Introduction and Vectors

CHAPTER OUTLINE
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 Standards of Length, Mass, and Time Dimensional Analysis Conversion of Units Order-of-Magnitude Calculations Significant Figures Coordinate Systems Vectors and Scalars Some Properties of Vectors Components of a Vector and Unit Vectors Modeling, Alternative Representations, and Problem-Solving Strategy

ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
Q1.1 Q1.2 Atomic clocks are based on electromagnetic waves which atoms emit. Also, pulsars are highly regular astronomical clocks. Density varies with temperature and pressure. It would be necessary to measure both mass and volume very accurately in order to use the density of water as a standard. (a) 0.3 millimeters (b) 50 microseconds (c) 7.2 kilograms

Q1.3

Q1.4 Q1.5 Q1.6

(b) and (d). You cannot add or subtract quantities of different dimension. A dimensionally correct equation need not be true. Example: 1 chimpanzee = 2 chimpanzee is dimensionally correct. If an equation is not dimensionally correct, it cannot be correct. On February 7, 2005, I am 59 years and 39 days old.

59 yr

F 365.25 d I + 39 d = 21 589 dFG 86 400 s IJ = 1.87 10 GH 1 yr JK H 1d K

s ~ 10 9 s .

Many college students are just approaching 1 Gs.

Q1.7 Q1.8 Q1.9

Zero significant digits. An order-of-magnitude calculation is accurate only within a factor of 10. With one datum known to one significant digit, we have 80 million yr + 24 yr = 80 million yr. No, the magnitude of the displacement is always less than or equal to the distance traveled. If two displacements in the same direction are added, then the magnitude of their sum will be equal to the distance traveled. Two vectors in any other orientation will give a displacement less than the distance traveled. If you first walk 3 meters east, and then 4 meters south, you will have walked a total distance of 7 meters, but you will only be 5 meters from your starting point. Only force and velocity are vectors. None of the other quantities requires a direction to be described.
r If the direction-angle of A is between 180 degrees and 270 degrees, its components are both negative. If a vector is in the second quadrant or the fourth quadrant, its components have opposite signs.

Q1.10 Q1.11

Introduction and Vectors

Q1.12 Q1.13

The books displacement is zero, as it ends up at the point from which it started. The distance traveled is 6.0 meters. 85 miles. The magnitude of the displacement is the distance from the starting point, the 260-mile mark, to the ending point, the 175-mile mark.
r r Vectors A and B are perpendicular to each other.

Q1.14 Q1.15 Q1.16 Q1.17 Q1.18

No, the magnitude of a vector is always positive. A minus sign in a vector only indicates direction, not magnitude. Any vector that points along a line at 45 to the x and y axes has components equal in magnitude. Addition of a vector to a scalar is not defined. Think of apples and oranges. If the direction of a vector is specified by giving the angle of the vector measured clockwise from the positive y-axis, then the x-component of the vector is equal to the sine of the angle multiplied by the magnitude of the vector. (a) (b) (e) Rotation does not noticeably affect revolution: simplification. Geometric (c) Structural (d) Geometric (f) Simplification (g) Simplification Structural

Q1.19

SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
Section 1.1
*P1.1

Standards of Length, Mass, and Time

4 3 4 r = 6.37 10 6 m 3 3

Modeling the Earth as a sphere, we find its volume as

= 1.08 10 21 m 3 . Its

m 5.98 10 24 kg = = 5.52 10 3 kg m3 . This value is intermediate between the V 1.08 10 21 m3 tabulated densities of aluminum and iron. Typical rocks have densities around 2 000 to 3 000 kg m3 . The average density of the Earth is significantly higher, so higher-density material must be down below the surface. density is then =
P1.2

Let V represent the volume of the model, the same in =

gold =

m gold V

. Next,

gold iron

m gold 9.35 kg

and m gold

m for both. Then iron = 9.35 kg V and V 19.3 10 3 kg / m3 = 9.35 kg = 23.0 kg . 7.86 10 3 kg / m3

F GH

I JK

P1.3

V = Vo Vi =

4 3 r2 r13 3

j
j e j
.

3 r13 4 r2 m 4 3 3 = , so m = V = r2 r1 = 3 3 V

FG IJ e H K

Chapter 1

*P1.4

For either sphere the volume is V =

4 3 4 r and the mass is m = V = r 3 . We divide this equation 3 3 for the larger sphere by the same equation for the smaller:
m l 4 rl3 3 rl3 = = = 5. m s 4 rs3 3 rs3

Then rl = rs 3 5 = 4.50 cm 1.71 = 7.69 cm .

a f

Section 1.2
P1.5

Dimensional Analysis

The term x has dimensions of L, a has dimensions of LT 2 , and t has dimensions of T. Therefore, the equation x = ka m t n has dimensions of L = LT 2

j aTf
m

or L1 T 0 = Lm T n 2 m .

The powers of L and T must be the same on each side of the equation. Therefore, L1 = Lm and m = 1 . Likewise, equating terms in T, we see that n 2m must equal 0. Thus, n = 2 . The value of k, a dimensionless constant, cannot be obtained by dimensional analysis .
P1.6

(a) (b) (c)

Circumference has dimensions of L. Volume has dimensions of L3 . Area has dimensions of L2 .

Expression (i) has dimension L L2

e j

1/2

= L2 , so this must be area (c).

Expression (ii) has dimension L, so it is (a). Expression (iii) has dimension L L2 = L3 , so it is (b). Thus, (a) = ii; (b) = iii, (c) = i .

e j

P1.7

(a) (b)

This is incorrect since the units of ax are m 2 s 2 , while the units of v are m s . This is correct since the units of y are m, and cos kx is dimensionless if k is in m 1 .

a f

Section 1.3
P1.8

Conversion of Units

Apply the following conversion factors: 1 in = 2.54 cm , 1 d = 86 400 s , 100 cm = 1 m , and 10 9 nm = 1 m

FG 1 H 32

in day

IJ b2.54 cm inge10 m cmje10 K 86 400 s day

2

nm m

j=

9.19 nm s .

This means the proteins are assembled at a rate of many layers of atoms each second.

4 P1.9

Introduction and Vectors

(a)

Seven minutes is 420 seconds, so the rate is

r= 30.0 gal = 7.14 10 2 gal s . 420 s

(b)

Converting gallons first to liters, then to m 3 ,

r = 7.14 10 2 gal s

L I F 10 m I jFGH 3.1786 gal J K GH 1 L JK

3 3

r = 2.70 10 4 m3 s . (c) At that rate, to fill a 1-m3 tank would take t=

P1.10

F 1m GH 2.70 10

IF 1 h I = JG J s K H 3 600 K

1.03 h .

It is often useful to remember that the 1 600-m race at track and field events is approximately 1 mile in length. To be precise, there are 1 609 meters in a mile. Thus, 1 acre is equal in area to

1 mi I F 1 609 m I a1 acrefFGH 640 acres J K GH mi JK

2

= 4.05 10 3 m 2 .

P1.11

The weight flow rate is 1 200

12

P1.12

(a) (b)

IJ FG 1 h IJ FG 1 min IJ = K H 60 min K H 60 s K F 7 10 $ I F 1 h I FG 1 day IJ F 1 yr I = 220 years GH 1 000 $ s JK GH 3 600 s JK H 24 h K GH 365 days JK

ton 2 000 lb h ton

FG H

667 lb s .

The circumference of the Earth at the equator is 2 6.378 10 6 m = 4.01 10 7 m . The length of one dollar bill is 0.155 m so that the length of 7 trillion bills is 1.08 10 12 m . Thus, the 7 trillion dollars would encircle the Earth 1.08 10 12 m = 2.71 10 4 times . 7 4.01 10 m

P1.13

V = At so t =

V 3.78 10 3 m 3 = = 1.51 10 4 m or 151 m A 25.0 m 2

*P1.14 P1.15

N atoms =

1.99 10 30 kg mSun = = 1.19 10 57 atoms m atom 1.67 10 27 kg

To balance, m Fe = m Al or FeVFe = Al VAl

Fe

FG 4IJ r H 3K

Fe

= Al

rAl = rFe

FG 4 IJ r H 3K FG IJ = a2.00 cmfFG 7.86 IJ H 2.70 K H K

Al 3 1/3 Fe Al

1/3

= 2.86 cm .

Chapter 1

P1.16

The mass of each sphere is m Al = Al VAl = masses equal,

4 Al rAl 3 4 Fe rFe 3 and m Fe = FeVFe = . Setting these 3 3

4 Al rAl 3 4 Fe rFe 3 = and rAl = rFe 3 Fe . Al 3 3 The resulting expression shows that the radius of the aluminum sphere is directly proportional to the radius of the balancing iron sphere. The fraction

densities. Its cube root is a number much closer to 1. The relatively small change in radius implies a change in volume sufficient to compensate for the change in density. The sphere of smaller density has larger radius.
P1.17

Fe is the factor of change between the Al

(a)

d nucleus, scale = d nucleus, real

d nucleus, scale = 6.79 10 3 Vatom = Vnucleus

3 4 ratom 3 3 4 rnucleus 3

Fd I = 2.40 10 m FG 300 ft IJ = 6.79 10 jH 1.06 10 mK GH d JK e ft jb304.8 mm 1 ft g = 2.07 mm

atom, scale atom, real
15 10

ft , or

(b)

FG r Hr

atom

nucleus

IJ = FG d K Hd
3

atom

nucleus

IJ = F 1.06 10 K GH 2.40 10
3

10 15

m m

I JK

= 8.62 10 13 times as large

Section 1.4
P1.18

Order-of-Magnitude Calculations

A reasonable guess for the diameter of a tire might be 2.5 ft, with a circumference of about 8 ft. Thus, the tire would make 50 000 mi 5 280 ft mi 1 rev 8 ft = 3 10 7 rev ~ 10 7 rev .

gb

gb

P1.19

Model the room as a rectangular solid with dimensions 4 m by 4 m by 3 m, and each ping-pong ball as a sphere of diameter 0.038 m. The volume of the room is 4 4 3 = 48 m3 , while the volume of one ball is 4 0.038 m 3 2 Therefore, one can fit about

FG H

IJ K

= 2.87 10 5 m3 .

48 ~ 10 6 ping-pong balls in the room. 2.87 10 5 As an aside, the actual number is smaller than this because there will be a lot of space in the room that cannot be covered by balls. In fact, even in the best arrangement, the so-called best 1 packing fraction is 2 = 0.74 so that at least 26% of the space will be empty. Therefore, the 6 above estimate reduces to 1.67 10 6 0.740 ~ 10 6 .

Introduction and Vectors

P1.20

Assume the tub measures 1.3 m by 0.5 m by 0.3 m. One-half of its volume is then

V = 0.5 1.3 m 0.5 m 0.3 m = 0.10 m 3 . The mass of this volume of water is
m water = water V = 1 000 kg m3 0.10 m3 = 100 kg ~ 10 2 kg .

a fa e

fa

fa

je

Pennies are now mostly zinc, but consider copper pennies filling 50% of the volume of the tub. The mass of copper required is
m copper = copper V = 8 920 kg m 3 0.10 m 3 = 892 kg ~ 10 3 kg .
*P1.21

je

Assume: Total population = 10 7 ; one out of every 100 people has a piano; one tuner can serve about 1 000 pianos (about 4 per day for 250 weekdays, assuming each piano is tuned once per year). Therefore, # tuners ~

F 1 tuner I F 1 piano I (10 GH 1 000 pianos JK GH 100 people JK

people) = 100 .

P1.22

The typical person probably drinks 2 to 3 soft drinks daily. Perhaps half of these were in aluminum cans. Thus, we will estimate 1 aluminum can disposal per person per day. In the U.S. there are ~250 million people, and 365 days in a year, so

e250 10
estimate this represents

cans day 365 days year ~ 10 11 cans 1 of an ounce, we 10

jb

are thrown away or recycled each year. Guessing that each can weighs around

e10
Section 1.5
P1.23 P1.24

11

cans 0.1 oz can 1 lb 16 oz 1 ton 2 000 lb 3.1 10 5 tons year . ~ 10 5 tons

jb

gb

gb

Significant Figures
3 756.?? 37.2? 0.83 + 2.5? 796.5 /3 / = 797 0.003 2 2 s. f. 356.3 4 s.f. = 1.140 16 = 2 s. f. 5.620 4 s.f. > 4 s.f. = 17.656 = 4 s.f. (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 2

(a) (a)

(b) (c)

1.1

f a

17.66

Chapter 1

P1.25

*P1.26

F 365.242 199 d I FG 24 h IJ FG 60 min IJ FG 60 s IJ = GH 1 yr JK H 1 d K H 1 h K H 1 min K r = a6.50 0.20f cm = a6.50 0.20 f 10 m m = a1.85 0.02 f kg
1 yr = 1 yr
2

We work to nine significant digits:

31 556 926.0 s .

c h r
4 3

also,

m 3 r = + . In other words, the percentages of uncertainty are cumulative. Therefore, m r 0.02 3 0.20 = + = 0.103 , 1.85 6.50 =

a f

c h e6.5 10
4 3

1.85

= 1.61 10 3 kg m 3

and

= 1.61 0.17 10 3 kg m3 = 1.6 0.2 10 3 kg m3 .

P1.27

a fa fa f V = a10.0 mfa1.0 mfa0.090 mf = 0.900 m V = 2e1.70 m + 0.900 m j = 5.2 m U l 0.12 m = = 0.0063 | l 19.0 m | w 0.01 m | V = 0.006 + 0.010 + 0.011 = 0.027 = = = 0.010 V 1.0 m w V | t 0.1 cm | = = 0.011 | t 9.0 cm W
V1 = 17.0 m + 1.0 m + 1.0 m 1.0 m 0.09 m = 1.70 m3
2 3 3 3 3

V = 2V1 + 2V2 = 2 V1 + V2

1 1 1

FIG. P1.27

1 1 1

3%

*P1.28

The equation 2 x 4 3 x 3 + 5 x 70 = 0 is quartic, so we do not attempt to solve it with algebra. To find how many solutions the equation has and to estimate them, we graph the expression: x y = 2 x 4 3 x 3 + 5 x 70 3 158 2 24 1 70 0 70 1 66 2 52 3 26 y 4 270

We see that the equation y = 0 has two roots, one around x = 2.2 and the other near x = +2.7 . To home in on the first of these solutions we compute in sequence: When x = 2.2 , y = 2.20 . The root must be between x = 2.2 and x = 3 . When x = 2.3 , y = 11.0 . The root is between x = 2.2 and x = 2.3 . When x = 2.23 , y = 1.58 . The root is between x = 2.20 and x = 2.23 . When x = 2.22 , y = 0.301 . The root is between x = 2.20 and 2.22. When x = 2.215 , y = 0.331 . The root is between x = 2.215 and 2.22. We could next try x = 2.218 , but we already know to three-digit precision that the root is x = 2.22 .

FIG. P1.28

Introduction and Vectors

*P1.29

We require sin = 3 cos , or

sin = 3 , or tan = 3 . For cos tan 1 3 = arctan 3 , your calculator may return 71.6, but this angle is not between 0 and 360 as the problem requires. The tangent function is negative in the second quadrant (between 90 and 180) and in the fourth quadrant (from 270 to 360). The solutions to the equation are then 36071.6 = 288 and 18071.6 = 108 .

tan

a f

a f

360

FIG. P1.29

*P1.30

We draw the radius to the initial point and the radius to the final point. The angle between these two radii has its sides perpendicular, right side to right side and left side to left side, to the 35 angle between the original and final tangential directions of travel. A most useful theorem from geometry then identifies these angles as equal: = 35 . The whole circumference of a 360 circle of the same radius is 2 R 840 m 2 R . By proportion, then = . 360 35 R= 360 840 m 840 m = = 1.38 10 3 m . 0.611 2 35

i 35.0 R f E S
FIG. P1.30

N W

We could equally well say that the measure of the angle in radians is

= 35 = 35
R = 1.38 km.
*P1.31

FG 2 radians IJ = 0.611 rad = 840 m . H 360 K R

We use substitution, as the most generally applicable method for solving simultaneous equations. We substitute p = 3 q into each of the other two equations to eliminate p:

3 qr = qs R | 1 1 S 3 qr + qs | 2 T2
2

1 2 qt 2 3r 2 + 3r

These simplify to combination

t t2 : = 12 . r r2

3r = s R | S |3r + s T
2

=t

. We substitute to eliminate s: 2

a f

= t2

12r 2 = t 2

. We solve for the

t = either 3.46 or 3.46 r

Section 1.6
P1.32

Coordinate Systems

a f a fa f y = r sin = a5.50 mf sin 240 = a5.50 mfa 0.866f =

x = r cos = 5.50 m cos 240 = 5.50 m 0.5 = 2.75 m 4.76 m

Chapter 1

P1.33

The x distance out to the fly is 2.00 m and the y distance up to the fly is 1.00 m. (a) We can use the Pythagorean theorem to find the distance from the origin to the fly. distance = x 2 + y 2 = (b)

a2.00 mf + a1.00 mf
2

= 5.00 m 2 = 2.24 m

= tan 1
d=

FG 1 IJ = 26.6 ; r r= H 2K
x1

2.24 m, 26.6
2

P1.34

(a)

bx

g + by
2

y1

c2.00 3.00 h + a4.00 3.00f

2

d = 25.0 + 49.0 = 8.60 m (b) r1 =

a2.00f + a4.00f = 20.0 = F 4.00 IJ = 63.4 = tan G H 2.00 K

2 2
1

4.47 m

r2 =

a3.00f + a3.00f
2

= 18.0 = 4.24 m

2 = 135 measured from the +x axis.

P1.35
We have r = x 2 + y 2 and = tan 1 (a)

FG y IJ . H xK a x f
2

The radius for this new point is + y2 = x2 + y2 = r

and its angle is tan 1

FG y IJ = H x K

180 .

(b)

( 2 x) 2 + ( 2 y) 2 = 2r . This point is in the third quadrant if x , y is in the first quadrant or in the fourth quadrant if x , y is in the second quadrant. It is at an angle of 180+ .

b g

b g

(c)

( 3 x) 2 + ( 3 y) 2 = 3r . This point is in the fourth quadrant if x , y is in the first quadrant or in the third quadrant if x , y is in the second quadrant. It is at an angle of .

b g

b g

10

Introduction and Vectors

Section 1.7 Section 1.8

P1.36

Vectors and Scalars Some Properties of Vectors

r R = 310 km at 57 S of W
(Scale: 1 unit = 20 km )
r R

FIG. P1.36 P1.37

(a)

r $ = 10.0 m since the displacement is in a d = 10.0 i straight line from point A to point B.
B

5.00 m
r d FIG. P1.37
A

(b)

The actual distance skated is not equal to the straight-line displacement. The distance follows the curved path of the semi-circle (ACB).
s=

1 2 r = 5 = 15.7 m 2

b g

(c)
P1.38

r r If the circle is complete, d begins and ends at point A. Hence, d = 0 .

To find these vector expressions graphically, we draw each set of vectors. Measurements of the results are taken using a ruler and protractor. (Scale: 1 unit = 0.5 m ) (a) (b) (c) (d)
r r A + B = 5.2 m at 60 r r A B = 3.0 m at 330 r r B A = 3.0 m at 150 r r A 2B = 5.2 m at 300 .

r r A+B

r B

r Ar B r r AB r Ar 2 B

r A

r r BA r B r A r r A 2B

FIG. P1.38

Chapter 1

11

P1.39

The scale drawing for the graphical solution should be similar to the figure to the right. The magnitude and direction of the final displacement from the starting point are obtained by measuring d and on the drawing and applying the scale factor used in making the drawing. The results should be
d = 420 ft and = 3

(Scale: 1 unit = 20 ft )
FIG. P1.39

Section 1.9
P1.40

Components of a Vector and Unit Vectors

Coordinates of the super-hero are:

a f a f y = a100 mf sina 30.0f =

P1.41

x = 100 m cos 30.0 = 86.6 m 50.0 m

FIG. P1.40

A x = 25.0 A y = 40.0
2 2 A = Ax + Ay =

a25.0f + a40.0f
2

= 47.2 units

r A

We observe that tan =

Ay Ax

. So

= tan 1

F A I = tan 40.0 = tan a1.60f = 58.0 . GH A JK 25.0

y x
1

FIG. P1.41

The diagram shows that the angle from the +x axis can be found by subtracting from 180:

= 180 58 = 122 .
P1.42

(a) (b)

See figure to the right.

r r r $ + 6.00 $ $ 2.00 $ $ + 4.00 $ C = A + B = 2.00 i j + 3.00 i j = 5.00 i j
r r AB

r B r A r B

r 4 C = 25.0 + 16.0 at tan 1 = 6.40 at 38.7 5 r r r $ + 2.00 $ $ + 8.00 $ D = A B = 2.00 $ i + 6.00 $ j 3.00 i j = 1.00 i j

FG IJ HK

IJ a1.00f + a8.00f at tan FGH 81.00 .00 K r D = 8.06 at b180 82.9g = 8.06 at 97.2
r D=
2 2

r B

r r A+B

FIG. P1.42

12

Introduction and Vectors

P1.43

r r r We have B = R A :

A x = 150 cos120 = 75.0 cm A y = 150 sin 120 = 130 cm Rx = 140 cos 35.0 = 115 cm Ry = 140 sin 35.0 = 80.3 cm
r A

r B r r r R=A+B

FIG. P1.43
Therefore,
r $ + 80.3 130 $ $ 49.7 $ B = 115 75 i j = 190 i j cm r B = 190 2 + 49.7 2 = 196 cm

a f

= tan 1
P1.44 r r $ 6.60 $ A = 8.70 $ i + 15.0 $ j and B = 13.2 i j
r r r A B + 3C = 0 :

FG H

49.7 = 14.7 . 190

IJ K

r r r $ 21.6 $ j 3C = B A = 21.9 i r C = 7.30 $ i 7.20 $ j

or

C x = 7.30 cm ; C y = 7.20 cm

P1.45

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

eA + Bj = e3i$ 2$jj + e i$ 4$jj = eA Bj = e3 i$ 2 $jj e i$ 4$jj =

r r A + B = 2 2 + 6 2 = 6.32 r r A B = 4 2 + 2 2 = 4.47
r r = tan 1 A +B r r = tan 1 A B

r r

r r

$ 6$ 2i j $ + 2$ 4i j

FG 6 IJ = 71.6 = H 2K FG 2 IJ = 26.6 H 4K

288

P1.46

(a)

r r r r D = A + B + C = 2$ i + 4$ j r D = 2 2 + 4 2 = 4.47 m at = 63.4 r r r r $ + 6$ E = A B + C = 6 i j r E = 6 2 + 6 2 = 8.49 m at = 135

(b)

Chapter 1

13

P1.47

r d1 = 100 $ i r d 2 = 300 $ j r $ 75.0 $ d 3 = 150 cos 30.0 $ i 150 sin 30.0 $ j = 130 i j r d 4 = 200 cos 60.0 $ i + 200 sin 60.0 $ j = 100 $ i + 173 $ j r r r r r $ 202 $ R = d 1 + d 2 + d 3 + d 4 = 130 i j m

a a

f f

a a

f f

r R=

a130f + a202f = F 202 IJ = 57.2 = tan G H 130 K

2 2
1

240 m

FIG. P1.47

= 180 + = 237
P1.48
r A = 3.00 m , A = 30.0 r B = 3.00 m , B = 90.0

A x = A cos A = 3.00 cos 30.0 = 2.60 m

A y = A sin A = 3.00 sin 30.0= 1.50 m

r $ + 1.50 $ A = Ax $ i + Ay $ j = 2.60 i j m

Bx = 0 , By = 3.00 m
r r $ + 1.50 $ A + B = 2.60 i j + 3.00 $ j=

so

r B = 3.00 $ jm

e2.60i$ + 4.50$jj m

P1.49

Let the positive x-direction be eastward, the positive y-direction be vertically upward, and the positive z-direction be southward. The total displacement is then
r $ + 4.80 $ $ cm = 4.80 i $ + 8.50 $ $ cm . d = 4.80 i j cm + 3.70 $ j 3.70k j 3.70k

(a) (b)
P1.50

The magnitude is d = ( 4.80) +(8.50) + (3.70) cm = 10.4 cm . Its angle with the y-axis follows from cos = 8.50 , giving = 35.5 . 10.4

r $+B $ $ $ $ $ B = Bx i y j + B z k = 4.00 i + 6.00 j + 3.00 k r B = 4.00 2 + 6.00 2 + 3.00 2 = 7.81

x = cos 1 y = cos 1 z = cos 1

FG 4.00 IJ = H 7.81 K FG 6.00 IJ = H 7.81 K FG 3.00 IJ = H 7.81 K

59.2 is the angle with the x axis 39.8 67.4

14

Introduction and Vectors

P1.51

(a)

r $ A = 8.00 $ i + 12.0 $ j 4.00k r r A $ B = = 2.00 $ i + 3.00 $ j 1.00k 4 r r $ C = 3A = 24.0 $ i 36.0 $ j + 12.0k r E = 17.0 cm cos 27.0 $ i + 17.0 cm sin 27.0 $ j

(b) (c)
P1.52

(a)

y 27.0

r E=

e15.1$i + 7.72$jj cm
a e f a f j

(b)

r F = 17.0 cm sin 27.0 $ i + 17.0 cm cos 27.0 $ j r F = 7.72 $ i + 15.1$ j cm r $ 17.0 cm cos 27.0 $ G = 17.0 cm sin 27.0 i j r $ 15.1$ G = 7.72 i j cm

r F r G 27.0

r E

27.0 x

(c)

a e

FIG. P1.52 P1.53 (a) Rx = 40.0 cos 45.0+30.0 cos 45.0 = 49.5 Ry = 40.0 sin 45.030.0 sin 45.0+20.0 = 27.1 r R = 49.5 $ i + 27.1$ j (b)
y
r A r B

r R=

a49.5f + a27.1f = 56.4 F 27.1 IJ = 28.7 = tan G H 49.5 K

2 2
1

45 45
r C

FIG. P1.53 P1.54

Taking components along $ i and $ j , we get two equations: 6.00 a 8.00b + 26.0 = 0 and 8.00 a + 3.00b + 19.0 = 0 . Solving simultaneously, a = 1.33b 4.33 ; 8 1.33b 4.33 + 3b + 19 = 0

a = 5.00 , b = 7.00 .
r r r Therefore, 5.00A + 7.00B + C = 0 .

Chapter 1

15

Section 1.10 Modeling, Alternative Representations, and Problem-Solving Strategy

P1.55

tan 35.0 =

x 100 m x = 100 m tan 35.0 = 70.0 m

x 35.0 100 m
FIG. P1.55

*P1.56

We note that $ i = west and $ j = south. The given mathematical representation of the trip can be written as 6.3b west + 4b at 40 south of west + 3b at 50 south of east + 5b south . (a)
r R

i N E S = 1 block W

(b)

The total odometer distance is the sum of the magnitudes of the four displacements: 6.3b + 4b + 3b + 5b = 18.3b .

f (c)

r R = 6.3 3.06 + 1.93 b $ i + 2.57 2.30 5 b $ j $ $ = 7.44b i 9.87b j

f a
2

a7.44bf + a9.87bf
2

at tan 1

= 12.4b at 53.0 south of west

9.87 south of west 7.44

= 12.4b at 233 counterclockwise from east P1.57 From the figure, we may see that the spacing between diagonal planes is half the distance between diagonally adjacent atoms on a flat plane. This diagonal distance may be obtained from the Pythagorean theorem, Ldiag = L2 + L2 . Thus, since the atoms are separated by a distance
L = 0.200 nm , the diagonal planes are separated by

1 2 L + L2 = 0.141 nm . 2

Additional Problems
P1.58 It is desired to find the distance x such that 1 000 m x = x 100 m (i.e., such that x is the same multiple of 100 m as the multiple that 1 000 m is of x). Thus, it is seen that
x 2 = 100 m 1 000 m = 1.00 10 5 m 2

fb

and therefore
x = 1.00 10 5 m 2 = 316 m .

16

Introduction and Vectors

P1.59

Atotal = N A drop = A total

total

I A = FG V IJ 4 r V a fe j FG V H JK e j GH JK e j F 3V IJ = 3FG 30.0 10 m IJ = 4.50 m =G H r K H 2.00 10 m K

total drop drop total 4 r 3 3 2

P1.60

One month is 1 mo = 30 day 24 h day 3 600 s h = 2.592 10 6 s . Applying units to the equation,
V = 1.50 Mft 3 mo t + 0.008 00 Mft 3 mo 2 t 2 .

gb

gb

j e j e
t+

Since 1 Mft 3 = 10 6 ft 3 ,
V = 1.50 10 6 ft 3 mo t + 0.008 00 10 6 ft 3 mo 2 t 2 .

Converting months to seconds,

V=

1.50 10 6 ft 3 mo 2.592 10 6 s mo

0.008 00 10 6 ft 3 mo 2

e2.592 10

s mo

t2.

Thus, V [ft 3 ] = 0.579 ft 3 s t + 1.19 10 9 ft 3 s 2 t 2 . P1.61 The actual number of seconds in a year is

j e

b86 400 s daygb365.25 day yrg = 31 557 600 s yr .

The percent error in the approximation is

e 10
P1.62

s yr 31 557 600 s yr 31 557 600 s yr

j b

g 100% =

0.449% .

(deg)
15.0 20.0 30.0 33.0 31.0 31.1

(rad)
0.262 0.349 0.524 0.576 0.541 0.543

tan

af

sin

af

difference between and tan 2.30% 4.09% 9.32% 11.3% 9.95% 10.02%

0.268 0.364 0.577 0.649 0.601 0.603

0.259 0.342 0.500 0.545 0.515 0.516 tan < 0.1. tan

Thus 31.0 is the largest angle for which

Chapter 1

17

P1.63

(a)

The speed of rise may be found from

v=

aVol rate of flowf = 16.5 cm

(Area:
D
4
2

6 .30 cm
4

s
2

= 0.529 cm s .

(b)

Likewise, at a 1.35 cm diameter,

v=

16.5 cm3 s
1.35 cm
4

= 11.5 cm s .

*P1.64

(a)

1 cubic meter of water has a mass

m = V = 1.00 10 3 kg cm3 1.00 m3 10 2 cm m

je

je

= 1 000 kg .

(b)

As a rough calculation, we treat each item as if it were 100% water. cell:

m = V =

FG 4 R IJ = FG 1 D IJ = e1 000 kg m jFG 1 IJ e1.0 10 H3 K H6 K H6 K

3 3 3

= 5.24 10 16 kg
kidney: m = V =

FG 4 R IJ = e1.00 10 H3 K
3 2
3

kg cm3

4 I J ( 4.0 cm) jFGH 3 K

= 0.268 kg
fly:
m=

FG D hIJ = e1 10 H4 K

kg cm3

IJ a2.0 mmf a4.0 mmfe10 jFGH 4K

2

cm mm

= 1.26 10 5 kg
P1.65 The volume of the galaxy is

r 2 t = 10 21 m

j e10
2

19

m ~ 10 61 m3 .

If the distance between stars is 4 10 16 m , then there is one star in a volume on the order of

e4 10
The number of stars is about

16

m ~ 10 50 m3 .

10 61 m3 ~ 10 11 stars . 10 50 m3 star

18

Introduction and Vectors

P1.66

r r Let represent the angle between the directions of A and B . r r r r r r r Since A and B have the same magnitudes, A , B , and R = A + B

r R r A r D

form an isosceles triangle in which the angles are 180 ,

r B

r . The magnitude of R is then R = 2 A cos . [Hint: apply the 2 2 law of cosines to the isosceles triangle and use the fact that B = A . ] r r r r r Again, A , B , and D = A B form an isosceles triangle with apex angle . Applying the law of cosines and the identity

FG IJ H K

, and

r A r B

FIG. P1.66

IJ a1 cos f = 2 sin FGH 2K

2

r gives the magnitude of D as D = 2 A sin . The problem requires that R = nD or cos = n sin 2 2 2 1 giving = 2 tan 1 . n

FG IJ H K
a

FG IJ H K

FG IJ H K

FG IJ H K

P1.67

(a)

r r r F = F1 + F2 r F = 120 cos 60.0 $ i + 120 sin 60.0 $ j 80.0 cos 75.0 $ i + 80.0 sin 75.0 $ j r F = 60.0 $ i + 104$ j 20.7 $ i + 77.3 $ j = 39.3 $ i + 181$ j N r F = 39.3 2 + 181 2 = 185 N

a j

= tan 1
(b) P1.68 r r F3 = F =

FG 181 IJ = H 39.3 K

77.8

e39.3 $i 181$jj N
r $ r1 = 19.2 km cos 25 $ i + 19.2 km sin 25 $ j + 0.8 km k

The position vector from the ground under the controller of the first airplane is

a fa f a $ km . i + 8.11$ j + 0.8k = e17.4$ j

fa

f a

The second is at

r $ r2 = 17.6 km cos 20 $ i + 17.6 km sin 20 $ j + 1.1 km k

a fa f a $ $ km . j + 1.1k = e16.5 i + 6.02 $ j e

fa

f a

Now the displacement from the first plane to the second is

r r $ km r2 r1 = 0.863 $ i 2.09 $ j + 0.3k

with magnitude
(0.863) +( 2.09) +(0.3) = 2.29 km .
2 2 2

Chapter 1

19

P1.69

(a)

r r You start at point A: r1 = rA = 30.0 $ i 20.0 $ j m.

The displacement to B is

r r rB rA = 60.0 $ i + 80.0 $ j 30.0 $ i + 20.0 $ j = 30.0 $ i + 100 $ j. $ + 50.0 $ j to move to You cover half of this, 15.0 i r r2 = 30.0 $ i 20.0 $ j + 15.0 $ i + 50.0 $ j = 45.0 $ i + 30.0 $ j. Now the displacement from your current position to C is r r rC r2 = 10.0 $ i 10.0 $ j 45.0 $ i 30.0 $ j = 55.0 $ i 40.0 $ j.
You cover one-third, moving to

r r r 1 r3 = r2 + r23 = 45.0 $ i + 30.0 $ j + 55.0 $ i 40.0 $ j = 26.7 $ i + 16.7 $ j. 3

The displacement from where you are to D is

r r rD r3 = 40.0 $ i 30.0 $ j 26.7 $ i 16.7 $ j = 13.3 $ i 46.7 $ j.

You traverse one-quarter of it, moving to

r r 1 r r 1 r4 = r3 + rD r3 = 26.7 $ i + 16.7 $ j + 13.3 $ i 46.7 $ j = 30.0 $ i + 5.00 $ j. 4 4

The displacement from your new location to E is

r r rE r4 = 70.0 $ i + 60.0 $ j 30.0 $ i 5.00 $ j = 100 $ i + 55.0 $ j $ + 11.0 $ j , moving to of which you cover one-fifth the distance, 20.0 i r r r4 + r45 = 30.0 $ i + 5.00 $ j 20.0 $ i + 11.0 $ j = 10.0 $ i + 16.0 $ j.
The treasure is at (10.0 m, 16.0 m) . (b) Following the directions brings you to the average position of the trees. The steps we took numerically in part (a) bring you to r r r r +r 1 r r rA + rB rA = A B 2 2

g FGH

IJ K

r r r rA + rB + rC 2 3 3 r r r r r r r rA + rB + rC g r r r r b rA + rB + rC r r +r +r +r 3 + D = A B C D then to 3 4 4 r r r r r r r r br rA + rB + rC + rD g r r r r r rA + rB + rC + rD r r +r +r +r +r 4 + E = A B C D E . and last to 4 5 5

A C

r br then to

r + rB

g + rr

r br

A + rB

This center of mass of the tree distribution is the same location whatever order we take the trees in.

20

Introduction and Vectors

P1.70

(a)

Let T represent the force exerted by each child. The x-component of the resultant force is The y-component is

y
r T r T r T

T cos 0 + T cos 120+T cos 240 = T 1 + T 0.5 + T 0.5 = 0 . T sin 0 + T sin 120 + T sin 240 = 0 + 0.866T 0.866T = 0 .

af a f a f

Thus,

F = 0 .
(b)

FIG. P1.70

If the total force is not zero, it must point in some direction. When each child moves one 360 . Since each child exerts space clockwise, the total must turn clockwise by that angle, N the same force, the new situation is identical to the old and the net force on the tire must still point in the original direction. The contradiction indicates that we were wrong in supposing that the total force is not zero. The total force must be zero.

P1.71

(a) (b)

r r From the picture, R 1 = a$ i + b$ j and R 1 = a 2 + b 2 . r $ ; its magnitude is R 2 = a$ i + b$ j + ck r R1

2

z a b O x r R2

+ c2 = a2 + b 2 + c 2 .

r R1

FIG. P1.71 P1.72

Since
r r A+B = 2 r B

r r A + B = 6.00 $ j,
we have

b
giving

$ + 6.00 $ Ax + Bx $ i + A y + By $ j = 0i j

g e

r A

FIG. P1.72
A x + B x = 0 or A x = Bx

[1] [2]

and
A y + B y = 6.00 .

Since both vectors have a magnitude of 5.00, we also have

2 2 2 2 Ax + Ay = Bx + By = 5.00 2 .

From A x = Bx , it is seen that

2 2 Ax = Bx . 2 2 2 2 Therefore, A x + Ay = Bx + By gives 2 2 Ay = By .

continued on next page

Chapter 1

21

Then, A y = By and Eq. [2] gives

A y = By = 3.00 . r r Defining as the angle between either A or B and the y axis, it is seen that B A r r The angle between A and B is then = 2 = 106 .

cos =

Ay

By

3.00 = 0.600 and = 53.1 . 5.00

ANSWERS TO EVEN PROBLEMS

P1.2 P1.4 P1.6 P1.8 P1.10 P1.12 P1.14 P1.16

23.0 kg 7.69 cm (a) ii; (b) iii; (c) i 9.19 nm s

4.05 10 m
3 2

P1.36 P1.38

310 km at 57 S of W (a) 5.2 m at 60; (b) 3.0 m at 330; (c) 3.0 m at 150; (d) 5.2 m at 300 86.6 m and 50.0 m (a) see the solution; (b) 5.00 $ i + 4.00 $ j , 6.40 at 38.7,
i + 8.00 $ j , 8.06 at 97.2 1.00 $

P1.40 P1.42

(a) 220 yr; (b) 2.71 10 4 times

1.19 10 57 atoms

P1.44 P1.46 P1.48 P1.50

C x = 7.30 cm , C y = 7.20 cm

rAl = rFe 3

Fe Al

(a) 4.47 m at 63.4; (b) 8.49 m at 135

r r $ + 4.50 $ A + B = 2.60 i j m

P1.18 P1.20 P1.22 P1.24 P1.26 P1.28 P1.30 P1.32 P1.34

~ 10 7 rev or 10 8 rev

~ 10 2 kg ; ~ 10 3 kg
~ 10 11 cans ; ~ 10 5 tons

r B = 7.81 , x = 59.2 , y = 39.8 ,

z = 67.4
P1.52

(a) 797; (b) 1.1; (c) 17.66

a1.61 0.17f 10
see the solution 1.38 km (2.75, 4.76) m

kg m 3
P1.54 P1.56

e j i + 15.1$ jj cm ; (b) e7.72 $ i 15.1$ jj cm (c) e7.72 $

(a) 15.1$ i + 7.72 $ j cm ;
a = 5.00 , b = 7.00

(a) see the solution ;(b) 18.3 b; (c) 12.4 b at 233 counterclockwise from east 316 m

(a) 8.60 m; (b) 4.47 m at 63.4, 4.24 m at 135

P1.58

22

Introduction and Vectors

P1.60 P1.62 P1.64

0.579t ft 3 s + 1.19 10 9 t 2 ft 3 s 2 0.541 rad (a) 1 000 kg; (b) 5.24 10 16 kg , 0.268 kg , 1.26 10 5 kg

P1.68 P1.70 P1.72

2.29 km (a) zero; (b) zero 106

P1.66

2 tan 1

FG 1 IJ H nK