Physical Layer

Transmission Media Line codes Modulation Surrounding environment

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Transmission Media
Parallel wire or twisted wire transmission line Optical fibers
Electromagnetic signal transmission using wave guide & antennas for wireless communication

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Line coding
binary data over a digital transmission line. The conversion or coding of these abstract symbols into real, temporal waveforms to be transmitted in baseband is the process of line coding. line code that specifies how a string of binary digits are converted to a line code waveform. There are two major classes of binary line codes: level codes and transition codes. Level codes carry information in their voltage level, which may be high or low for a full bit period or part of the bit period. Transition codes carry information in the change in level appearing in the line code waveform.
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Level codes
There are two common forms of level line codes: one is called return-to-zero(RZ) and the other is called non-return-tozero(NRZ). In RZ coding, the level of the pulse returns to zero for a portion of the bit interval. In NRZ coding, the level of the pulse is maintained during the entire bit interval. According to polarity:- returntozero (RZ) and nonreturntozero (NRZ). According to polarity: unipolar (+ & 0 levels), polar (+ & levels), bipolar (+ , 0, & - levels),
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Transition/ Inversion coding

Manchester coding Differential Manchester coding

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Modulation techniques
Analog modulation: AM, FM Digital Modulation: BPSK, QPSK, QAM, ASK, FSK, PSK etc.
Data Rate and Baud Rate

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