Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Khulna University of Engineering & Technology (KUET)

Course No.: EE 3206
Exp. No. 5
Digital Signal Transmission Using ASK, FSK, and PSK Modulations
Objectives
After completion of this experiment the students will be able to
1. Explain principle of basic digital modulation techniques (ASK, FSK, and PSK).
2. Represent binary bit sequence into line coding (NRZ, RZ, and differential coding).
3. Demonstrate digital detection system.
Introduction
Digital communication systems, by definition, are communication systems that use such a
digital sequence as an interface between the source and the channel input (and similarly
between the channel output and final destination) (see Figure 1.1). The source encoder
converts the source output to a binary sequence and the channel encoder (often called a
modulator) processes the binary sequence for transmission over the channel. The channel
decoder (demodulator) recreates the incoming binary sequence (hopefully reliably), and the
source decoder recreates the source output. There are a number of reasons why
communication systems now usually contain a binary interface between source and channel
(i.e., why digital communication systems are now standard). They are as follows:
 All applications can be integrated into a single digital network.
 More digital sources of information than analog. Computer networking, internet,
voice communication at saturated level.
 Potentially less bandwidth per unit of information (example voice encoding).
 Effective error correction coding, message control etc.
 Regenerate signal along path between Tx and Rx.
 Analog circuitry is finicky and therefore expensive.
 Advancement in DSP-cheaper to integrate, sophisticated algorithms can be applied.
.

Fig. 1 Schematic block diagram of digital signal transmission.

Encoding: After converting analog signal into digital signal, binary bit sequences are
obtained. Before transmission of digital signal it is important to represent the bit sequence
into line coding.
Line coding: The pattern of voltage and current used to represent the digital data on a
transmission line is called line coding.
There are many types of encoding. Among them polar, bipolar, Manchester encoding are
common.
NRZ coding: It uses just two voltage level and represent a logic “1” by higher voltage and
logic “0” by the lower voltage.
RZ coding: Here signal returns to zero at half bit period of each pulse. RZ (return-to-zero)
refers to a form of digital data transmission in which the binary low and high states,
represented by numerals 0 and 1, are transmitted by voltage pulses having certain
characteristics. The signal state is determined by the voltage during the first half of each data
binary digit. The signal returns to a resting state (called zero) during the second half of each
bit. Bandwidth requirement in RZ coding is twice as in NRZ coding.

Fig. 2 RZ and NRZ line coding (bipolar).

Differential Manchester Coding: Differential Manchester encoding (DM) is a line code in

which data and clock signals are combined to form a single 2-level self-synchronizing data
stream. It is a differential encoding, using the presence or absence of transitions to indicate
logical value. It is not necessary to know the polarity of the sent signal since the information
is not represented by the absolute voltage levels but in their changes. In other words it does
not matter which of the two voltage levels is received, but only whether it is the same or
different from the previous one, this makes synchronization easier.
 Fig. 3 Differential Manchester Encoding (‘1’ change in level and ‘0’ no change in level)
Digital Modulation Technique
In digital modulation, an analog carrier signal is modulated by a discrete signal. Digital
modulation methods can be considered as digital-to-analog conversion and the corresponding
demodulation or detection as analog-to-digital conversion.
Types of digital modulation
Digital modulation techniques are two types:
1. Basic digital modulation techniques:
a) Amplitude shift keying (ASK/OOK)
b) Frequency shift keying (FSK)
c) Phase shift keying (PSK)

2. Advanced digital modulation techniques:

a) QPSK
b) DPSK
c) MSK
d) M-ary Modulations
a. M-ary ASK
b. M-ary PSK
c. M-ary FSK
d. M-ary QAM
Amplitude shift keying (ASK/OOK): In ASK modulation, presence of carrier for logic “1”
and absence of carrier for logic “0”.
Frequency shift keying: In FSK, logic “1” is transmitted using a carrier signal having
frequency f1 and logic “0” is transmitted using a carrier signal having frequency f 2. Generally,
f1 > f2.
Phase shift keying: In PSK, the carrier signals used to transmit logic “0” and “1” have the
same frequency and amplitude but have 180o phase displacement between them.
The wave forms of ASK, FSK, and PSK modulated signals are shown below
 Fig. 4 ASK, FSK, and PSK modulated signals for the binary bit stream shown above.

Procedure
1. Observe and record the carrier signal and measure its amplitude and frequency of
oscillation.
2. Observe clock signal (CLK) and vary it from minimum to maximum.
3. Observe and record NRZ, RZ and DIFF signal with respect to DATA (DATA at CH1
and other at CH2)
4. Connect NRZ to DATA IN and observe NRZ signal at CH1 and ASK modulated
signal at ASK OUT. Record both NRZ and ASK modulated signals.
5. Follow 1-4 for RZ and DIFF signals.
6. Connect NRZ to DATA IN, ASK OUT to RX and observe and compare NRZ signal
at CH1 and ASK OUT at CH2.
7. Follow step 6 for both RZ and DIFF.
8. For FSK and PSK follow step 4 to 7.
9. Compare and record final ASK OUT with DATA IN. Repeat this for FSK and PSK
signals for different line codings.
Results and Discussion
 Write down the results and discussion with figure number and table no. Each figure
and table must have caption.
Conclusion
 Report must end with conclusion. Write conclusion with main experimental finding.
Answer to the following questions
1. Why so many digital modulation techniques?
2. Mention different line codings. Why so many line codings are used to encode PCM
sequence?
3. Show different waveform representations (polar, unipolar, and bipolar) for the binary
bit sequence 100101 with their relative merits and demerits.

REFERENCE:Lab manual.