Khulna University of Engineering & Technology

SESSIONAL REPORT

Course No: EE 2210

Department: Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Experiment No: 02
Name of the Experiment: Study and Demonstration of Direct Coupled
Amplifier Circuit.

Remarks

Date of Performance: Name: THASIN MOHAMMAD ZAMAN

22/09/2022 Roll No: 1903069

Group: B-1-2

Date of Submission: Term: 2nd

29/09/2022 Year: 2nd

Objectives:
1. To get familiarized with a two stage Direct coupled amplifier circuit and measure the dc
operating voltage.
2. To learn about the operation of Direct coupled amplifier circuit and measure the voltage
gain with and without emitter bypassing.
3. To observe the frequency response of Direct coupled amplifier circuit.
Introduction:
If two amplifiers are connected or coupled in such way that one’s output is others input, then this
is called cascade connection. There are three different types of coupling: Direct coupling,
Transformer coupling, and Resistance-Capacitance coupling (RC). When an NPN and a PNP
transistor is connected directly as the Fig– 2.1, the configuration is called direct coupled amplifier
circuit.
Direct coupling is the third basic method of connecting cascaded amplifier stages. An advantage
of direct coupling is the savings of components and the circuit is simple as there are less
components. In this configuration, frequency response at low frequency can be achieved. Low
frequency response is usually limited by the factors other than the coupling network (resistor-
capacitor, transformer).

Fig 2.1:Two stage Direct coupled amplifier circuit.

The signal is amplified in the first stage using a collector resistor as the load, however it is 180
degrees out of phase. The output of the first stage is then sent into the base of Q2 in the second
stage, where it is amplified once more and phased out by 180 degrees. This indicates that the final
overall output is indeed in phase. Low frequency responsiveness on this circuit is excellent. But it
responds poorly at high frequencies.

Apparatus required:
Table 2.1: List of required apparatus
S.L. No. Name of the apparatus Ratings Quantity
1 Function generator 220V, 50Ω, 1MHz 1
2 DC power supply (0 − 30)V, 5A 1
3 Oscilloscope (0 − 220)V, 50Hz, 15pF, 1
1MΩ, 30W
4 Multimeter (0 − 1000)VDC, 1
(0 − 750)VAC,
(0 − 25)mA, (0 − ∞)Ω
5 Transistor NPN, 2N2219, 2
PNP, 2N2905A
6 Resistor 470Ω, 1kΩ, 4.7kΩ, 10kΩ, 7
22kΩ, 150kΩ
7 Potentiometer (0-500k)Ω,1W 1
8 Capacitor 10μF, 25μF, 50μF 4
9 Electric Probe 100MHz, 600V 2
10 Breadboard — 1
11 Connecting wires & probes — As required

Experimental setup:

Fig 2.3: Direct coupled amplifier circuit.

Experimental Data:
For the first transistor (NPN),
VB1= 0.6V(dc)
VE1= 0.14V(dc)
VC1= 22V(dc)
VBE1=0.46V

For the second transistor (PNP),

VB2= 22V(dc)
VE2= 23V(dc)
VC2= 7.6V(dc)
VBE2= -1V

So, Biasing is correct.

Stage-1:
Input voltage, 𝑒1 = 100𝑚𝑉(𝑝𝑘 − 𝑝𝑘)
Output voltage, 𝑒𝐶1 = 641𝑚𝑉(𝑝𝑘 − 𝑝𝑘)
641𝑚𝑉
Voltage gain, 𝐴𝑉1 = 100𝑚𝑉 = 6.41

Stage-2:
Input voltage, 𝑒𝐵2 = 641𝑚𝑉(𝑝𝑘 − 𝑝𝑘)
Output voltage, 𝑒𝑜 = 5.84𝑉(𝑝𝑘 − 𝑝𝑘)
5.84𝑉
Voltage gain, 𝐴𝑉2 = 641𝑚𝑉 = 9.11

Overall:
Overall voltage gain, 𝐴𝑉 = 𝐴𝑉1 × 𝐴𝑉2 = 6.41 × 9.11 = 58.4
 𝑒 5.84𝑉
Or, 𝐴𝑉 = 𝑒𝑜 = 100𝑚𝑉 = 58.4
1

Connecting the load:

Input voltage, 𝑒1 = 100𝑚𝑉 (𝑝𝑘 − 𝑝𝑘)
Output voltage, 𝑒𝑜 = 4.96𝑉 (𝑝𝑘 − 𝑝𝑘)
𝑒 4.96𝑉
Overall voltage gain, 𝐴𝑉 = 𝑒𝑜 = 100𝑚𝑉 = 49.6
1

Connecting the bypass capacitor:

Input voltage, 𝑒1 = 100𝑚𝑉 (𝑝𝑘 − 𝑝𝑘)
Output voltage, 𝑒𝑜 = 18𝑉 (𝑝𝑘 − 𝑝𝑘)
𝑒 18𝑉
Overall voltage gain, 𝐴𝑉 = 𝑒𝑜 = 100𝑚𝑉 = 180
1

Table 2.2: Frequency response data table

Frequency (Hz) Output V (pk-pk)
20 6.8
50 7.0
100 7.2
300 7.2
1K 7.2
3K 7.2
5K 7.2
10K 7.0
20K 6.8
50K 6.2
100K 5.0

Fig 2.4: Output voltage(V) vs Frequency(Hz) graph.

Graph:

Output Voltage vs Frequency

8

6
Output V(pk-pk)

0
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Frequency(Hz)

Result and Discussion:

The main objective of this experiment was to study and demonstration of Direct coupled amplifier
circuit. Here we used two-stage amplification and for this purpose, we used one PNP transistor
and one NPN transistor. The input was 100mV(pk-pk). When we passed input signal through the
first transistor (NPN), it was amplified to 641mV (pk-pk) and the gain was 6.41. The output of the
second transistor (PNP) was 5.84V(pk-pk). The gain of second stage was 9.11. The overall voltage
gain was 58.4(without load). Then a load of 22kΩ was connected across the output terminals of
the configuration. As a result, output voltage dropped down to 4.96V(pk-pk) and the voltage gain
was 49.6. The output voltage with bypass capacitor was 18V(pk-pk) and the voltage gain was 180.
So, it is clear that the overall voltage gain we got was equal to the voltage gain of the first stage
times the gain of the second stage. As capacitor offers low reactance path for transistor ac analysis
so ac current passes through bypass capacitor instead of emitter resistance so, the gain becomes
high when bypass capacitor was used. When we tested the signal in the oscilloscope, we saw that
the output signal had become distorted due to the bypass capacitor's low reluctance. Thus, it was
clear that the direct coupling amplifier greatly boosts the gain at low frequencies. We observed the
Direct coupled amplifier circuit's frequency response. Since there are no frequency-sensitive
components (inductors and capacitors) involved, direct coupling offers a good frequency response.
The frequency response of a circuit using direct coupling is affected only by the amplifying device
itself.

Conclusion:
The main objective of this experiment was to study and demonstration of Direct coupled amplifier
circuit. From this experiment, we have got familiarized with a two stage Direct coupled amplifier
circuit. In this experiment, we have measured the dc operating voltage. We have learnt about the
operation and measured the ac voltage gain of a Direct coupled amplifier with emitter bypassing
and without emitter bypassing in this experiment. We have also observed the frequency response
of Direct coupled amplifier circuit. So, we can say that the objectives of this experiment have been
achieved.