AP, E BQ 1200 \ Pnzv u
P (Plane of Projection) ui S. 120 0 Pnzv
AUPmh Aa_P }, AP, E BQ APU SUP
sk. AP Gx x. hzv K Aa_ \[SzuP, C
Aa_P 120 0 Pnzv AUPmiuU Pn. AP Aa_PUS
CnP Csk PUS Ch SUPh sk.

55

{ kD (Oblique Drawing)
Cx J P hzu BS.
Cv U\ Csk Aa_UP
JUP \[SzuP, x
Aa_ Qhmh Aa_US 30 0 Ax 45 0
Ax 60 0 PnzvS k.
KU h Csk Pk.
1.

P h
(Cavalier Drawing)

2.

Pm h
(Cabinet Drawing)

kVoB kD (Cavalier Drawing)

JUP

\[Szu

Aa_UP, kUPUPmiS 45 & K

0

Aa_ AUPmiUS. }, AP,

E BQ AP Gx h
Shk. GkzxUPmhP, 60 ..
P\xzu P hzv x
}, AP, E BQ 60 .. A
CUS Gu h PmkQx. AP
\ Aa] Pmhku Au A
AvPP ux CUS Gu
AP.

kD (Cabinet Drawing)
Chzv JUP \[Szu
C Aa_UP, kUPUPmiS 45 0 & K
Aa_ AUPmiUS.

E BQ Ai 60 ..
JUP \[SzuP E Aa_P
Shk. APzv A v
30

..

Aa]

Szx

h sk. C mh
h Hzu E A
h CUS.
56

g>V V D (Ortho Graphic Projection)

J v\Px
USx u u[P
x PmkuS Bzu QU h
G .

Cv PkP mk

mk, {hh CUS.

Bzu QU h Csk Pk.
1.

u Pn P
(First Angle Projection)

2.

Pn P
(Third Angle Projection)

x>_ V k (First Angle Projection)

u Pn P BzuQU
h I |mk BS. u
Pn P BzuQU hzvi
mh

AQ

Pmhmkx.
\ E UP u
mkx.

Au x UP

Cx USx u
mhzv P, Chx UPx
USx u ] mhzv
P

Au

UPzv

mkx.
u Pmhzv u Pn Pi
h mkx Gu AQ E
h PmkQx.

J[Vkm V k (Third Angle Projection)

x Pn Bzu QU h AUP |mk U
SUS. Cvzv P S, ~qUP P[PU Sh x
Pn P hu P G BS.
x Pn P h x PuS P Gux. G,
CP h x AvPP kzukQx.
57

x
Pmhmkx.

Pn

AQ

J \ E UP

u mkx. Au Chx Cx
USx u ] mhzv P
Au v\x USx u
mhzv v ChxUP mkx.
u Pmhzv Pn Pi
h mkx
Gu AQ E h
PmkQx.

V[ _k >Vu^
J US Gmk u u[P .
1.

UP u (Front View or Elevation)

2.

UPz u (Top View or Plan)

3.

UPz u (Right Side View)

4.

ChUPz u (Left Side View)

5.

Rx USx u u (View from below)

6.

UPz u (View from the rear)

7.

u Chzv u Pnzv mhmh mkzu

(Cut Section View)

8.

T PP Cu Smh v\, Smh Chzv

u BU] u (Auxiliary View)

k]_ kBkB xB >Vu^

J AP [P ukzu T
Gmk P u[P sk G A] C. u
zx u[P sk. J J uzu mk
x zu u i.
J i [P |S ux P RPsh
u[P mk P A].
1.
2.

UPz u (Front View or Elevation)

UPz u (Top View or Plan)

3.

UPzu (Side View or End View)

58

x[ >VuD (Front View or Elevation)

J { USx \[Szx uzv (Vertical Plane)
u u BS. Czu P AvP UP[Pz
uuP CUS.

\_ >VuD (Top View or Plan)

J Au UP Cx USx Qh mhz uzv
(Horizontal Plane)

u u BS. Cx UPzu Gk.

>VuD (Side View or End View)

J Au ChUPP Ax UPP Cx
USx UPmi (Profile Plane) u u, UPzu Gk.

gE >VuD (Auxiliary View)

AQ E h
BU]

hzuU

PmkQx. mk Gx
C

Smh

Chzv,

Smh

v\ E uzuU
Pmku Gv h
[S.
AUS
\x

Cv
|

UP

P
si

v\, B[Q Gzx

B - Au hzu SUS.

BU]
xn

uzvS
u

g>VV D kD x
Bzu (Ortho) G | Pn Ax \[Szx Pn Gu,
QU G Gumh Ax mh Gu SUS.
Cu | u h G T. Bzu QU h Gx J
uzu JUP \[SzuP E Csk Ax AuS
m h v\ x USx uQ uzu uzu P
Ai uU SUS.
59

nV\ D

g>V V D

60

nV\ > Vm J[VD V kl_ g>V

V D k>_ :
1.

I\mU h

BzuQU h

3/$1
0
1



4
6,'(9,(:

(/(9$7,21

$OO'LPHQVLRQVDUHLQPP

61

2.

62

3.

63

4.

64

5.

65

6.

66

k luE :
nV\ > Vm J[VD V kl_ g>V
V D k :
1.

I\mU h

S : E hzvS PkUPmk w Psk BzuQU h P.

2.

I\mU h

67

3.

I\mU h

4.

I\mU h

68

5.

I\mU h

6.

I\mU h

69

7.

I\mU h

8.

I\mU h

ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN mm.

70

9.

I\mU h

10. I\mU h

71

11. I\mU h

12. I\mU h

72

13. I\mU h

14. I\mU h

73

V||^e J[VD V k g>V V >

Vm nV\ D k :
1.

BzuQU h

2.

BzuQU h

74

3.

BzuQU h

4.

BzuQU h

75

5.

BzuQU h

6.

BzuQU h

76

sV^:
z] -

BV sB >>|m m.
1.

2.

J }, AP, E[P 120 0 Pn Ch

u
A) Bu QU u
B) I\mU u
C) u Pn
D) Pn
x PnP Cu |mkS
A) I
B) AUP
C) C
D)

{ kV>_ sB:
3.
4.

U\ PPU T.
Bzu QU hzv C PPU T.

{ k_ sB:
5.
6.
7.
8.

I\mUh G G?
Bzu QU h G G?
x Pn P h G G?
hzv UQ u[PU TP.

es_ sB:
9.

z] - g

z] -

J Gmk P u[P ?

skV sB:

z] - ~

10. P k U P m h I \ m U h z v U P , U P ,
UPzu BQ x PmkP.
11. PkUPmh Bu QU u[P kzv I\mU
uzu x PmkP.

77

8. k|>Vu^
(SECTIONAL VIEWS)

xD
J Bzu QU h Au zu zu
mk Pmk. Au E [P PkP Pmhk. AvP
]UP E [P E hzv AvP PkP . Cu
AvP PkP E hzvx, Au E [P xPx
Pi.

BP, E [P A mkzu[P

kQ.

k|>Vu][ >k^
1.
2.
3.

vUS E [PU Pmh

vUS Pzv uP nh
u Tku [Pz uUP

k|V|^ kk>uV zA^

k| >eD (Cutting Plane (or) Section Plane)
J Ax Cnzx
mku h[P u
P u J Ax
mhkQx. CuS P u
G . Cu P uzv
u mk uUPk AvUS.
Cu Pk J PhP,
Pmi C Ph] ui PhP CUS. AUSx
mhmh UPzu US v\U Pmk.
mi }UPkuP Puk
P AUS v\US
Gv CUS. AUS AQ
B[Q Gzu ( A A ) G Gu
miUS. xP J n
Ah

mkzu
78

\.

E x Ch[P Au

mkzu P \.

k|>VuD
J z uzvS CnP mi S, mhmh Sv
}UQmk u Pzu US u mkz u Gk. Cv
PkP Pmhsiv.

Wwo|D V| (Hatching Line)

mhmh SvP mhhu Svx
kzv Pmh mhmh hk \U PmiS {k
Pk G .

79

zA
1.

PkP uh PhP CUP sk.

2.

45 0 \P Pk CUP sk.

3.

\ Ch Cn PkPP CUP sk. Aux, 1.5 ..

u 3 .. Ch CUP sk.

4.

Akzukzu P[P Gvv\ {k Ph

sk.

5.

Ax AuS mh mhmh P[P umkU

Psiu 30 0 Ax 60 0 Pn A {k Pk
sk.

6.

mhmh uP Cu UPmha _
{k Pk u x.

7.

mhmh Sv A Skx xP
Smk Pmhk. A Sh iu
{ A Pk x A Sh ]u {k
Pmi Azx Au Chzv A Pmi, A
sk.

k|>Vu][ k^ (Type of Sectional Views)

mkzuzu B PPP UP. A,
1.

mkzu (Full Sectional View)

2.

A mkzu (Half Sectional View)

3.

k mkzu (Revolved Sectional View)

4.

k mkzu (Removed Sectional View)

5.

UP mkzu (Local Sectional View)

6.

B\m mkzu (Offset Sectional View)

80

x k|>VuD (Full Sectional View)

mkzux Pmi Ax
Aa_ P AS mhmh
u mkzu BS. (mkzu 180 0
Pn A CUS)

k|>VuD (Half Sectional View)

mkzux Pk Ax Aa_ P v y
mi, Au P
Sv mk }UPmh S u
u
Gk.

mkz

(mkzu 90 0 Pn

A CUS)
PP : 1. UP A mkz
u,

2.

ChUP

mkzu,

3.RUP

A
A

u. 4. UP A u

kV_| k|>VuD (Revolved Sectional View)

J Aa]S
\[SzuP mhk u
BS.

mkz uzv

AU S x
Pmk S.
(Connecting

Rod),

EunP, }sh uskP ( B a r s ) , Cnzusk

,

mkzuzvU Sh.

J| k|>VuD
(Removed Sectional View)
J Aa]S \[SzuP
mhk uzv AUS
x Pmk S.
Cv

mkzuzvU

Sh

sk.

81

BQ

SUS

V_ k|>VuD (Local Sectional View)

mkzu Ax A mkzu C,
J Smh u Chzv mk mi US UP
mkzu G .

J u Chzv mk

PP mi Au Chzv E [PU Pmk G T.

Smh Chzv mk E uk x,
mkzu Pmh iu E A, Ax A
mkzuzv ] UQ [P }UPkx C
kzukQx.

g k|>VuD (Offset Sectional View)

mkzuzv v\ u Chzv Azx
mhk u BS. C mi u E [P
GuP A i. (J mkzuzv Pn 90 0 BP
CUS.)

82

V[ k|>Vu]uV BVe^ (Conventional Sign)

.Gs.
1.

mP

Ah[P

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C
GLS
zu

2.

D
A

3.

PQm

4.

\[P

5.

6.

Psni

7.

8.

83

.Gs.

mP

Ah[P

9.

} Aa_ (Shaft)

10.

S (Pipe)

11.

usk (Bar)

12.

BB L (Ams of Pulley)

13.

m (Rivets)

14.

R & Pmh BL m
(Keys & Cotters of Shafts)

k|>Vu]uz g>VV e >VVB

e V| k:
1.

2.

84

sV^:
z] -

BV sB >>|m m.
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

J vUS E [PU Pmh k Pk

A) UPk
B) mkUPk
C) UPk
D){k Pk
mhmh SvU Pmh Pk
A) {k Pk
B) AU Pk
C) UPk
D) UPk
mkzuzv mkzu Pn
A) 180 0
B) 90 0
C) 60 0
D) 45 0
Cn usi SUSmkzu uzv
A) Amkzu
B) k mkzu
C) UP mkzu
D) B\m mkzu
J mkzuzv AUS x Pmk
u
A) mkzu
B) k mkzu
C) UP mkzu
D) B\m mkzu

{ kV>_ sB:
6.
7.
8.

GLS C mkzu Ahzu P.

Psni mkzu Ahzu P.
} Aa] mkzu Ahzu P.

{ k_ sB:
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

z] - g

mkzuzv uP ?
P u G G?
mkzu G G?
{k Pk G G?
Amkzuzv PP ?
B\m mkzu G G?
D, A, BQ mkzu Ah[P P.

85

 es_ sB:

z] -

16. {k Pk x PhiUPsi SP USP.

17. mkzuzv PP Amhnkzx.

skV sB:

z] - ~

18. Hu J US mkzu x Pmk.

19. Hu J US Amkzu x Pmk.
20. Hu J US B\m mkzu x Pmk.

86

9. A V^
(FASTENERS)

xD
Csk Ax AuS mh Cv P[P Jh J
CnuS, iuS k EPnzvS ""Cn mP''
(Fasteners)

G .

A V[ k^ (Types of Fasteners)
Cn mP (Fasteners) C Pk. A,
1.

uPP Cn mP (Temporary Fasteners)

2.

{u Cn mP (Permanent Fasteners)

>uVo A V^ (Temporary Fasteners)

Cv P[Pz uPPP Cnzx mk \US ""uPP
Cn'' G . AiUPi UP, CnUP kQx. uPP
CnS S. HP CnUPmh P[P Gu
\u C GuP UP uPP CnmP kQx.
S, m, |m, hm, \P, Pmh P, P[ u uPP
Cn mP BS.

W> A V^ (Permanent Fasteners)

Cv P[P {uP Cnzx mk \US ""{u
Cn'' G .

CP Cn x.

HP

CnUPmh P[P US x \u Hk. UPz uhu,

{ CnP kQx.

i[ CnP, mhm

CnP u {u CnmP BS.

\^ xD
E

Ax,

Em

Ch mhmh _ zvS (Helical Groove) G .

C[Qx |mha \u \ \ m z G 1841 &B Bsk u
u EUQ. AUS mi hshk m z
(BSW)

G hmhx.

87

Cv[P
uPPP

Csk

Ax

Ax

{uP

AuS
J

mh
\zx

P[P

CnuS

""Lh'' (Fasteners) G .

\l[ zX|D VD (Nomenclature of Threads)

c sD (Major Diameter)
E Ax P AvPm\ mh Ea\ mh (Major
Diameter)

Gk. xP, S Ax mi A Sh Cu

Ea\ mh A \ sk.
Eun, 10 .. S Ea\ mh = 10 ..

(Crest)
Ea\ Qm GQ.

(Roots)
E m BS.

eV (Flank)
Qh, mh CnUS \ L[U BS.

z> sD (Minor Diameter)

Gvv E [PUS Ch E y Su
mh (Minor Diameter) BS.

\l[ gwD (Depth of Thread)

Aa_US \[SzuP mix Qm E y B
Gk.

\l #D (Pitch)
J o Akzukzx Csk P Ea] Ax
[PUS Ch E yzvS h y (Pitch) G .
88

TPI (Thread per Inch):

TPI

Gx o K A[S yzv Gzu P Ex

Gu SUS.

(Lead)
o |m J _ _ |P y m (Lead) Gk. m
Gx 1/ TPI h yzvS \S.
J m

1 x h y

C m

2 x h y

sD (Pitch Diameter)
Gu AP, zv AP \P CUS
Au miUPsk \ J P E mh
a mh BS.

\VD (Angle of Thread)

Csk Akzukzu [SPUS Chmh Pn Pn
Gk.

\[ k^ (Types of Threads)
P V i , \x i G C PP UPkQx.
Cu RUPsh PPP UP.
1.

UP P (Right Hand Thread)

2.

ChUP P (Left Hand Thread)

3.

J (Single Start Thread)

4.

(Multi Start Thread)

5.

UP (External Thread)

6.

EmUP (Internal Thread)

k k, k \^

(Right Hand Thread, Left Hand Thread)

89

m Ax |mh g_P vSx Ax UQ |P.

CuS UP P G, Au m |mh Chg_P vSx
UQ |P.

CuS ChUP P G .

_UPP

\u PiP _i _x UP P G, Gv PiP
_i _x ChUP P G T.

A \ (Single Start Thread)

J o }zvS J uhx Cu
AuS J G .

A \ (Multi Start Thread)

J o Csk Ax AuS mh [P J
ma A Akzukzx }zvS Cu Ax S.

k, c \ (External, Internal Thread)

E i PP _ mhmh US UP
G .
Eun: m, S, hm
x Em _ hmi AuS EmUP
G .
Eun : |m, x E

\[ kk^ (Form of Threads)

|mi Ezv \ Cv P[P, Au Ev
P[P Jh J CnUP oP kQx. CuS
k P A \u\ A Smh A Ax,
Smh uzv mk Ezv \ UPmkx. RUPsh P
P AvPP kzukQx.
1.

mi hshk m z (BSW Thread)

2.

mi A\] (BA Thread)

3.

mU (Metric Thread)

4.

\x (Square Thread)

5.

AU (Acme Thread)

6.

|UQ (Knuckle Thread)

7.

m (Buttress Thread)

90

i | s kV \ (BSW Thread)
C

izv

CUS. C Pn 55 0
BS.

Cv

CP

P[P

AvP

kzukQx. BSF (British

Standared Fine)

G P

A BSW P
CUS. B, BSW U Pmi TPI AvP. BSP Gx
SP (Pipe) hk PU SUS.

i VEB[ \ (BA Thread)

47.5 0 Pnh CP
P

A[SzvS

mhh E i PP
hk

S.

Cu

AP 0 u 22 E
GsP Shk. h (Tap) ,
h (Die) PP CP
Pnk.

\ \ (Metric Thread)
V

Psh

C Pn 600 BS.
ux

Cv[P

Cv

P[P

mU

AvPP

kzukQx.

CP

mhzu, a A zx Shk.

m \ (Square Thread)
90 0 Pn Psh CP AvP
z u[PUTix. (Vice), vS
u[Q (Screw Jack) PP CP
k.

mhzu

zx

TPI&

P.
91

uukzxU

t \ (Acme Thread)
Cx

\x

C, 29 0 Pn Pshx. uP
C[S m S E
i

uskP

kzu

CP

kQx.

CP

P |m Gv vUP.

^ \ (Knuckle Thread)
Cu Ea] P mh iP
CUS.

\x

\zx

\P

izuU Pshx. P
Cv

kzuk.

AvPP

TP C mh iP
Cu Gv uv.

\ (Buttress Thread)
m J
UP Aa_US \[SzuP,
UP

Pnzv

450

CUS.

\x

Pmi

SUSmh

\ z ( S h e a r i n g St r e n g t h )
u[S
Pshx.

\Uv

Ch[S

J UP |UQ

mk AvP \ uUTi P CUPk (Hand press) ,

kk (Quick Release Vice) CP k.

V_, , , \uD kV
(Bolt, Nut, Stud, Washer)
mP Jh J CnuS m, |m, hm, \
kQx.

C Ezv Su

AP Ezv \mk QhUQ { Ev P[P

(Standared Parts)

BS.

92

V_ (Bolt)
uh (Head) Ti hmh Ei PUS m G
. Cv PP E.

1.

x m (Through Bolt)

2.

h m (Tap Bolt)

3.

hm (Stud)

4.

hm m (Stud Bolt)

m V_ (Through Bolt)
CnUPh si Csk P[P E | x
\zv J |m kUPmiUS iS x m G .

V_ (Tap Bolt)
CnUPh si Csk P[P J | x,
hmh x CUS m hmh x
vQ kUPk. Cv |m kzu u.

(Stud)
uu iS hm
G . Ei P C
P

hmiUS.

hhu Sv \x P
PshuP Ax ukUS (Collar)
PshuP CUS.

V_ (Stud Bolt)
Csk P[P CnUP si x J x,
hmh x CUS. hmh x u hm Pz
vQ Akzu Pzv x \zv |m kUPk. hm
P zv E \x P (Spanner) kzv kUP
sk.
93

 (Nut)
CnUPk mP CUQiUP,
Psh xh PzvS |m G .
Cv B UP Psh |m (Hexagonal Nut) G,
|S UP Psh |m (Square Nut) G C P
Ex.

] Ch E Chzv Th

Gv zv 1/6 [S _ kUP
GuP Eu, US AP u
Ehu |S UP |mh h, B UP |m
P Azx Ch[P kzukQx.
|m hmh Gv u P ui mi SUP
hmh x Bo J \Pk. Au Bo iuPP |mi
P mhmiUS. A mhmh |mkP
C P Esk. |mi Ezu AvPkzu Av mh
mi AuS ""hm |m'' (Sloted Nut) G, |mi Sv 1/2
[S EzvS EiP Ezv Av mhmi
AuS ""Pmi |m'' (Castle Nut) G . E SP E |miS
""U |m'' (Lock Nut) G .

kV (Washer)
|m i J[PuP C |miS R kzu
sk. Azxh |m x \zx Azux AvP \zuh
Euu Gv Eh mP mk kUSx
Ehv. ] \ m \zuk x uP C
zx |mh kUP sk.
C Pk.

1. { (Solid Washer)

2.

_ (Spring Washer)

{ \un Ch[P, _ Av Hk
Ch[P k.
94

k]_ \e kD x
THREADS

BIS CONVENSION

External V-Thread,
Single
Start right hand

L.H. External
V-Thread
coarse pitch

L.H. External
V-Thread
Fine pitch

L.H. External
V-Thread
coarse, double
start

R.H. External
Square
Thread Single Start

Internal V-Thread

95

Vs^ (Keys)
E i usi \UP (Gear), g (Flange)
zumiUS. A Jh J Cnx _UTi P[Pa
\P mhP i \ (Key) P zxx UP. ux
\ UP. \ AvP \z u[Su GLS EPzu
\miUS. \ zxuPP BsPQ _ usi,
sPQ n zv mhk. AuS
\ (Key Ways) G .

Vs[ k^ (Types of Keys)

1.

\[U \ (Sunk Key)

2.

\i \ (Saddle Key)

3.

sm \ (Round Key)

Vs (Sunk Key)
Cx J UPmh \S. Cu mkzu \x Ax
\P PUPshx. Cu Sv \x Ax E i
Ehx. xP, Ca\ ui (Thickness) v Aa] zv,
Gg] Sv (Hub) \zv x.

k^
1.

Cn \ (Parallel Key)

2.

\ \ (Tapper Key)

3.

k Psh \ (Gip Headed Key)

4.

Lu \ (Feather Key)

5.

EmL \ (Wood Ruff Key)

96

 Vs (Parallel Key)

Cn \ AP, ui Au }zvS J AP
CUS. Cu SUSmkzu \x Ax \P ihx.
CP \P xP P (Pulley), nP (Gears) , Cx
P[P Aa_h CnUP kQx.

AvP \UvU Phzx Ch[P

Ca\ kQx.

kV Vs (Taper Key)

\P 1 : 50 G Quzv \ PkUPmiUS. \x P
Ax \P Phx. }mhzv zv \ PshuP
CUS. APzv \ CUPx. ] P UPmiUS.

ku Vs (Straight Key)
\P, \x Ph Ti \ \, uskP |PUTix.
Au \ uskh CnUPh si n, Qma P[P
CnuS k.

x\| V Vs (Gib Headed Key)

97

Cx ukUS Psh \S. \ GkuS Cu ukUS

k. \ J, Ax C P ukUS CUS.
U \ ( P e g K e y ) Gk P Psh \ CPa
\uuS.

> Vs (Feather Key)

_ usk, Auh x P BQ Hu Jh
\ {P zumiUS. G, Pzv E \
Cnx _ u Pshx. Cx Cn \ x.
Cu mkzu \P, \x, , Ax mh i CUS.

c Vs (Wood Ruff Key)

J uizu mh uPmh Au Aa] mi Au J

Sv Amh i CUS. Cu, Ca\ i CUS.
mh P Aa] \ zv, zv umh P
(Hub)

& E \zv x. Cx \ E (Taper

Shaft)

Psh Aa_P kzukQx.

_ Vs (Saddle Key)
_ usi mh umhP (Flat) CUSi
o \miUS. CS _ uskh x (Hub)
Pzv hmh \ zvS Ch CP \ zuk.
98

\ \z u[S mP CnUP CP \ kQx.

\ AiP, P umhP J v Cu umh
\i \ (Flat Saddle Key) G .

Cx Csk Pk.
1.

\i \ (Hollow Saddle Key)

2.

umh \i \ (Flat Saddle Key)

VV _ Vs (Hallow Saddle Key)

\i \ AiP _ usi iuP Su C
AuS \i \ G . Cu umh (Hub)
x. (Hub) mk \ mhmiUS. Cx Su
\UvU Phzx CnP kQx.

> _ Vs (Flat Saddle Key)

Cu SUS mkzu \P P Ehx. Cx x
Aa] umhP CUS.

(Hub) mk \

mhmiUS. Ca\ \ h izu AvPhx.

cekk Vs (Round Key)

_ usi Auh x Pzv \zx zx xmk

(_ usi Aa_US CnP) Au \ P Ax, \
P \P kzu sk.
99

Vs[ xA^
\P PPU Pshx. \P A, A
x u E A RUPsh h[P USQ.
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123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901
123456789012345678901

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\x P

mh P

\P P

Vs ^e][ gwD
E i usi v B, Av x Pzv v B
CUSi (Half in and Half out) \ mhk. zv B zv
_ u AUPsk. E i usi Aa_ AUPU
Thx.

Vs uB zA^
D

& Aa] mh (Diameter)

- & \ ui (Thickness)

& \ AP (Width)

& \ B (Radius)

& \ } (Length)

& \ mh (Keys Diameter)

\ P[P 1 : 100 G Quzv \ umiUS.

100

Aa] E zv vzx UPk \P, \x P Psh

\PUS vUPmh \ (Sunk Key) G .
Cn\, \ \, k Psh \, Aa_h o
zuk \ \, Ck Psh \ \
vUPmh \ (Sunk Key) Pa \uuS.

sV^
z] -

BV sB >>|m m.
1.

J A[Szv E P GsoUP
A) TPI
B) ISI
C) BSI
D) IS

2.

m Cn Gx
A) uPP Lh
B) {u Lh
C) S
D) Pmh
0
Pn 60 E
A) BSW
B) BA
C) mU
D) \x
\ uk E \
A) \ \
B) E i\
C) k \
D) \i \
n CnUP k \
A) Cn \
B) \ \
C) Lu \
D) \i \

3.

4.

5.

{ kV>_ sB:
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.

G G?
U Pskizu ?
Qm G G?
Lh PP ?
m G G?
PPU T.
\ Gu EPzu \mh?
\ PP PP ?

101

{ k_ sB:
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

z] - g

uPP Lh G G?
h y G G?
m G G?
\ G G?
vUPmh \ PP CsiU T.

es_ sB:

z] -

19. P PPU T, Hu Csi USP.

20. \P PPU T, Hu Csi USP.

102

10. m |>KV ^
(ASSEMBLY DRAWINGS)

xD
Cv[P P[PU Pshx.

P[P

mP Bx. Ch[P mP \mh

Ev P[P CnUSx, Ax J CvP EQx. J
Pzu Gu {, Gu Chzv zuh sk Gx
x o J uxP six P
A]S.

P[P JP zv Cv[P EUP

JUP, ] UQUPsiUP ix. h[P

PUS UQ, [P \. P[P Cnu
Cvzu US hzv, u[PP UP.
1. UPh

2. Cnzx mkuUP h

3. \ UPh

seD
J Pzu uzu x u [P, AP
uuS ""UPh'' G .

m |>KV D
] P[P Psh Cvzv P[P, Cnzx mi
u uzu, J PzvS E uh, UQ
PmkQ h, CnzxmkuUP hS.
R PkUPmk hzv, hzu zuh, Av E ]
P[P Guu Chzv zu sk Gx . UPh[Pz
uzuP zu u Au [P A i. Cnzx
mkuUP hzu zuh, Au P[P zumh uzu
Gv uxP i.

B_ seD
J Cvzu Ax P Azx uP, u
hzvS ""\UPh'' G . Av P[P h, ,
GsoUP, \mh EP Ax, , u BQ
uPP PkUPmiUS.

103

104

105

106

107

C- Q P[P

108

C- Q (C Clamp)

109

110

|UQ m P[P

|UQ m (Knuckle Joint)

111

sV^:

{ k_ sB:
1.
2.
3.

UPh G G?
CnzxmkuUP h G G?
\UPh G G?

skV sB:
4.

z] - g

z] - ~

RUPshS Cnzx mkuUP h P.

A ) Screw Jack
B) V-Block
C)
D)

C-Clamp
Knuckle Joint

112

11. kD >_
(BLUE PRINT READING)

xD

(Introduction)

u h[P | \un u h[P , \m P

h[P izu.

C hUPP, UPmh

hzuP, hzv kzuk PkP, GsP, n[P,

P, h AP, U\, I\mU , BzuQU,
mkzu , Cnzx mku BQ uxPsh.
hzv

kzuk

Ah[P

_UPzxP (Abbreviation), mPz uUS P BQ

h zx xPu P A] BS.

hzv

k Ah[P, SP, AP, Au zx xPu

x E u u
n Hkzu i.

Cu |mi u a]US,

zvS h uP Ex Gu A A.

ABBREVIATIONS FOR MATERIALS

FERROUS MATERIALS
Sl. No.

Ferrous material

Abbreviation

Cast Iron

CI

Cast Steel

CS

Forged Steel

FS

Mild Steel

MS

Spring Steel

Sp.S

NON-FERROUS MATERIALS
Sl. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Non-ferrous Material
Aluminium
Brass
Bronze
Copper
Gun Metal
White Metal
Zinc

Abbreviation
Al
Br.
Bronze
Cpr
GM
WM
Zn

113

DRAWING ABBREVIATIONS
Sl.No.

TERM

ABBREVIATION

Across corners

A/C

Across flats

A/F

Alteration

Alt

Approved

APPD

Approximate

APROX

Assembly

Assy

Auxiliary

AUX

Centimeter

cm

Centres

CRS

10

Centre line

CL

11

Centre to centre

C/C

12

Checked

CHD

13

Circular pitch

CP

14

Connected

CONN

15

Continued

CONTD

16

Counterbore

CBR

17

Countersink

CSK

18

Cylinderical

CYL

19

Diameter

DIA

20

Diametral pitch

DP

21

Dimension

DIM

22

Drawing

DRG

23

External

EXT

24

Figure

FIG

25

Ground level

GL

26

Hexagon

HEX

27

Horizontal

HORZ

28

Inspected

INSP

29

Inside diameter

ID

30

Internal

INT
114

Sl.No.

TERM

ABBREVIATION

31

Kilogram

kg

32

Kilometre

km

33

Left hand

LH

34

Machine

M/C

35

Manufacturing

MFG

36

Maximum

MAX

37

metres per second

m / s

38

Mechanical

MECH

39

Millimetre

mm

40

Minimum

MIN

41

Miscellaneous

MISC

42

Module

43

Nominal

NOM

44

Not to scale

NTS

45

Number

No.

46

Opposite

OPP

47

Outside diameter

OD

48

Pitch circle diameter

PCD

49

Pitch circle

PC

50

Quantity

QTY

51

Radian

rad

52

Radius

53

Reference

REF

54

Required

REQ

55

Right hand

RH

56

Serial Number

SL.NO.

57

Specification

SPEC

58

Spherical

SPHERE

59

Spot face

SF

60

Square

SQ

61

Symmetrical

SYM
115

k zX|D, BVeD:
Sl. No.

Description

Symbol

Specified dimensions

01.

E i
Round section

02.

S
Tube

03.

\x i
Square section

04.

UPn i
Triangular section

05.

A[Pn i
Hexagonal section

06.

Amh i
Half round section

07.

\P i
Rectangular section

08.

09.

d
dxt

Pn i
Angle section

G
W
G

V
V

wxt

A xB

A xB

%
$
E

T - i
T - Section

hxb

hxb
10.

I - i
I- beam section

11.

\ i
Channel section

12.

Z - i
Z - Section

13.

i
Rail section

14.

S Pn i
Bulb Angle section

15.

S umk i
Bulb plate section

116

E VmkV Ve k]_ z|D x^:

Title

Actual Projection/Section

External
Threads

Internal
Threads

Slotted
Head

Square End
and Flat

Radial Ribs

Bearing

Knurling

117

Convention

Title

Actual Projection/Section

Holes on
Linear Pitch

Holes on
Circular Pitch

Leaf Spring

Ratchet and
Pawl

Splined
Shaft

Springs

Repeated
Parts

118

Convention

1.

R PkUPmk hzvP UP, hP:

1.
2.

PkUPmk hzv E Csk u[P ?

] mhzvS PkUPmk GzxUP PkP Gu
SkQ? (EFGHI&J)

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

E Pzv AP G?
E Pzv Gzu xP hmk?
hzv E Pzv ui A G?
E hzv E xP mh G?
uPmi Pzv E B G?
Pzv E Csk xP [PUS Ch E y
G?
9. uPmi R B G?
hP:
1. Elevation, Plan, 2. E.Centre Line, F.Visible Outline, G.Dimension Line,
H.Extension Line, I.Dotted Line, J.Leader Line, 3. 98 mm, 4. xP,
5. 4 mm, 6. f12mm, 7. R 16 mm., 8. 90 mm, 9. R 20 mm
119

2.

R PkUPmk hzvP UP, hP:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

PkUPmk Pzv G?
Cu P G[S kzukQx?
PkUPmh Pzv mh G?
PkUPmh Pzv } G?
A G?
V- i zv Pn A G?
PkUPmh Pzv E x mh G?
V- i zv zv B G?
V- i P zv AP G?

hP:
1. V-Pulley, 2. V-Belt Drive, 3. 40 mm, 4. 38 mm, 5. M5, 6. 39 0, 7. 12 mm,
8. 7.5 mm, 9. 10 mm.
120

3.

R PkUPmk hzvP UP, hP:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

PkUPmk Pzv } G?
PkUPmk Pzv AP G?
PkUPmk Pzv E G?
PkUPmk Pzv h hhu x B G?
PkUPmk Pzv h hmh x B G?
PkUPmk Pzv h hmh xP Gzu E?
PkUPmk Pzv h hhu xP Gzu E?
PkUPmk Pzv S, u x zvS
Ch E y G?
9. J \, Akzukzx h hmh, h hhu
xP [PUS Ch E y G?
hP:
1. 90mm, 2. 70mm,

3. 65 mm, 4. 25 mm,

9. 14 mm
121

5. 20mm, 6. 4, 7. 2,

8. 12 mm,

4.

R PkUPmk hzvP UP, hP:

1.
2.

PkUPmk Pzv G?
PkUPmk Pzv E P.C.D. A G?

3.
4.
5.
6.

PkUPmk Pzv Gzu ] xP hmkx?

PkUPmk Pzv ui A G?
PkUPmk Pzv mh G?
PkUPmk Pzv Csk xPUS Ch E Pn A
G?

hP:
1. Cylinder Cover, 2. 90 ,

3. 8,

4. 18 mm,

122

5. 115mm, 6. 45 0

5.

R PkUPmk hzvP UP, hP:

FILLER PLATE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

PkUPmk Pzv G?
PkUPmk Pzv h hmh xP Gzu E?
AvP }zv hmh x h A G?
]mhm zv B G?
PkUPmk Pzv } G?
PkUPmk Pzv AP G?
PkUPmk Pzv E G?
ABC BQ A Pski.
UPmi E Csk xP [PUS Ch E y
G?

hP:
1. Filler Plate, 2. 2, 3. M12, 4. 5 mm,
5. 56mm, 6. 30mm, 7. 14 mm,
8.A=30mm, B=5.5mm, C=30mm, 9. 38 mm.
123

luE :
1.

R PkUPmk hzu zx PmPmk UPUS

h:

1. PkUPmk Pzv hmh xP Gzu E?

2. PkUPmk Pzv E A x?
3. c mh x?
4. c E zx mh x?
5. c E \ GPa \ux?
6. _shmk x L G?
7. hu x Gzu Ex?
8. hmh x mh x?
9. c ui x?
hP:
1.

6.

2.

7.

3.

8.

4.

9.

5.
124

2.

R PkUPmk hzu zx PmPmk UPUS

h:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

PkUPmk Pzv E G?
PkUPmk Pzv } G?
PkUPmk Pzv AP G?
PkUPmk UPm G Pzv E x mh G?
UPmi Sv ui G?
PkUPmk Sv E mh izv B G?

hP:
1.

4.

2.

5.

3.

6.

125

3.

R PkUPmk hzu zx PmPmk UPUS

h:

1.
2.
3.
4.

PkUPmk Pzv E usi mh G?

PkUPmk Pzv kzumk \ P G?
c mh G?
Psh Pzv Gzu mkP kzumkx?

hP:
1.
2.
3.
4.

126

4.

R PkUPmk hzu zx PmPmk UPUS

h:

1.

PkUPmk Pzv A G Sv mh G?
PkUPmk Pzv zu } G?
B G A Gu PmkQx?
C G A Gu PmkQx?
35 mm G Sk Gu P oU PmkQx.

2.
3.
4.
5.

hP:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

127

5.

R PkUPmk hzu zx PmPmk UPUS

h:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

PkUPmk Pzv mh G?
PkUPmk Pzv zu Gzu ] xP E?
PkUPmh Pzv Gu P [ kzumkx?
PkUPmk Pzv ui G?
] P |S xP mh G?
UPk, Pzv Gu P oU PmkQx?
Pzv E S } Au ui G?

hP:
1.

5.

2.

6.

3.

7.

4.

128

12. gV
(Auto CAD)

xD

(Introduction)

Auto CAD

Gx Bmh hU (Auto Desk) G AUP {zu

EUPmhx. Cv Auto Gx Auto CAD &I EUQ Bmh hU G

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Cut, Copy, Paste, Select all, Clear and Find PmhP

CUS.
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Views, Shade, Render, Display & Tool Bar PmhP CUS.

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& G u Block, Layout and hyperlink PmhP

CUS.

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PmhP CUS.
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& G u Spelling, Display Order, Properties, Auto Lisp

PmhP CUS.

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& G u h PmhP Line, Ray, Multi Line, Poly Line,

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Angular, Base Line, Leader PmhP CUS.
133

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& G u hzu AuP PmhP

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Standard Tool Bar

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Object Properties Tool Bar

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Modify Tool Bar

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\V (Modify Tool Bar)

Comhx h P x hzv Ei
Pnk. Cv oUSP HP E hzv UP
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Explode oUSP Ah[QUS.

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\uS Pmh \ kQx. Cx h P R hzv

Ex Pnk. Cu Pmh \ CvP umha_ \u
Pmh P xUPzv Pmk. uUP GsoUP
P. Pmh \ x UPzv Scroll Bar CUS. Au
R Czx u Pkzu Pmh P UP.

V (Status Bar)
{mh (Status Bar) Gx \US R hUPS
AiPzv Pnk \P i SvS. ux EPzv E
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P Auto CAD PmhPx, Pmh \
PkUPmk \kzv J Smh hP kQx. Cu
PmhP PP uSvPP (Categories) RUPsh
UPmiUS.

Sl.No.
1.

CATEGORY

AUTOCAD Commands

Drawing commands

Arc, circle, dount, ellipse, line, mline, pline, point

polygon, ray, rectang, sketch, spline, trace, xlin.

136

2.

Editing Commands

Array, break, bhamfer, bcanges, chprop, copy, ddedit, dist,

divided, erase extened, fillet, insertobj, length, match prop,
measure, mirror, meledit, move, offset, oops, pedit, purge,
rotate, scale, splinedit, stretch, trim.

3.

Text Commands

Mtext, text

4.

Display Commands

3dorbit, 3dzoom, camera, ddtype, ddvpoint, dview, edge,

hide, light, mview, pan, plan, qtext, redraw, redrawall, regen,
regenall, regenauto, scene, view, viewers, vpoint.

5.

Dimensioning

Dim & dim1, dimaligned, dimangular, dimbaseline,

Commands, dimcenter, dimcontinue, dimdiameter,
dimedit, dimlinear, dimordinate, dimradius, dimstyle,
dimedit, leader.

6.

Setting Commands

Base, Color, elev, fill, isplane, layer, limits, linetype, itscale,

lweight, mlstyle, multiple, options, ortho, osnap, snap, style,
ucsicon, ucuman, ucs

7.

Hatching Commands

Bhatch, boundary, hatch, hatchedit, region

8.

3D surface Commands

Edgesurf, pface, rulesurf, tabsurf

9.

3D drawing / Solid

3d face, 3dmesh, 3dpoly, box, cone, cylinder, interfere,

commands intersect, revolve, sphere, torus, union, wedge.

10. Block commands

Block, explode, insert, minsert, wblock, xplode

11.

Aperture, blipmode, celtscale, cmddia, cords cvport,

dispsilh, dragmode, edgemode, explmode filletrad, fontalt,
gridmode, gridunit, gripsize, highlight, hpang, hpname,
hpbound, hpmame, isavebak, limcheck, limmax, limmin,
itscale, lunits, measurement mirrtext, mtexted, offsetdist,
orthomode, osmode, pellipse, pickbox, plinewid,
plotrotmode, polysides qtextmode, savetime, shadeedge,
shapstly, splinetype, surftab1, surftab2, trimmode, ucsfollow
ucsion

System Variables

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Auto CAD PmhP P EhkQx.

UPkQx.
1.

\P Eh (Giving Commands using Key Board) : J v

Bn (Document) vuh Pmh \x PmhP
uS u { CUS. si PmhPU Pmh
\ Ek \x Enter zu Azu.

2.

omh PmhP Eh (Giving Commands using Tool

Bar) : Tool Bar Gx \P UPmk oUSP (Icons)
137

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\kzu.
3.

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Menu) : i h EPkzuUTi Azx
PmhP Pkzumk zu CUS.
u PmhP ih E uPx
QU \x uukUP.

Auto CAD- _ VA \V\ (File Management in Auto CAD)

P s Gx v Bnzu EUSu (Creating New
File), HP E Bnzuz vzu (Opening a existing Document), \zu
(Save) , uu Bnzu ku (Closing the Current Document),

CvP AutoCAD&ix u (Quitting) \P

EhUQuS.

A]B gk> ckVz>_ (Creating New File)

v J h P EUP RUPsh \P Hu
J \kzu.
1.

Auto CAD & E R[S omh QU & File

2.

Standard Tool Bar- QNew G oUS QU \.

3.

Command Entry Pan & Type NEW

4.

\P P Ctrl. + N Gu \u Azu.

138

New

 Smk Hu J \ kzv
hzv Ei \ (Window) vUS.

uk c^e gk> ]>_ (Opening an Existing Document)

HP E hzv P vUP RUPsh \P
Hu J \kzu.
1.

Auto CAD & Pull Down Menu QU & File

2.

Standard Tool Bar- Open G oUS QU \.

3.

Command Entry Pan & Type OPEN

4.

\P P Ctrl. + O Gu \u Azu.

Open

Smk Hu J \ kzv
hzv Ei \ (Window) vUS.

>uV>B gk> t>_ (Saving the Current Document)

uu hzv P \UP RUPsh \P
Hu J \kzu.
1.

Auto CAD & Pull Down Menu QU & File

Save
(or)

File
139

Save as

2.

Standard Tool Bar- Save G oUS QU \.

3.

Command Entry Pane & Type QSAVE

4.

\P P Ctrl. + S Gu \u Azu.
Smk Hu J \ kzv

hzv Ei \ (Window) vUS.

>uV>B gk> J|>_ (Closing the Current Document)

uu hzv P kuS RUPsh \P

Hu J \kzu.
1.

Auto CAD &C Pull Down Menu QU & File

2.

Command Entry Pane & Type CLOSE

Close

Smk Hu J \ {
hzv Ei Eh mi (Dialogue Box) u.
E Eh mi siuz uukzx zu
QU \u Bn hk.

140

Auto CAD om kB>_ (Quitting Auto CAD)

Auto CAD Window &x xP RUPsh

P Hu J \kzu.
1.

Auto CAD & Pull Down Menu QU & File

2.

Command Entry Pane & Type EXIT

Exit

Smk Hu J \ {
hzv Ei Eh mi (Dialogue Box) u.

k e^ (Draw Commands)
V| e (Line Command)
Cu Pmhx J x US, Pk
uS kQx. Pk Gx C PUS (End Point)
Chmh y BS. Pk uS
1.

Draw Tool Bar & Line Icon &I QU \.

2.

Pull Down Menu Draw

Line &I QU \.

3.

Command Entry Pane & Line

G Type \x Enter zu QU

\.
Cv Hu J Psh Auto CAD v Specify First
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u (First Point) QhUS.

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Aux u P (Drawing Pan) Cshx (Next Point)
_mi zx QU \u Hk Ch | Pk u.
141

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SuS h Px (Drawing Pan) Aa_zy (Co-ordinate

System) X, Y u[P \k. J Ah Gx X, Y

Aa_ y[P zx Shk. v Chx UP Rx

BvP (0, 0) PukQx. Aa_ y P Auto CAD kzukQx.
1.

Absolute Co-ordinate System

2.

Relative Co-ordinate System

3.

Polar Co-ordinate System

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(0,0) AihPU Psk X, Y Aa_ y[P wUPkQx. J

x X, Y Aa_ y[P zx ShkQx.
Absolute Co-ordinate Pk u :
Command

LINE

Specified first point

0, 0

Specified next point or (Undo)

80, 0

Specified next point or (Undo)

0, 80

Specified next point or (close/Undo)

80, 80

Specified next point or (close/Undo)

0, 0 (or) C

Relative Coordinate J Pmi uS X, Y Aa_ y[P

HP

Szu

(Previous

Point)

AihPUPsk

AhkQx. , @ G Sk Cx \ EkPUS (Relative

Entry) (Prefix) kzu sk.
Relative Co-ordinate Pk u :
Command

LINE

Specified first point

0, 0

Specified next point or (Undo)

@ 40, 0

Specified next point or (Undo)

@ 0, 40

Specified next point or (close/Undo) :

@ -40, 0

Specified next point or (close/Undo) :

@ 0, -40 (or) C

Polar Co-ordinate J Pmi uS (Polar) Aa_

y[P X Aa_US P Pnzv (Possitive X-axis), Cu x

(Current Point) Shk. Relative Co-ordinate Eu
@ G Smh Cx \ EkPUS (Relative Entry) kzu
142

sk. Auh \zx < G Sk y Pn[PUS Ch

kzuk.
Polar Co-ordinate Pk u :
Command

LINE

Specified first point

50, 50

Specified next point or (Undo)

@ 40 < 0

Specified next point or (Undo)

@ 40< 90

Specified next point or (close/Undo) : @ 40 < 180

Specified next point or (close/Undo) : @ 40 < 270 (or) C

k e (Circle Command)
Cu Pmhx mhzu uS Pz
uukUP kQx. J mh uS
1.

Draw Tool Bar & CIRCLE Icon &I QU \.

2.

Pull Down Menu Draw

3.

Command Entry Pan & CIRCLE

Circle &I QU \.

G Type \x Enter zu QU

\.
PkUPmk \ \uS Hu J
Psh Auto CAD v Eh Specify First Point for Circle (or) [3p/2p/
Ttr (tan.tan.radius)] G u.
Auto CAD & mh uS P E. A RUPq

Csk P mh u UPkQx.
1.

B (Centre Radius Method)

2.

mh (Centre Diameter Method)

B mh u :
Command

Circle

Specify Centre Point for Circle (or) [3p/2p/Ttr (tan.tan.radius)-25 : 25

Specify Radius of Circle (or) [Diameter] : 10

mh mh u :
Command

Circle

Specify Centre Point for Circle (or) [3p/2p/Ttr (tan.tan.radius) -20 : 20

Specify Radius of Circle (or) [Diameter] : D
Specify Diameter of Circle : 15
143

k s_ e (Arc Command)
Cu Pmhx mh (Arc) uS Pz
uukUP kQx. J mh uS
1.

Draw Tool Bar & ARC G Icon &I QU \.

2.

Pull Down Menu Draw

Arc &I QU \.

3.

Command Entry Pane & ARC

G Type \x Enter zu QU

\.
PkUPmk \ \uS Hu J
Psh Auto CAD v Eh Specify start Point of Arc (or) [Centre]
G Eh u.
Auto CAD & mh uS P E. Av

P (Three Points Method) mh u UPkQx.

Command

Arc

Specify Start Point of Arc (or) [Centre]

0, 0

Specify Second point of Arc (or) [Centre / End] :

20, 20

Specify End point of Arc

40, 0

^k e (Ellipse Command)
Cu Pmhx }mhzu uS Pz
uukUP kQx. J }mh uS
1.

Draw Tool Bar & ELLIPSE G Icon &I QU \.

2.

Pull Down Menu Draw

3.

Command Entry Pan & ELLIPSE

Ellipse &I QU \.

G Type \x Enter zu QU

\.
PkUPmk \ \uS Hu J
Psh Auto CAD v Eh Specify axis end Point of Ellipse (or) [Arc
/Centre] G Eh u.
Auto CAD & }mh uS P E. C Axis End
Point }mh u UPmkx.
Command

Ellipse

Specify Axis End Point of Ellipse (or) [Arc/Centre] :

0, 0

Specify other end points of Axis

40, 0

Specify distance to other Axis or (Rotation)

25

144

Vo[ e (Polygon Command)

Cu Pmhx P uS kQx. J P
uS,
1.

Draw Tool Bar & Polygon Icon &I QU \.

2.

Pull Down Menu Draw

3.

Command Entry Pan & POLYGON

Polygon &I QU \.

G Type \x Enter zu

QU \.
PkUPmk \ \uS Hu J
Psh Auto CAD v Eh Enter Number of sides G PmS.
Command

Polygon

Enter Number of Sides

Specify Centre of Polygon or (Edge)

Specify First End Point of Edge

4, 4

Specify Second End Point of Edge

12, 4

k e (Rectangle Command)
Cu Pmhx \P uS kQx. J \P
uS,
1.

Draw Tool Bar & Rectangle Icon &I QU \.

2.

Pull Down Menu Draw

3.

Command Entry Pan & RECTANGLE

Rectangle &I QU \.

G Type \x Enter zu

QU \.
PkUPmk \ \uS Hu J
Psh Auto CAD v Eh Specify First Corner Point G PmS.
Command

RECTANG

Specify First Corner Point or (Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width): 5, 5

Specify Other Centre Point or (Dimensions): 15, 10

V e (Hatch Command)
Cu Pmhx G Psh Sv (Closed Boundary
Region) SUS PkP (Hatching) uS kQx.

Auto CAD &

P UPmh SUS Pk vP (Hatch Patterns) mi

Ex.
Command

B HATCH

145

SUS Pih si Gx Eh mi (Dialogue Box)

u.

Eh mi E Pick Points zu QU \.
Select a Points inside a closed object

, Eh mi OK G zu QU \x ma
(Hatch) \.
146

\_[ e (Multi Line Text Command)

Cu Pmhx hzu GzxUP EkuS (Text
Written) kQx. v Gu Chzv EP Ehh sk

Gu _mi xnh (Cursor) uukUP sk. ,

Command

Specify First Corner :

M TEXT
10, 10

Specify Opposit Corner or (Height/Justify/Line Spacing/Rotation/Style/Width) :20,20

v Multi Line Text Editer u. Cu kzv u EPz

umha_ \. Cv Gzx P (Font), Gzv A (Letter Size) ,
uUP UP.

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2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

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B) Text Command
A) Display Command
C) Editing Command
D) Drawing Command
Mtext Gx
A) Drawing Command
B) Text Command
C) Editing Command
D) Display Command

147

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8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

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Auto CAD &I u k ] UPP ?

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15.
16.
17.
18.

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19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.

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