Vm B]sB_

>V^ - 2
\ VlB_
>Vau_s

\_W - x>VD g|
u|k A_
C\ h [S
vmhzvR hmhx.
(US A)

wsh J a\
wsh J [S
wsh uz u \

u|mk
h PP

Pa\, \&600 006.

u|k A_

u v & 2010

Sz u
. g. Vz\V,
xz u (Cv)
AMK hUU P,
\UP,
\&602 103.

]P

E. sk\[,

uP B],
A_ BsP { ,
|mh & 635 852,
mh.

V. V[,

. kV>D,

uP B],
A_ BsP { ,
u] & 604 408,
vsn mh.

uP B],
A_ { ,
| & 631 051,
mh.

QV. Bz\V >V,

g. gxD,

uP B],
uzv Py PU Psn \mi
Cx { ,
v & 602 001.

uP B],
A_ BsP { ,
Jsiy,
P & 641 016.

h[P u : u|k A_UPP U P CUPP, u|k.

C 60 .G.G. u Aa]hmkx.

ii

VeD
k..

V>A

1.

\ VlB_ VmVA zA^

2.

s^

3.

e s^, es^

36

4.

VlB_ V^

62

5.

k|] z\VuD F>_

72

6.

&

81

7.

V[ >D, e kB F>_

88

8.

wKD ]B m>_

96

9.

]ksB_

106

10. t[MB_

115

11.

129

>VauV \V\

12. \]|

138

iii

VeD
k..
1.

V>A

\ VlB_ VmVA zA^

AP & Cv o & Cv o PhP & |mi

a] Cv o [S & zx & zx HkuP
Pn[P & xP & xP SP & oUP x
xP SP & PUPPUP xP SP &
Cv[PUP xP SP & Cv oUP xP
SP & uu & uu mi zvUPsi mP

2.

s^

3.

e s^, es^

AP & i PP & zu & Cn Q & C- i Q

& A PP & A[P u & BU\ & { BU\ &
US BU\ & BU\ k & BU\ k EhuP
Pn[P & BU\ i P uuP Pn[P & _zv
PP & a PP & B \ & v &
P v & P & \k Pmi[ & USi &
[ P \u & Q PP & zu & h & PP &
u P & Csh P & P & kx PUP
si SP & h PP & k PUP si
SP & SmkU PP & AP & P & [Qk
P & m & Szx PP & , A, B Szx
PP & ga & ] T Psh Szx P &
xmh k Szx P & mh & mhzua
\zu & S F] & PP & \ m & UQ[ h & \
P & \un P & AzvS H P & V- U & B[Q m
AP & PP P & AUS PP PP & AP
AUS P & AUS PP u[P & GLS AP &
AP PP & P & PP & P &
~qUPzu A k `zv & E A & U mh
& mU U mh a] & U mh Akzu &
mi U mh & U mh P & Tmk &
S & a \\u & E A U mh & B
AUS U mh & U mh, P k &
U mh & P \m & mUh
& mUh ~qUP Pn & \
AP AP & |P & AP u & o A & B
A & u A & AP & PP & ]| P & C B
iv

\ P & US P & {, UP iu
B A & G A & B A & Ai A
& B A & hPU P & iz uPk & APUS, iz
uPmiS E kP

4.

VlB_ V^

AP & EP[P & mP E A & EP[P

Cv sP & Ehzu & Pizu & ]u u &
uPhP } u & z u & PP } u & }
u & x Cv mP & EP[P & C Pu
EP[P & U A & & sP &
PP & GLS & P GLS & Su PPu GLS &
|kzu PPu GLS & AvP P Pu GLS & P GLS & x iUPu
GLS & mk GLS & AvP GLS & h[h AvP GLS & C
Pu EP[P & A Au EPU PP & u
& P & & xzu|P & S & EPu mP &
\U

5.

k|] z\VuD F>_

6.

&

AP & kzxu |UP[P & Sn \ P &

xUSu & |][ & |][ \u |UP &
Pikzxu & ukzxu & UPiUSu & UPiUP
|UP & UPiUS P & P][ & \i[ & |mi[ &
CshU h[ & L h[ & P Sa\u &
kzv Sn \ EP & \ E

AP & U & m U & \ U & B[Q U & hmh U &

U U & LU\ & PP & uh Psh [ LU\ &
[ LU\ & U & LU\ k & U & LU\
i \uS PUPsi & U P[P &
LU\ P[P & U & L\ |P & Ah & izu
(3&2&1) Ax 6 A\ izu

7.

V[ >D, e kB F>_

8.

wKD ]B m>_

AP & JUP xu & m m &

Aa_ & x & Bu A & CUS A & A G & k &
k & S k & UPk & HPk A & J P
k & CP k & Cn & AvP Ch
E Cn & Aizx H Cn & Ch Cn &
HPk A k u[P & Aa] Aih A k &
x Aih A k & u {n & Ch| hshk
BP\\ ]h & { ]h & Cv u {n
AP &mh _ \UvU Phzxu & |mh _
\UvU Phzxu & SUSmh _ \UvU Phzxu &
mh PP & PQu & mh P UP & n PP &
v

| n & | n & \n & umh ]

n & n & nzuh & G
nz uh & Tmk nz uh

9.

]ksB_

AP & Ahzv & Azu & P & v _ & P _

& v[P Sn[P & Cv CUPzuU Pmi, v
CUPzv AT[P & vT[P & P _ AT[P,
vT[P & v Gsn \ SP & v _
kzuk SP & v _ kzuUThu SP
& xP \u[P & v EhzuPk & Azu k &
uS & Ava] u[Q & Aih v _ & A\ mk

10. t[MB_

AP & zu & mh & B & uh & K v &

_ & uhn _ & UP Cn _ & Q\L
v & mh v & zu v & v & B & Cv
B & Pu & Pu & Pu\ Pk & Pu PkP \
& Pu & Pu EmSv & Puzuh & Pu ysh &
Lh vP & u v & Csh v & Pu ysh
mh v & L[ UP v & L[ ChUP v & | v\
v\ \zv Aih & A & AP &
L H.]. \ & mh & Psm & L
mh & L Psm & hh & h & h
hh k & | v\ \ AT[P & v\ \
AT[P

11.

>VauV \V\

u\ & u\ Ah & u\
Ahzuz uukUSx PUP si & u\
Ch & | u\ Ch AT[P & o B &
B & o Azu & Ezv Ezvz v & Ezvz
v u[P & {zv Ezvz v & o Ezvz
v & Cvzv Ezvz v & Ezvz v AvPUS
P & Ezv vmhh Pmkkzxu & P P C &
UQ oP & PPC & UQzx & uUPmkk & s
PmkP & s & F.W. h & L & { &
{zv PP & A h & J G A
h

12. \]|

AP & Pa\mP P & Cv[P \ &

mP Fv & U LU\UP \ & {P
\P & & PnURk & Pa\ &
PUP \

vi

1. \ VlB_ - VmVA zA^

xD
x C PU Pmhzv EP x u\P
mk P x m] Hkzv Q. |
Ahz uPUP v Cv[P PskiUPkQx.

Czv Bzx o Ch, AP[P, oP P[P,

u\P G G Ch[P Hu J P Cv
kzukQx. Cv[P | UPh J mh.
kP kzuk AUS Cv, S\umi
uPsk u\P kzuk m\u Cv[P
|kP Ch[P uUPkQx.
u

uUP

AvP

Cv[P

Ezv

\kQx. Ezv umkk uUS mk Cv[P

CUQ, Ezv UP AvP A Cv oP (Machinist)
ukQP. CuPP |kP ], \
x ]Pz ux vUP CvoP EUSv
Dkmkx.
Ph\ Cv, xk Cv, EUS Cv, [
Cv G P Cv[P PUPP mkP,
Cv[P P[P, CvU PP uUS Chzu
u\ GQ.
u\P ] umk u\P (Small Scale Industries),
|kzu umkz u\P (Medium Scale Industries), AvP umkz
u\P (Large Scale Industries) G u miP
u\P E. G Gi Cu, G u\P
mP Ezv \u Cv o Aih BS.

B] BVe
o

Azx

Cv[P,

PU

PP kzv EP o u EvP[P
EUS Cv o B.

B] BVe[ \^:
1.

o E Azx u Cv[P, CUPz ux

zvUP sk.

2.

Azx PP kzu uxzvUP sk.

3.

UQP hzu zx Es i G,
GP EPzv Bx, PkUPmk AP BQ
uP x Pu sk. CuS 100% h
SP Azu P AvUP sk.

4.

Cv[P zu, USP kzxu sk.

5.

Cvzv Ev, \k EP o u
kzx mk BQ zx, mk P, Fmh
B BQ ux zvzu sk.

6.

o u\ zvS ExnP CUP

sk.

V[ keEl_ B] BVe[ z:
1.

Aih uh uz uUPP EUQ. J

uu u Eu, |mi u E
Gu Es.

2.

C Cv oP J u\ ]u
a] AhQx. Cu AvPUQx.

3.

Su A J EzvQx G Au ,
PsiP AvPUS.

Cu, G C.

AvP A

Ezv \kx Au SQx. G, [S

GsoUP, SQx.

CuS ExnP C Cv

o.
4.

Ezv UP { Cv oP u kQP.
C E \hk x u Ahz uP
zvhQx.

G, J u\P, oP Gx v
Cv o |x G uQx.

sm
Gv

|hUS

A\u[P,

Au

Hk

m\u[P, E\u[P | zx GQ. zx Gx

2

u\P mk G Ch[P, Hu J zx, Hu J

Pnzu |hQx. CP UQ Pn, PUS,
Ax ] SkPa \\ BS.

sm u|k>uV V^:
ox P \zv, zxP
uUP. x xP, zx |huP ] Pn[P
Bu A, RUPsh Pn[P |hQx.
1.

\ si x A.

2.

\ si A\ Pmku.

3.

Su P Pmhzv AvP n \vUP Gsqu.

4.

Eh Jzx \u.

5.

K, yUP.

6.

\ PUPP kzu.

7.

o Chzv v \v.

8.

_a ` E Sk.

9.

zu BhP Aou.

10.

mk

omPa

EPn[P zuux.
11.

o , P, \.

12.

PUS, u _u.

VmVA
xP Gx zxUP A\u[P Gx |hx h
CUP P Ga\UPh, Pzxh |hx Pu, vP
|hzu xPS.
| Ahz uPUP xx Cv[P PskiUPmk
u sn Ex. Cv[P |US Su |
G,

Bzu

UPUTi.

u\P Ah Hu J zx |hQx. A, ]
Ax zuP CUP. u E vx. Au
xPzxUP Gu xP |hiUPP Gkzu A].

VmVA zA^
o xP Gx |S PPP kQx.
3

A,
1.

oUP x xPU SP

2.

PUPPUP xPU SP

3.

Cv[PUP xPU SP

4.

Cv oUP xPU SP

\V VmkV VmVA zA^

1.

E i mP, TU PP, u mP
|hu zu Thx.

2.

x A a\ Pmh \v E Chzv
Cv[P Azu sk.

3.

Gsn Q u ]u zxUP sk.

4.

Gv wUTi mP xPP zu sk.

5.

`h mP AuP JxUPmh Chzv ""_k, uhu''

G Ga\UP P mi zvzu A].

6.

E xPh uu mi Gx u {
zvUP sk.

sV VmVA zA^
1.

ua] Pi Psh A, _zv, v BQ

mk kzu sk.

2.

_zv, mi, E u Pzv ], Gsn,

Q C zxUP sk.

3.

AUPP kzv AuS Chzv UP sk.

4.

AUS PP PU Psh Au B }iUS.

5.

TU PP, AUS PP, AuP E

E Ax mi xPP UP sk.

6.

\ US, \ PUPP kzu sk. \

PP QhUPu x AuS v PP kzuU Thx.

7.

CvzvS AQ uu PP UPUThx.

8.

_ |P P x AP Gku, Su
Thx.

9.

U\ kzxx Av zx Cz uPh
Smh AS kUPUThx.
4

(Hacksaw Blade)

10.

\u[P x PUPP UPUThx.

11.

A, mh, Ca \mh _zvP,

vP kzuUThx.

12.

A, E, _si R Hkzx PUPP

PUPPh \zx UPU Thx.

B]V VmVA zA^

1.

Cv[P zxx, Ch x, \ UQ[

UP sk.

2.

Cv o uUS, CUPzuu Cv[P mk

CUSx |x.

3.

Cvzv EvUP Fmh, mk P, mk B

BQ usk.

4.

TU PP Cv P[P UPU Thx.

5.

Cv[P E SkP, Cv o GUPnzuU

Psk \ \UThx. AuP E ] mP
zx \ \ sk.

6.

Cv[P Hux zv\ \u Hmh, Eh Cvzu

{zvh sk.

7.

uhu { E Cv[P ""uhxx''

G Gv UP sk.

8.

Cv C[Q PsiUSx, Pzu AvPkzxu,

Eku, m u Pa \UThx.

9.

v Cv[P { x, Au Gh, P, o v
v Psk u[S u mk (Bolt) P zu
sk.

10.

Cv[PUS Ax, Ehsk.

B] BVeV VmVA zA^

1.

Pzx mh AoU Thx.

2.

u, xhuPP ] xskz xoP zvUPUThx.

3.

C[QUPsiUS Cvzuz uh, Au x \x {P

Thx.

4.

o uu BhP AoUThx.
5

5.

Aa \, zu BQ \Pa \ x, xP
PsniP Ao sk.

6.

`h mP, T mP, \u[P BQ

Px, P EP Ao sk.

7.

u PoP mk Ao sk.

8.

|P CUPz uu Cvzu mk CUP sk.

9.

u[S Ax xP \ PPz uhU Thx.

10.

C[S Cv[P, Eku, m u, AUSku

\UThx.

11.

]P P, _zukzu, AuP E (Brush)

_zukzu sk.

12.

Gh AvP mP, Eh u mP
kzxx, EuUS |ku A].

13.

GUPnzuU Psk xP \u[P zu

Cv[P CUPU Thx.

14.

Kku,

ku,

_u,

uu \P Dkku Thx.

x>K>s:
| o u\ o Hk zu
uuP xPP izu. C Hu J ]
A P Su Th zx Hh x. Cu o
u\US, oUS C Hk.
xPP Cx, o o x oUS
Hux zx Hmh A zxUS Psk \uS ,
EhiP AUPk zx ]Qa\US u Eu (First Aid) G .
G u\P zx Ax uu izu Eu
PsiP Czu sk. B, G u\P zx
Ax zx Eu Cv. P u\P
mk CP {UPkQP. G, u\P o
G uPUS ""uu'' ] Auu {[P uu
sk. C ] Av zv Hk E \u[P
ukUP i.

J u\ o uu mi u
{ Gx zvUP sk.

x>K>sl_ k] kB V^:
1.

ig\ Ai

& Tincture Iodine

2.

ig\ ]

& Tincture Benzene

3.

hmh

& Dettol

4.

& Burnol

5.

U h

& Boric Powder

6.

Pmkzxo

& Meshed Cloth

7.

g_

& Cotton

8.

] Pzv

& Small Scissor

9.

Pzv

& Knife

10.

& Plaster

11.

] PUQ

& Small Stirrer

12.

[Q Sa]P

& Small Wooden Strips

13.

& Blade

14.

PsPU PuPP

15.

Psni zv

& Glass for Washing Eyes

xPU PUSuP
Psni zv

&

Glass for Administring Medicine

PshP kzv uu \x uPPP zx Azx

S, umh zxh Azxa \x Ax EhiP
zx x |hiUPP Dkhsk.

sV^:
z] -

BV sB >>|m m.
1.

u\ mP Ezv \
A)

B) Cv o

C)

D) u

2.

C[QUPsiUS Cvzuz uh Au x \x {P
Thx G xP
A) o xP

B) PUP xP

C) Cv xP

D) Cv o xP
3.

uu Gx
A) u\ Ezv \ B) o xP
C) u\ zx Hmh PkUPk Ehi]Qa\
D) Cv[P v

{ kV>_ sB:
4.

u\P PP ?

5.

Cvo PhP Csk TP.

6.

uu mi E x mP Csk TP.

{ k_ sB:

z] - g

7.

Cv o G ?

8.

zx G G?

9.

xP G G?

10. uu G G?
11. uu mi E x mP ?

es_ sB:

z] -

12. u\ zx HkuP Pn[P mik.

13. PUPPUP xPU SP mik
14. Cv[PUP xPU SP .
15. oUP xP SP .

2. s^
xD
o \mh mP Jk J CnUP,
Ax Cvzv E P[P UP, zu P[P CnUP
u PP kQx.
PUPP GQ.

C k PP |

C u AUS PP, AU SUS

PP, mi GkUS PP ukQ.

CP

PUPP BS. PUPP o E|iP. G

~qUP Cv[P Cu, PUPP Ci G C.
1.

i (Vice)

10. B[Q m

2.

11. \ m

3.

U\

12. Q

4.

mh

13. C - & Q

5.

S F]

14. a

6.

USzx P

15. [ L

7.

_zv

16. E k P

8.

\ m

17. k P

9.

V-&

18. Q

Psh CUPP u oP kzukQ.

CUPP Au mi Aih |S PPP UP.
1.

AUS PP (Measuring Tools)

2.

ASUS PP (Marking Tools)

3.

mkUPP (Cutting Tools)

4.

zu UP k PP (Assembling and dismantling Tools)

V[ (Vice)
omP xku, uzu, \xUSu, Azu
Pa \x, A CUQiUP k \uzvS
i (Vice) G .

i G oP PsiP uk J. Cx
Cu mk Ao hQx. o \k
, o i, iUPhsi , o A
BQ zx P iP (Vice) kzukQ.
AP,
1.

a (Bench Vice)

3.

U (Leg Vice)

2.

sm (Hand Vice)

4.

(Pipe Vice)

5.

(Pin Vice)

6.

l UP (Tools Maker Vice)

7.

(Machine Vice)

8.

(Swivel Vice)

9.

\ (Universal Vice)

k (Bench Vice)
ga G oP, mhP xP k
PS. mP izx uzu, \xUSu, Azu
u P \ kQx. CP ga x m
|m kUPkQx. ga Csk uhP E. J
|P uh,
{ uh BS.
] EhP
C,

uhP

GLQ,

Pi

Bx.

C uhP

PP
B

GLQ
umkP

zumkx.
AP o
CUQ

iuP

iUP miUS.
Cu uhP |PuS vS o A Ex.

Au

oUS H oz vQ, u Chzv uhP

{zu. AP, Av zumk Csk uhPUS
Ch E yzu zx PnUQhkQx.
10

 k (Hand Vice)
sm

oP S, m, \P , ]
xk AS BQ iUP. ,
AvP Azu \ u G, sm ,
ga ] izx \.

k (Leg Vice)
U P Ax
C Pa] u izvS ,
mhP kQx. Aizu, \xUSu,
Azu P Pa \
U EuQx.

Cu Eh x |m

Cx (Nought Iron) . G, _zv AiUS

x Guu v Hkv.

k (Pipe Vice)
AiP, Au \[Szu
ys A PshuS. AiSv {
V- i

uh, ysPzv |Pi zumh

V- i

uh Cv Ex.

Cu Csk

uhPUS Ch E i mP
P izx \.

[ k (Pin Vice)
uhP E. Cu uhP E i
] ] mP CUQ iUP
EuQx. ] mh PP
JP BQ Cu
iUP.

Cx i UP

\k.

V\>_
1.

Gx _zuP, Au o Gu ]P Pu
zxUP sk.

2.

o GuP |P mk Ekx |x.

3.

Jx B Au ux AiUPUThx.

11

 eVD (Parallel Clamp)

Cn Q (Parallel Clamp) , l UP Q (Tool Makers Clamp)
G AUP.

C C C \mh[P oh

CnUPmiUS Cx xP C Pu EP omP
iUP, ] mP iUP kQx.

C- kk eVD
B[Q GzuQ C- izv
E i EPnu Cu
C- Q

GQ.

Cx 1. C- i L, 2. si,
3.Pi,

4. _

BQ

P[PU Pskx. Cv E
G P[P Su PPsh
GLQ Bx. C- i L J umh A,
si , |PuS H hmiUS. si
_ h, umk A, Pi
Pskx. CP QU Psk J \zv JUS
mh P[P CUQ iUP.

D (File)
A Gx mk PU Psh Pi GLQ
PS. Cx EP EPu , iU mP
uzukUP, ]P }UP, Su A EPzu uzx
xP \ kQx.

, T

Psh PP T (Sharpening) kzu A kQx.

Cu mk P \P, CnP CUS. Cu mk
P uzukUS h Pizu PshuP CUS. A
AvP PPsh GLQ (High Carban Steel) Bx.
A[P Au }, i, mk u BQ
Psk |S PP UP.
A[P Ax, Au mk x
P P Shk. xP A 100 .. u 200 ..
QhUS. P P \uS 200 .. u 500 ..
QhUQ.
12

A[P Au izvS H PPP UP. AP :

1.

P A (Hand File)

2.

umh A (Flat File)

3.

\x i A (Square File)

4.

mh i A (Round File)

5.

A mh i A (Half Round File)

6.

UPn i A (Triangular File)

7.

Pzv A (Knife Edge File)

D (Hand File)
CP A uS umh i A Pnk. B,
Au APzv \ CUPx, } CnPU Pnk. Cx EmUP
\[Pn UP Psh P uzukUP kQx.

>BV D (Flat File)

Cu mkzu }sh \PP CUS. Csk P
J mk, Csk PP Cmh mk mhmiUS.
AvPi

EPzu

uUP,

CP

A[P

kzukQ.

m kk D (Square File)
Cu mkzu \x A Ehx. Sv APP,
A[Qx |UQ ]x \P CUS \miUS.
\x, \P x[Pa uUP k. Cv |S
UP[P Cmh mkP CUS.

k kk D (Round File)
Cu mkzu mh i Cu Cu mh i A
GQ. Cx Csk [S }zvS J mhP, A[Qx
|UQ ]x \P CUS \mk CUS.

mh

xP P uUP, Pa \ \ CP
kQ.

k kk D (Half Round File)

Cx J Amh iP, umhP Pnk.
Cu Sv J APP |UQ ]x \P
CUS.

Cu x[P uUSu, Su Su

Pa \.
13

14

xV kk D (Triangular File)
Cu Pn 60 0 BS. Cx V - & i 60 US 90 US R
E \x \P i omP uzukUP kQx.

] x D (Knife Edge File)

CP A[P u Pzv x.

ui,

APzv Pzv TPU Pnk. Csk P Cmh

mk, J mk CUS. Cu S[Pn SvP
uUP, \ x[PU TUP k.
A[P mkPUS Ch | oz uUS
x ]P Au Ch Sx k. A Ch
]UQ EPz xPP C PP Psh P
_zukzu.
Azv E mkUP Cu |S uP UP.
1.

][Q Pm A (Single Cut File)

2.

h Pm A (Double Cut File)

3.

Pm A (Rasp Cut File)

4.

Pm A (Spiral Cut File)

E^ D (Single

Cut File)

Cu P mk P \P, CnP J v\
Pnk. P Pn 50 0 u 60 0 CUS.

A^ D (Double

Cut File)

CP Azv P mkP Gvv v\ \P

J SUQki Pnk. J v\ mk P
Pn 50 0 u 60 0 , Au SUQki Gvv\ mk
P Pn 70 0 u 80 0 CUS. Cu AvP Pi
Pz uzx u PU SUP.

V D (Rasp

Cut File)

Cu Azv mkzu Amh ix.

Cu P

UPn izv Pnk. , CP Azv mhzv Cx \

Ex Pnk. Cx , iU, Pi Pz
uUP kQx.

15

[ >D (Grade)
A[P u, Azv E mk PUS Ch E
yzu zx ShkQx. Aux, J A[Szv Gzu mk
P Ex G .
Cv,
1.

2.

hm L

3.

\Psk Pm L

4.

z L

5.

hm z L

G Ix PPP UP. L P C A[SzvS 20 u

25 P, h LP C A[SzvS 25 u 30 P,
\Psk Pm LP C A[SzvS 35 u 40 P, z
LP C A[SzvS 40 u 60 P, hm z LP
C A[SzvS 80 u 100 P PsiUS.

gV D (Hacksaw Frame)
J \mh, z uPk \u PUS BU\ G . Cx EP,
P, , uPk, AUP, AvPi EPzu Azx
}UP, xsk kzu kQx. Cu US Azu G .
Cu Su EPz yP nQx. Cx P, Cv \
CUPkQx.
BU\ Csk Pk. AP,
1. { BU\ (Standard Hacksaw) 2. US BU\ (Adjustable Hacksaw)

WBV gV (Standard Hacksaw)

CP

BU\

\mhzu

UP ix. Au, Cv
Smh } h mk
CUPP iUP.

\VuB\zD gV (Adjustable Hacksaw)

CP \mhzv A Au
}zuU Tmh SUP \vu 200
..

300

..

kP CUPP iUP.
16

gV e| (Hacksaw Blade)
uPmi P mhmiUS. Au C P
xP CUS. Cx EP omP AUPkQx. Cu
\ C xPUS Ch E yS. BU\ kP P
j h[h j, k j EPzu \mk AP
Pikzumk ukzumiUS.
BU\ i P u A EUPmk CUS.
AP u P kP P \ uP, \ Q
Pm]US. C A o AzukUP.
Cshx P kP P ]x |UPzxh, ]x
Ezxh Pnk. x P P K ^P, |UPzxh
Pnk. Cu EPzu ~qUPzxh xP
AUP.

gV e| ck>uV V^ ;
1.

^ P , Azu Pkzx AUPux.

2.

\P CUQ iUPux , CUQ iUS u SP Cx.

3.

v Azu , v h uukx.

4.

\ a Eh h uukUPux.

5.

zux h uhx kzxx.

6.

PUS

Pn[P BU\ kP Eh P Esk.

gV e[ x^ >Fk>uV V^:
1.

h h AUPk PiP Cx.

2.

\ EPzvS \ k uukUPux.

3.

AvP Azu P ux.

4.

k UQ x AvP Azu ux.

5.

\ Ch h zuux.

6.

SUS v kzuux.

Psh Pn[P BU\ i P u.

]B_ k^:
_zv Gx o Ax EP[P AiuS,
o |P, P Ax u izvP
17

k. Axmk BoP, mP AiUP, P

Pa \ , Gsoh[P PUS _zv
kQx. oP Ch[P SP RUPsh P
_zvP kzukQx.
1.

P _zv (Hand Hammer)

2.

m _zv (Sledge Hammer)

3.

Q _zv (Claw Hammer)

4.

\m _zv (Soft Hammer)

]B_ (Hand Hammer)

P _zv Pk. A,
1.

_zv (Ball Peen Hammer)

2.

Q _zv (Cross Peen Hammer)

3.

mm _zv (Straight Hammer)

4.

h L _zv (Double Face Hammer)

GS. Psh _zvP GLS Ax, P GLQ u

\miUS.

Au (Peen) P, P (Face) P

PikzumiUS. Au Sv P CUS. Au Eh
Sv zv J }mh x Pnk. Av Pi J B
zumiUS.

_zv } Au Gh zu

AUPk. AvP Gh _zvx } AvP EhuP AUPk.

]B_ (Sledge Hammer)

m _zv xP P
PUS kzukQx. E
i PP, \x i PP
Aizx |P {zxuS kQx. Cx
uzv Csk PPUPsh _zv Pnk. Cx AvP
Gh Psh oUS kzu kQx. Cu Gh AvP.

eV ]B_ (Claw Hammer)

Cx J ] P _zvS. Cu J mh
P, Q Pi |UQ
\vUS.

Au Sv J

mhmiUS.
2
@[W

Cu mhmh

Pzu kzv, BoP k[P EuQx.

18

V ]B_ (Saft Hammer)

_zv AiUS x R Ax v Hh

EP

oUS

CP

\m

_zv

kzukQx. CP _zvP , iU, zu, \

Azu uUPmiUS.

\uD [ (Spanner & Wrench)

m,

|m

[P Cx, ], P
Pzvx PuS, kUSuS
a kQx.

k uzvS, izvS H PPP UPkQ.

m, |mi AUS H Au uh A UP.

xD > V (Double Ended Spanner)

Cu C [PU PshuP, 30 0 Pnzv

\P CUS. u AP, P j [
\miUS. Cu m, |mh kUSx | Hh
sk.

V (Box Spanner)
Cx izv J E Ax }sh mi
Pm]US. Cx A[Pn izv, m, |m uP
izv Cu C \P x.

Cu kUS x

Guu | Hhx.

(Ring Spanner)

Cu P P C P Pnk.
zv Em |m mh | PuS H
\[SzuP [P mhmiUS.
19

^ \uD [ (Adjustable Spanner & Wrench)

Cu i Pnk. Cv E Csk uhP

J mk , P |P Csk uhPUS Ch E
yzu UP i. BP, u AS H C
zx m, |m zu, P
\.

g[ Vs (Allen Key)
mi u x, x Em
A[Pn i Psh mP
kUP, P CP \ kQx. Cx
GLS P Bx. Cu J 900 US
vUS. P Eh, u Sv B
UP[PU Pshx. u Sv mi uSv E
x \zv P Ax kUP.

]A (Screw Driver)

vPoPU P, kUP k PUS v (Screw

Driver)

G . Cx GLQ }sh E i PS. Cu J

umhP CUS. Pi J zumiUS.

o k ]A (Philips Screw Driver)

vPo uPzv JUP \[SzuP miU

Pi C [P mhmiUS. Cu zv |S
v \P v, vPo P, kUP CP v EuQx.
20

eB^ (Pliers)
] JP, PP , uPkP iUP,
xshUP, UP Eu \u[PUS P G .

| eB (Side Cutting Plier)

Cu ] PP, JP BQ xshUP i.

Jz kk eB (Nose Plier)

Cu Csk uhP T izv CUS. }mhzv \P

Pnk. Cv P mk CUPx. Cx
PPz x \zu, UP kQx. Cu
u[P \P, i, i.. Au \u u \P
AvPP kzxP.

wuD V>D (Bearing Puller)

[
Pmi

Gx

CUS.

Cx

hzv
Aa]

zv [SP P Euu
CuS [ P \u Ax [
G . xP [ P
Csk Ax PP EhuP
CUS.

PP \ Pn A

UPmiUS. PP |k }sh
o Pih CUS. P
si [Q PP zx
zu sk. o
zu Aa] zv zx Azx Pi _ sk.
Ax o Aa\ CUP BUS. Au C\ PnP [
Aa] Cx uP P .
21

 (Scrapper)
o EUQ o, \u \x Av
E PsqUSz uu k [Pa _si _zuUS PUS
Q G.

Cu mk Pikzumk, \n

iUPmiUS.
Q[ \ Gx o x E k [Pa
_si _zuUSu BS. o ] G } {
z uh Ax o x \P . A
B[P[P vmk vmhP Pnmh Au Chzv mk QU
Psk _si _zukzu.
CUPP

u[P

iUPmiUS.
A,
umh Q
UPn i Q
Amh Q
GS.

Q P j EPzu Bx. Cx

Pikzumk ukzumiUS. AvP A ux

A[PU Psk u Q uUPkQx.

>BV (Flat Scrapper)

Cx }sh \P iP, umhP E P[Pa _sh
k. 200 .. u 250 .. }[P QhUS.

xV kk (Triangular Scrapper)
Cu mkzu UPn i CUS. o
PU TUQh kQx.

k (Half Round Scrapper)

Cu mkzu A mh izv CUS. Cu Sv
x [SP xPa _sh kQx.

V\>_
1.

mk U TP zvUP sk.

2.

izu AuP E E mk UP
sk.

3.

_sk z u GuS kzuUThx.

22

V (Tap)
xh mP E h k PUS ""h'' G
. h Eh Au Pi Csk \u u Au E h
i.

E k h AvP GLS EPzu \mk

PikzumiUS. Au mk P u PnzvS
\n iUPk.
hP Pshx u J \m BS. J E k
x, h J JP kzv h sk.

k^

lV















$TI










g
















~L
l
1



















1



















1

x>_ k
Cu i \ \P Pnk. , Cu }zv _ 3&C 1
[S yzvS C \P CUS. Au, x Cx GuP
Em \ izv EshUS. k x
h a\ _ ]x ]uP Em\zv h
sk. k x Gsn h sk.

Vkm k
C _ B J [S y UPx. Au u h
~ux o Em\ HP E izv
BP EshUS.

J[Vkm k
Cu Eh P x CUS. u Csk hP
EQzu Cu kzu sk. Cx o xP
Cv E mk iUS.
23

\l|DVm kM kB zA^
1.

\P hP kzu sk.

2.

x h \P ~Qx Gu u kzvUP sk.

3.

_, x E ]P sk.

4.

AvP Azu PkUP EPkzu sk.

5.

u AS h a kzxu A]. Ax u
Pi _uS HxP CUS.

6.

\ A SUS v kzu sk.

(Die)
h k PUS k P Ax ""h''
G .

P j EPzu \mk, Pikzv,

ukzumiUS.
xP h C Pk.
1.

Pmi P

2. UPU Ti P

BV k (Solid Type)
\x, Esh B mh
izv EUPmhx. J
AS uzu h PmhP Esk.
C "h' hU iUPk. Cu
vuP h, ux
xUP Eu.

\VuB\zD k (Adjustable Type)

Cx mh iP CUS.
h

Pmi[

\x

J UPzv
Ch

EUPmk CUS. "h' hUQ Cu

zv h. C h
hUQ h US P ]
S J CUS. Cu h Pmh
]uUP, UP i.

CuS

US P G .

k \l|D x[ kM kB zA^
1.

\ E i ? Gu Evkzv Psk.
h h A o CUPUThx.
24

2.

o \ \P Czu A]. Ax
u \P k P x.

3.

PnzvP

mhmku

Gu

EvkzvU P sk.
4.

Csk xskP h kzx x Csk J

Au Gu \zxUP sk.

5.

k PUS AvP Azu uU Thx.

zX| s^ (Marking Tools)

| uUP CUS o A Szu, u
izvS u, Szxu PU Sk \u (Marking) GQ.

uuS Sk \u Gx P P A].

Sk \u Gx J P G Ax PPx. PkUPmh
hzu zx \P \u Smi nS. zu
si Ch[P \P zu ix. G, Sk \ x
hzuzx P PP xP Sk \u sk.
Sk \P \uu Hk C:
1.

o nQx.

2.

Sk \u | nQx.

3.

PkUPsi |zvS \P A i |
CUP |k.

4.

uP Sk \x, uUPmk, \ si ChzvS

Amh Au Hk USzx \ C.

5.

PUSP AvP A Ezv \xmh Au C

\vUP |k.
25

Sk \x Pzv P si:
1.

hzu |S zx x P sk.

2.

AP uP xP sk.

3.

SmkU PP u { zvUP sk.

4.

\ SmkUPP kzu sk.

5.

P CkuS J mh Sk \u G \zu
P P A].

6.

Szx PP \P uukUP sk.

eV_
AP Gx xP G mP AUPkQx.
Sk \ x AP SUP, | PkP h, }, AP,
E[P AUP kQx. Cx GLS uPmi \mku
Cu GLS AUP (Steel Rule) GQ.

[M Vo (Jenny Caliper)
Cx Csk PPU Pshx. J P
|P, TP CUS. P
EmUP |UQ 1/4 A[S vUS. PP
uSv

Ax

CnUPmiUS. Cx k j (Mild Steel) &

\mk, P h[ (Case Hardening) \miUS.
Cx m U (Odd Leg) P G AUPkQx.
Cv {Pzumh T Psh P
(Fiseed Point Odd Leg Caliper), UTi TUPsh

P (Adjustable Point Odd leg caliper) G C PP

E.

: Cu kzv Ei o P

Pn. CnPkP .

|D s (Divider)
Cx T Ph Csk PPU Pshx.
Csk PP uSvx m Ax [
CnUPmiUS. Cx k j (Mild Steel) Ax
P j (High Carbon Steel) \mk, T
P P h[ (Case Hardening) \miUS.
26

C[Qk Px EP omP mh, mh,

CnUPkP , J Pmkz xsh \P[PP UP
kQx.

D\_ (Trammel)
m Gk CUP
[Qk PP, E

kzu.

PP

Cx E Ax \x

iU PU PsiUS. CuS
m P (Trammel Bar) G .
Cu m P
|Pzv AUPUTi m (Trams)
Csk zumiUS. m
Ai ] P (Chuck) J
CUS. Av |USz u P (Pointed Edge) izx,
\mh PPP kzu. m (Trams) zumh Chzv
A\ { {zu Au uSv |m J zumkx.
xP m Px, 15 .. u 50 .. } Pshx.
~qUP mP AUSkP mh SUPmiUS.
zv xh o Azx P Psk
mh Ax mh , m P zv x
zumh P CUS.

A^ zmD s^ (Punch Tools)

PkP uPz u, Au x B Szu
Eu PUS Szx P G .
Cx E ix. uP \mk |kP |[
\mk CUS. CUPP mk EPzu \mk, P
Pikzv ukzumiUS.

k^
1.

Szx P

2.

A Szx P

3.

B Szx P

4.

ga
27

5.

] T Psh Szx P

6.

x mh k Szx P

\BA^ zmD D (Centre Punch)

xkx xk AS zv { _uS H
zv B, AP Szu Eu PS. Cu Pnx
90 0 BS.

e A^ zmD D (Dot Punch)

PkP xhzu Ax k. BP i
PkP A CUP Szu Eu PUS A Szx P
G . Cu Pn 60 0 BS.

gwA^ zmD s (Prick Punch)

x EP[P \x, mhP ]

~qUP PUS Cu P kQx. Cu Pn 30 0 BS.

_ (Bell Punch)

E i o P h kQx.

E x V A^ zmD D (Pin Punch)

Cx uPkP Szu, xP E P
Eu.

mek B[|D A^ zmD D (Hollow Punch)

Cx u, x EP[P ] xh Eu P
BS. Cu zv ] x CUS.
28

J \D (Trisquare)
o J UP Akzx UPzvS \[PnP (Right
Angle),

Aux, 90 0 Eu G \vUP mh kQx. \x,

P\x, \, P \P Psh mP G UP[P

JUP J 90 0 Eu G \vzx UP.
EmUP, UP 90 0 US PkP , 90 0 US Eu G
\vUP \. Cv Csk P[P E. J k
A SUPmk SvUS m G . uiP E SvUS hU
G . hUQ G UP[P \P Cvo \miUS.
hUS k JUP 900 US xP CUSi m
\mk CUS. hU k Csk P[P GLQx.

J \> V>_

mh

900

US

\P

CUQu G \vUP, J J[P

P sk.

Ax \uz umhP

CUP. umi, mhzu

zx u J Pk sk.
sk mhzu v zx
Pk sk. Au C PkP
\P Pni Ax \ mh
G A.

PkP zv\

C Ax mhS.

V\A
1.

omP \vUS Pu u Chzv UP sk.

2.

\vUS x o x Czx E\UThx.

3.

h vP, Stock- I _zvP kzuUThx.

4.

iu Gsn Cmk xhzx UP sk.

kz E (Scriber)
EP omP PkP Eu PUS S F]
G . Cu x 12 0 u 15 0 Pnzv \n iUPmk
TP CUS. iuS \vP Cu zv \ \ (|[)
\mk CUS. C &P j EPzu \x Pikzv
ukzumiUS. Cx 150, 200, 250 .. AP QhUS.

29

k^
1.

| S F]

2.

S F]

3.

US S F]

4.

UQ US S F]

5.

Pzv Psh S F]

V\>_
1.

|P, TP zvUP sk.

2.

Pi EP[P Cu x UPU Thx.

3.

shu x EUS UP sk.

4.

\u P _zu \u Cu kzu sk.

e (Surface Plate)

o mh G UP[P \P Eu G
\vzx UP, Cv omP izx xP PkP
k GLQ ui miS \ m G
.
C C \mk, Cvo
\miUS. 300 # 300 .. A ] \ m GLQ
Bx.
J EPzu \mh \ m xP
o \miUS. Cx ga x Ax AuP u[Q x
\mhP UPk. C ISI A m 0.005 .., B m 0.02
.. ~qUPzxh QhUQx. \unP ISI - C 150#100 .., 1000 # 750
.. AP \ m QhUQx.

30

V\>_
1.

EQUS | u Gx i zvUP sk.

2.

Q mk UP sk.

3.

_zu xo xhUP sk.

4.

] omP Cu x uzx UPU Thx.

\V ^ (Marking Table)
Cx

\u

h,

Au

u[S

PP[P Psh AS. Cu x omP zx

{i ASzu, u, mh B \u
Pa \.

900#900#825 .. A, AP

QhUQx.

(Surface Gauge)
u o AU Sk \, mh
B \, CnPkP k PUS \L P G
. Cu ""Q[ U'' G A. Cv Csk PP
E.
1.

\un P \L P (Solid Surface Gauge)

2.

AzvS H \L P (Universal Surface Gauge)

V>V k (Solid Surface Gauge)

Cx

xP

\mh

Cvo

AiP,

AuS

\[SzuP J ysP, ysPzv

R |Pi S F] J
zumiUS.
ysPzv

S F]

Smh

Ezv

{P kUP oh Ti
Q J Ex.
Smh Ezv S F]
Azvh GLS uPh AUP
(Steel Rule)

kzu. Cv E

ysPzu u PnzvS
\zx AUP ix Gu Sk
\x GkzxUP |
31

AvPS. Cu AiP \mhP Cu EiP E

P Azx Sk \u Pi.

]uzD u (Universal Surface Gauge)

Cx \un \L P h P
xP

Sk

kQx.

Cv E ysPzu

u PnzvS \zx AUP

i Gu Sk \
xP AQx. | SQx.
Cu

AiPzv

V&i

mhmk Eu Ei,
V&i

P Azx Sk

\.
Cu \L P kzv,
1.

E \x i PP Pn.

2.

Ph\ o UQ P CUSi
Azvh.

3.

E o CnPkP .

4.

\mh

P J UPzvS GvP E UP[P

CnP Eu G \UP.
5.

Cv E S F]US vP h hm
CsPmh

zv

~qUP

PP kzu.

V -eV (V -Block)
Szx o, Sk \u, xk

Cv

\x E i omP CUQ
iUP kQx.

Cu UPzu

\xiP, Au R V &i
mhmiUS. Cu Pn 90 0 Ax
120 0 BS. UPmkz u }sh \P i
Ahx.

Au

Csk

UP[P
32

"'&i }zvS mhmiUS. Av vPoh Ti

U &i

Q ( U C l a m p ) zv E i mP GuP

iUP.
V &U

C \miUS. V &UP Sk

x }, AP, E BQ Sh sk. }zv 50 u

250 .. , AP Ezv 50 u 100 .. P
kzukQx.
AvP } E i omP iUP, JUS
mh J A V &USP kzukQx.

g^ e (Angle Plate)
L & G

B[Q Gzx

izv CUS.

Cu G

UP[P xP Cvo
\miUS.

Cu EmUP,

UP

900

AUPmiUS.

CUSi
o

\mh omP Cv
Azx, u P 90 0 Eu
G \vUP. ] B[Q mi
}sh xP mhmiUS. Cv m |m &P kzv
omP CUQ iUP. B[Q mkh \L m,
UQ[ m BQ kzv omP AUPkP
h, UQ[ \.
B[Q m \miUS. Cu
Sk x }, AP, E BQ Sh sk.

sV^:
z] -

BV sB >>|m m.
1.

V &i

uh Psh i

A) U

B) sm

33

C)

D)

2.

Su Su Pa \ k A
A) umh A

3.

40 u 60 P Psh Azv uzu

A) L

4.

B) \x A C) UPn i A D) Amh A
B) \Psk Pm C) z D) hm _z

, iU, zu, \ A BQ \mh

_zv
A) P _zv

B) \m _zv C) mm _zv

D) h _zv
5.

JP uPkP iUP, xsiUP k P

A) v

6.

C) B \

B) P

C) m

B) A Szx P

C) ] T Psh Szx P

D) B Szx P

Ph\ o Pn k P
A) UQ[ h

B) AzvS H \ P

C) V &U

D) B[Q m

{ kV>_ sB:
9.

D) Szx P

30 0 Pn A Psh Szx P
A) Szx P

8.

D) [

Ei o zuU Pn k P
A) AP

7.

B)

i C PP x?

10. mh i Azv x?
11. U\ C PP x?
12. Amh x?
13. [Qk P x?
14. S F] x?
15. B[Q mi x?

{ k_ sB:

z] - g

16. i G G?
17. C- i Q G G?
18. Azv PP |S TP.
19. _zv PP ?
34

20. USi G G?
21. Q G G?
22. h (Tap) G G?
23. h G G?
24. Szx P G G?
25. B[Q m G G?

es_ sB:

z] -

26. U\ k EhuS, uuS Esh Pn[PU T.

27. h ku h x USP.
28. P h x A .
29. mhzv A h x USP.
30. \un P \ P h x USP.

skV sB:

z] - ~

31. [ P \u h x .

35

3. e s^, es^
xD
AUS PP Gx J A, u BQ Ax,
Bx uxUP Eu PS. J u Gx Au
i, \ A, o , x BQ
zux.

AUP

Ak

PP

kzukQx. ] PP \ AP AUP.
A Smh GUS Eu Gu A J ] PP
kzukQ. , ] PP A, \ Ah
Jmk zx zv\zuU Psh kQx.

s[ ^
1.

|iP AP AuS k PP.

2.

\ P AUS PP.

3.

\ P AUS PP

ezD s[ k^
1.

{ A AU PP, (AP .)

2.

US A PP

PP,

U mhP,

P,

E A,

h hm CsiPmh,

mUh

e^ ezD x^
A) |iP AUS P:
1.

AUP

4.

E A

2.

U mh

5.

mUh

3.

6.

h hm CsiPmh

B) P AUS P
1. P

2. ih

3. \ P

C) \vUS PP
1.

AP
36

4. \

ezD s[ >^
1.

P xP AUS PP

2.

_ xzxh AUS PP

3.

x AUS PP

z eV_ (Steel Rule)

AP xP G mP AUPkQx. Cu
Psk PkP h. }, AP, E, B AUP.
APP

GLS,

uUPkQx. C x [ GLS, h
GLS BQ APP kzukQ. C GLS
uPh AP (Steel Rule) GQ.
C mU mh, mi
A[Szv AP SUPmiUS. mU Cu ~qUP 0.5
.. , mi 1/64 A[S u AUP i.
xP, 150, 300, 500 1000 .. } APP QhUQ.
AP }zvP AP, ui k. EunP, 500 ..
} J AUP AP 18 u 22 .. , ui 0.4 u
0.6 .. CUS.

eVo[ k^
1.

A kzx AP

2.

u Psh AP

3.

SP AP

4.

PUQ Psh AP

5.

hUQ UPk AP

6.

A |h

7.

[ AP

kD B[|mD eV_ (Standard Steel Rule)

G |mi JUPsh, UPmh Ah

APUS UPmh AP G. Cx omP
37

AUP, PkP h, \vUP k. C, 150 u 300 ..

}zv, 6, 12 A[S A QhUQx.

keD >[\ V eV_ (Flexible Steel Rule)

Cu AP u
u, J[P,
omP AUP Eu.

GLS

Cx

uPmi

\mhx.

zV eV_ (Narrow Steel Rule)

Cu AP AP SPP CUS. SQ x, }sh

x Bzu AUP kQx.

Cu AP 1/4

A[SS.

V V eV_ (Hook Steel Rule)

Cu Sv J PUQ CUS. omP P

Ehu Ax \P AUPmh Cu A J x
AuS PUQ Psh AP x k.

zx \UPmh (\[ \mh) Px AUP,

SP, B [P A AUP x k.

\ k|D eV_ (Folding Steel Rule)

38

|PP izx zx, u }mi zxUPiP

AUPmh AP Cx SUS. Cx xP 600 .. (2 Ai) }
Pshx.

ek VV (Steel Tape)
CP AP GLS uPmi \x, J ] EP
miUS AhUPmiUS. u Czx kzu.
Cv

mU

mi

BQ

Csk

AP

SUPmiUS. xP, 1, 3, 5 mh }[P QhUQx.

eV_ (Spring Steel Rule)

CP AP \k Ch[P k.
\k Ch[P EP[P zu h, Sa]
_[S. CuP A \zx Aa_ \P. CuPP k
APUS [ AP G .

V\>_
1.

Pk h P kzuUThx.

2.

AP B , v kzuUThx.

3.

Gh AvP mP Cu UPUThx.

Vo^ (Calipers)
E i P A, }sh \x, \P
mP E A AUP kQx. Cu
|iP Ax UP ix.
P A zx C Pkzu.
1.

Pmi P (Riveted Type)

2.

[ Cn P (Spring Type)

BV Vo (Riveted Type Caliper)

Cu Csk PP uP
Pmi mi CnUPmiUS.
CuS Pmi Cn P G .
vP P mk CP
P kzuk.

A Vo (Spring Type Caliper)

Cu

Csk

PP

uP

( Sp r i n g )

CnUPmiUS. , _[Pa \ z usk Ex. Au CUP

39

|mha _ sk. AvPiP PP UP, _UP PP

izx |mha _ sk.

Vo[ k^
1.

E A P (Inside Caliper)

2.

A P (Outside Caliper)

3.

P (Jenny Caliper)

c^ e Vo (Inside Caliper)
Cx o E mh, xP BQ E AP AUP
ku CuS E A P G.

k e Vo (Outside Caliper)
o mh, }, AP BQ AP AUP
ku CuS P G.

[M Vo (Jenny Caliper)
Cx mh P zu Pn, Smh ChP
CnPkP kQx. P PP J
P CUS. P TP CUS.

VmVA zA^
1.

_ Ax `h omP AUP kQx.

2.

\ Chzv UP sk.

3.

Gu P x UPU Thx

kMB Vo
P _ Pou | (Mathematician)
(Pierre Vernier) G

1830&B Bsk Pskizu. Au A

AUP P G AUPkQx.
40

 P Eu E AP, AP,
Bzu AUP.

P GLQ \mh }sh

AP, Au Sv, { uhU Pskx. Cu

UQ

AP

uhUPsh

GQ.
AP

Cu

UQ

SUPmh,

AP

|P

AP

\PmiUS. CuS AP G. |P uh
{ uhPUQh AUP si, zx Au
AP AUP.
E AP AuPP Cu u Sv { (Nib)
Ax uhP zumiUS.
UQ

AUP

}mhzv

SQ

mhmiUS. Av J ] uPk, AUPh \x

|Pi AUPmiUS. CzuPmi xP Bzu AUP.
AUP xP |PzxuS ~qUP |P J
AUPh o CnUPmiUS. C
P kzv, AUPUTi Pa ] A 0.02 mh, mi
0.001 A[S BS.

41

kMB[ Ob> B B[|D ]D:

~qUP = UQ AUP E J &
AP E J
PnUS&1:
UQ AP J A[S 10 PP UPmkx. Av
9 P Gkzx 10 \ P[PP UPmiu Au
P a] G?
~qUP = UQ AUP E J &
AP E J
UQ A P J A[Szv E P = 10
L J UQ AP (.A..) = 1/10 A[S
Cv 9 P Gkzx AP AUPmh,
} = 1
10

# 9 = 9 A A[S
10

9 A } AP E P 10 G
10
J AP E (.A..) =
=
a] =
=
a] =

9 # 1
10
10

9 A[S A
100

.A.. - & .A..

1 & 9 A
10
100
10 & 9
100

1 A = 0.01 A[S.
100

PnUS&2:
UQ AP J A[Szv 40 PP UPmk
P, 49 P Gkzx, Au AP 25 \
P[PP UPmiu Au P a] G?
~qUP = UQ AUP E J &
AP E J
42

UQ A P J A[Szv E P = 40
L J UQ AP (.A..) = 1/40 A[S
Cv 9 P Gkzx AP AUPmh,
} = 1
40

# 49 = 49 A A[S
40

49 A A[Szu, AP UPmh P[P 25 G,

40
AP 1 (.A..) = 49 # 1 = 49 J A[S
40
25 1000
.A.. Gx .A.. Ih, SP Eu
.A..

a] =
=
=

2 G GkzxUP sk.
40
.A.. - & .A..
2 & 4 9 = 50&49 A
40
1000
1000
1
1000

kMB cB es
E A
Ezu 0.02 mh AS
~qUPP

AUPkQx.

mi 0.001 A[SzvS
xP AUP.

x E P o mP
u AS PkP ,
AP ~qUPP SUP CUP
kQx.

\A
~qUPP

Cv

\mh GLQ AiP,

AuS \[SzuP A Pihmh
UQ AP J zu
43

A[S (A) 0.001 A[S

miUS.

AUP R |Pi AUP

\PmiUS. Cu AUP UPz uh S F]

J iUPmkx. AUP Smh Ezv

(Scriber)

{P {zu o \v Ex. AUPz xP

|PzxuS ~qUP |P J AUPh o
CnUPmiUS.
E A kzxx \L m x zx
kzu sk.

AuS Gv B[Q mi o

izx Azu |x. 0 u 200, 20 u 250, 30 u 300, 40 u

500, 60 u 800, 60 u 1000 mh AP SUPmh
E AP QhUQ.

\V *
U mh ]
A

Psni,

C,

Amh ui
, , P, BQ
mhzu 0.01 . Ax
0.001 A[SzvS ~qUPP
AUP

PUS

U mh G .

\A
GLS Ax GLS Ax C \mh U i
L J, Cvo \x Pikzumh, B (Anvil)
J zumkx. Cu L zv ] (Sleeve) Gk
hUS

EvP

zumk,

Au

Em

hmkx. ] AP SUPmkx. Cu,

UQ AP (Main Scale)
GQ.

hmh

si J S i
v

(Thimble)

Eh

CnUPmiUS. Cu
] vPk
x, si B
|UQ |P. v
44

 E \ _ AP SUPmiUS. CuS v
AP GQ.
v m\m h (Ratchet Stop) CnUPmiUS.
Cu m\m h i US AvP Azu uuz ukUQx. J
^ A AUP EuQx. , CUP P P EuQx.

\ \V *[ *Eue (Least

Count)

U mh E i h y (Pitch) 0.5 mh.

Cx 50 PP v UPmkx.

v J _

_x, i 0.5 mh y |P.

v E 50

P J y _x, ix 0.5X1/50 = 0.01 mh

y |P. G, Cu U mh , 0.01 .. ~qUPP AUP.
U mh a]

h y
v AP E P

\V *_ ek|>_ (Measurement Reading):

i \V *
CP U mh h y (Pitch) 1/40 A[S
BS. Aux, J A[S yzv 40 P E G . Cv J
x v AP 25 \ P[PP UPmkx. v
J _ _x si 1/40 A[S y |P. v E 25
45

P J y _x, six 1/40 # 1/25 = 1/1000

A[S Aux 0.001 A[S y |P. G, Cu mi U mh
0.001 A[S ~qUPP AUP.

\V *_ c^e w:
U mh ], v Csi AP zvx
BQx.

B , si J

ukx, C UPkP J | Pmi Cn sk.

A C U mh Ex G . Cu
Csk PPP UP.
1. Tmk

2. S

|w
B , v umkUPx, UQ
AP E , v E , Tmi
\vUP { mh CuS Tmk G .

PkPUS Ch E P u Tmk S. G, C,
Tmk E U mh GkUPmh APx Gzu
P Ex Gu PnUQmk Au PUP sk.
PnUS: 0.05 .. Tmk E U mh J o
Aux Qhzu A 10.15 .. G, Ao \ A
G?
U mh Pmi A

10.15 ..

Tmk E A

0.05 ..

o \ A =

10.10 ..

zw
B , v umkUPx, UQ
AP E , v E , \vUP usi
mh CuS S G . C PkPUS Ch E
P u SS. G, C, S E U
mh GkUPmh APx Gzu P Ex Gu
PnUQmk Au Tmh sk.
PnUS: 0.06 .. S E U mh J o
Aux Qhzu A 9.15 .. G, Ao \ A
G?
46

U mh Pmi A

9.15 ..

S E A

0.06 ..

o \ A =

10.21 ..

wB F>_
U mhh PkUPmk C E
] E ] xzv \zv, vQ, \ \.

] U

mhP A zx, si }zu Ax B

}zu Tmi Ax Szx \\x P.

c^ee \V * (Inside Micro Meter)

E U mh x mhzu AUP kQx. Cx
A U mh \. Cu Psk 50
mhUS AvP AP mk AUPi. Cu J
B, si zumiUS. va
_x si |P. U mh x Psk \ Cv
} Pi Ex. si AvPm\P 13 .. |Pzu.
G, Cu U mhU Psk 50 .. u 63 ..
AP AUP. Cuh AvP AP AUSx B
Pmk, }sh P (Extension Rod) kzu. }sh
PP 25, 50, 100, 150, 200 600 .. AP QhUQx. Cu
E U mhUPsk 0.01 .. ~qUPP AUP.

gwD ezD \V * (Depth Micro Meter)

o E }sh xP, [P \ [P
BzuU Psh B AUS U mh kQx.
Cv U mh AUP. Cv J hU Ex.
Cu hUQ P si |P. hU \P iuS \v
Ch[P mk CUP kzv, Ah i.
B AUP si x Sv \P i hU
UPkQx. v _x si xUS |PQx. x
AiPzu si umhh Au mi, U mh GkUP
sk. Cv AP x R|UQ SUPmiUS. AvP
Bzu Ah A }sh PP (Extension Rod)
kzukQx.

47

\V *zD, kMB VozD c^e kV|:

\V *

kMB Vo

1. ,E,
B
BQ 1. Cu AP
AP AUP uzu U
AUP.
mhP u
2. Cu ~qUP 0.01 .. Ax 0.001 2. Cu ~qUP 0.02 .. BS.
A[S BS.
3. A[Szv (A) mh AUP 3. A[Szv, mh J
uzu U mhP u.
\zv AUP.
4. AUP si A zx 4. 1200 mh J
AP QhUQ
P kzu.
G.P. : 0 u 25 .., 25 u 50 ..,
50 u 75 ..
5. Cu uUS Pix. 5. Cu uUS Gx.
AvP.
S.
6. mam si |Px 6. {zuh, |P uh
Pmkkzuku GkUPk
J uku A
A xP AQx.
xP Eniuu AUS
A ] uP Hk.
7. U mh Ax Gx.

7. A UPP
xP AUP i.

8. AUS | AvPS.

8. AUS | S.

mk

kMB \V * (Vernier Micro Meter)

\un

mhh
\x

Cu

CuS

U mh G
.
Cu U mh
\un U mh
kzu sk. UQ
AP, v AP
AP
APP AP GkUPku Cu
a]x 0.001 .. xP CUS.
48

VD[
Smh Pn AP UPPU Psh u
P[Ph P uUP AUPh Cnzx umh
PUS kzuku Cu P \m (Combination Set)
GQ.

e|
Cx uS \un AP CUS. B, Cu
zv } mhzv }sh mhmiUS.

Czv

u u P[P (Heads) zv \vUP kzu.

i C AP SUPmiUS. Cu } 200 u 6000
mh AP QhUQ.

VB
Cx Csk Pn UP[PU Pshx. J
UP 90 0 UP 45 0 Pn[PU Pshx.
Cu kh Cnzx 90 0 45 0 Pn[P
AUP, SUP, kzu. ,
90 0 Ax 45 0 US Cn PkP .
Cu hz PP, \mh A Eu
\mhU PP kzu.
49

[
Cx

900

EmPnPU Pshx. Cu
zv

AUP

\Su EmPn
C

\Pn[PP

UPkQx.

( 4 5 0)

G, Cu

\h mh kzv
E

Pn,

\. , 90 0

450

Pn[P

AUP.

AV
Cv

\mh

(Frame)

Pnk. Au AiP \mhP

Cvo

\miUS.

P mh i CUS. Au
EmSv
J

_i

Pn

zumiUS.

CUPnh AUP
zv, u PnzvS
v Azx PkP u,
o
\vzu

Pn[Pa
Pa

\. Pn _
Pzv 180 iQ Pn AP SUPmiUS. Pn 0&,
0& \vUSh J |UPhS. Pn uP
G \xu, Ax, o Pn BS.

kMB k_ AV (Vernier Bevel Protractor)

CUP Pn[P AUP, \vUP kQx. Cu
Pn[P 5 {h xP AUP.
CUP mhz umk ( C i r c u l a r D i a l ) J, AP
hUSh Cnu mk (Disc) J Ex.
50

mhz

umk,

mk J _a_ (Pivot)
CnUP mkx.
mhzumi, x 0
u 90 iQ ,
Chx 0 u 90 iQ
Pn AP
SUPmkx. CuS
UQ

AP

G.

Czumi

|P

k J \Pmkx.

hUSh Cnu mi

AP J zumkx.
o PnzvP h, hUSh Cnu
mh v Azx Pnzu AUP.
Ph\ hm \h AUS h PmkQx.

kMB k_ AV[ ObD V_

UQ AP
J 1 iQ BS. Cv 23
iQ

Gkzx

AP

12

P[PP

UPmkx. G,

23 0
J
AP = &&&&&&
12

~qUP = 2 UQ AP & J AP
23 0
=
2 0 & &&&&
12
10
60
=
&&&& =
&&&&& = 5 {h[P
12
12
51

[V

P \m, mUh Pn[P |iP AUP

i.

B, \ \mhzv |iP AUP ix.

mh kzv Pnzu PnUQku Cu \mhzvS \

\mh GQ. \ \mhzu kzv 1 {h ~qUPP AUP.
\ \mh j EPzu \mk Cu Azx P
[ xP o \miUS.

Cu C

EP [PUS Ch E y \ \mhzv AS.

Cu Ax, 100 .. u 300 .. h.

Cu

EP [P Cnzx k Pk, \ \mhzv

R PUS CnP CUS.
\ \mh ] P Psk J o \
PnUQh. C u \ \mhzu \ mi x UP
sk. \ \ o UP sk.
Cx \ J E R ] P xskP J x JP
UP sk. \ E \ Gx QhmhP
uUQu Ax Ekzu sk. S, h hm
CsiPmh Eu o |P mhzu B \ sk.
mh \P Cu o AP, ]P E \
\mh } Cu o \ PnzuU Pn.
\ = H /L
H

= \ zu ] P E

= \ }

52

es^
(GAUGES)

xD
AP Gx HP u{ E Bzu A P BS.
Cx J Smh AS uUPmiUS. USi AP
ShmiUPx. Cu kzv mP A, i BQ
\P Eu G B \. AP P EUS EPzu
\mk `mk Sn \x u xzvS
A \miUS.

[\^
1.

Szu |zv P \vUP.

2.

~qUP PP kzxuh AP kzv

\ S.

3.

vP AP kzv GuP \u \.

4.

u C.

5.

Ezv AvPUQx.

es[ >D
AP AvP GLP \mk Pikzumk ukzu
miUS. AP u[P EUPmiUS.
1.

mh A (Workshop Gauge)

2.

B A (Inspection Gauge)

3.

Av ~qUP u A (Master Gauge)

\ es (Workshop Gauge)
oP Su ~qUPzxh EUPmh mP
\u \ Eu PS.

Cu 0.001 Ax 0.025 ..

xP \u \.

gF es (Inspection Gauge)
B AP Gx oP kzu, APa
\u \ v UPP, PuS H EUPmhuS.
Cv 0.0001 u 0.0025 .. xP AUP.
53

>\ es (Master Guage)

CP AP mh AP B AP
Csh \u \ EuQx. P P x PP B
\ 0.00001 u 0.00025 .. xP AUP Cu A
k.

es^
AP Au , ~qUP, i BQS H
PkzukQx. A,
1.

] P

10. A

2.

Pn i ~qUP A xskP

11. \S A

3.

L P

12. ]| P

4.

h P

13. G A

5.

AUS uPk

14. B A

6.

xk AQ A 15. Ai A

7.

Pn A

16. B A

8.

xk AS A

17. h PU P

9.

J P

18. izuPk (hm)

Eo (Slip Gauge)

54

] PP B[Qzv P U G A. AvP GLS

EPzu }sh \x izv ] ] xskPP si AS
EUPmk `mk Sn \mk, A, [
P xP o \mk CUS.

Cu

kzv \, h hm CsiPmh PP \
APa \u \.
] P mU .. AP B[Q
A[Szv EUPkQ. P kzuk ] P 55
xskPP, AuS kQ. kzv S AuP E
mi xPP UP sk.

V kk Ob e m|^ (Angle Guage)

Cx Pn AP AUP, Smh Pnzv mkU
PP AUP kQx.

(Feeler Guage)
L PP kzv
]

Ch,

SQ

\x

BQ B \. ,
GP E P J
Smh Ch CUS
AUP Eu.
C uPkP AP EUPmk, J
TmkUS UPmiUS.

k ezD (Tapper Plug Guage)

Cu

A AUP.
Em\zv

x Cu
AUP

Eu

\uzvS \ AUS P G.

\ ezD (Thread Guage)

Cu vm P G AUP. Cu a
A, Bzu, P AUP.
55

C izv L
P

CUS.

P PUS H
AUS uPkP u \x
Au J TmiS Ahzx
ux Gkzx B
\ kQx.

mel|D [ x es (Drill Point Guage)

Cx A \mh xk AQ mk Pn
P }zu AUP Eu PS.

>\[ es (Plate Guage)

ui A Gx mh i
GLS uPmi a _
AP ] [P mhmiUS.
Cu ] [P E uPkPa \zv
Au ui B \.

\ V es (Thread Angle Guage)

Cu

Pnzu

AUP, P mkx
Pn \P Eu G B
\

k.

Ph\

Cvzv mk \ Pnzv
zumku G B \ Cu
P kQx.

mel|D z es (Drill Gugage)

xk AQ kzvu Au P Pzv
SUPmh AP Axk.

Au Au AP |US \P

ux. A, A Axmh xk AQ \ A ux
P Eu PUS ""xk AS A'' G.

keB es (Ring Guage)

A Gx E i P mhzu \u
\ Eu PS.

Cx zv Smh A xh

PS. Cu _ |[ \miUS. C C P

56

E.

A, J ""'' (Go)

Pu

(No

Go)

PUP EhuP CUS. ""''

G P E A HPk
AP, ""Pu'' G P E
A HPhu AP CUS
AUPmiUS.

z es (Plug Guage)

Cx xP mh \P Eu G B \ PS.
C CPP E. uP \S A AUPk
A

usi

CUS

EUPmiUS. J UP ""'' G, UP ""Pu'' G

CUS. o "' G UP ~u Ax \ A G,
"Pu' G UPzv ~u \ A C G .
Cshx P \S A ""'', ""Pu'' G C A
P AUP J UPzv CUS EUPmiUS.

EV (Snap Guage)
CP

PP

Eu

o AP Ax
UP. C u AP
kzukQ.
1.

C B \ P

2.

AUS P

3.

J C A B \
{ P

AxD gF FD k
C C B \uP J UP ""'' G,
UP ""Pu'' G CUS. Cu P omP
~zx B \.
57

\VuB\zD k
CP A J UPzv Csk { B,
GvUPzv UPUTi Csk B zumiUS. AUP
si AS H zx B \\x P.

WBV \VuB\ xBV> gF es

Cx US ]| P izv CUS. B, Cx
Smh o mk B \uSP AUPmiUS.
C ""'' G , ""Pu'' G {P CUS.
P o B \ CUP kQx.

_ es (Limit Guage)
o J Smh AS Eu G \u \
PUS G A G . \S A, A ]| P
C , G A Pa \uuS.

kes[ gD es (Radius Guage)

o Bzu AUP Eu PUS B
A G . o E Bzu B \, Cx
EuQx. Cu AUS Svx Su P Ehx.

kV ke es (Fillet Guage)
Cx E Bzu AUP Eu PS. Cx B
A CUS. Cu AUS Sv Su P Ehx.

gw es (Depth Guage)
x, , [P B BQ B \ Eu
PS. Cv 0.5 .. xP AP AUP. P xP
AUP u x U mh PP
kzu.

V (Telescopic Guage)
Cv C PSv, J Pi CUS.

Cu E

mhzu P AUP. AvPm\P 12 .. u 150 ..

AUPUTi hPU P P kzukQx. Cu E A
P kzv, o Au , Au A
A U mh xP Ax \ A ux P.

kk >| (Template)
izuPk Gx J v mP H A Ezv
\x Au GLS uPmi v E uzx
58

Au

vP

Aku

zxUPsk

AiUPi

APa

\zu,

\x

\vzu

izu

PUS k GLS uPmiS

""iz uPk'' G . Cu
| S. oP Azx J ~qUPzv A.

eszD kk >uzD c^e kV|^:

es^
1.

AvP GLS EPzu EUPmhx.

2.

~qUP, \ AvP

4.

APa \UP kQx.

5.

`h kzxx C.

6.

\ A \vUP EuQx.

kk>|
1.

GLS uPmi EUPmhx.

2.

~qUP, \ S

4.

v E kQx.

5.

G P kzu.

6.

\ izv Eu G B \ EuQx.

sV^:
z] -

BV sB >>|m m.
1.

|iP AUS P
A) P

2.

B) AP

C) P D) ih

\ P Gx
A) |iP AUS P

B) P AUS P

C) \vUS P

D) P AUS P

59

3.

4.

5.

omP AUP Eu AP
A) SP AP

B) PUQ Psh AP

C) hUQ US AP

D) u Psh AP

o mh, } Pn k P
A) P

B) P \m

C) E A

D) A P

a] (~qUP)
A) 0.01..

6.

B) 0.02 ..

C) 0.001..

Tmk, S E AUS P
A) U mh

B) P\ \m

C) \
7.

D) 0.1 ..

D) P

Pn AP 5 {h ~qUPzvS AUPUTi P
A) \

B) mUh

C) P \m

D) E U mh

{ kV>_ sB:
8.

\vUS PUS GkzxUPmk uP.

9.

P J T.

10. u A ~qUP x?
11. L P x?
12. hPU P x?

{ k_ sB:

z] - g

13. AUPP P ?
14. AP G G?
15. P G G?
16. P PP ?
17. U mh G G?
18. \ G G?
19. mUh x?
20. AP G G?
21. B A G G?

60

22. 0.08 .. Tmk E U mh J o

Aux Qhzu A 25 .. G, Ao \ A
G?
23. 0.07 .. S E U mh J o
Aux Qhzu A 20 .. G, Ao \ A
G?

es_ sB:

z] -

24. AP AUS P \ kzxP.

25. AP PP USP.
26. AUPP PP .
27. Tmk, S Gu USP.
28. AP PP \kzxP.
29. ui A h x, PU TP.
30. US P h x, PU TP.
31. izuPk Gu USP.
32. A, \S A US.

skV sB:

z] - ~

33. P h x .
34. E h x USP.
35. U mh h x USP.
36. , U mh kP mikP.
37. \ kzx uzu h x .
38. ]P h x .
39. i uPk, AP kP .

61

4. VlB_ V^
(ENGINEERING MATERIALS)

xD
mP Gx vh, v, { Ex. Cx h[P
{ u Pshx. En, Eh, Ch, , zx,
uzuh x G PP |US mP ukQx.
mP Gx CPuP Ax \PuP CUS.
CP mP Gx P, usp, Gsn, _[P ux
mP, uP, EP[P, , C BS. \P mP
Gx CP QhUPTi mP Cx EUPkuS.
ux ]umiU ] u mP Smh
uPUPP uUPkQx. ]umiU mP Gx mh, x,
xo PP, m, E Gsn, SUS , \, \,
vmP, PQu, Psni, , ]sm, GLS, C Pu
GLS u.
v u | h UP mi mh mP
umh, x J ] mP mk AvP
kQx.

cV^ (Metals)
EP[P xP ] sP x. Cx Cv
x UQ [S QUQx. EPzu J i Psh (Material)
G UP.
Cx A { (Room Temperature) vhx, Ahzv
Sux. AvP ES {U Pshx. \zu, zu Gv
PhzuUTix. Ev, Pizu Ehx. EP[P
} u Psh.

V[ c^e\A
| Ah UP | UPP kzx Azx
mP J Snzu, s UPx.

A ]

xuP, ] Pizu PshuP CUS. ] mP AvP

62

{z u[PUTiuP CUS. B, AvP {z

u[Px. EP[P ] i[PP . Au |zv ]
EP[P A iUP ix.
usp EP zvzv \UP.

Azu Psni

zvzv mk \PUP i. P, EP zvzv \PUP ix.

EP[P Au Sn[P sP zx Au
E kQx.

G, P mP x

Sn[P, sP Au mh uxP
six A].
EP[P RUPsh UQ sP US:
1.

C sP (Physical Properties)

2.

v sP (Chemical Properties)

3.

Cv sP (Mechanical Properties)

4.

sP (Electrical Properties)

5.

sP (Thermal Properties)
C sP Gx Ahzv, ES{, SnP[P

uS. v sP Gx Az u,
BU], P u sP uS.

cV[ B]sB_ A^ (Mechanical

Properties)

EP mP kzv, Azu uu,

Azu Csh kzv Au u izvS
Eu sS ""Cv s'' G.
EP[P RUPsh Cv sP US.
CsP AihPU Psk uUP EP[P uukUP
kQ.
1.

Ehz u (Toughness)

2.

Piz u (Hardness)

3.

]u u (Brittleness)

4.

uPhP } u (Malleability)

5.

z u (Stiffness)

6.

PP } u (Ductility)

7.

} u (Elasticity)
63

cBV >[\ (Toughness)

EPzu UQP Ax zuP Ax Eh,
]u Ax i CUS s Ehz u GQ.

>[\ (Hardness)
EP mP Gv mh Ax uUP ix.
CP Snh EPzv sS Pizu G .

E>D >[\ (Brittleness)

EP Au Smh Ezvx x Ax
Eh Ax xskPP ]u. CzuP s ]u Ax
|[S u GQ.

>V D >[\ (Malleability)

uPhP } u Gx EPzv sP J. Ca]
s kzv EP[P uPhP kQx. C
uPhP x Au EP Eh \ h, uPhP }.
Cs uPhP } u GQ. ] EP[P uPhP }.
B, PP }mh ix Gx ShzuUPx.

sA >[\ (Stiffness)
} uP iu, EPzv Gvz u Ax
u[S u z u GQ. GLS, A BQ Csk
z u Psh. B, Azu h GLQ z
u, Ev AvP.

DBV D >[\ (Ductility)

PP } u Gx EPzv sP J. Ca]
s kzv EP[P PPP kQx. J
EPzu PP iu Au EP ""PP } u''
x G .

xP \ PP \ PPP

kzukQx.

D >[\ (Elasticity)
EPzv x \ \zvS, Ax sk uh
{ Ah. CuS } u GQ. C Czx kx
Ax { Ahu | UP iQx. EPzv A
iv. P A SP E EP AvP } u Ehx.
Cx _ uUP kQx.
64

VmkV B]sB_ V^ (Common Engineering Materials)

cV^ (Metals)
EP[P Csk PP UPkQx.
1.

C Pu EP[P (Ferrous Metals)

2.

C Pu EP[P (Non-Ferrous Metals)

DA > cV^ (Ferrous

Metals)

CP EPzv C Px CUS. Cx Puzu,

xiUS u Pshx.

x kzuk ]

Aih C Pu EP[P R PkUPmk.

1.

U A (Pig Iron)

2.

(Cast Iron)

3.

u (Wrought Iron)

4.

P Pu GLS (Carbon Steel)

5.

EP P (Alloy Steel)
65

 B[ (Pig Iron)
G P C GLS mP Cu U Ax u
zx GkUPkQx. C ux Fx Emk v S \x
Cu kQx. CP C ux v S
EUSu (Smelting) GQ.
hm, Uhm C uxUPS. C 55%
C Ex. U A uuS u UQ mP :
1.

C ux

2.

PP

3.

U (Flux)

U Ax CPz uUP AvP \S. B,

Su U Ax u\.

kVDA (Cast Iron)

U Ah kzv C xPP (Scraps) , _snz
y Px S Fx Emk i EUSx
QhUQx. Gx C Pu EP BS. Cx Aih
C, P Pu PS. y P 3% u
4.5% , ]UP 0.8% u 3% , 0.5 %, \ 0.1%
u 1.5 % , [P 0.5% u 1% Ah[QUS.

kVD[ A^:
1.

Cx P Evx.

2.

EQ { Gv |Px uhx. G, u
izv \.

3.

P Su QhUPUTi EPS.

4.

Cu ES { 1140 0 C & 1200 0C

5.

Cu Cv o \x Gx.

kVD[ k^:
1.

\ { (Grey Cost Iron)

2.

(White Cost Iron)

3.

sn (Mottle Cost Iron)

4.

P EP (Alloy Cost Iron)

5.

uPk u Psh (Malleable Cost Iron)

66

z (Steel)
y GLQ Cv P kzu ix.
H Ax P Su C\, \ Piz u
PsiUS. G, GLQ P \UPkQx. GLQ AvPm\P 6.67
\uQu P \UP. GLS Gx P A 2% E
CU SUS. C 2 \uQuzvS , P Px Cu Ax
CS.
GLQ, P [S UQP PukQx. H P
A u GLSP uUPkQx. Cu C
PP UP.
1.

P GLS

2.

P GLS

GLQ P A AvPkzxu RUPsh sP Qx.

1.

C\ AvPkzukQx.

2.

AvP Pizu Qx.

3.

PP } u SQx.

V[ z:
C P A 2% Cu Au GLS (Steel) GQ.
GLQ P A 0.1% u 1.7% kQx. P GLP
PPP UP.
1.

Su P Pu GLS (Low Carbon Steel)

2.

|kzu P Pu GLS (Medium Carbon Steel)

3.

AvP P Pu GLS (High Carbon Steel)

z> > z (Low Carbon Steel)

Cu k j G T. Cv P A 0.05% u 0.3%
CUS. PP } u P P u,
uk Chzv CP GLS kzukQx.

|> > z (Medium Carbon Steel)

Cv 0.3% u 0.6% P PvUS. Cx AvP C\ u
Pshx. Su P Pu GLP h AvP Pizu Ehx. Cv
o\uS P Hx. PUQ, Aa_UP, Cn PP, _P,
nP uUPkQx.
67

] > z (High Carbon Steel)

Cv P A 0.6% u 1.7% CUS. Cx P AvP
C\ u Pshx. Cu Pizu, kzv Sn
\u AvPkzu. PUPPQ a (Wrenchs),
miP (Chisels), Szx PP (Punches), A[P (Files), xk
PP, \ k mkP uUP CP
GLS kQx.

k z (Alloy Steels) :
P mk EP PP GLQ sP
{nUQx, G AUP C GLS { (American Iron & Steel
Institute)

\xx. u A EP PPa \u

EP sP AvPUP. S, {UP, [P, ]UP,

i, i, h[h, , P, hmh, Pm
A x EP P (Alloying Elements)
mP BS.
GLQ EP PP Pu Ax P
GLSPP Qx.

CP GLSP Smh PUS mk

kzukQx. P GLQ PP,

1.

xiUPu GLS (Stainless Steels)

2.

mk GLS (Tools Steels)

3.

] P GLS (Special Alloy Steels)

mV> z (Stainless Steels)

Su P Pu GLQ 4% u 6% S 4% u
8% {UP \v xiUPu GLS QhUQx. UPP 0.8%
]UP 0.5% i \UPk. xiUP CUP
AvP A S \UP sk.

k| z (Tools Steels)
mkP uUP ku Cu mk GLS G
AUPkQx. mk GLQ PP E. A AvP GLS
UQ JS.

]k z (High Speed Steels)

Cu _UPP HSS G T. Cx xk AS, J
mkP, [ mkUPP uUPkQx.
68

mk AvP GLS Pxu o AvP Pzv

Cv o \. C AvP Pzv o \ k
mkUS AvP GLS mk (High Speed Steel Tool) G .
Cv h[h AvP GLS, i AvP GLS, Pm
AvP GLS, i AvP GLS G PP E.

[ ]k z (Tungston High Speed Steels)

Cx

]u

mk

BS.

u\P CP mk kzukQx.

P
Cv 18%

h[h, 4% S, 1% i, 0.7% P Ah[Qx. Cx u

u, AvP zuz u[S Sn Pshx.

DA kV> cV^ (Non-Ferrous

Metals)

Cu EPzv C PvUPx. Cu ES{ xP C

Pu EP[Ph S. C Pu EP[P, \, D,
P, xzu|P, {UP, u[P, S, Aa_ EP . C
Jh J Px P C Pu EP[Pz uUP.
(EunP, zu, sP, osP .)

KtMBD \uD >[ cV k^ (Aluminium & Its Alloys)

A, sP CUS. Evx.
Su Gh Pshx. 1827&C u uP A Six,
A zukUPmhx. Sv AvP A
QhUQx. Cu UQ uxQ Umix (Bauxite) A
Szu zukUPkQx. _zu A P
Sx, xx. Czxh EP PPU Pu
hQx. CUP Aa_ \, Ph\ \, L[ \
i. Cu ES{ 658 0 C BS. Gv (Reflector) , hP
(Telescope) A kQx.

>VtD (Copper)
Cu ] {zu zx EP[Px Cu GuP
kzv Pmh.

Cx m (Pyrites) G uxx

zukUPkQx. Czux E P\kP i{P _zvP

\x _zu u kQx. Cx xx, uPhP PP
} u Pshx. zu, \zu Gv Phzx u
Ehx. Cu ES{ 1083 0 C BS. P mh, } SP uUP,

69

 mh P _ u kQx. Cu EP PP zu
sPS.

VZBD (Lead)
Cx x AvPP k EP BS. P
xx.

Cu Gh AvP.

P (Galena) G uxx

zukUPkQx. Cx P Su ES {U (327 0 C ) Pshx.

uPhP, PP }mh. \ { Pshx. Pzv UQ
EP P BS.

k^CBD (Tin)
Cx U P uxx kQx. Cx _zu
EP BS.

Cu ES { 232 0 C BS.

xx, uPhP,

PP }mh. uPkP uUP kQx.

Sa] vUPkv.

m>VD (Zinc)
xzu|P \m xzu|P Pm xzu|P uxUPS.
Czux i{P _zvP \x _zu xzu|P kQx.
Cx J EP BS. Cu ES{ 419 0C BS.
C GLQ Az uz ukUP EP a_UP
h xzu|P a_ P ]ux. Cu P][ (Galvanizing)
GQ.

zVtBD (Chromium)
Cx \ { Psh EP BS. Cu ES { 2930 0 BS.
Cx P GLQ \UP, \ kQx.

cV\_V> V^:
Vt (Ceramics)
\U G EPu S. Cx EhU Tix.
\zu Phzux. GkzxUPmhP, ]UP, \h, Psni
y, U] BU\k, xzu|P BUk, ]sm, Qm .

70

sV^:
z] -

BV sB >>|m m.
1.

2.

3.

4.

BU] Gx
A) C s

B) s

C) s

D) v s

EP mP u izvS Eu s
A) s

B) s

C) C s

D) v s

CP EP s Psh _ uUP k
A) Ehzu

B) Pizu

C) zu

D) } u

18% h[h, 4% S, 1% i, 0.7% P Psh EPzv

A) AvP GLS

B) P GLS

C) u

D) h[h AvP GLS

{ kV>_ sB:
5.

EP[P Csk PU T.

6.

Csk PPU T.

7.

GLQ C PP ?

8.

P GLQ PP CshU T.

9.

HSS

& Gu G?

10. \U G G?

{ k_ sB:

z] - g

11. EP[P UQ sPU TP.

12. Pizu G G?
13. PP } u G G?
14. PP ?
15. Pzv x?

es_ sB:

z] -

16. G G? Av E EP[P sPU T.

71

5. k|] z\VuD F>_

(HEAT TREATMENT)

xD
G EP[P AuP ] ] Sn[P, sP
US. Cu | uUS H UP, EP[P Au
vh{ Smh { kzv, Ax
Skzv Au Snzv \ \US ""kzv
Sn \u'' (Heat Treatment) G.
C vh { E EP EPU PP,
{ `kkzv Au Smh Pzv Sa \u
, Au sP kzukQx.
GLS C[P kzx x Au E A u
Hk. H GLQ E P A zu k. ,
kzv Skzxu, Au A uP Hmk,
Au sP uP HkQ.
GLP kzxu Au ~s E A uP
HkQ. A, P A zx, zv A zx,
kzx P , Skzx u, BQ Au ~s E
A u EshQx.

k|mk>[ V^
EP[P EPU PP RUPsh |UP[PUPP
kzv Sn \kQx.
1.

Piz u, } u, }\ u[S \Uv Cv

sP AUPk.

2.

u Gv, A Gv Gv Sn[P
kzu.

3.

Gv Cvo \uS H EP[P xUP.

4.

EP[P PiUP.

5.

EPzv xP A (Grain Size) UP

6.

J izu E A Hkzu
72

7.

E A E uP kUP

8.

Pu sP u \.

9.

Ehx E P

Pn[PUPP Sn \kQx.
EPzu kzv Smh { EPzv
E A h x[S.

Cu Smh {US RUQ

{ (Lower Critical Temperature) G . , kzv E

A x . AuS UQ { (Upper Critical Temperature)
G .

z\VuD FD x^
EP EPU PP kzv Sn \
P :
1.

xUSu (Annealing)

4.

ukzxu (Tempering)

2.

|][ (Normalising)

5.

UPiUSu (Case Hardening)

3.

Pikzxu (Hardening)

tmkVz>_ (Annealing)
AvP P Pu GLQ Au UQ { (Critical Temperature) &US
\ AvPP kzv, Au { Smh | zvx
S xP Sa \uS xUSu G.
xUSu RUPsh \ sk:
1.

EPzu Au UQ { (Upper Critical Temperature) US

kzu sk.

2.

Au { Smh | UP sk.

3.

xP Skzu sk.

GUS P, Gsn, P Ax E kzukQx.

mhU (Barometer) Psk { AUPkQx.
EPzv Px Ph A zx, Au UQ
{ (Critical Temperature) k.
xUSu |UP :
1.

EP xUPkQx.

2.

o u AvPUPkQx.

3.

} u AvPUPkQx.
73

4.

E A kQx.

5.

xP A kQx.

6.

J izu E A kQx.

V\E (Normalising)
[, L[ EUPmh mP E
A P J[P u HmiUS. A E E
A J[PuP, Au xP A UP \ US
|][ G .

V\E Fk>[ VD
1.

xP A xUP , SUP.

2.

uP (Stress) kUP

3.

J izu E Hkzu

4.

Cv Snzu kzu

5.

mP AvPUP

|m>_ (Hardening)
EPU

PP

Piz

AvPUS

US

Pikzxu G .
Pikzxu \u |UP :
1.

EPzv Piz u AvPUP

2.

u Gvz v AvPUP

3.

EPzu mh, u Pizu EUP.

C Pikzu si GLP Au Ea\Pmh {US

_ 750 0 C u 850 0C kzv usp Ax Gsn

Skzu sk. Cu ux A
Sa] Ahu zuuS. Gsn h usp
Sa] Ah.

>|m>_ (Tempering)
Pikzumh GLS EP Gv |[S u ux. E
A u AhvUS. Cu sk R UQ { (Lower
Critical Temperature)

ASa \ S {US kzv ]

{h[P Au { zvx u Pzv

SkzxuS ukzxu G .
74

ukzxu |UP:
1.

|[S u SUP

2.

PP S \u Hmh E A

3.

Piz u ]u SUP

4.

GLP EvUP

5.

} u AvPUP ukzxu A]Qx.

A\Vz>_ (Case Hardening)

] \ mP mk PiuP, Em
AvP Ava] u[S Sn EhuP Cx A]. BP, u
Gvz v Psh Pi , Ava] u[S Sn
EhuP \ US ""UPiUSu'' G .
C mP mk PiUPk.

A\Vz>o[ VD:
1.

u Gvz v Psh Pi Hkzu

2.

Ava] u[SuS H Em

3.

A Gv s kzu

4.

u[S v kzu

5.

Su Psh o BmPzu AvPUP

A\VzD x^
1.

P][ (Carburising)

2.

\i[ (Cyaniding)

3.

|mi[ (Nitriding)

4.

CshU h[ (Induction Hardening)

5.

L h[ (Flame Hardening)

VAE (Carburising)
Su A P Pu GLQ P Aa
\zx Pikzx US P][ G .
C, P][ \ si J mi zx
Aua _ P][ P {kQx. P][ Px
UP, u xskP, Gz y BS. Cu P EmPu
F x E i m k A u _ 9 0 0 0C u 9 5 0 0C x P

75

`kkzv

Pikzuk. Cu

|zvS UPkQx.
P][ ,
1.

Ezv \
ix.

2.

| AvPP \S
(Packing, Unpaking, Heating and
Cooling).

3.

Pikzu

si

A, Gv Pmkkzu
Cx.

B (Cyaniding)
C Su P Psh
GLS Ax |kzu PPsh
GLQ P |m
Pxki

\kQx.

\i Sk \i
P m 9 0 0 0C { U S
kzv

\i[

si AUP 15
{h Pa \ sk. CuS \i[ G. C
0.125 .. BzvS PikzukQx.

[\^
1.

Cx \S

2.

P CUS.

3.

J ^ Pikzxu |h.

4.

AvP A } u QhUQx.

(Nitriding)
C P EUQ PikzxuS |m
kzukQx. |mi[ \ si P EUQ P
EmPu P zx A { sk. S, AUP
76

500 0C u 650 0C {US kzx x Av E A

m |m P Qx. Cv E |m P
EUSh Px |mmhP , Au EUQ PikzxQx.

[\^
1.

AvP Piz u .

2.

u A Gvz v AvPUPkQx.

3.

vj SUPku iP Hkx C.

4.

P ]UP mPUS C Hx.

[ VM (Induction Hardening)

\zv Hkzuk zuU Psk Pa

`kkzv Au Pikzx U SUS. C
P P kzu. Gu [P Hhx.

[\^
1.

P \S.

2.

AvP A Sn \ Hx.

3.

Eu u Psh Hkzu.

4.

Em Pikzx \U Pmkkzu.

y\^
1.

EPn[P AvP.

2.

Su P Psh mP Pikzu ix.

3.

\ AvP

eD VM (Flame Hardening)
C Pikzuh si J Aa] zv
mh Aua _a \x Au x BU&A]mi \u
a \zv kzukQx. vj SkzukQx.
C 3 u 6 .. A PikzukQx.
77

[\^
1.

Cx P G ]UP S.

2.

u ChzvS \u[PU Psk \ Pikzxu

\.

3.

P Cv P[P, C Pikzu.

skV z F>_ (Quenching)

kzv EPzu usp, Gsn Ax P P
BQ x Sa \uS PU Sa \u G
.
P Sa \ k mP:
1.

\i Pu } P\

2.

Su }

3.

EU P\

4.

Gsn PP

5.

k|] z\VuD FD c^
1.

\ E

2.

G Fx E

3.

Gsn Fx E

4.

E } Fx E

t[V c (Sintering Furnace)

\ AkUPsk mP kzu k
\uzvS \ E G. Cu E u AkUSP
E. `kkzu si mP J AkUQ zx E
78

\zu sk. E Cu AkUSP |P C PP B

PP kzukQ.

Cu AkP zv A A
PmkkzukQx. E Em \zv mPUS H,
{ Smh |zvS Pmkmi zvx, u
Skzv Pikzu.
C PP CUP, Pzu Tmh, SUP
Pmkmka \u[P E. AvP A Pikzu si, Fx E
\[PP C u PikzukQx.

sV^:
z] -

BV sB >>|m m.
1.

2.

3.

u Gvz v AvPUS
A) xUSu

B) Pikzxu

C) ukzxu

D) |][

UPiUS P J
A) ukzxu

B) xUSu

C) |mi[

D) PiUSu

P Sa\ kzuk J
A) \i[

B) ukzxu

C) \i Pu E }

D) Gsn
79

4.

u AkUSPU Psh Fx E
A) G Fx E

B) E} Fx E

C) \ E

D) Gsn Fx E

{ kV>_ sB:
5.

EP EPU PP kzv Sv
Gu ?

{ k_ sB:

z] - g

6.

kzv Sn \u G G?

7.

kzv Sn \ P ?

8.

xUSu G G?

9.

Fx E |S PP ?

10. P Sa\u G G?

es_ sB:

z] -

11. UPiUSu G G? Au |UP[PU TP.

12. Pikzxu USP.
13. P][, \i[ USP.
14. |mi[, ChU h[ USP.
15. |][, ukzxu USP.

skV sB:

z] - ~

16. EP[P kzxu |UP[P .

17. \ E h x .
18. ChU h[, h[ h x US.

80

6. &
(JIGS & FIXTURES)

xD
J

mP

AvP

Ezv

\x

mP izxUP, u[Q iUP, mkP |hzu,

Ch (Location) \ k \u[PUS U & LU\ G
.

C kzxx mP Ax zu, AU

Piku, \mi[ \u Pa \ siv.

xP Cvo \.

(Jigs)
Cvo \x
o
izxUP, mk
|hzu,

\uzvS ""U'' G .
mk |hzu Cv GLS
E (Sleeve) zumiUS.
C oh
zu kv. U Gh
SP Cu Px
Gx. Cv[P \k
zx UP
PPP UP.
1.

m U

6.

2.

B[Q U

7.

3.

\ U

8.

[ U

4.

U U

9.

ChU][ U

5.

hmh U

10. U ][

e (Plate Jig)
hzv E omP xP hsix
m U kzukQx. u GsoUP xk E
81

zumh umk Cv Ex. xk

umk, o x zx CUPP
iUPkQx.

S,

xk

E xk AQa \zv
\

Chzv

xP

xhiQx.

_ (Channel Jig)
Cx \ SUSmk
U Pshx. Cv o
zumk,

CUPP

iUPkQx. UQ zv
E E xk AS
\zumk, xhkQx.

g^ (Angle Jig)
Cx B[Q m CUS.

Cu

UQ J UP Cvzv zukQx. Cu
B[Q mi x J m zumk
CUS. Au mi oUS Hi
\ E zumiUS. xh si
Chzv o zu sk.

P T i

o xh Cu B[Q U kQx.

BV* (Diameter Jig)

Cu UQ E x Ei
omP

zv

xP

xh.

V (Box Jig)
Cx

mi

CUS.

o U UQ
uui zuhsk. S,
Au

EP

xk AQ \zv xh.
CP UQ o
Ch[P xh.
82

 (Fixtures)
Cvo \x o xP Smh
Chzv CUQiUP k \uzvS ""LU\'' G .
LU\ Gx mk |hzux. mkz uhx. ,
V &U,

B[Q m, h U, T-m \un LU\

G T. J[P E mP, mP J
|zv izx \ LU\ kQx. UPnUP
mP APk Gx h xuP, xP
Cvo \.

k^ (Types of Fixtures)
Cv PP E.

Cv UQ PP mk R

PkUPmkx.
1.

uh Psh [ LU\

2.

[ LU\

3.

\ Psh [ LU\

4.

[ [ LU\

k >V V t_o
CP LU\ { uh V i A Pshx. |P
uh |P CUS. Cv E i omP P iUPa
\x Cv o \.

e[ t_o

83

CP

LU\

omP

uSv mh k. Cv |S V UQ E
i omP J |zv iUPkQx. Cv E CUQiUS
mh o P CUQiUPkQx. [
mkUP Cvzv \P zu \mi[ U G A
Ex. oh R |P mk B Pkzx, Azx
omP Cvo \.

& kV|

1.

o
iUP,

2.

3.

C U P P 1.
mk

o
iUS.

CUPP
mk

|hzu EuQx.

|hzux.

x k u , x _ s k u , 2.

[,

zu P

Aa

kzukQx.

P kzukQx.

Cu oh kUP. 3.

oh

kUPkQx.

[,

[,

\,

mk

iUPkQx.
4.

Au

o P 4.

kzu i.

Cu kzu.
5.

AUP oP Cu

5.

Gh S

Gh AvP

& kk\A Fk>uz x[A kMkBk

1.

o uP xP sk.

2.

Au ~qUP, Gh, GsoUP, o EP Cv o

\ si |S uxP sk.

3.

Gu Cvzv \Q, Au P, \Uv, ~qUP

BQ uxP sk.

4.

o zx P, US GkUS
P, mk P, US UQS u Ch,
u A, _ P, mk |hzx ,
mk \mi[ \ BQ uxP sk.

5.

u HhUP E uk P, ,
]P AP , Av A, u Ev, xP
P vmhmk \sk.
84

 V^
1.

zx P[P

6. xk E

2.

Q[ P[P

7. Ezumk

3.

mk Pmi i \u[P

8. P

4.

AiP

9. Q

5.

U Lm

V^
1.

AiP

2.

\mi[ U

3.

T - m

4.

iU PP

& [\^
1.

U & LU\PUPsk J v mP AvP

Ezv \ku, Ezv AvPUQx.

2.

Ezv \ SQx.

3.

o A SUP si A] Cuu Ezv |

SQx.

4.

omP zxuS GkzxUP | SPU

SQx.

5.

omP Cvo \ si Ch \P UP\

\ku x AvPUQx.

6.

mP A, uSu h, Smh GUS Cu

Ch \g\miUS SUQx

7.

mP uUPmkmiS BS \ S

8.

Su v mPU Psk Cvo \.

9.

o EvP zuku AvP P, AvP Fmh

mk B Pkzx P \.

10.

xPP |hu zxUP uUPkQx.

\sD (Location)
U Ax LU\] \i zx iuP
AS UP\ G . UP\ \ Au
\kQ o xP CUS.
85

Bk>_ (3-2-1) () 6 D xl_ Bk>_

mP izu Gx P UQ JS. Gu
P Cu Ax u {x 6 u[P |P u
Pshx. G, CuS 6 A\ izu G . hzv
Pmi J }sh \Pzu J UQ iUSx Ezv R
P, UPx C P, J
iUPkQx. UQ UP o iUPkQx,
UP Cvo \kQx. G, o Gu
A\ P CUP iUPkQx. C Azx
P oUS Hx.

sV^:
z] -

BV sB >>|m m.
1.

E i omP iUS U
A) U U

2.

B) m U

C) \ U

D) B[Q U

Ei omP iUS U\
A) uh Psh [ U\ B) [ U\
C) \ Psh [ U\ D) [ [ U\

{ kV>_ sB:
3.

xk E G P Gv Ex?

4.

o Ch[P xhk UQ G?

86

{ k_ sB:
5.

U G G?

6.

U\ G G?

7.

UP\ G G?

8.

U PP ?

9.

U\ PP ?

es_ sB:

z] - g

z] -

10. U, U\ kP mik.
11. m U h x USP.
12. \ U h x US.
13. [ U, U U h x USP.

skV sB:

z] - ~

14. U U\] |P .
15. U P[P .
16. U\ P[P .
17. 3:2:1 Ax B A\ i zu h x US.

87

7. V[ >D, e kB F>_
(LIMITS, FITS AND SURFACE QUALITY)

xD
C P Pmhzv x A
Ahvu, v Cv[P PskiUPmk u, Av
uUPk A P ~qUPP CUP sk Gu |
|UP. J ~qUP Gx Au uUS Cvzv E
P[P EPn[P G xP E Gu,
mk Pn G xP \n iUPmkx Gu
zux.

C mk Au uUS Cv o

v zux. J Ax Csk mP mk uUS

x Smh AS u \x Au zu si Pzv
Cnzx zx, \ G, sk ] SkP }UQ xP
zu. B, AvP Ezv \k x G mP
A, J v x Ax P Pi. PsqUSz uu
A kP CUS.
G, mP Ezv \PUS, Au [Q
PUS H u {n PP[P J US J G
\xx.

C uxPx P P A].

Auih mP Ezv \kx, |US u

A mP Su , AvP A QhUP HkQx.

[V[ Vm>_ (Inter Changeability)

J Cvzv P Ehx mh, Ax kzv ux
mh, Au APmk, vuP J zxx, A Gu
u\ uUPmhuP Cu Ax Gu |mi, Gu
{zv [Qu | zu si Cvzv \P, GuP
usk. CuS o Es AP, Ax
Auh ]x TkuP Ax SP P Su zv\zv
PkUPmh GUS CUP sk. A C A
Auk Cn si h Cn. Cu JUP
xu (Inter Changeability) GQ.
88

JUP xu (Inter Changeability) Hk |P:

1.

mP Smh G AUS uUPku, Ax

usi Pzxh Gv Jh J xQx.

2.

Su |zv AvP A Ezv \kQx.

G,

A SQx.
3.

Cv P[P x, Ax GkzxUP | SQx.

4.

Ezv \k AvP A nv.

ot \uD kB

(Shaft)
Aa_ Gx E i J mhzuU
SuS.

me (Hole)
zv xh J E mhzuU SuS.
zx oP Jh J x P BsP G,
sP G CUS. BsP Gx Aa\, sP Gx
x SUS.

g>V e (Basic Size)

Bu A Gx J Eum\ G, Sum\
G SkuS BuP E AUS ""Bu A'' (Basic Size)
G. Aux HPk A (Tolerance) uhu Es
AU SUS.
89

zD e (Actual Size)
J Ezv \x izu S CUPUTi AS ""CUS
A'' (Actual Size) G .

es[ _ (Limit of Size)

Pa \ AS Gu ux Gx Pi. G,
Ezv \k Smh C G APUS CUSi
u \x Gx. Au GP Es Ah \ AvPP
Ax SP CUSi u \ AvUPkQx. \ AvPP E
A Eum\ G G, \ SP E A Sum\
G G AUQ.

\VV| (Deviation)
k (Deviation) Gx Bu AS, CUS AS E
zv\S.

\ \VV| (Upper Deviation)

k (Upper Deviation) Gx Bu AS, Eum\
GUS E zv\S.

z\ \VV| (Lower Deviation)

S k (Lower Deviation) Gx Bu AS, Sum\
GUS E zv\S.

BV| (Zero Line)

A G AP, Cn u BQ hzv
USx, Bu A SUS PmiS UPk G .
UPmiS E Sv Tku UP (Positive Side) G T.
Av

SUPk

APh

(+)

AhUS

\zxU

PkQx. UPmiS R E Sv S UP (Negative Side)

G TkQx. Cv SUPk APh (&) G AhUS
\zxU PkQx.

u|D e (Tolerance)
Eum\ G, Sum\ G BQ Csk APUS E
zv\zvS ""HPk A'' G . HPk A mhU
Skv C PP E.
1.

JP k (Unilateral Tolerance)

2.

CP k (Bilateral Tolerance)
90

x kV| x (Unilateral Tolerance)

HPk A k x Bu Ax Tku UPP
Ax S UPP mk PkUPmh AuS JP k
G.
GkzxUPmk: Bu A 40 G +0.02 G 40.02
&0.00 S G 40.00
Bu A 40 G

(Ax)

+0.00 G 40.00
&0.02 S G

39.98

x kV| x (Bilateral Tolerance)

HPk A k x Bu Ax Tku UP,
S UP BQ Csk CUSi PkUPmh AuS CP
k G.
GkzxUPmk: Bu A 40 G +0.04 G 40.04
&0.02 S G 39.98

A (Fits)
Csk P[P Jh J zxx Au Smh
ih Ax, ua]h Cnx vUP. Cu
Cn GQ. P[P G CnUPkQ Gu zx
Cn u kQx. Cv u {n Cn
PP zxx.
1.

AvP Ch CnP (Clearance Fits)

2.

Aizx H CnP (Interferencs Fits)

3.

Ch CnP (Transition Fits)

] k^e A (Clearance Fits)

Aa] A h xzv A x.

CskUS E

Ch A zx u UPkQx. x Ah Aa]
A SP Cu x u[Suh Aa_ \. G, Aa_
{ _ sn CUS. [, \ [SP CP
CnUPmiUS.

m uD A (Interference Fits)
Aa\x, x Ah AvPP Cu CuS Aizx H
Cn G . [SP Cu uzv u CnUPkQ.
91

Cv u[P E.
1.

[U Lm (Shrink Fit)

2.

m[ Lm (Heavy Driving Fit)

3.

m m[ Lm (Light Driving Fit)

Cv [ Lm Gx xh kzxx Ax
\ hQx. Av Aa] ~zx Eh Sa\u x _[Q
Aa\ CPizxUPQx. CP Cn [ Lm GQ.
m[ Lm Gx AvP \ Pkzx, x Aa\
CnUS U SUS.
m m[ Lm Gx Su \ Pkzx x Aa\
CnUS U SUS.

kBu A (Transition Fits)

CP Cn Aa_ x CsiS Ch Pa
] Ch Ax ]x uh CUS. Cv x HPk A
k (Tolerance) CUPx. J ivUS, Cu Cn
|S u[P E.
1.

L Lm (Force Fit)

2.

hm Lm (Tight Fit)

3.

[Q[ Lm (Wringing Fit)

4.

Lm (Push Fit)

u|D e kV| s>^

HPk A k [Pk u[P CPk. A,
1.

Aa] Aih A k.

2.

x Aih A k.

E[ e kV|
Aa] A SP wzxU Psk, Ax uUTi
xUS ui k Pkzx i \uS, Aa]
Aih A k G .

me e kV|
x A SP, wzxU Psk, Ax uUTi
Aa] A ui k Pkzx i \uS,
x Aih A k G .
92

> WBD (ISI)

GP (Limits), CnP (Fits) BQ J Smh AS
CUS \uu, x Ch[P
mP Ezv \mh, A Jh J \P xQx.
C \uPP {[P E. C u {nU
PP[P G AUQ. A,
1.

Ch| hshk BP\\

(International Standared Organisation System - ISO)

2.

{ (Newall System)

3.

Cv u {n (Indian Standard System-ISS)

[_ V| g[ ED (ISO System)
Cu A ] P BS 4500 : 1969 - C mhx. Cv
27 P CnP, 18 u[P (Grades) h\, 0 u 3150
.. AP (Size) CUP G zxx.

WRk_ ED
CP mk (Bilateral Tolerance) , x A mk
{ ]h kQx. C AP AvPm\P 150
.. \kQx. xP A , B G C u[PP
UPmkx.

]B > WBD (IS)

xP

~qUPP

xP

25

PPP

UPmkx. A B[Q GzxUPQ A u Z (I, L, O, Q,

W

}[PP ) 21 AhU Smh, Js, ZA, ZB, ZC G |S AhU

Smh, BP 25 Ah GzxUP ShkQx. Cu,

Aa_ ( S h a f t ) B[Q ] GzxUP Psh 25 Ah
GzxUP ShkQx. Cu IS 919 : 1963 C \x
A[RPUPmhx.
CnU Sh u x, Aa_ BQ CsiS x
Bu A Gv HPk A mh, uzu
Smk Aa] P, h, u BQ Sh sk.
EunP,
50 H8g7

Ax 50 H8/g7 G Sh.

93

sV^:
z] -

BV sB >>|m m.
1.

o Es AP, Ax Auh uP,

]uP CUSi PkUPk
A) m

B) J P k C) JUP xu

D) k
2.

3.

4.

x Ah Aa] A SP E Cn
A) Ch Cn

B) AvP Ch Cn

C) Aizu H Cn

D) m

Su \ ux x Aa\ CnUS Lm
A) m i[ Lm

B) i[ Lm

C) ][U Lm

D) hm Lm

Bu AS, CUS AS E zv\

A) CUS A

B) k

C) Bu A
5.

ISI

D) x

Gx

A) HPk A

B) Cv u {n

C) { ]h

D) Cn

{ kV>_ sB:
6.

xP u ~qUPzu Gzu PP UP?

7.

Aa_ G G?

8.

HPk A PP ?

{ k_ sB:
9.

z] - g

JUP zxu G G?

10. m G G?
11. Lm G G?
12. Bu A G G?
13. A G G G?
94

 es_ sB:

z] -

14. k & PP USP.

15. HPk A k G G? C PP USP.
16. u {n G G? A PP USP.

skV sB:

z] - ~

17. JUP zxu PP .

18. Cn u G G? PP .

95

8. wKD ]B m>_
(POWER TRANSMISSION)

xD
Cv[P C[SuS _ \Uv P CuuS. _
\Uvx mh mk, Cv[P CUQUPkQx.
_ \Uv, mh (Belt), n (Gear), \[Q (Chain) K Aa]ux
Aa]S PhzukQx. Ch AvP Aa_P CnUP
mh kQx. _ \UvU Phzxx, P UP (Slip) Hk.
\[Q _ \Uv Phzukx, P UP Hkv.
P UP C Phzuk _ \US, "{a\ P
Kmh' (Positive Drive) G . mh _ \UvU Phzxx
ua] PnP UP Hmk vmhmh Pzv _x. Au, {a\
P Kmh (Non Positive Drive) G T.

JD wKD ]B m>_
Aa_ Ax EPx mh (Belt) zv Gu Aa]x \Uv
kQu Au Aa]S C[S E (Driving Shaft) G, Auh
Cnu Aa]S CUPk E (Driven Shaft) G .
C, u, , \mk, P B
PUQP

m,

|m

mh

CnUPmiUS. SUSmk P zx, \P iP,

mh iP, mhmh T iP CUS. mhUS
EUS Ch Hk iz u (Grip) _ \Uv
PhzukQx.
mh _ \Uv C PP Phzu.
1. |mh (Direct Belt)
2. SUSmh (Cross Belt)

JD wKD ]B m>_

]xNI
l

96

C EP _ mhx |P, SUQh

CnUPmiUS US, |mh G.

mhUS

EUS Ch izu \ S. C C EP
J v\ _. C[S E g_P _, Auh Cnu
CUPk E g_P _.

zz JD wKD ]B m>_

C C EP SUSmi CnUPmiUS.
C EUS mhUS Ch Hk iz u (Grip)
AvP.
C EP Gvv v\ _. C[S E g_P
_

CUPk

Chg_P

_.

mh

ua]hxmh }zuU Szx \\x P.

k^ (Types of Belts)
_ \UvU Phzu RUPsh P mhP kzukQx.
1.

umh imh (Flat Belt)

2.

V-

i mh (V-Belt)

umh i mh SUS mk ui 0.75 .. u 5 ..

CUS. umh i mh _ \UvU Phzx v 98 \uuP
CUS. Cx umh i Ea _US.
V-

i mh SUS i ui 8 .. u 19 ..

CUS. Cu _ \UvU Phzx v 70 \uQu u 98 \uQu

CUS. Cx V &i Psh Ea _ US.

ks>D
P Qu Gx C[S E, Smh |zv _ _P
GsoUPUS, CUPk E, Au |zv _ _P
GsoUPUS E QuzuU SUS.
97

D1, D2

G C EP mh[P G, N1, N2 G

A P G Psh
N2
______

P Qu,

N1

D1
_______
D2

G, PQu Gx mh uizx, P UP
zx k. A PnUQ GkzxUP sk. E
Ax Aa] Pzu J {hzv _ _P GsoUP zx
RPM (Revolution Per Minute)

Sh sk. mh CnUPmh C

Aa_P uzu Pzu, mhzu UQ Gs \P

CUS.
G, D1 N1 = D2 N2 BS.
GkzxUPmk PnUS & 1:
mh CnUPmh CUP J CUS E mh
200 \.. CUPk E mh 50 \.. G P Qu G? P
Qu PnUQkx Guu [PU PnUQ P sk?
N1

Gx CUS E P

N2

Gx CUPk E P

D1

Gx CUS E mh

D2

Gx CUPk E mh = 50 \..

= 200 \..

N2

D1

200

N1

D2

50

P Qu =&&&&&& = --------- = --------- = 4

P QuzuU PnUQkx CUS E mh, CUPk
E mh, EP mh iuPP mhmi
Au B, mh ui, P UP \uQu BQ SPU
PnUQ P sk.
GkzxUPmk PnUS & 2:
600 .., 200 .., mh C \UP[P | mh
CUPkQx. ] mh E P {hzvS g_P 400
_UP (RPM) _ \UPzv P G? _ v\ G?
D1 = 600
D2 = 200
N1 = 400 RPM
N2 = ?

D1 N1 = D2 N2
98

N2

= D1 N1
D2
= 600 X 400
200
= 1200 RPM
_ v\ g_S.

GkzxUPmk PnUS & 3:

m CnUPmh C Aa_UP 100 .. mhh E
zumkx. Cx 1500 RPM Pzv Chg_P _Qx. Akzu
Aa_ g_P 750 RPM Pzv _ sk, G A mh
E Av zuh sk.

m G CnUPh

sk.
D1 = 100
D2 = ?
N1 = 1500 RPM
N2 = 750 RPM
D1 N1 = D2 N2
D2

= D1 N1
N2
= 100 X 1500
750
= 200 mm

SUQk m CnUPh sk.

k k_ (Belt Slip)
_ \Uv mh Phzxx CUPk E vmhmh
Pzv _, S Pzv _. mh i ua]
Hku CuS PnS. Cu PU SS P UP G.
mh P UP \uQu A TQ.
mh UP (%)
D1, D2

vmhmh P & Es P
= &&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
vmhmh P

# 100

Gx C EP mh[P G, N1, N2 G

A P G, S Gx P UP \uQu G Psh,
N2
N1

D1
X
D2

(100-S)
100

99

G `zvzu kzv P QuzuU Pn.

GkzxUPmk PnUS:
60 \.. mh CUS E 200 R P M Pzv _Qx.
Auh mh CnUPmh 40 \.. mh CUPk E
291 RPM Pzv _Qx G mh UP G?
N1
D1
N2

=
=
=

200 RPM
60 Cm
?

D2

40 Cm

N2
D1
____
= ___
N1
D2
N1 X D1
N2 = ________
D2
200 X 60
= ________
40

= 300 RPM

N2 = 300 RPM
(N2 - 291)
= __________ X 100
300

mh UP

(300 - 291)
= __________ X 100
300
9
= __________ X 100 = 3%
300
= 3%

_o k^

nP PP E. A RUPsh nP
UQS.
1.

| n (Spur Gear)

2.

| n (Helical Gear)

3.

\ n (Bevel Gear)

4.

umh ] n (Rack & Pinion Gear)

5.

n
(Worm & Worm Gear)

_o (Spur

Gear)

mh umk E i
Au _ Aa_US CnP P
mhmiUS, AuS | n G .
100

]
xO

CnP Cn C uskP Cnzx _ \UvU Phzu

kQx.

_o (Helical Gear)
mh umk E i
Au _ Aa_US CnP C _
izv, P |P mhmiUS,
AuS | n G . CnP
Cn Cnu C uskP
Cnzx _ \UvU Phzu kQx.
| n h | n
AvP \U Phzu i.

]}
xO

_o (Bevel
\

Gear)

mhmiUS. Cx xP JUP
\[SzuP

Aa_P

Cnzx

\U Phzu kQx.

> \uD E _o (Rack & Pinion Gear)

umh n Gx P
mhmh }sh EP mhS.
Cuh x ]n
Q G Axsk. ]
nx

_.

umh

n |P, P
VNI
~
>
xO

_x. n Pzu RPM G

Sh sk.

umh n |P Pzu {hzvS Gzu mh G

Sh sk. Au PnUQh, n hUPmi P (Pitch
Line Speed)

Gu PnUQh sk. Axu umh n |P

PS.

kVD \uD kVD _o (Worm & Worm Gear)

Gx hmh ] z usi x. Cv
J Ax PU PsiUS. Gx \UPzxh
101

x. \UPzv _ Su
mhmk Av P mhmiUS.
Au Su zv ix AvP P S
\x \U Phzu six C\UP
kzukQx.
CP n JUP \[SzuP
(90 ) E C Aa_P Cnzx _ \UvU
0

PhzukQx.

_o >V
_ \Uv mh Phzxx EP mhzu
zx P G CUS G PnUQh. B, PnUQmhi
Es P CUPx. \ SP CUS. iz u Sx
mh UQU Pu CuS PnS. C PnUQk Pzv
k C E _ sk, \[Q \UP (Chain Wheel), \[Q
(Chain)

Ax nP (Gears) kzu sk.

C nP Jh J Cnx _x, CUS

n g_Pa _ CUPk n Chg_Pa _.

CUS n Ph CUPk n P SP
C P AvPS. P GsoUP AvPP C P
SP CUS.

P Qu Gx CUS n P

GsoUP, CUPk n P GsoUP Szx

GsnS. Cx GsnP, Ax P CUP.
GkzxUPmk PnUS:
24 P Psh n Chg_P 450 RPM Pzv _x,
Auh Cn 36 P Psh n Gu v\ Gu Pzv
_?
T1 = N2
T2
N1
T1 = 24 P
T2 = 36 P
N1 = 450 RPM
N2 = ?

24 = N2
36
450
N2 X 36

= 450 X 24

N2 = 450 X 24 = 300 _P (g_)

36
N2 = 300 RPM

102

B _o >V
J Aa] J
n u CUSi
zx

uha]P

nP

CnUS

US

nz

uh (Simple Gear Train) G

.

(
xO
VI

CP E

nP P GsoUP zx P Qu CUS. u
n zumh Aa]S, Ph] n zumh
Aa]S Ch C Au zv \ nP zuk.
C P Quzu _ v\ mk . CnUS
n (Idle Gear) G .
G nz uh zu nP GsoUP
JhP C, u n, Ph] n J v\
_.
GkzxUPmk PnUS :
A, B, C, D

G nP G \UPzuh CnUP

mk. A P GsoUP 80, 50, 60, 40 G Psh

D

G n Chg_P 320 _P _ A G n Gu

v\ Gzu _P _?
T1 = 80 P
T2 = 50 P
T3 = 60 P
T4 = 40 P
N4 = 320 _P

T1 = N4
T4
N1
N1 = N4 X T4
T1
= 320 X 40
80
= 160 RPM
_ v\ g_S.
103

| _o >V
J

Aa]

JUSmh

nP zumh nz
uhUS, Tmk nz uh
G

Cv,

CUPk

n Px Chmh
nP P GsoUP
zx k. _ v\x
nz

uh

zux.

SQ

A
Ch

AvP PQu u i.
GkzxUPmk PnUS:
Tmknz uh CUS Aa_ A 30 P Psh
n g_P 1200 _P _Qx. Azxh 90 P Psh
n B G Aa] CnUPkQx. B Aa] 40 P Psh
n CnUPmk, Anx CUPk Aa_ C 60
P Psh nUS _ \ Phzumh, CUPk
n P _ \ G?
TA
TB1
TB2
TC
NA

=
=
=
=
=

30 P
90 P
40 P
60 P
1200 RPM

NB1 = ?
NB2 = ?
NC = ?
NB1 =
=
=

Csk J Aa] Eu

NB1 =
NB1 =
NB2 =
NC =
=
=

TANA
TB1
30 x 1200
90
36000
90
400 RPM
NB2
400 RPM
TB2 X NB2
TC
40 x 400
60
16000
60

CUPk Aa] P NC = 266.66 RPM

Ph] CUPk Aa_ g_P _.
104

sV^:
z] -

BV sB >>|m m.
1.

AvP Ch E _ \UvU Phzu

A) mh

2.

B) n

C) \[Q

D) mh

C[S E mh 200 \.., P Qu 4 G CUPk

E mh
A) 100 \.

3.

B) 25 \..

C) 40 \..

n P Pq k
A) N 1D 1=N2D2

B) N T - N A / N T X 100 C) T 1 / T 2 = N 2 / N 1

{ kV>_ sB:
4.

RPM

5.

mh PP ?

6.

n PP Csk T.

7.

n G?

8.

\ n G G?

G G?

{ k_ sB:
9.

D) 50 \..

z] - g

_ \UvU Phzx P ?

10. P UP G G?
11. nzuh PP ?
12. umh ] n G G?

es_ sB:

z] -

13. mh _ \Uv Phzxu

14. P Qu Gu USP.
15. G nz uh h x USP.
16. Tmk nz uh h x USP.

skV sB:

z] - ~

17. | mh hzxh .
18. SUSmh hzxh .
105

D) RPM

9. ]ksB_
(HYDRAULICS)

xD
v[P Azu \zxu Au P AU SUP
ix. CP UQ SnzuUPsh v[P CUP Ax
PuS v (Hydralics) G .
CzuP v, | u\P, Av C[SQ Cv
\u[P AP u[Q \P |h x
EuQx.

] skPUS usp mk kzv

Cv[P CUPmhu Au } G Azu. ux uspUS

vP GsnP kzukQ. G, ux v
G AUPkQx.

] (Density)
J K AS UP { Ahzv Gk.
J vzvS Ahzv k.
{
Ahzv
= __________

>D (Pressure)

K AS \[SzuP \k CUS \ Azu

Gk. Azuzv AS = {mh / 2 ( N/m 2) Ax P BS.
Azu
1.

CUS \
______________

{P E vzv J Azux, B
Ahzv zuuS.

2.

B AvPUSx vzv Azu AvPUS.

V^ee (Volume)
v[P AhzxUP Chzv PA P Gk.
Cu AS 3 BS.

]ksB_ u (Hydraulic Circuit)

u\P uPUS H P v \u[P
E. A S Cnzx v Gsn \zumk
106

 \P |h Eu _US v _ (Hydraulic Circuit) G

.

VuB_ u (Pneumatic Circuit)

v GsnUS vP AvP Azuzv E P
kzv \P |h Eu _US ""P _''
(Pneumatic Circuit)

G .

| u\P Cv \u[P u[Q

Cv[P

BQ

_P

CUPkQ.

]k[ z^
1.

Ek u Pshx.

2.

Gv u Pshx.

3.

{ i Qhx.

4.

um {PUS H P vhP,
P .

5.

Gv wiUPu u Pshx.

6.

u Pshx.

7.

A Hkzuu u Pshx.

8.

Gv BU]Pn Ahx.

9.

kzxx z u Hk.

10.

uP Su QhUS.
T Sn[P Azx J GsnUS Cx Ax. G,

m Gsnx ] zukzx uUP

C\mPa \zx, v Gsn u\kQx.
m h Sn [P Ps h v GsnP \ u u P
QhUQx.

B]sB_ B> VKD, ]ksB_ B][ ^

1.

\Uva \zxx, Hk zu Gv }USQx.

2.

AvP v ux. C[Sx \zu Hhx.

3.

Azu J ^P CUS.

4.

v \u[P Ev.

5.

mi US \u Gx u.

6.

AvP , {P, xP {{zx u

Psh.
107

7.

v \uzvS Gsn {zumh Th, Au

Azu Sh uhx Smh { h \k.

8.

v \Uv GuP u ChzvS zx Gkzxa\

kzu i.

9.

v CUPzv Pmkmk \u[P CUSu P GuP

CUS.

10.

m, \, Qma. U, P, \u[P u.

11.

v CUPzv |h A\x _i,

|Pmi |Pi, uha]P CUSi, mk mk
CUSi, u Pzv CUSi P Gv
AUP.

12.

x \hUTix. |Px.

13.

Smh \ |h, Cv ~mzuh v \u

Ax Gx.

14.

Su Ch xx.

15.

S yzv v \uzu Azx Psk, Smh Chzv

u \ |hi \.

16.

_ Ax |P v \u[P v\ Gv
i.

17.

_ Ax |P P vUSi, uUP
AzxUP.

18.

v Sum\ \Uv \zv, AvP \UP

\.

19.

v \u[P
GuUPmkx.

20.

Cv[P {x, x GuP CUS.

21.

\u[P kzv BzxP Hk G GvUS

Ch[P v \u[P kzu.

kzxu,

Cv

] ^
1.

Gsn P] Hmh y_ xP uh \zx

A_zukzx.

2.

A_zu[P ix v SP k.

3.

v SP AvP Azu PnP Eh Hmh,

Gsn | x x Bzx Hh sk.

4.

v Gsn P] PnP w zx Hh x.
108

VuB_ u[ ^
1.

P HP QhUQx.

2.

P _P AvP Azuzxh P \ku _

yP CUS.

3.

P _ Gx. S.

] ^
1.

P _ AvP Azu P \ku, Azu k

PnP P _ \ uS x.

2.

Gv Cv P[P zu Hkzx.

]ksB_ F _KD zwVF^

v k Gsn SP Ev UPuP, EmUP
\\, Ava]z u[S \Uv PshuP, u
Gsn Phzx AS mh PshuP CUP sk.

]ksB_ u_ B[|>|D zwVF^

v

RUPsh

SP

AvPP

kzukQ.
1.

GLS SP

2.

iU SP

3.

C SP

]ksB_ u_ B[|>V> zwVF^

1.

\ SP v Gsnh \x BU]Pn AhuS

Cu Cu kzuU Thx.

2.

xzu|P, U], Pm SP Az u Pshu,

C kzuUThx.

3.

xzu|P a_ ] |mP Evxk Gu CP SP

kzuUThx.

VmVA V>^
v _ Gsn Azu Gx J vP
Cv. AiUPi k. CP Azu mh C PP
UP.
1.

J ^P AvPzu Ax J ^P Szu.

2.

vj AvPzu Ax vj Szu.
109

GP uP Cu, Smh AS AvP Azu

v _ HhUThx. A Hmh v _ uhx
\ S. G, uUS AvP Azu Ax, uUS
S Azu Hmh, AUSkP }UQ J ^ Pzv
v _ \h, RPsh xP \u[P kzukQ.
1.

v Ehz uPk (Hydrualic Fuse)

2.

Azu k (Pressure Relief Valve)

3.

uS (Accumulator)

4.

Ava] u[Q (Shock Absorber)

]ksB_ cA >| (Hydrualic Fuse)

A P uPk J zumiUS.
v S CUP si AvP m\ Azuzu mk u[S \Uv
Pshu Cu uPk CUS. AvPm\ Ah Hux Pnzv,
Azu AvP Au uPk Ehx, AzuzuU Szx
Gsn S Gsn umiUS Ak.
Ehz uPk Ehx mh uPh mk AUP ix. v
zu sk.

> s|A kV_ (Pressure Relief Valve)

v _ J Smh Azuzv
Gsn x Cvzu CUSQx.

uk Gsn Smh AS \
v _ vSS. G, _ E
Gsn Smh AS \u, k
Pmkkzv, v _ xPUQx.

>VzV[ (Accumulator)

"[V
L}{

Gsn

Azu

Sx, Au Dk\ ukx

Gsn [S \U PUS uS
G . Cu B[Qzv AUSmh G
T.

Cx xP \uP C mh,

Ava] u[Q \k.

110

]E >V (Shock Absorber)

vzu, ku
\P |h x, v _
Gsn A Ax
u Hk. Cu Azu Ga], Ax
a] Gk v u Hk.
C

uhx

Hmh

|h

v _ \Uv Cx uh |.
C v _ vj AvPS
Ax

Azuzu

Dk

Ava]

u[QP

kzukQ.

]ksB_ u (Basic Hydraulic Circuit)

|UP :
oh J UQ |P, UQ |P Ax
Smh Chzv {zu \u

UP :
v mh CUPk v , Gsn
umix iPmi P Gsn AvP Azuzv \Qx.
\mh Gsn Azuzu Azuo PmkQx. v
_ Smh AS AvPP Azu Hh CUP k
zumkx.
\mh Ezu Gsn, v\ P G
E ~Qx. E g\ { Ex.
G, P G AB G Ph CnUPkv. E G Gsn
umiUS \ h CnUPmiUS. G, \mh
Gsn v Gsn umiUS \Qx.
Cx, E g\ Chx US u, P Gx
A

Eh Cn. B Gx E Eh Cn. G, AvP Azuzxh A

x, h UQz u.

h uskUP E

Gsn, B ~x, E Gsn umiUSa \.

Akzx E g\ x USz u, P Gx
B

Eh Cn. A Gx, E Eh Cn. G, AvP Azuzxh

111

Gsn, B x h UQz u. UP E
Gsn, A ~x E P Gsn, umiUS \.

112

CP, h UQ |Pi, UQ |Pi

Ax Hux J { A\ CUSi, \ Cu Aih
v _ kQx.

k k| kV_ (Emergency Cut Off Valve)

v _ S, u Pmkmk S Ch
k zumiUS. v _ Smh AS
Azu AvPP Pmkkzv v _ xPUP k
PkUPmkx. k \h , v
_ Azu AvPQk. C{ HhvUP Azu AvPSx
CUS mh, AvP A mhzu GkzxUPx,
Eh CUS mh {zxuPP AUPmh u
A\ mk BS. Cx S u Pmkmk S
Ch zumiUS.

sV^:
z] -

BV sB >>|m m.
1.

J K AS UP {
A) Azu

2.

C) Ahzv

D)

C) 3

D) Hx

Azuzv AS
A) 2

3.

B) P
B) {mh/ 2

vzv Azu AvPUSx v _ xPUS \u

A) Azu k

B) v Eh uPk

C) uS

D) Ava] u[Q

{ kV>_ sB:
4.

v[P Sn[P Csk T.

5.

P _ AT J T.

6.

v _US kzuk SP JU T.

113

{ k_ sB:

z] - g

7.

v G G?

8.

v Eh uPk G G?

9.

Azu k G G?

10. Ava] u[Q G G?

11. v _ G G?
12. v xP \u[P |QU T.

es_ sB:

z] -

13. v[P Sn[P mikP.

14. uS h x USP.
15. Ava] u[Q h x USP.

skV sB:

z] - ~

16. Azu k \k uzu h x .

17. v CUPzv AT[P, v T[P .
18. v _ G h x USP.

114

10. t[MB_
(ELECTRICAL)

xD
\zu vP, uzx[P, PP, Ezv \u
Au BS.
Cx CQ, Cv[P CUSx \ G
Ax PPx.

t[>D (Voltage)
i.]. \ ]mi |Pmi PhzvPUQh,
H.]. \ L {m PhzvPUQh E
zuzu h GQ. Cu AS ""m'' G, V G
Gzu ShkQx.

t[VD (Current)
J Phzv SUS mk Phx \ GUmP
CUP mh Gk. Cu AS ""B'' G, I G Gzu
ShkQx.

gDB (Ampere)
J Phzv SUS mk J T \ J |i
|zv \zumh, AUPhzv \ mh J
B BS. Cu A G Gzu ShkQx.

, 4
115

W$PSHUH

t[> (Resistance)
J mh \uS A u GvS
uh G .

Cu AS ""K'' G, R G Gzu

SkQ.
Phzv Czuh # }
uh = __________________________________________ (A)
SUS mk

 O/
5
$

Cv,
l

Phzv Czuh

K & mh

Phzv }

mh

Phzv SUS mk & \x mh

t[ ][
J |i |zv \mh U Sx v Gk.
v

= m # Psm.

Cu AS m (W) BS

t[ gu_ (Electric Energy)

Smh Pzv kzumh vUS B G
.
B = v # P. Cu AS m o (WH) BS
J m

= J Qm o

B] gu_ (Mechanical Energy)

J Sv v (Horse Power) = J Q m o (KWH)

{D s] (Ohm Law)
J _ { CUSx Au
mhx, zuzvS | Quzv, uhUS Gv
Quzv CUS. Cx, ""K v'' Gk.

9,9 ,5, 95

116

t[ u (Circuit)
_ Gx mhx \ x PhzvP
UP x \ uU SUS.

>V t[ u (Series Circuit)

Csk Ax AuS mh uhP uha]P hzv
Pmi CnUPmh _US uh _ G .

9 9995 555, 6DPHIRUDOOHOHPHQWV

t[ u (Parallel Circuit)
Csk Ax AuS mh uhP hzv Pmi
G uhP B P JP, i P JP
CnUPmh _US UP _ Gk.









9 9 9 9 6DPH

, ,,,
5 555

z
1.

PkUPmh uh _ 36V \zumh _

zu uh mh PsP.

117

5


,



2.

555

2KPV
95
 $

PkUPmh UP _ 36V zu \zumh,

zu uh J uh mh BQ
PsP.

5



3.


5

5 5 5



RKP






 95  

$
 95  
$
 95   $
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,
,
,

PkUPmh UP uh _ zu uh PsP.

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5 55

 
5 RKP

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 RKP

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118

V s] (Kircoffs Law)
Q\L v kzv K v h ]UP _P
mh, zu BQP GuP PnUQh. C C
PPP UP.
1.

uv (A) Q\L mh v

2.

Csh v (A) Q\L zu v

x>_ s] () V t[V s] (KCL)

J _ CsiS mh Q uP \vUS x
\

mh[P

Tku,

Au

mh[P TmkzuPUS \.

\vUS E

mhzv v BS. Cu mh v G T.


,,, ,,,
,,,,,, 

VD s] () V t[> s] (KVL)
J _ E UP Hk zu
a]P TmkzuPx _ \zumh AzuzvS \.
Cu zu v G T.



119




99 ,5,5
99,5,5 

V>sB_ (Magnetism)
DUS u Psh Pu Gk.

DUS \x

Puzv Gvv x[PUQh HkQx. C\ Pu CUS

\ (MMF) G T.

Cu AS Qm (Gilbert) G AP

ShkQx. Cu Pu CUS \ Pu \P Cu Cu
AS B _ (Ampere Turns) G Sk.

MMF - Maganeto Motive Force

t[V>D (Electro Magnetism)
m \mh EPzv x Phmh P hzv
Pmi _mk \ ux EPzv | \Uv u Pu
EshS. Cx Pu Gk. Cu Puzv Akzukzu
C x[PUS Ch E Pu \, Pu CUS \ (EMF)
Gk.

Electro Magnetic Force

V>sV| (Magnetic Flux)

Pu zv \Q Pu \UPkP Pu\UPkP
GQ. Cu AS MKS (Weber) G, CGS
U (Maxwell) G AP Shk. Cu G AhU
Sk Shsk.

120

V> V|[ (Flux Density)

KS E Pu PkP GsoUP Pu PkP
\ Gk. Cu B G Gzu Sh sk.

V>A ko\ (Magnetic Intensity)

Puzua _ Gu G Pu EnkQu, Ax
Pu Gk. Pu v\ Enk. Cu H
G Gzu SUP sk.

V> cAz][ (Permiability)

J \ Pu PkP GsoUPUS,
AUS vP, Ahzv P C AvUPUTi Pu
PkP GsoUPUS E Qu Pu EmS v Gk.
Pu EmS v C Pk.
1.

{a\ Pu EmS v
(Absolute Permiablitity)

2.

Cn Pu EmS v
(Relative Permiablitity)

V> > (Reluctance)

Pu Pu PkP Phx \ui ukUS
SnzvS Pu uh G . Cu AS AT/wb BS.

t[V> #_ (Elcetro Magnetic Induction)

Pu \UPkP J PhzvUPsk mi, Ax
Phzv Pu \UPkP mi, Phzv \
yshk. Cx Puzysh Gk. C yshk
\ ysk \ G AUP.
yshk \x Pu , Pu PkP
mk Pzu zux.

Vl[ s]^ (Faradays Laws)

uv :
Pu \UPkP Phzvx, mku Ax
Phzv Pu \UPkP mku, Phzv CUS\
yshk.

121








Csh v :
J Phzv yshk CUS\ (mh) x, J
|i |zv Phzvx, Pu \UPkP mk A Ax J
|i PuPkP k Azx A.
Cv Phzv AB Ax P N _UP, hx Pu PkP 1 wb,
u x Pu PkP 2 wb, t- |iP Phu
N2 - N1
Pu ysh = ________________ wb/sec.
t

t[ V> #_ \uD t[V ]

(Direction of EMF and Current)
Pu yshUS, mhzvS Ch E uh
Pu PkP v\US, Phzv CUP v\US E uh
L[Q UP v {UP.

et k s]

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122

hzv Pmi UP , BPmi BQ

JUP \[SzuP zxUPsk |k E[PUS \[SzuP
CUSi zxUPsh, BPmi Pu PkP v\,
Phzv |P v\ SuPU Psh, |kx
yshmh mhzv v\U SUS.

et s]
hzv Pmi ChUP , BPmi BQ
JUP \[SzuP zxUPsk |k E[PUS \[SzuP
CUSi zxUPsh, BPmi Pu PkP v\,
|k mh v\P SuPU Psh, Pmh
Phzv |P v\U SUS.

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1I[W
]1
W=

t[VD
\ Csk Pk.
1.

| v\ \ (Direct Current - D.C.)

2.

v\ \ (Alternative Current - A.C.)

] t[VD (Direct Current - D.C.)

|v\ \ Gx Azuzu |iP | _P,
Gv_P QhUP \. mhx Gv _ Cx
| _US GmP \. C zvx E
zuP E.

UQP, |v\ \, v

\PUPmk kzukQx. Eun: mh. | v\ \

Ezv \ mhP kzukQ.
123

\V] t[VD (Alternative Current - A.C.)

v\ \ Gx \zv Azu mh
BQ A, v\, uhx UPsh CUS.

J Pa_ (Coil) (AB, CD) N _UP Pshx G, V v\Pzv

Pu zv _uPUP. Pu PmiS PhzvUS E Pn
G Psh Phzv yshk CUS \ A= V m Sin .

(Cycle)
J +Ve Sv, J -Ve Sv Psh AC \zv A A
Gk. Cv Au A, v\ Pnk.

kD (Frequency)
J |i Hk AP GsoUP A P
Gk. Cu AS \UQ /|i. Ax m (Hertz) HZ G Gzu
Shk. |x \ zu 50c/s G [PkQx.

124

J[ .E. t[VD
PP 120 0 Pn Ch Pu zv _a\
x QhUS \ L \ Gk. Cv Csk
Cn P E. A,
1.

J Cn (RYB System) (A) hh

2.

|S J Cn (RYBN System) (A) h

[ kV_ (V L )
Csk LS Ch E Azu BS.

V L = V RY = V YB = V RB

[ (I L)
J L mhS.

IL = IR = IY = IB

kV_ (V P)
J L i[Q E zu k BS.

(I P)
J L i[Q Hk mhS.

_V x (Delta System)

9/ 93 95< 9<% 95%

,3 ,5 ,< ,%
$QG,3 ,/"


125

V x (Star System)

 ,/ ,5 ,< ,%

93 9/"951 9<1 9%1 93
3

V \uD _V kV|
hmh

VL = VP

VP = VL /3

I P = IL / 3

IL = IP

t[ ][
H.]. L] v = V L I L Cos

] t[V][ ^:
1.
2.

zuzvx E zuP E.

3.

|i mh S.

4.

A\ P C

5.

_h Cnzu mk mh \hk.

6.

Cx J zu S.

7.

x A E.
126

\V] t[V][ ^:
1.
2.

RMS

v, \\ v zx Cu AvPm\ zu

A.
3.

v\ mh S.

4.

A P Esk.

5.

x uh, P]mh ChUh BQ

zx A.

6.

][Q L , L E.

7.

Cv x A C.

sV^:
z] -

BV sB >>|m m.
1.

mhzv AS
A) m

2.

B)

C) m

D) Qm

B) K

C) m o

D) T

C) m

D) K

C) T

D) mh

v AS
A) m

5.

D) K mh

uh AS
A) mh

4.

C) B

zuzv AS
A) \xmh

3.

B) m

B) B

H.]. A Pzv AS
A) 50 C/S

B) m

{ kV>_ sB:
6.

mh Gu _ \P CUS G T.

7.

zu Gu _ \P CUS G T.

8.

Q u v x?

9.

Q Csh v x?

10. J Sv v v x?
127

11. MMF - Gv G?
12. EMF - Gv G?
13. i.]. \zu AvPP Ezv \ \uzv G?
14. H.]. L Cn Csk P ?
15. h hh k x?

{ k_ sB:

z] - g

16. mh G G?
17. uh G G?
18. K vU T?
19. Pu PkP \ G G?
20. Pu EmSv G G?
21. h u vU T.
22. h Csh vU T.

es_ sB:

z] -

23. uh _, UP _ h x US.
24. Q vP h x US.
25. L[Q Csk vP h x US.
26. h hh Cn h x \mh Gx.
27. | v\ v\ \zvQh kP ?

128

11. >VauV \V\

(INDUSTRIAL MANAGEMENT)

>VauV VlB_ (Plant Engineering):

u\ Gx G Bu[P J ChzvS Psk
x mP Ezv \ ChS.

u[P Gx BmP,

mP, Cv[P C SUS.

Psh Bu[P ]u ix, {x,
kzx kzxx iS
""u\ '' (Plant Engineering) G .

>VauV \sD (Plant Location):

u\ vuPz x[Su Ax HP E
u\ kzxu Ch (Site) , {Sv (Area)
uukzuUS ""u\ Ah'' G .

>VauV \s> >>|zD Vm kM

kBk:
1.

mPU Psk \ \ SUP

QhUS ChzvS AQ u\ AUP sk.

2.

Cu |kg\ USzx \vP Au ChP

Czu sk.

3.

uP Gv QhUPU Ti ChP Czu sk.

4.

{zv u, , A iP \v
HhuP CUP sk. zu, { Ava] v
Hhu ChP Czu sk.

5.

_zu Si} \v, u\ _zukzxuP usp

\v E ChP CUP sk.

6.

\Uv, G \v E ChP CUP sk.

7.

Pmh \v, x a\ C PzvP

sk.

8.

US, Su Pmhn, Ph \v A_ \PP E

ChP Cu |x.
129

9.

Psh u Si \v, zx, PUTh[P, \u

[P, xUS \vP AQ CUP sk.

10.

u\P AQ E ChP zx Ahzu u

\ sk.

>VauV k\A (Plant Layout) :

Pmhh, Cv[P, EPn[P, mP mP
|hk mP _P Ch |PuP Ch
S \ Chzu JxUQ Au ""u\ Ch''
GQ.

_ >VauV k\[ ^ :
1.

mP P SQx.

2.

Ezvzv AvPzx | uQx.

3.

uP Phx SQx.

4.

{ nP uQx.

5.

EPn[P uk \x SQx.

6.

PsPoUS o GP, _P vh
AQx.

gF

(Work Study) :

o B Gx Ezv USuP ]S. Ezvz

v AvPkzv Su Ezv UQ UP u
zv \u ""o B'' Gk.
o B Gx, B (Method Study), o Azu (Work
Measurement),

BQ Csk SUPP EhuS.

x gF (Method Study) :
J i v \x, S Au B \x Au
J ]UP G \ EUS ~mzvS "" B'' (Method
Study)

G .

o Azu (Work Measurement) :

v, uSv Psh J o J Smh \x
iUP GkzxUP |zuU PnUQk \US ""o Azu'' (Work Measurement)

G .

130

cu] \uD cu] ][ (Production and Productivity) :

cu] (Production):
mPU Psk, |US u v P (Product)
\ Ezv Gk.

cu] ][ (Productivity):
\UPmh uzvS, Au Qhzu Ezv AS
E Qu Ezv vS.
Ezvz v

Ezv A

__________________________

\UPmh u

cu] ]D, J>D

W][ cu] ][ (Productivity of Land):

J \ Ah J HUP {zv . 5,000 \zx \US

PP |mk . 10,000 v \US [P Q G,
Ezvz v

10,000
= ____________ - X 100 = 200%
5,000

A | PP, ]u \zu \x Au
J HUP {zv . 6,000 \zx . 15,000 v [P Q
G
Ezvz v

15,000
____________
6,000

- X 100 = 250%

ux {zv Ezvz v 200% zv Cx 250% US Exx.

BVe[ cu] ][ (Productivity of Men):

J o [ J |US 40 nP
uUQ.

A J ]u kzv J |US 50

nP uUQ G Au u Ezvzv RUPsh

E.
50 & 40
___________
40

- X 100 = 25% BP Ex CUQx.

B]][ cu] ][ (Productivity of Machine):

J xk Cv J |US 8 o |zv J v 100
mP xkQx G, Au Cv AvP mkP Psh
mk ""i U'' &P kzv 140 mP xmh,
131

Au Cvzv,
Ezvz v

140 & 100

_______________

100

- X 100 = 40% BP Exx.

cu] ] ]zD kax^

1.

\ Chzv `{ kzu.

2.

o \ kzxu .

3.

Ezv x \S Ezv |zu (Non-Productivity Time)

ozu SUP.

4.

oP \ FUSzu .

5.

Cv[P \P u .

6.

Cv[P PmkmiS Psk x, v Cv[PP

u .

7.

o (Men), Cv (Machine) mP (Material)

BQ \ A Gx zxUPu.

8.

oPUSa \ ] Au .

9.

u\ Ch (Plant Layout) xP BQ
kzxu .

cu]B ]t_ \uD ||m>_

(Production Planning and Control): PPC
Ezv vmhh (Production Planning) Gx mPU
Psk G Ezv \x G vmhk \S.
Pmkkzxu (Control) Gx Ezv vmhmhi \x iUP
u HkPa \ \S.

G, Ezv

\Pz vmhmk, A Smh P AS Amhni

\ \PU SUS.

PPC- l[ xB ^
1.

\ si \P Tmi ikzu (Pre Planning)

2.

Ezv x P (Product) k
\ si oP \kzxx.

3.

BUS

|zu

\x iUS |zu, Pmk Amhn u \u &

(Scheduling)

132

4.

mP \x iUP si P Amhn (Schedule)

EzvUP \ zvmh (Production Programmes) BQ
xPUS A (Despatching) Ezvz xUP Avzu.

5.

Ezva \Pz vmhmhi \ zu (Controlling)

PPC -l[ xBmkD:

u\ Gu \P uP |hv. u zvS
mPz uv.

Gu , Gu |zv, Gu

Cvzv, , G \ sk G SP u \x uu
PPC-x

UQ oPS.

E|iS.
C[Px.

Czx J u\

Czx \P \hmh Azu\ \

G, u\P P P C Gx UQzx ux.

Pmku Gx G xPUS Cu J. Ax u
PmkuP Czu sk.

>|V| (Quality Control)

Gu J kzxuS EPuuP CUP sk.
Cu | ""u'' (Quality) G \Q.
J Ezva \ x Azx J vP
Cv. A uzv u Pnk. Cx Cv, mk,
o iUS , o v BQ zx
kQx.

C uUP iu J.

C, Au u

{nUPmh AUS CUP sk.

""uUPmh o uzu Pskx Gx iu
J.

uuS uzuU Psk GkUPk

|hiUPUS uUPmkk'' (Quality Control) G .

\V\ VV|^ (Principles of Management)

20-&B si u\P a] |UQ
|hmhx. Cv[P P v Ezv P E.
A uP u. Ezv A AvPzux. v oP
AvP Szu, mi EUQx. EP mi
\UP a\Pz wUP i. a\Pz wUP
v \m] umhx. Cu \, Pmkkzu
uSv |P {UPmh. CP P (Managers) G
AUPmh.
133

\V\ (Management)
s Gx J P , A G T.
oPUSz uUP oP [Q |hzv, Pmkkzv {Pzv
SUP AhuS \P Szu ""s''
(Management)

BS.

F.W. F (F.W.Taylor)
F.W. h

A s uu G A

Puk. C 1890 1925 US Chmh PPmhzv ""uP

A s'' (Modern Scientific Management) & Hkzv. C
1878&C AUP E m GLS u\ (Midvale Steel Company)
\ u n T z u P u oz uh[Q.

S , u

v uP Qzx, P Au {zv 1884&B

Bsk u B. C u\ \u P
Gv. A J ""A sU Pmk'' (The Principles of
Scientific Management) BS.

A s Gx,
1.

Tx Pzu (Observation)

2.

Azu (Measurement)

3.

B Jku (Experimental Comparison)

4.

\P Szu (Formulation of procedure)

a\PUS w PsuS.

[ BV_ (Henri Fayol)

L, _ |mi u Av B. C _[P
\u mh (Mining Engineering) , 1860&C J {UP
_[P {zv \u. S, {P P u E
Au { iu Ph Cuu u v u{a
\u.
Ah }shP Pi E, P {P
Azu A, ""x u\ s'' (General and Industrial Management)

G zuPzv ""x sU Pmmh'' (General Man-

agement Principles)

mh.

A {Pzv |h G

\kP B PP zu.

134

AP,
1.

u ~qUP (Technical)

2.

{v (Financial)

3.

zuP (Commercial)

4.

xP (Security)

5.

PnUQh (Accounting)

6.

s (Management)

WkD (Organisation)
J u\ u Ah si G SUPP
{ uk BmP, mP, u[P, Cv[P BQ
G J [Q nz x P \US ""J [Pzu' '
(Organising)

G, C \kzx AS ""{'' (Organisation)

G T

Wk][ k^ (Types of Organisation)

1.

\ { (Line Organisation)

2.

h \ { (Taylors Functional and Staff Organisation)

3.

\ oP { (Line and Staff Organisation)

4.

\ oP \ { (Line and Functional Staff

Organisation)

5.

\S { (Executive Organisation)

\[ kD (Organisation Chart)
{zv P Pmh J hzv
US UPhS.

B \[ kD (A Simple Organisation Charts)

~
~x

~x

~x

xPN1

xPN1

xPN1

135

*HQHUDO0DQDJHU
:RUNV0DQDJHU

136

6XSHULQWHQGHQW
2IILFH

6XSHULQWHQGHQW
6KRS)ORRU

:RUN0HQ

sV^:
z] -

BV sB >>|m m.
1.

2.

3.

o B Gx
A) u\ Ch
B) Ezv USx
C) B
D) o Azu
Ezv vmhh Gx
A) o Ezv v
B) {zv Ezv v
C) mPUPsk Ezv \u
D) uUPmkk
s uu G AUPmh
A) L
B)
C) F.W. h
D) | z

{ kV>_ sB:
4.

B G G?

5.

Ezv v AvPUS P J T.

6.

{[P PP J T.

7.

G ?

{ k_ sB:
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

u\ G G?
u Ch G G?
o B .
s G G?
{ G G?

es_ sB:
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.

z] -

Ezv vmhh Pmkkzxu & .

uUPmkk Gu .
s PmkP .
{zv PP \kzxP.
u\ Ch AT[P ?

skV sB:
18.
19.
20.
21.

z] - g

z] - ~

u\ Ahzu G uuk Gu .
Ezv AvPUS P .
J G A hzu P.
J \ {zv hzu P.
137

12. \]|
(COST ESTIMATION)

xD
\ vk Gx J a \x iUP HhUTi
\[P, Tmi vk \ US \ vk G
.
\ vk \uS RUPsh SP Pzv Psk
vk \ sk. A,
1.

Pa\ , o A, CuS [S G, \u
BQ PnUQ Pu sk.

2.

mP Ezv \kzx Cvzv \

3.

mP Fv

4.

U LU\UP \

5.

{P \[P

6.

VV[ s
Pa\ mP Gx u EPzv ,
, HuP \, CUSuP \, PskuP
\ C Azx Ah[S.
Cuh ]a \[P \, Gsn, , uPk, P
xoP, Q, \U \zxUPu sk. Cu
] \[P Gx P EPzv S.
Pa\ xP C PP BS.
1.

Ezv \x [Sx

2.

\x

B][
J Ezv \ x Ax Cv[P
\x Ph] P Qx. A J
Cvzv G | \Q Gu PnUQmk oUS
C uP G vk \u sk. _P xk
138

J o | \u

= . 100.00

Ph\ Cvzv J o |zvS

= . 150.00

EUS Cvzv J o |zvS

= . 200.00

[ Cvzv J o |zvS

= . 250.00

A Cvzv J o |zvS

= . 300.00

Cu Pmhn Cvzv ~qUP vUP k.

kBV[ ]BD
mP Fv Gx Cvzv oP u Au
\x iUP u, ] PUP Fv BS.
Aux, mku, Sk \u, uzu zx
P \u.

\uD V
mP U LU\ iUPzu G, Au
EUSuS Ax, [SuS BPUTi zu \[P.

WkV ^
{Pa \ Gx RUPsh uP Ah[S.
1.

Cv PP u

2.

Cv[P UP BS \

3.

G \ \

4.

Pmhhzv hP a \

5.

AP oP, Fv APzvS u
vkP Cu \[P

6.

u\ PsPo, shPU P, P P
Fv.

7.

zvP \, USzx \ u \

8.

oP |UP ] \ Cu \[P

{Pa \ J u\US k.

VD \uD k
C Gx Psh Azx \[P zu Tku 10
\uQu P {n \k. , , USzx
\ Hv, CUSv \P BQ \zxUP
sk.
139

|
40 .. mh E, \ 60 P, 3 .. l Psh
30 .. AP |\UP, 100 GsoUP ukQx. \UP
\mk P mhk. 1 Q.Q. . 35 G,
zu \ vmh Pski. , J \UPzv G
Gu PsP. J \UPzv Ghx 1 Q.Q. BS.

V V[ s
\UP \ siu S Bh \ sk.
J \UPzv Gh

1 Q.Q.

100 \UPzv Gh

100 Q.Q.

J Q.Q.

. 35

100 Q.Q.

100 # 35 = . 3500

H T

. 25

USzx

. 50

CUS T

. 25

zu Pa\ =

3500+25+50+25 = . 3600

VV
Cvzv

Ph\

zu |
J o
uP
(100 \UPzvS) |zvS

{h
o

C Phx
\ mh \ J
\UPzvS 24 {h[P
u

2400

40

150

6000

]mi[

J \UP ]mi[
\ 24 {h[P G

2400

40

200

8000

J \UP [
\ 48 {h[P G,

4800

80

250

20,000

zu CvoUP \

160

zu o |mP

=
o T J |US . 200 u
140

160
8
20 |mP

34,000

= 20 X 200 = . 4000
{P \
= . 500
= ( +CvoUP \+o T+
{P \) X 10%
= (3600+34,000+4000+500) X 10%

L 100 \UPzv
L J \UPzv

42100 X 10%

=
=
=
=

. 4210
42100 + 4210
. 46310
46310
100
. 463.10
. 463/&

=
=

= 42100 X

10 J
100

sV^:
z] -

BV sB >>|m m.
1.

Cv[P UP BS \
A) {P \

B) mP Fv

C) Pa\mP \

D) a\

{ kV>_ sB:
2.

o iUP \hk \ G?

{ k_ sB:

z] - g

3.

\ vk G G?

4.

Fv Gx x?

es_ sB:

z] -

5.

\ vk \ Pzv P siP USP.

6.

{P \P & USP.

7.

Pa\ P Gu USP

skV sB:
8.

z] - ~

PUP \P GkzxUPmkh USP.

141

\V] sV>V^

Vm B]sB_ >V^ - 2
\VlB_

VD : 3 \

\] : 200

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------z] -

BV sB >>|m m.
1.

2.

30 x 1 = 30

u\ mP Ezv \
A)

B) Cvo

C) u

D)

u Eu Gx
A) u\ Ezv \
B) o xP
C) u\ zx Hkx PkUPk Ehi ]Qa\
D) Cv[P v

3.

4.

5.

6.

V- i

uh Psh i

A) U

B) sm

C)

D)

PP uPkP iUP, xsiUP k P

A) v

B)

C) B \

D) ga

E i o zuU Pn k P
A) AP

B) P

C) m

D) Szx P

|iP AUS P
A) P

7.

8.

B) AP

C) P

D) ih

omP AUP Eu AP
A) SP AP

B) PUQPsh AP

C) hUQ US AP

D) u Psh AP

EP mP u izvS Eu s
A) s

B) s

C) v s

D) C s
142

9.

u Gv v AvPUS
A) xUSu

B) Pikzxu

C) ukzxu

D) |][

10. P S \kzuk J
A) \i[

B) ukzxu

C) \i Pu E }

D) Gsn

11. o Es AP Ax Auh ]x uP,

]uP CUSi PkUPk
A) m

B) J P k

C) JUP xu

D) k

12. x Ah Aa] A SP E Cn
A) Ch Cn

B) AvP Ch E Cn

C) Aizx H Cn

D) m

13. ISI Gx
A) HPk A

B) Cv u {n

C) { ]h

D) Cn

14. AvP Ch E _ \UvU Phzu

A) mh

B) n

C) \[Q

D) mh

15. Azuzv AS
A) mh 2

B) {mh/mh 2

C) mh

D) Hx

{ kV>_ sB:
16. mh i Azv TP.
17. Amh TP.
18. T] TP.
19. P J T.
20. L P J T.
21. HSS Gv G?
22. xk E G P U] Ax U\?
23. RPM G G?
24. \n x?
143

25. P _ AT J T.
26. Q u v x?
27. vzv Azu AvPUSx v _ xPUS \u x?
28. mhzv AS x?
29. uh AS x?
30. s uu G AUPmh ?

{ k_ sB:

z] - g
10 x 4 = 40

31. u Eu G G?
32. Azv PP |S TP.
33. Szx P G G?
34. P G G?
35. AP G G?
36. xUSu G G?
37. Pizu G G?
38. U G G?
39. Bu A G G?
40. _ \Uv _ P ?
41. Azu k G G?
42. mh G G?
43. uh G G?
44. s G G?
45. \ vk G G?

es_ sB:

z] -
5 x 10 = 50

46. oUP xPU SP .

47. U\ k EhuS, uuSsh Pn[PU TP.
48. P h x USP.
49. AP AUS \kzxP.
50. A, \S A USP.
51. Pikzxu USP.
52. uh _, UP _ h x USP.
144

skV sB:

z] - ~
4 x 20 = 80

53. [ P \uzu h x .
(Ax)
P h x .
54. i uPk AP kP .
(Ax)
\ E h x .
55. 3 : 2 : 1 Ax B A\ i zu h x USP.
(Ax)
JUP zxu PP .
56. v _ G h x .
(Ax)
u\ Ahzu G uuk Gu .

145

sV \A - k
UP JxURk
.
Gs.

Sv & A

Sv&B

J
vs

|S
vs

Sv&C

Sv&D

zx
Cx
vs vs

146

1.

xP S

2.

PUPP

3.

AUPP

4.

EP[P oP

&

&

5.

kzv Sn \u

1 B

6.

U U\

1 B

7.

mP u, Cn

&

8.

_ \UvU Phzxu

1 O

&

9.

1 A

10.

1 A

&

11.

u\ s

&

12.

\ vk

&

&

&

30

15

10

zu UP

S : O B A CUSPmh UP Csi Hu J mk.

&

Vm B]sB_
Fx
>Vau_s

\_W - x>VD g|

u|k A_
C\ h [S
vmhzvR hmhx.
(US A)
wsh J a\
wsh J [S
wsh uz u \

u|mk
h PP

Pa\, \&600 006.

u|k A_

u v & 2010

Sz u
. g. Vz\V,
xz u (Cv)
AMK hUU P,
\UP,
\&602 103.

]P

E. sk\[,

uP B],
A_ BsP { ,
|mh & 635 852,
mh.

V. V[,

. kV>D,

uP B],
A_ BsP { ,
u] & 604 408,
vsn mh.

uP B],
A_ { ,
| & 631 051,
mh.

QV. Bz\V >V,

g. gxD,

uP B],
uzv Py PU Psn \mi
Cx { ,
v & 602 001.

uP B],
A_ BsP { ,
Jsiy,
P & 641 016.

h[P u : u|k A_UPP U P CUPP, u|k.

C 60 .G.G. u Aa]hmkx.

ii

Vm B]sB_ Fx
VeD
.
Gs.

\ ]

1.

uzu, Sku
ku

2.

U\ Pmi[ \u

3.

L -

i \u

4.

V -

i \u

5.

T -

i \u

6.

Z -

i \u

7.

"' & i \u

8.

iUPmk i \u

9.

UPn i \u

10.

J UP \u

iii

UP

B]
P

iv

1. >F>_, zl|>_ \uD A^l|>_

(FILING, MARKING AND PUNCHING)

VD
uPmi Pkzx AS uzu, Sku

M.S.

ku.

>kBV s^
1)

ga (Bench Vice)

2)

mh (Trisquare)

3)

U\ (Hacksaw)

4)

Pik P (Scriber)

5)

AP (Steel Rule)

6)

Szx P

7)

Pi umh A

8)

|kzu umh A

9)

x umh A

10) UPn i A
11) _zv
12) [Qk P
13) _snUPmi
14) P
15) \L m

Fx
1.

hzv Pkzx AP zx,

o Szx xP sk.

2.

PkUPmh o |USzu A Eu G
\zxUP sk.

3.

\ si \US u PUPP
AUPPz uukUP sk.

4.

o Hu Csk Akzukzx E UP[P

JUP \[SzuP (90 0) CUSi umh i A Psk
uzxUP sk. CUP[P UQ UP[PPU P
sk.

5.

Akzu Csk UP[P mhzv Euk uzx 90 0

CUSi uzxUP sk.

6.

o |S UP 900 Eu G \zxUP sk.

1

\si

Fx - 1
ezl|>_ \uD A^l|>_

Fm x V^

All Dimensions are in mm.

2

7.

o usp Szu _snz uh

sk.

8.

o ]x | E UP sk.

9.

Eu o x AP, [Qk P, Pik P

Eu A Pihh sk.

10.

mh Pmi Szx P Eu Ah
P Ch sk.

11.

U S z x x A U P 6 0 0U S \ z x z x , u z x
UTi AS uP h sk.

12.

J US, Akzu US Ch E y 6 mm Czu

xx.

x
PkUPmh MS uPmi hzv E AP, Psh
\i uzu, Sku ku \x iUP sk.

Fx - 2
ezl|>_

Fm x V^

All Dimensions are in mm.

4

2. VV F>_
(HACKSAW CUTTING)

VD
M.S.

uPmi Pkzx AS \ Ch U\ Pmi[

\u.

>kBV s^
1)

ga (Bench Vice)

2)

mh (Trisquare)

3)

U\ (Hacksaw)

4)

Pik P (Scriber)

5)

AP (Steel Rule)

6)

Szx P

7)

Pi umh A

8)

|kzu umh A

9)

x umh A

10) UPn i A
11) _zv
12) [Qk P
13) _snUPmi
14) P
15) \L m

Fx
1.

hzv Pkzx AP zx,

o Szx xP sk.

2.

PkUPmh o |USzu A Eu G
\zxUP sk.

3.

\ si \US u PUPP
AUPPz uukUP sk.

4.

o Hu Csk Akzukzx E UP[P

JUP \[SzuP (90 0) CUSi umh i A Psk
uzxUP sk. CUP[P UQ UP[PPU P
sk.

5.

Akzu Csk UP[P mhzv Euk uzx 90 0

CUSi uzxUP sk.

6.

o |S UP 900 Eu G \zxUP sk.

5

\si

7.

o usp Szu _snz uh

sk.

8.

o ]x | E UP sk.

9.

Eu o x AP, [Qk P, Pik P

Eu A Pihh sk.

10.

Pkzx AS o \ Ch G }
U\ Pmi[ \sk A }zvS Pik P
Pmi x P sk.

11.

mh Pmi Szx P Eu Ah
P Ch sk.

12.

U S z x x A U P 6 0 0U S \ z x z x , u z x
UTi AS uP h sk.

13.

J US, Akzu US Ch E y 6 mm Czu

xx.

14.

U\U Psk Pkzx AS \ Ch

o AUP sk.

x
PkUPmh MS uPmi hzv E AP, Psh
\i U\ Pmi[ \x iUP sk.

Fx - 3
ezl|>_

Fm x V^

All Dimensions are in mm.

8

3. L kkD F>_
(L CUTTING)

VD
M.S.

uPmi Pkzx AS L i \u.

>kBV s^
1)

ga (Bench Vice)

2)

mh (Trisquare)

3)

U\ (Hacksaw)

4)

Pik P (Scriber)

5)

AP (Steel Rule)

6)

Szx P

7)

Pi umh A

8)

|kzu umh A

9)

x umh A

10) UPn i A
11) _zv
12) [Qk P
13) _snUPmi
14) P
15) \L m

Fx
1.

hzv Pkzx AP zx,

o Szx xP sk.

2.

PkUPmh o |USzu A Eu G
\zxUP sk.

3.

\ si \US u PUPP
AUPPz uukUP sk.

4.

o Hu Csk Akzukzx E UP[P

JUP \[SzuP (90 0) CUSi umh i A Psk
uzxUP sk. CUP[P UQ UP[PPU P
sk.

5.

Akzu Csk UP[P mhzv Euk uzx 90 0

CUSi uzxUP sk.

6.

o |S UP 900 Eu G \zxUP sk.

7.

o usp Szu _snz uh

sk.
9

\si

10

8.

o ]x | E UP sk.

9.

Eu o x AP, [Qk P, Pik P

Eu A Pihh sk.

10.

Pkzx AS o L i Pik P
Pmi xP sk.

11.

G } U\ Pmi[ \sk A }zvS

Pik P Pmi x P sk.

12.

mh Pmi Szx P Eu Ah
P Ch sk.

13.

U S z x x A U P 6 0 0U S \ z x z x , u z x
UTi AS uP h sk.

14.

J US, Akzu US Ch E y 6 mm Czu

xx.

15.

hmh PmiS ]x Ch ( 2mm ) J

xnUPk x P sk.

16.

xnUPmi U\ Eu Azx, u Pzu

}UP sk.

17.

u L i Pzu Pi, |kzu, x Azu \P

kzv AUPmh Sv uUP sk.

18.

uUS x A v i uUP sk.

19.

L izv

20.

uUSx AiUPi mhzu kzv G UP[P

JUP \[SzuP, CnP Eu G \u
\xP sk.

EmPn \vUS Chzv UPn i A Psk

uUP sk.

x
PkUPmh MS uPmi hzv E AP, Psh
\i L i \x iUP sk.

11

Fx - 4
ezl|>_

Fm x V^

All Dimensions are in mm.

12

4. V kkD F>_
(V CUTTING)

VD
M.S.

uPmi Pkzx AS V i \u.

>kBV s^
1)

ga (Bench Vice)

2)

mh (Trisquare)

3)

U\ (Hacksaw)

4)

Pik P (Scriber)

5)

AP (Steel Rule)

6)

Szx P

7)

Pi umh A

8)

|kzu umh A

9)

x umh A

10) UPn i A
11) _zv
12) [Qk P
13) _snUPmi
14) P
15) mUh
16) Po
17) P\ \m
18) \L m

Fx
1.

hzv Pkzx AP zx,

o Szx xP sk.

2.

PkUPmh o |USzu A Eu G
\zxUP sk.

3.

\ si \US u PUPP
AUPPz uukUP sk.

4.

o Hu Csk Akzukzx E UP[P

JUP \[SzuP (90 0) CUSi umh i A Psk
uzxUP sk. CUP[P UQ UP[PPU P
sk.

13

\si

14

5.

Akzu Csk UP[P mhzv Euk uzx 90 0

CUSi uzxUP sk.

6.

o |S UP 900 Eu G \zxUP sk.

7.

o usp Szu _snz uh

sk.

8.

o ]x | E UP sk.

9.

Eu o x AP, [Qk P, Pik P

Eu A Pihh sk.

10.

Pkzx AS o V i mUh,
Po, Pik P, P\ \mi E mUh m
BQ Pmi xP sk.

11.

G } U\ Pmi[ \sk A }zvS

Pik P Pmi x P sk.

12.

mh Pmi Szx P Eu Ah
P Ch sk.

13.

U S z x x A U P 6 0 0U S \ z x z x , u z x
UTi AS uP h sk.

14.

J US, Akzu US Ch E y 6 mm Czu

xx.

15.

hmh PmiS ]x Ch ( 2mm ) J

xnUPk x P sk.

16.

xnUPmi U\ Eu Azx, u Pzu

}UP sk.

17.

u V i Pzu Pi, |kzu, x Azu \P

kzv AUPmh Sv uUP sk.

18.

uUS x A v i uUP sk.

19.

izv EmPn \vUS Chzv UPn i A Psk

uUP sk.

20.

uUSx AiUPi mhzu kzv G UP[P

JUP \[SzuP, CnP Eu G \u
\xP sk.

x
PkUPmh MS uPmi hzv E AP, Psh
\i V i \x iUP sk.

15

Fx - 5
ezl|>_

Fm x V^

All Dimensions are in mm.

16

5. T kkD F>_
(T CUTTING)

VD
M.S.

uPmi Pkzx AS T i \u.

>kBV s^
1)

ga (Bench Vice)

2)

mh (Trisquare)

3)

U\ (Hacksaw)

4)

Pik P (Scriber)

5)

AP (Steel Rule)

6)

Szx P

7)

Pi umh A

8)

|kzu umh A

9)

x umh A

10) UPn i A
11) _zv
12) [Qk P
13) _snUPmi
14) P
15) \L m

Fx
1.

hzv Pkzx AP zx,

o Szx xP sk.

2.

PkUPmh o |USzu A Eu G
\zxUP sk.

3.

\ si \US u PUPP
AUPPz uukUP sk.

4.

o Hu Csk Akzukzx E UP[P

JUP \[SzuP (90 0) CUSi umh i A Psk
uzxUP sk. CUP[P UQ UP[PPU P
sk.

5.

Akzu Csk UP[P mhzv Euk uzx 90 0

CUSi uzxUP sk.

6.

o |S UP 900 Eu G \zxUP sk.

7.

o usp Szu _snz uh

sk.
17

\si

18

8.

o ]x | E UP sk.

9.

Eu o x AP, [Qk P, Pik P

Eu A Pihh sk.

10.

Pkzx AS o T i Pik P
Pmi xP sk.

11.

G } U\ Pmi[ \sk A }zvS

Pik P Pmi x P sk.

12.

mh Pmi Szx P Eu Ah
P Ch sk.

13.

U S z x x A U P 6 0 0U S \ z x z x , u z x
UTi AS uP h sk.

14.

J US, Akzu US Ch E y 6 mm Czu

xx.

15.

hmh PmiS ]x Ch ( 2mm ) J

xnUPk x P sk.

16.

xnUPmi U\ Eu Azx, u Pzu

}UP sk.

17.

u T i Pzu Pi, |kzu, x Azu \P

kzv AUPmh Sv uUP sk.

18.

uUS x A v i uUP sk.

19.

T izv

20.

uUSx AiUPi mhzu kzv G UP[P

JUP \[SzuP, CnP Eu G \u
\xP sk.

EmPn \vUS Chzv UPn i A Psk

uUP sk.

x
PkUPmh MS uPmi hzv E AP, Psh
\i T i \x iUP sk.

19

Fx - 6
ezl|>_

Fm x V^

All Dimensions are in mm.

20

6. Z kkD F>_
(Z CUTTING)

VD
M.S.

uPmi Pkzx AS Z i \u.

>kBV s^
1)

ga (Bench Vice)

2)

mh (Trisquare)

3)

U\ (Hacksaw)

4)

Pik P (Scriber)

5)

AP (Steel Rule)

6)

Szx P

7)

Pi umh A

8)

|kzu umh A

9)

x umh A

10) UPn i A
11) _zv
12) [Qk P
13) _snUPmi
14) P
15) mUh
16) Po
17) P\ \m
18) \L m

Fx
1.

hzv Pkzx AP zx,

o Szx xP sk.

2.

PkUPmh o |USzu A Eu G
\zxUP sk.

3.

\ si \US u PUPP
AUPPz uukUP sk.

4.

o Hu Csk Akzukzx E UP[P

JUP \[SzuP (90 0) CUSi umh i A Psk
uzxUP sk. CUP[P UQ UP[PPU P
sk.

21

\si

22

5.

Akzu Csk UP[P mhzv Euk uzx 90 0

CUSi uzxUP sk.

6.

o |S UP 900 Eu G \zxUP sk.

7.

o usp Szu _snz uh

sk.

8.

o ]x | E UP sk.

9.

Eu o x AP, [Qk P, Pik P

Eu A Pihh sk.

10.

Pkzx AS o Z i mUh,
Po, Pik P, P\ \mi E mUh m
BQ Pmi xP sk.

11.

G } U\ Pmi[ \sk A }zvS

Pik P Pmi x P sk.

12.

mh Pmi Szx P Eu Ah
P Ch sk.

13.

U S z x x A U P 6 0 0U S \ z x z x , u z x
UTi AS uP h sk.

14.

J US, Akzu US Ch E y 6 mm Czu

xx.

15.

hmh PmiS ]x Ch ( 2mm ) J

xnUPk x P sk.

16.

xnUPmi U\ Eu Azx, u Pzu

}UP sk.

17.

u Z i Pzu Pi, |kzu, x Azu \P

kzv AUPmh Sv uUP sk.

18.

uUS x A v i uUP sk.

19.

20.

uUSx AiUPi mhzu kzv G UP[P

JUP \[SzuP, CnP Eu G \u
\xP sk.

izv EmPn \vUS Chzv UPn i A Psk

uUP sk.

x
PkUPmh MS uPmi hzv E AP, Psh
\i Z i \x iUP sk.

23

Fx - 7
ezl|>_

Fm x V^

All Dimensions are in mm.

24

7. "' kkD F>_

( " ' SHAPE CUTTING)
VD
M.S.

uPmi Pkzx AS "' i \u.

>kBV s^
1)

ga (Bench Vice)

2)

mh (Trisquare)

3)

U\ (Hacksaw)

4)

Pik P (Scriber)

5)

AP (Steel Rule)

6)

Szx P

7)

Pi umh A

8)

|kzu umh A

9)

x umh A

10) UPn i A
11) _zv
12) [Qk P
13) _snUPmi
14) P
15) \L m

Fx
1.

hzv Pkzx AP zx,

o Szx xP sk.

2.

PkUPmh o |USzu A Eu G
\zxUP sk.

3.

\ si \US u PUPP
AUPPz uukUP sk.

4.

o Hu Csk Akzukzx E UP[P

JUP \[SzuP (90 0) CUSi umh i A Psk
uzxUP sk. CUP[P UQ UP[PPU P
sk.

5.

Akzu Csk UP[P mhzv Euk uzx 90 0

CUSi uzxUP sk.

6.

o |S UP 900 Eu G \zxUP sk.

25

\si

26

7.

o usp Szu _snz uh

sk.

8.

o ]x | E UP sk.

9.

Eu o x AP, [Qk P, Pik P

Eu A Pihh sk.

10.

Pkzx AS o "' i Pik P

Pmi xP sk.

11.

mh Pmi Szx P Eu Ah
P Ch sk.

12.

U S z x x A U P 6 0 0U S \ z x z x , u z x
UTi AS uP h sk.

13.

J US, Akzu US Ch E y 6 mm Czu

xx.

14.

hmh PmiS AQ ]x Ch (2mm) J

xnUPk x P sk.

15.

xnUPmi U\ Eu AUP sk.

16.

"' i Csk UP Pkzx }zvS U\ Pmi[ \

sk.

17.

J UPzvx C mhzvS \P U\ Pmi[

\ sk.

18.

UPzv mhzvS \P U\ Pmi[ \

sk.

19.

Gg]Sv Pi, |kzu, x Azu \P kzv

AUPmh Sv uUP sk.

21.

uUS x A v i uUP sk.

22.

"' izv EmPn \vUS Chzv UPn i A Psk

uUP sk.

23.

uUSx AiUPi mhzu kzv G UP[P

JUP \[SzuP, CnP Eu G \u
\xP sk.

x
PkUPmh MS uPmi hzv E AP, Psh
\i "' i \x iUP sk.

27

Fx - 8
ezl|>_

Fm x V^

All Dimensions are in mm.

28

8. | kkD F>_
(STEP CUTTING)

VD
M.S.

uPmi Pkzx AS iUPmk i \u.

>kBV s^
1)

ga (Bench Vice)

2)

mh (Trisquare)

3)

U\ (Hacksaw)

4)

Pik P (Scriber)

5)

AP (Steel Rule)

6)

Szx P

7)

Pi umh A

8)

|kzu umh A

9)

x umh A

10) UPn i A
11) _zv
12) [Qk P
13) _snUPmi
14) P
15) \L m

Fx
1.

hzv Pkzx AP zx,

o Szx xP sk.

2.

PkUPmh o |USzu A Eu G
\zxUP sk.

3.

\ si \US u PUPP
AUPPz uukUP sk.

4.

o Hu Csk Akzukzx E UP[P

JUP \[SzuP (90 0) CUSi umh i A Psk
uzxUP sk. CUP[P UQ UP[PPU P
sk.

5.

Akzu Csk UP[P mhzv Euk uzx 90 0

CUSi uzxUP sk.

6.

o |S UP 900 Eu G \zxUP sk.

7.

o usp Szu _snz uh

sk.
29

\si

30

8.

o ]x | E UP sk.

9.

Eu o x AP, [Qk P, Pik P

Eu A Pihh sk.

10.

Pkzx AS o iUPmk i Pik P

Pmi xP sk.

11.

G } U\ Pmi[ \sk A }zvS

Pik P Pmi x P sk.

12.

mh Pmi Szx P Eu Ah
P Ch sk.

13.

U S z x x A U P 6 0 0U S \ z x z x , u z x
UTi AS uP h sk.

14.

J US, Akzu US Ch E y 6 mm Czu

xx.

15.

hmh PmiS ]x Ch ( 2mm ) J

xnUPk x P sk.

16.

xnUPmi U\ Eu Azx, u Pzu

}UP sk.

17.

u iUPmk i Pzu Pi, |kzu, x Azu

\P kzv AUPmh Sv uUP sk.

18.

uUS x A v i uUP sk.

19.

iUPmk izv EmPn \vUS Chzv UPn i A

Psk uUP sk.

20.

uUSx AiUPi mhzu kzv G UP[P

JUP \[SzuP, CnP Eu G \u
\xP sk.

x
PkUPmh MS uPmi hzv E AP, Psh
\i iUPmk i \x iUP sk.

31

Fx - 9
ezl|>_

Fm x V^

All Dimensions are in mm.

32

9. xV kkD F>_
(TRIANGULAR CUTTING)

VD
M.S.

uPmi Pkzx AS UPn i \u.

>kBV s^
1)

ga (Bench Vice)

2)

mh (Trisquare)

3)

U\ (Hacksaw)

4)

Pik P (Scriber)

5)

AP (Steel Rule)

6)

Szx P

7)

Pi umh A

8)

|kzu umh A

9)

x umh A

10) UPn i A
11) _zv
12) [Qk P
13) _snUPmi
14) P
15) mUh
16) Po
17) P\ \m
18) \L m

Fx
1.

hzv Pkzx AP zx,

o Szx xP sk.

2.

PkUPmh o |USzu A Eu G
\zxUP sk.

3.

\ si \US u PUPP
AUPPz uukUP sk.

4.

o Hu Csk Akzukzx E UP[P

JUP \[SzuP (90 0) CUSi umh i A Psk
uzxUP sk. CUP[P UQ UP[PPU P
sk.

33

\si

34

5.

Akzu Csk UP[P mhzv Euk uzx 90 0

CUSi uzxUP sk.

6.

o |S UP 900 Eu G \zxUP sk.

7.

o usp Szu _snz uh

sk.

8.

o ]x | E UP sk.

9.

Eu o x AP, [Qk P, Pik P

Eu A Pihh sk.

10.

Pkzx AS o UPn i
mUh, Po, Pik P, P\ \mi E
mUh m BQ Pmi xP
sk.

11.

G } U\ Pmi[ \sk A }zvS

Pik P Pmi x P sk.

12.

mh Pmi Szx P Eu Ah
P Ch sk.

13.

U S z x x A U P 6 0 0U S \ z x z x , u z x
UTi AS uP h sk.

14.

J US, Akzu US Ch E y 6 mm Czu

xx.

15.

hmh PmiS ]x Ch ( 2mm ) J

xnUPk x P sk.

16.

xnUPmi U\ Eu Azx, u Pzu

}UP sk.

17.

u UPn i Pzu Pi, |kzu, x Azu

\P kzv AUPmh Sv uUP sk.

18.

uUS x A v i uUP sk.

19.

UPn izv EmPn \vUS Chzv UPn i A

Psk uUP sk.

20.

uUSx AiUPi mhzu kzv G UP[P

JUP \[SzuP, CnP Eu G \u
\xP sk.

x
PkUPmh MS uPmi hzv E AP, Psh
\i UPn i \x iUP sk.

35

Fx - 10
ezl|>_

Fm x V^

All Dimensions are in mm.

36

10. AVkV_ ^eD F>_

(DOVE TAIL CUTTING)

VD
M.S.

uPmi Pkzx AS J UP \u.

>kBV s^
1)

ga (Bench Vice)

2)

mh (Trisquare)

3)

U\ (Hacksaw)

4)

Pik P (Scriber)

5)

AP (Steel Rule)

6)

Szx P

7)

Pi umh A

8)

|kzu umh A

9)

x umh A

10) UPn i A
11) _zv
12) [Qk P
13) _snUPmi
14) P
15) mUh
16) Po
17) P\ \m
18) \L m

Fx
1.

hzv Pkzx AP zx,

o Szx xP sk.

2.

PkUPmh o |USzu A Eu G
\zxUP sk.

3.

\ si \US u PUPP
AUPPz uukUP sk.

4.

o Hu Csk Akzukzx E UP[P

JUP \[SzuP (90 0) CUSi umh i A Psk
uzxUP sk. CUP[P UQ UP[PPU P
sk.

5.

Akzu Csk UP[P mhzv Euk uzx 90 0

CUSi uzxUP sk.
37

\si

38

6.

o |S UP 900 Eu G \zxUP sk.

7.

o usp Szu _snz uh

sk.

8.

o ]x | E UP sk.

9.

Eu o x AP, [Qk P, Pik P

Eu A Pihh sk.

10.

Pkzx AS o J UP i
mUh, Po, Pik P, P\ \mi E
mUh m BQ Pmi xP
sk.

11.

G } U\ Pmi[ \sk A }zvS

Pik P Pmi x P sk.

12.

mh Pmi Szx P Eu Ah
P Ch sk.

13.

U S z x x A U P 6 0 0U S \ z x z x , u z x
UTi AS uP h sk.

14.

J US, Akzu US Ch E y 6 mm Czu

xx.

15.

hmh PmiS ]x Ch ( 2mm ) J

xnUPk x P sk.

16.

xnUPmi U\ Eu Azx, u Pzu

}UP sk.

17.

u J UP i Pzu Pi, |kzu, x

Azu \P kzv AUPmh Sv uUP sk.

18.

uUS x A v i uUP sk.

19.

J UP izv EmPn \vUS Chzv UPn

i A Psk uUP sk.

20.

uUSx AiUPi mhzu kzv G UP[P

JUP \[SzuP, CnP Eu G \u
\xP sk.

x
PkUPmh MS uPmi hzv E AP, Psh
\i J UP i \x iUP sk.

39

Vm>_ xD:
Csk Ax AuSmh mP Jh J Cnu
zxu GQ. zx P Guu mP
G zxu Gx Ax A]. EP, , iU,
EPU SP, iU SP CnUP P
kzu.
Cv uPP Cn {u Cn G C PP
UP. Csk mP m |m kzv Cnx,
mP [P mi Au Jh J zxx, zv
mP Jh J Cnx |Pi \x uPP CnS.
Csk Ax AuSmh mP xmk Azx
m \zv Cnzu Ax Csk mP JP zx
zu (Welding) \x {u CnS. uPP {u Cn
G \x, Gu \x Gu \ ] UP.
CnUPh si Csk mP Jh J Cnx
{P CUP sk? Ax |P sk? Ax _ sk?
Gu zx, CnUP si Chzu zx Cn
i[P k.
Cvzv P[P Jh J CnUP UPnUP
i[P CnUP.

\Vk[ E>z
mP Ax CnvUS P USx,
Av T - i, , L - i, UPn i G
i[P Cnzvu UQ. Cu i[P Guu Cv
P[P Ex G zu | \ CP CnP
xP.
EunP, ] Cv[P B. Ph\ Cvzv P
x Ah[Q \i, SUS |P, Psm m, Psm ]k
CP Gu P CnUPmkx? Au i G?
EUS Cvzv
mhmkx? H? GuS?

oh

Gu

Au EUS Cvzv ys Pzv Sv v_

|PQx. Cu ys P, v] AiP Gu izv
CnUPmkx.
[ Cvzv ys P, o h Gu izv Jh
J Cnxx?
Psh Cv[P mk | Ah kzx mk
EPmP | kzx mP ] B.

40

1.

| Ah kzx usp mi i Guu P

zumkx?
2. En Gkzxa\ k i P Guu PP CUPP
hkQx?
3. m U AiP, i G zumkx?
4. E n \ U S S U P A i P , i G u u P
zumkx?
5. P
]sh

Smh
Guu
P
zukQx?
6. m k \ \ P u G u u P
zumkx Gu BP.
7. m, ma mh, \ , i Ah
kzx mP G zumkx?
8. usp SP vx k PP BP.
9. S y \ usp S CnP BP.
10. |S \UP PP m h zx P BP.
C | Ah mP Cnzx,
zv kzxQ. C mP kzxx,
Av L i, T i, BQ UQzx |US .
C mP Jh J zxx, | ]uz ysi,
u ~m A UP CP zx \P kQx.

Vm>_ Fk>uV xB c^
eV_

omP AUP, u AS PkP

AP kQx.

o mhzu B \, Cu x
o i zx AP SUP kQx.
41

kz E

o x AP SUP, u izvS Ai
PkP S F] kQx.

A^zmD D

S F] mh PkP x h CUP
AUPkP x h Szx P kQx. | PhP C
J US, Akzu US E Ch 6 .. CUS,
PhP C 3 .. Ch CUS Szu sk.

J\D
o E UP[P
JUP 90 0 CUSi PkP , \x
iUPmh omP \[Szx P[P 90 0
Eu G \vUP mh kQx.

VV
EPomP AuS U\ kQx. U\
k L BQ Csh \zx U\ G TQ.

42

U\ AUPmh omP E uh[P

]P }UP EPomP uUS AvPP E
uzx GkUP A kQx.

k
omP CUQ iUP k UQ \uS. Cv
PP E. zxu oUS a , sm , ,
, , U , \ , lUP ,
_ UP kzukQx.

Fx luEz >kBV s^
1.

i (Vice)

10. B[Q m

2.

11. \ m

3.

U\

12. Q

4.

mh

13. C - & Q

5.

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14. a

6.

USzx P

15. [ L

7.

_zv

16. E k P

8.

\ m

17. k P

9.

V-&

18. Q

\V VmkV VmVA zA^

1.

E i mP, TU PP, u mP
|hu zu Thx.

2.

x A a\ Pmh \v E Chzv
Cv[P Azu sk.

3.

Gsn Q u ]u zxUP sk.

4.

Gv wUTi mP xPP zu sk.

5.

`h mP AuP JxUPmh Chzv ""_k, uhu''

G Ga\UP P mi zvzu A].

6.

E xPh uu mi Gx u {
zvUP sk.

43

B] BVeV VmVA zA^

1.

Pzx mh AoU Thx.

2.

u, xhuPP ] xskz xoP zvUPUThx.

3.

C[QUPsiUS Cvzuz uh, Au x \x {P

Thx.

4.

o uu BhP AoUThx.

5.

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PsniP Ao sk.

6.

`h mP, T mP, \u[P BQ

Px, P EP Ao sk.

7.

u PoP mk Ao sk.

8.

|P CUPz uu Cvzu mk CUP sk.

9.

u[S Ax xP \ PPz uhU Thx.

10.

C[S Cv[P, Eku, m u, AUSku

\UThx.

44