Cu 1. Cc thnh phn chnh ca mng vin thng, cc cu hnh mng c bn,phn cp mng vin thng? 1.

Cc thnh ph n c a m ng vi n thng Bao gm ph n cng: . Thit b u cui . Cc HT chuyn mch . Cc thit b truyn dn * TE: m bo giao tip gia ng i dng, chuyn i thng tin sang tn hi u i n v trao i cc tn hi u i u khi n m ng l i. chia s m ng l i c th s d ng mt cch kinh t, bao gom: Tng i ni ht :Dng kt ni tr c tip v i thu bao. Tng i chuy n ti p : Chuy n mch lu l ng gia cc tng i v i nhau. Thit b truy n d n: Dng kt ni thu bao t i tng i v kt n i cc tng i v i nhau m bo truy n thng tin mt cch chnh xc., bao gm: Truy n d n hu tuy n -Truy n d n v tuy n 2. Cc cu hnh mng c bn Cu hnh m ng T chc m ng l i -Cc dng c b n: D ng l i (mesh), dng sao (star) v d ng hn hp. - T chc m ng l i c ngha l kt ni cc tng i v i nhau. - Khi c nhi u h n mt tng i c ni bng trung k th khi ta c mt t chc m ng l i. - Mng l i : Cc tng i c kt ni trc tip v i nhau thng qua tng i trung gian. S l ng cc ng kt ni khi c n t ng i =n(n-2)/2 Khng ph hp cho ph m vi r ng. Lu l ng trn tng i nh lu l ng trn mch thp km hi u qu do v y ph ng php ny ch thch hp cho m ng c t tng i, n m tp trung trong vng c ph m v hp. u i m: Khi c s c th n d dng khc phc c. Mng sao :Cc tng i ni h t c ni t i t ng i chuy n ti p nh hnh sao. L u l ng gia cc tng i ni ht c tp trung b i tng i chuy n tip u: Cc ng truy n d n s c cng mt cch hi u qu h n..Mng sao thch hp v i n i yu c u k thu t truy n d n cao h n chi ph chuy n mch , tng i c th phn b trong vng r ng l n. Khi tng i chuy n tip b hng th cuc gi gia cc tng i ni h t khng th

thc hi n c nh h ng t i mt vng r ng. - Mng hn hp L m ng k t hp c a hai m ng trn. c di m: Khi lu l ng gia cc tng i ni ht nh th n s c kt n i thng qua tng i chuy n tip. Khi lu l ng l n th cc tng i c kt n i tr c tip v i nhau, c u hnh ny cho php khai thc cc tng i v thit b hi u qu h n. 3.T chc phn cp Vs m ng c qui m nh th n th ng c sp xp khng c n cp no c, khi m ng l n ln th t chc phn cp th ng c p dng. Phn cp ngha l tng i ni ht c ni kt t i tng i cp tr n(trung tm c s) sau cc trung t m c s ny c kt ni t i tng i cp cao h n. * 3. Cc thc th ca h thng qun l mng? H thng qun l m, h thng qun l phn tn? Ban u, h thng qun l mng c xy dng da trn m hnh kh n gin. Trong m hnh ny, qun l c nh ngha l s tng tc qua li gia hai thc th: thc th qun l v thc th b qun l. Thc th qun l c trng bi h thng qun l, nn tng qun l (platform) v/hoc ng dng qun l. Thc th b qun l c trng bi cc ti nguyn b qun l. Hnh 1.2 ch ra m hnh n gin ca h thng qun l, n cng tng t nh m hnh nn tng ca truyn thng. * truyn thng vi cc ti nguyn b qun l m cha c bt k c cu t nhin no truyn thng tin qun l, ngi ta cn phi to ra mt thnh phn trung gian, l agent. Agent cng c th l agent qun l hoc agent b qun l. Manager chnh l thc th qun l trong khi agent l thc th n di s tng tc gia manager v cc ngun ti nguyn b qun l thc s (hnh 1.3). * M hnh Manager-Agent rt thng dng, c s dng miu t s tng tc gia thc th qun l v thc th b qun l cc lp cao. y cng chnh l l do m cc m hnh c to ra t nhin cho mc ch qun l u gn vi m hnh Manager-Agent. Tuy nhin, trong thc t th m hnh ManagerAgent phc tp hn th nhiu

(hnh 1.4) Chng ta c th hiu r s phc tp ny hn khi xem xt s tng tc gia manager hay cc ng dng qun l vi ngi vn hnh mng. Ngoi ra cn c cc thnh phn khc, tuy khng r rng bng nhng li chim v tr kh quan trng trong s tng tc gia cc manager vi cc agent, l cc chnh sch qun l v ch dn vn hnh, c a ti manager chuyn ti ngi iu hnh mng. Cn c mt vi m hnh khc cng c s dng cho vic trao i thng tin qun l nh m hnh clientserver hay m hnh applicationobject server. * M hnh h thng qun l m M hnh h thng m l m hnh c thit k di dng 4 thc th v cc thc th ny phi c mi quan h rng buc ln nhau. Bn thc th l: C s ng dng, cc ng dng, cc giao din lp trnh ng dng APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) v giao din ngoi PEI (Platform External Interface). (hnh 1.8). M hnh h thng m cng c p dng cho cc h thng qun l hay ni cch khc l cho cc manager v cc agent. Trong trng hp ny cc ng dng s l cc ng dng qun l chuyn ho cung cp cc chc nng qun l li, qun l cu hnh, qun l hiu nng, bo mt v thng k. C s qun l bao gm c cu t chc qun l v c s tnh ton. Cc dch v qun l chuyn hobao gm cc dch v qun l s kin, cc dch v truyn thng, cc dch v cung cp giao din ho cho ngi s dng v cc dch v v c s d liu. (hnh 1.9). * Nh cp pha trn, thnh phn mu cht ca cc h thng m l cc APIs. y, cc APIs l cc APIs chuyn ho cho php pht trin cc ng dng qun l bi vic s dng cc dch v c s qun l chuyn ho. Cc c s qun l l cc thc th c lp nhng khng tch bit. Chng truyn thng vi cc agent b qun l v vi cc h thng qun l khc. Cc giao din ngoi trong trng hp ny l cc giao din chun ho xc nh cc hot ng, cc dch v v cc giao thc qun l. H THNG QUN L PHN TN

trong cc thng tin qun l c trao i qua cc giao din v giao thc chun ho. TMN khng ch qun l s a dng ca mng vin thng m cn qun l mt phm vi ln v thit b, phn mm v nhng dch v trn mi mng. Sau y l mt s v d v cc mng, cc dch v vin thng v mt s thit b chnh c th c qun l bi TMN: Cc mng cng cng v mng ring bao gm c mng dch v ISDN bng rng v bng hp (bao gm c ATM), cc mng thng tin di ng, cc mng thoi ring, cc mng ring o v cc mng thng minh. Bn thn TMN. Cc thit b truyn dn (b ghp knh, b phi lung, thit * b chuyn knh SDH...). Cc h thng Cu 4: truyn dn s v Khi nim v tng t (cp, cp nguyn l ca si quang, v TMN TMN l mng tuyn, v tinh...). qun l vin Cc tng i thng cung cp s v tng t. cc hot ng Cc mng qun l lin quan WAN, LAN, ti mng vin MAN. thng. Cc mng Theo ITU: TMN chuyn mch gi v chuyn mch l mt mng ring lin kt cc knh. mng vin thng Cc dch v vin thng, cc ti nhng im dch v km theo khc nhau v u cui ngi gi/nhn thng s dng tin i/n mng chc v iu khin 5. Kin trc nng ca TMN? cc hot ng ca mng. Ni * mt cch khc, Chc nng phn TMN s dng t mng NEF. mt mng qu n Chc nng h l c lp thng iu hnh qun l mng OSF. vin thng bng Chc nng trm cc ng thng lm vic WSF. tin ring vcc Chc nng thch giao din c ng QAF chun ho. Chc nng trung TMN cha gian MF. nhiu h iu * hnh, mt mng Chc nng phn thng tin d t mng NEF liu v nhng NEF (Network phn t qun Element l. TMN ch ra Function) l mt trng thi thc khi chc nng hin chc nng thng tin ca qun l ca phn TMN nhm mc t mng thuc ch gim st phm vi ca hoc iu khin. TMN (nh h NEF cung cp thng chuyn cc chc nng mch, h thng vin thng v truyn dn .v.v.). chc nng h tr di l mng mng qun l. d liu m TMN dng truyn Chc nng h ti thng tin qun iu hnh OSF l c th ging OSF (Operation nh mt mng System Function) m TMN qun l cung cp cc hoc c thit chc nng qun k nh mng l. OSF x l cc truyn dn. TMN thng tin qun l phi cung cp cc nhm mc ch chc nng v gim st phi hp thng tin qun l v iu khin gia cc h iu mng vin thng. hnh vi nhau, H tr ng dng gia cc h iu cc vn v cu hnh vi cc hnh, li, hot thnh phn ng, tnh ton, mng v cc v qun l bo thng tin lin mt. quan ti cc h Chc nng to c iu hnh khc. s d liu Mng qun l H tr cho kh vin thng cung nng giao tip cp cc chc gia ngi v nng qun l v my thng qua truyn thng cho thit b u cui vic khai thc, ca ngi s qun l, bo dng. dng mng v Cc chng trnh cc dch v vin phn tch cung thng trong mi cp kh nng trng a nh phn tch li v cung cp thitb. phn tch hot Mng qun l ng. vin thng thng Khun dng d nht vic iu liu v bn tin h hnh qun l cc tr thng tin gia mng khc nhau Mt h thng (n x l hay a x l) c coi l mt h thng t tr nu cc qu trnh x l trong h thng cng chia s b nh. Tri ngc li, h thng phn tn l h thng bao gm cc h thng t tr c lin kt li vi nhau m khng c s chia s b nh. Phn ln cc h thng my tnh, mng vin thng, mng truyn s liu l phn tn. Chng lin kt li vi nhau trong mt mng truyn thng truyn ti thng tin hay cc bn tin phc v cho mt mc ch truyn thng no . Qun l mng c ngha l qun l cc ti nguyn mng v h thng my tnh a dng m phn ln l tch bit nhau v mt vt l. Chnh v v y, bn cht ca h thng qun l mng l phn tn.

hai thc th chc nng TMN Phn tch v quyt nh, to kh nng cho p ng qun l. Chc nng trm lm vic WSF WSF ( Work Station Function ) cung cp chc nng cho hot ng lin kt gia ngi s dng vi OSF. WSF c th c xem nh chc nng trung gian gia ngi s dng v OSF. Chc nng thch ng Q QAF (Q Adapter Function) cung cp s chuyn i kt ni NEF hoc OSF ti TMN, hoc nhng phn t mng khng thuc TMN vi TMN mt cch c lp. Chc nng thch ng Q c s dng lin kt ti cc phn t TMN m chng khng h tr cc im tham chiu TMN chun. * Chc nng trung gian MF MF (Mediation Function) hot ng truyn thng tin gia OSF v NEF. Chc nng trung gian hot ng trn thng tin truyn qua gia cc chc nng qun l v cc i tng qun l. MF cung cp mt tp cc chc nng cng ni (Gateway) hay chuyn tip (Relay). Cc chc nng ca MF: Cc chc nng truyn ti thng tin ITF (Information Tranfer Funtion). Bin i giao thc. Bin i bn tin. Bin i tn hiu. Dch/ nh x a ch. nh tuyn. Tp trung.

(shutdown) cc port trn switch. SNMP dng qun l mng, ngha l n c thi t k chy trn nn TCP/IP v qun l cc thit b c ni mng TCP/IP. Cc thit b mng khng nht thi t phi l my tnh m c th l switch, router, firewall, adsl gateway, v c mt s phn mm cho php qun tr bng SNMP. Gi s bn c mt ci my gi t c th ni mng IP v n h tr SNMP th bn c th qun l n t xa bng SNMP. SNMP l giao thc n gin, do n c thi t k n gi n trong cu trc bn tin v th tc hot ng, v cn n gi n trong bo mt (ngoi tr SNMP version 3). S dng phn mm SNMP, ngi qun tr mng c th qun l, gim st tp trung t xa ton mng ca mnh. + SNMP l giao thc qun l mng TCP/IP, c thit k c th m r ng thm cc chc nng v c lp ki n trc ca cc thit b. + 2 thnh phn trong SNMP gi l Network Management Station v Network Element, cn c th c gi l SNMP manager v SNMP agent. + ObjectID l nh danh ca mt i tng c th gim st c, cc thao tc get/set thng tin ca i tng u thng qua nh danh ca n. + MIB l mt cu trc d liu m t tp hp 6. nh ngha cc i tng c SNMP v c lin quan nhau. tnh? SNMP SNMP( simple manager c th network gim st management c SNMP protocol) l giao agent th c hai thc qun l phi h tr cng mng c bn mt MIB. c s dng rt + SNMPv1 c 5 ph bin gim phng thc : st v iu khin GetRequest, cc thit b mng GetNextRequest, nhm qun l tp SetRequest, trung mng TCP/ GetResponse v IP Trap. Mt thi t b + SNMP c mt hi u c v s c ch bo mt hot ng tun n gin nh : theo giao thc community string, SNMP c gi view v SNMP l c h tr Access Control SNMP (SNMP List. supported) hoc tng thch 7. Qun l truyn SNMP (SNMP thng trong compartible). SNMP? SNMP dng SNMP hot ng qun l, ngh a l da trn m hnh c th theo di, Manager/Agent. c th ly thng Manager c tin, c th c gi l trm qun thng bo, v c l mng (QLM). th tc ng h Thng tin c thng hot ng trao i gia nh mun. VD Agent v mt s kh nng Manager. Cc ca phn mm phn t mng s SNMP tip nhn cc yu + Theo di tc cu truy nhp t ng truyn ca h thng qun l mt router, bit mng vo c s c tng s byte d liu. truyn/nhn. Giao thc SNMP + Ly thng tin s dng kiu kt my ch ang c ni khng nh bao nhiu cng, hng trao i mi cng cn thng tin gia cc trng bao nhiu. phn t v h + T ng nhn thng qun l cnh bo khi mng (trng switch c mt hp ny l s port b down. dng UDP). UDP + i u khi n tt truyn cc gi tin

theo cc khi ring bit. Tuy v y c th ty s dng cc giao thc khc truyn cc gi tin SNMP. Cc gi tin sau khi truyn qua mng, cc phn t mng hay h thng qun l mng vn gi nguyn nh dng ca SNMP. Qun l lin lc gia nh qun l vi cc tc nhn Nhn trn phng din truyn thng, nh qun l (manager) v cc tc nhn (agent) cng l nhng ngi s dng, s dng mt giao thc ng dng. Giao thc qun l yu cu c ch vn ti h tr tng tc gia cc tc nhn v nh qun l. Nh qun l trc ht phi xc nh c cc tc nhn m n mun lin lc. c th xc nh c ng dng tc nhn bng a ch IP ca n v cng UDP c gn cho n. Cng UDP 161 c dnh ring cho cc tc nhn SNMP. Chng trnh nh qun l gi lnh SNMP vo mt phong b UDP/IP. Phong b ny cha cng ngun, a ch IP ch v cng 161. Mt thc th IP ti ch s chuyn giao khung UDP ti h thng b qun l. Tip , mt thc th UDP ti ch s chuyn pht n ti cc tc nhn. Tng t nh vy, lnh TRAP cng cn xc nh nhng nh qun l m n cn lin h. Chng s dng a ch IP cng nh cng UDP dnh cho nh qun l SNMP, l cng 162 C ch vn chuyn thng tin gia nh qun l v tc nhn SNMP ch i hi c ch truyn ti khng tin cy d liu (datagram) truyn a cc PDU (n v d liu giao thc) gia nh qun l v cc tc nhn. iu ny cho php s nh x ca SNMP ti nhiu nhm giao thc. M hnh vn chuyn datagram gim c phc tp ca nh x tng vn chuyn. Tuy nhin, vn phi nhn thc thy s tham gia ca mt s la chn tng vn chuyn. Cc tng vn chuyn khc nhau c th s dng nhiu k thut nh a ch khc nhau. Cc tng vn chuyn khc nhau c th a ra nhng hn ch quy m ca PDU. nh x tng vn chuyn c trch nhim phi x l cc vn nh a ch, hn ch quy m PDU v mt s tham s tng vn chuyn khc. Trong phin bn th hai ca SNMP, ngi ta s dng kinh nghim lm sc nt v n gin ha qu trnh nh x ti cc

chun vn chuyn khc nhau. Giao thc qun l c tch khi mi trng vn chuyn mt cch trc giao, iu ny cng c khuyn khch s dng cho bt c nhm giao thc no. Bo v truyn thng lin lc gia nh qun l v cc tc nhn khi s c Vic SNMP s dng c ch UDP lin lc c ngha l thiu i tin cy ri. SNMP hon ton li cho chng trnh nh qun l chu trch nhim v x l vic mt thng tin. Cc lnh GET, GETNEXT, v SET u c phc p bng mt lnh GETRESPONSE. H thng c th d dng pht hin ra vic b mt mt lnh khi khng nhn c lnh tr li. N c th lp li yu cu mt ln na hoc c nhng hnh ng khc. Tuy nhin, cc bn tin TRAP do tc nhn to ra v khng c phc p khng nh. Khi lnh TRAP b tht lc, cc chng trnh tc nhn s khng bit v iu D chuyn pht cc bn tin TRAP trnh mt mt, tht lc. Ta c th thit k cho cc tc nhn lp li bn tin TRAP. Bin s MIB c th c s ln lp li theo yu cu. Lnh SET ca nh qun l c th t cu hnh cho bin s ny. C mt cch khc l tc nhn c th lp li lnh TRAP cho n khi nh qun l t bin s MIB chm dt s c. SNMPv2 Th nht l n nguyn TRAP c b i v thay th n bng mt lnh GET/RESPONSE khng yu cu. Lnh ny do tc nhn to ra v chuyn n cho nh qun l b y ti cng UDP-162. Ngi ta cng b sung thm mt c s thng tin qun l c bit TRAP MIB thng nht vic x l s c, cc nh qun l nhn bn tin v cc s c ny v vic lp li ci thin tin cy trong chuyn pht thng tin. nh hng ca tng vn chuyn ti kh nng qun l mng Vic s dng mng b qun l h tr cc nhu cu thng tin lin lc qun l (qun l trong bng) gy ra nhiu vn th v. Vic qun l trong bng v ngoi bng l hon ton trc giao vi vic la chn giao thc qun l. Qun l trong bng c th dn n tnh trng mt lin lc vi mt tc nhn ng lc tc nhn cn s ch v qun l (ty

thuc vo ngun ca s c). Ngi ta c th lm gim nh c vn ny nu chnh cc thc th m tc nhn qun l li bo v ng truy nhp ti cc tc nhn ny. C mt nh hng nh v kh nng qun l xut hin trong bi cnh nh a ch tng vn chuyn. V d: c th xc nh c tc nhn SNMP mt cch duy nht bng a ch IP v s cng UDP. iu ny c ngha l vi mt a ch IP cho trc th ta ch c th tip cn c mt tc nhn duy nh t. Hn th na, tc nhn ny li ch duy tr mt c s thng tin qun l MIB duy nht. Do v y, vi mt a ch IP duy nht ch tn ti mt MIB. Vic gn kt MIB vi a ch IP c th hn ch c phc tp ca bin s liu m tc nhn cung cp. Xem xt trong cng mt hon cnh trong h thng yu cu nhiu MIB qun l cc thnh phn khc nhau ca n. Cn phi thng nht cc MIB khc nhau ny di mt cy MIB tnh duy nht c th truy nhp chng thng qua mt tc nhn duy nht. Trong mt s hon cnh nht nh, vic thng nht khng th thc hin c. Trong nhng trng hp nh v y, mi MIB i hi phi c ring mt nhm giao thc SNMP/UDP/IP. iu ny dn ti s phc tp cao trong vic t chc qun l (cc thng tin tng quan t nhiu MIB thuc mt h thng cho trc) cng nh vic truy nhp n (thng qua nhiu a ch IP). C mt cch khc l mt tc nhn duy nht trong mt h thng c th gi vai tr nh mt proxy m rng cho cc tc nhn ph ng gi nhng MIB khc nhau cng lin quan ti mt phn h cho trc. 8. Cu trc v c im ca thng tin qun l? SMI nh ngha mt c cu t chc chung cho thng tin qun l. SMI nhn dng cc kiu d liu trong MIB v ch r cch th c miu t v t tn cc ti nguyn trong MIB. SMI duy tr tnh n gin v kh nng m rng trong MIB. V th MIB ch lu nhng loi d liu n gin: cc i tng v hng v cc mng hai chiu ca cc i tng v hng. SNMP ch c th truy lc cc v hng, gm cc thc th trong bng. SMI khng cung cp cch to hoc truy xut cc cu trc d liu phc tp. Cc MIB s

cha cc loi d liu do nh cung cp to ra. cung cp phng php tiu chun biu din thng tin qun tr, SMI cn lm nhng cng vic sau: - Cung cp k thut tiu chun nh ngha cu trc ca MIB c bit. - Cung cp k thut tiu chun nh ngha cc i tng n l, bao gm c php v gi tr ca mi i tng. -Cung cp k thut tiu chun m ho cc gi tr i tng. S m t cc i tng b qun l c SMI thc hin thng qua ngn ng m t ASN.1. Vic nh ngha loi i tng gm 5 trng: - Object: Tn ca i tng, cn c coi nh l phn m t i tng cho mi loi i tng cng vi phn nhn dng i tng tng ng ca i tng. - Syntax: C php cho loi i tng. c th l mt trong cc loi c php n gin nh: Integer, Octet String, Object Identifier, Null hay mt c php ng dng nh: a ch mng, b m, kiu Gauss, Time Ticks, dng dliu khng trong sut, hay cc loi d liu ng dng m rng (c th xem thm trong RFC 1155 bit thm chi tit). - Definition: Cc nh ngha m t ng ngha ca loi i tng. - Truy nhp (Access): Phng php truy nhp c th l: ch c, c-ghi hay khng th truy nhp. - Trng thi (Status): C th l cng ch, ty chn hay khng cn hiu lc 9. Cc thnh phn ca SNMP? H thng qun l mng da trn SNMP gm ba thnh phn: b phn qun l (manager), i l (agent) v c s d liu gi l C s thng tin qun l (MIB). Mc d SNMP l mt giao thc qun l vic chuyn giao thng tin gia ba thc th trn, song n cng nh ngha mi quan h clientserver (ch t). y, nhng chng trnh client l b phn qun l, trong khi client thc hin cc thit b t xa c th c coi l server. Khi , c s d liu do agent SNMP qun l l i din cho MIP ca SNMP. Hnh 3.4 minh ha mi quan h gia ba thnh phn SNMP ny. 1. B phn qun l (manager) B phn qun l l mt chng trnh vn hnh trn mt hoc nhiu my tnh trm. Ty thuc vo cu hnh, mi

b phn qun l c th c dng qun l mt mng con, hoc nhiu b phn qun l c th c dng qun l cng mt mng con hay mt mng chung. Tng tc thc s gia mt ngi s dng cui (end-user) v b phn qun l c duy tr qua vic s dng mt hoc nhiu chng trnh ng dng m, cng vi b phn qun l, bin mt bng phn cng thnh Trm qun l mng (NMS). Ban u SNMP c pht trin s dng trn mng TCP/IP v nhng mng ny tip tc lm mng vn chuyn cho phn ln cc sn phm qun l mng da trn SNMP. Tuy nhin SNMP cng c th c chuyn qua NetWare IPX v nhng c cu vn chuyn khc. 2 Agent Thit b chu s qun l (Managed device): L mt nt mng h tr giao thc SNMP v thuc v mng b qun l. Thit b c nhim v thu thp thng tin qun l v lu tr phc v cho h thng qun l mng. Nhng thit b chu s qun l, i khi c gi nhng phn t mng, c th l nhng b nh tuyn v my ch truy nhp-Access Server, nhng switch v nhng bridge, nhng hub, my tnh hay l nhng my in trong mng. Mi thit b chu s qun l bao gm phn mm hoc phn sn (firmware) di dng m phin dch nhng yu cu SNMP v p ng ca nhng yu cu . Phn mm hoc phn sn ny c coi l mt agent. Mc d mi thit b bt buc bao gm mt agent chu qun l trc tip nhng thit b tng thch khng theo SNMP cng c th qun l c nu nh chng h tr mt giao thc qun l c quyn. thc hin c iu ny, bn phi ginh c mt agent y nhim (proxy agent). Proxy agent ny c th c xt nh mt b chuyn i giao thc v n phin dch nhng yu cu SNMP thnh giao thc qun l c quyn ca thit b khng hot ng theo giao thc SNMP. Mc d SNMP ch yu l giao thc p ng thm d (pollrespond) vi nhng yu cu do b phn qun l to ra dn n nhng p ng trong agent, agent cng c kh nng xng ra mt p ng t nguyn. p ng t nguyn ny l iu kin cnh bo t vic gim st agent vi hot ng c nh ngha

trc v ch ra rng ti ngng nh trc. Di s iu khin SNMP, vic truyn cnh bo ny c coi l ci by (trap). * 10. Cc lnh c bn trong SNMP? SNMP s dng cc dch v chuyn ti d liu c cung cp bi cc giao thc UDP/IP.Mt ng dng ca Manager ph i nhn dng c Agent cn thng tin vi n. Mt ng dng ca Agent c nhn dng bi a ch IP ca n v mt cng UDP. Mt ng dng Manager ng gi yu cu SNMP trong mt UDP/IP, UDP/IP cha m nhn dng cng ngun, a ch IP ch v m nhn dng cng UDP ca n. Khung UDP s c gi i thng qua th c th IP ti h thng c qun l, ti khung UDP s c phn phi bi thc th UDP ti Agent. Tng t cc bn tin TRAP phi c nhn dng bi cc Manager. Cc bn tin s dng a ch IP v m nhn dng cng UDP ca Manager SNMP. SNMP s dng 3 lnh c bn l Read, Write, Trap v mt s lnh ty bi n qun l thit b. - Lnh Read: c SNMP dng c thng tin t thit b. Cc thng tin ny c cung cp qua cc bin SNMP lu tr trn thit b v c cp nht bi thit b. - Lnh Write: c SNMP dng ghi cc thng tin iu khin ln thit b bng cch thay i gi tr cc bin SNMP. - Lnh Trap: Dng nhn cc s kin gi t thit b n SNMP. Mi khi c mt s kin xy ra trn thit b mt lnh Trap s c gi ti NMS. SNMP iu khin, theo di thit b bng cch thay i hoc thu thp thng tin qua cc bin gi tr lu trn thit b. Cc Agent ci t trn thit b tng tc vi nhng chip iu khin h tr SNMP ly ni dung hoc vit li ni dung *