Oracle DBA Concise Handbook

Oracle DBA Concise Handbook

Covers 9i to 11g
Saikat Basak
Published by Ensel Software www.enselsoftware.com
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! Saikat Basak "he author and #ublisher of this book ha$e used their best efforts in #re#arin% this book. "hese efforts include the de$elo#ment& research and testin% of the theories and #ro%rams to determine their effecti$eness. "he author and #ublisher shall not be liable in any e$ent for the incidental or conse'uential dama%es in connection with& or arisin% out of& the furnishin%& #erformance& or use of these #ro%rams. All ri%hts reser$ed. (o #art of this book may be re#roduced& in any form or by any means& without the #ermission in writin% from the author. Edition )**+ ) Edition )**, - u#dated for *% .
nd st
/ast u#dated 0ul )* *
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Contents INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................6 1 ORAC ! "!R#!R $ AN O#!R#I!%........................................................& . /O12CA/ S"34C"43E........................................................................................5 .) O3AC/E 6E6O37 S"34C"43E............................................................................5 .8 BAC913O4(D P3OCESSES.................................................................................., .+ 2(S"A//2(1 A(D 6A(A12(1 O3AC/E DA"ABASE................................................. ) .: O3AC/E 6A(A1ED ;2/ES <O6;=.................................................................. ) .> C3EA"2(1 A (E? DA"ABASE........................................................................... ) .5 S"A3"2(1 4P DA"ABASE 2(S"A(CE................................................................... : .@ SH4""2(1 DO?( DA"ABASE 2(S"A(CE.............................................................. : ., CO("3O/ ;2/E............................................................................................... : . * 3EDO /O1 ;2/ES......................................................................................... 5 . "AB/E SPACES...........................................................................................)* . ) SE16E(" A(D S"O3A1E S"34C"43ES.............................................................)8 . 8 "AB/ES....................................................................................................)+ . + 2(DEAES...................................................................................................): . : CO(S"3A2("S...........................................................................................)5 . > 4SE3S A(D SEC432"7.................................................................................), ' BAC(U) AND R!CO#!R*.......................................................................+' ). 2("3OD4C"2O(..............................................................................................8) ).) BAC94P A(D 3ECOBE37 2( (O A3CH2BE /O1 6ODE.............................................8) ).8 BAC94P 2( A3CH2BE /O1 6ODE.......................................................................8) ).+ 4SE3 6A(A1ED CO6P/E"E 3ECOBE37..............................................................88 ).: 4SE3 6A(A1ED 2(CO6P/E"E 3ECOBE37............................................................8+ ).> /O12CA/ BAC94P - EAPO3"C26PO3" A(D DA"A P46P........................................8+ ).5 SD/ /OADE3..............................................................................................8> ).@ (E"?O392(1 ;4(DA6E("A/S.........................................................................85 )., /O1 62(E3..................................................................................................8, ). * 3EA/ APP/2CA"2O( C/4S"E3S <3AC=.........................................................+) ). S"A(DB7 DA"ABASE <A/SO O3AC/E DA"A 14A3D=........................................++ ). ) 3EP/2CA"2O(.............................................................................................++ + )!R,OR-ANC! TUNIN........................................................................../0 8. "4(2(1 DEBE/OP6E(" A(D P3OD4C"2O( S7S"E6S..............................................+: 8.) SO43CES O; "4(2(1 2(;O36A"2O(...................................................................+: 8.8 CO//EC"2(1 S"A"2S"2CS.................................................................................+> 8.+ O3AC/E S4PP/2ED 142 "4(2(1 "OO/S.............................................................+5 8.: SD/ APP/2CA"2O( "4(2(1 A(D DES21(............................................................+5 8.> OP"262EE3...................................................................................................+, -8-
Oracle DBA Concise Handbook 8.5 "4(2(1 SHA3ED POO/....................................................................................:) 8.@ "4(2(1 DA"ABASE B4;;E3 CACHE....................................................................:+ 8., SHA3ED SE3BE3............................................................................................:> 8. * /A31E POO/ A(D 0ABA POO/.......................................................................:5 8. "4(2(1 3EDO............................................................................................:5 8. ) "4(2(1 A3CH2B2(1 OPE3A"2O(S...................................................................:@ 8. 8 "4(2(1 D2S9 2CO.......................................................................................:@ 8. + "4(2(1 SO3"S...........................................................................................:@ 8. : "4(2(1 3O//BAC9 SE16E("S......................................................................:, 8. > /OC9S......................................................................................................:, 8. 5 "4(2(1 OPE3A"2(1 S7S"E6.........................................................................>* 8. @ A4"O6A"2C ?O39/OAD 3EPOS2"O37 <A?3=..............................................>* 8. , A4"O6A"2C DA"ABASE D2A1(OS"2C 6O(2"O3 <ADD6= A(D SD/ "4(2(1 ADB2SO3............................................................................................................>* / "1 AND ) 2"1 .........................................................................................6' +. CO6P2/2(1 PAC9A1ES....................................................................................>) +.) 3ECO3DS A(D "AB/ES ..................................................................................>) +.8 C43SO3.......................................................................................................>) +.+ 6E31E& 64/"2 - "AB/E 2(SE3" A(D P2BO" 2(SE3".............................................>8 +.: SD/ 0O2(S..................................................................................................>+ +.> 4SE;4/ SD/ ;4(C"2O(S...............................................................................>: +.5 D7(A62C P/CSD/.......................................................................................>> +.@ (ES"ED "AB/E..............................................................................................>5 +., "7PES O; 0O2(S.............................................................................................>@ +. * EA"E3(A/ "AB/ES......................................................................................5* 0 DB-" )AC(A.!".......................................................................................&1 :. DB6SF0OB..............................................................................................5 :.) 4"/F;2/E................................................................................................5 6 U"!,U "CRI)T" ,OR DBA"...................................................................&+ >. "O SHO? P326A37C;O3E21( 9E7 3E/A"2O(SH2PS O; A// "AB/ES A(D B2E?S 2( A 12BE( SCHE6A....................................................................................................58 >.) "O SEE A// OB0EC"S 2( A "AB/E SPACE ;2/E......................................................58 >.8 ?H2CH 4SE3 EAEC4"2(1 ?HA" "7PE O; CO66A(D.............................................5+ >.+ 1E" O4"P4" O; A D4E37 "O A "EA" ;2/E ;3O6 SD/ P/4S.................................5+ >.: "O SEE S2EE O; 7O43 "AB/ES A(D 2(DEAES.......................................................5+ >.> "O SEE ;3EE SPACES 2( "AB/E SPACES..............................................................5+ & N!% ,!ATUR!" O, 13211.......................................................................&6 5. ?HA" 2S 1 2( O3AC/EGS 132D CO6P4"2(1H.......................................................5, 5.) ?HA" A3E O3AC/E ;4S2O( 62DD/E?A3E <O;6= A(D SE3B2CE O32E("ED A3CH2"EC"43E <SOA=H......................................................................................@* -+-
Oracle DBA Concise Handbook 4 DBA INT!R#I!% 1U!"TION"................................................................4+ @. OPE(-E(DED D4ES"2O(S.................................................................................@8 @.) "ECH(2CA/ D4ES"2O(S...................................................................................@8 @.8 D4ES"2O(S 7O4 SHO4/D AS9..........................................................................,* 9 R!,!R!NC!"...............................................................................................91 13 ORAC ! "!R#!R5" DIA.RA--ATIC O#!R#I!%.......................9'
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Introduction
"here are se$eral books a$ailable in the market for Oracle DBAs. So what is s#ecial about this bookH ?ell& the differences are se$eral. ;irst of all& this book is a$ailable in electronic format. 7ou can carry this book where$er you want. 2t is written in sim#le ?ord format <PD; format is also a$ailable=. So& you can o#en it in almost anywhere. "his book is based on the commands necessary for re%ular DBA acti$ities. "his is a concise book. 2t attem#ts to be your first reference for DBA Iob. 7ou will still re'uire lookin% at Oracle manuals and other hu%e references for ad$anced commands and features. Please note that this book does not try to teach you how to be a DBA. 2t is assumed that you know a bit of DBA acti$ities. 2t only acts as a DBA handbook. 2 included a section on common DBA inter$iew 'uestions. ?here do you find such information in other booksH Some a$id readers wanted the answers to be %i$en alon% with. Howe$er& some 'uestions are too easy. Some difficult answersChints ha$e been #ro$ided. But 2 donJt a##reciate #ro$idin% all answers because unless you ha$e sound understandin% of the conce#t& you can be $ery easy bo%%ed down by some twists in the 'uestions. "his is really a CO(C2SE handbook. "hatJs why 2 couldnJt co$er e$ery nuts and bolts of Oracle. Had 2 do so& this book would ha$e consisted of more than *** #a%es and its charm would ha$e been lostK Only the most basic as#ects ha$e been touched. So& #lease donJt yell that why such and such to#ics ha$e been left. Howe$er& if readers stron%ly feel that some to#ics need to be added& 2 shall definitely honor that demand. 2 shall occasionally u#date the book. So& #lease $isit the website fre'uently to download latest $ersion of the book. Please note that ori%inally 2 wrote this book for Oracle ,i and then u#dated for %.
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1 Oracle Server an overview

1.1 Logical structure
Database S7S"E6 "able s#ace "able s#ace "able s#ace )
"ables#ace
Se%ment
Se%ment EMtent Se%ment ) EMtent
Blocks
Physical stora%e structures Oracle database consists of 8 ty#es of #hysical files Data files - contains all database data 3edo lo% files - record all chan%es made to data. 4sed for reco$ery Control files - maintains information about #hysical structure of database 1.2 Oracle memory structure
1.2.1 SGA
System 1lobal Area <S1A= is shared memory area. All users of database share information maintained in this area. "he S1A and other back%round #rocesses constitute an Oracle instance. S1A siLe is limited by S1AF6AAFS2EE initialiLation #arameter. ;rom %& Oracle can mana%e S1A and P1A com#letely automatically. -5-
Oracle DBA Concise Handbook Shared memory
Database buffer cache 9ee# 3ecycle Default
Data dictionary cache Shared #ool Control structures
Shared SD/ P/CSD/ #rocedures /ibrary cache . #acka%es /ocks and other structures
S1A 3edo lo% buffer cache /ar%e #ool <o#tional=
0a$a #ool <o#tional=
;rom %& there are two new com#onents in S1A $iL Streams #ool and 3esult cache. (on-shared memory P1A Stack s#ace Session info Sort area
"he database buffer cache is the area of memory that caches database data& holdin% blocks from data files that ha$e been read recently. Before a user can look at a #iece of information in an Oracle database& it must first reside in the database buffer cache. Data %ets into this cache based u#on the 6ost 3ecently 4sed al%orithm. Because the most recently and most fre'uently used data is ke#t in memory& less disk 2CO is necessary& and o$erall database #erformance is im#ro$ed. "here are 8 ty#es of buffers - dirty& free and #inned.
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Oracle uses an /34 mechanism to remo$e data from DB cache. DBFCACHEFS2EE& DBF9EEPFCACHEFS2EE& DBF3EC7C/EFCACHEFS2EE determines DB cache siLe. DBFCACHEFADB2CE can be set to O(CO;;C3EAD7 and the result can be $iewed from BNDBFCACHEFADB2CE. 3edo lo% buffer is a circular buffer in S1A that holds information about chan%es made to data. /O1FB4;;E3 determines its siLe.
1.2.2 Shared pool
/ibrary cache contains shared SD/ area& P/CSD/ #rocedures and #acka%es etc. 2t is used for maintainin% recently eMecuted SD/ commands and their eMecution #lans. Data dictionary cache is a collection of database tables and $iews containin% metadata about the database& its structures& its #ri$ile%e and its users. Oracle accesses data dictionary fre'uently durin% #arsin% of SD/ statements. Data dictionary cache holds most recently used data dictionary information. SHA3EDFPOO/FS2EE determines siLe of shared #ool and can be dynamically altered. P1A contains data and information for sin%le ser$er #rocess. P1AFA113E1A"EF"A31E" s#ecifies total amount of memory that can be used by all ser$er #rocesses. 1.3 Background processes
1.3.1 Database Writer (D Wn!
Oracle marks buffers in memory as dirty when the data they contain is chan%ed. DB?n writes content of dirty buffer to data file when - a ser$er #rocess canJt find a clean buffer after searchin% set threshold of buffers& a check#oint occurs& chan%e table s#ace to read onlyCofflineCbacku# mode& dro#Ctruncate table etc.
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1.3.2 "o# Writer ("GW$!
2t is res#onsible to redo lo% buffer mana%ement. Almost all acti$ities a%ainst the database are tracked in the online redo lo%s. As transaction are initiated and e$entually committed or rolled back& a record of this acti$ity is written to these lo% files. /o% writer writes to redo lo%s se'uentially.
1.3.3 %hec&point (%'()!
Hel#s to reduce time re'uired for instance reco$ery. A check#oint is an e$ent that flushes modified data from buffer cache to disk and u#dates control file and data files. "he C9P" #rocess u#dates header of data files and control files and DB?n writes actual blocks to file. Check#oint occurs automatically when an online redo lo% file fills <lo% switch=.
1.3.* S+ste, -onitor (S-O.!
At startu#& S6O(Js Iob is to ensure that all the database files are consistent and #erform reco$ery if re'uired. "here is also an assortment of other cleanu# acti$ities that may need to be done& which are S6O(Js res#onsibility. "he S6O( #rocess by itself checks e$ery so often to see whether there are any tasks waitin% for its attention.
1.3./ (rocess -onitor ((-O.!
Cleans u# failed user #rocesses and frees all resources used by failed #rocess.
1.3.0 Archiver (A$%n!
2t automatically sa$es co#ies of redo lo%s in a DBA s#ecified stora%e location when media reco$ery is enabled.
1.3.1 $ecover ($2%O!
2s used with distributed transaction to resol$e failure.
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1.3.3 "oc& ("%'n!
2t is used in 3AC.
1.3.4 Dispatcher (Dnnn! 5 Shared Server (Snnn!
"hese are discussed later.

1.3.16 -ana#eabilit+ ,onitor (--O.!
;rom *%& it makes sna#shots of the databaseJs health <statistics= and stores this information in the automatic workload re#ository.
1.3.11 (rocessin# S7"
"he followin% ste#s show how Oracle #rocesses SD/ . Statement is #assed to Oracle for #rocessin% ). Before it is #laced in the library cache& a hash $alue is com#uted that re#resent s a number of characteristics of the SD/. 8. Oracle com#ares the com#uted hash $alue a%ainst those $alues in a hash table where it maintains for SD/ statements already in the cache. +. 2f a match is found& the new SD/ statement is thrown away and the one sittin% in the cache is eMecuted on its behalf. :. 2n no match is found& further #rocessin% is done on the new SD/ statement& an entry is made in the library cache hash table for newly arri$ed code& and it is #laced in the library cache. >. "here are 8 sta%es of SD/ #rocessin% - #arse& eMecute and fetch Durin% #arsin%& Oracle ser$er checks the syntaM and $alidates table& column names a%ainst data dictionary Determines whether user has #ri$ile%e to eMecute the statement Determines o#timal eMecution #lans for statement ;inds a shared SD/ area for the statement 2n eMecution sta%e& for 4PDA"E and DE/E"E statement& Oracle locks the affected rows& looks for data blocks in DB buffer cache& if found& eMecutes becomes faster& if not then Oracle has to read from #hysical data files to buffer cache. ;or SE/EC" and 2(SE3" statements& lockin% is not necessary. Durin% fetch o#eration& rows are fetched to user #rocess.
Oracle DBA Concise Handbook An Oracle instance consists of memory structures <S1A= and back%round #rocesses <DB?n& /1?3& C9P"& S6O(& P6O(& 66O( and o#tionally A3Cn& Dnnn& Snnn etc.= 1.4 Installing and managing Oracle database "o use o#eratin% system authentication& set 3E6O"EF/O12(FPASS?O3D;2/E #arameter to (O(E <default=. OS authenticated users can connect as CO((EC" C AS S7SDBA <or S7SOPE3=. ?hen usin% #assword file authentication& users connect to database by s#ecifyin% username and #assword. . 4sin% O3AP?D utility& create a #assword file with S7S #assword. ). Set 3E6O"EF/O12(FPASS?O3D;2/E #arameter. 8. 1rant a##ro#riate users S7SDBA or S7SOPE3 #ri$ile%e. 1.5 Oracle Managed Files OMF! Set followin% #arameters in initialiLation file. DBFC3EA"EF;2/EFDES" - default location of new datafiles DBFC3EA"EFO(/2(EF/O1FDES"Fn - s#ecifies location for online lo% files and control files <maM. : locations= "o create database usin% O6;& use C3EA"E DA"ABASE 67DB DE;A4/" "E6PO3A37 "AB/ESPACE "6PO 1." #reating a ne$ database 4sually when you install Oracle& it automatically creates a database for you <thou%h you need to s#ecify a database name for this=. Otherwise& you usually use %ra#hical Database Confi%uration Assistant <DBCA= to createCmana%e databases. So& you may not e$en re'uire creatin% a database from command #rom#t. Howe$er& in case you need to& the ste#s are shown below. 2n OS command #rom#t& use
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Oracle DBA Concise Handbook O3AD26 -(E? -S2D sidFname -2("P?D sysF#assword -6AA4SE3S * 2n ?indows& %o to Control Panel - Ser$ices Check ser$ice named OracleSer$iceS2D started. 2n 6y Com#uter& En$ironment tab& define O3AC/EFS2DPsidFname Create folders where you want to kee# database files e%. ;QR67DBRDA"A;2/ES& 4D46P& BD46P& CD46P& /O1S& A3CH2BE etc. Create a new initS2D.ora file with rele$ant #arameters BAC913O4(DFD46PFDES"P;QR67DBRBD46P CO3EFD46PFDES"P;QR67DBRCD46P 4SE3FD46PFDES"P;QR67DBR4D46P DBF(A6EP sidFname 2(S"A(CEF(A6EP sidFname 4(DOF6A(A1E6E("PA4"O 4(DOF"AB/ESPACEP4(DO* Start SD/ Plus C AS S7SDBA S"A3"4P (O6O4(" C3EA"E DA"ABASE 67DB 6AADA"A;2/ES 8* 6AA/O1;2/ES * 6AA/O16E6BE3S : 6AA2(S"A(CES 6AA/O1H2S"O37 DA"A;2/E G;QR67DBRDA"A;2/ESRS7S"E6* .DB;G S2EE **6 /O1;2/E 13O4P G;QR67DBR/O1R/O1* .DB;G S2EE *6& 13O4P ) G;QR67DBR/O1R/O1*).DB;G S2EE *6 4(DO "AB/ESPACE 4(DO* DA"A;2/E G;QR67DBR4(DOR4(DO* .DB;G S2EE :*6 DE;A4/" "E6PO3A37 "AB/ESPACE "E6P "E6P;2/E G;QR67DBR"E6PR"E6P* .DB;G S2EE *6 CHA3AC"E3 SE" ?E@6S?2( ):) C
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Oracle DBA Concise Handbook C3EA"E SP;2/E ;3O6 P;2/EO (oteQ Abo$e command was for Oracle ,i. ;rom *%& you need SysauM table s#ace as well. (ow run calalo%.s'l <creates data dictionary $iews= and cat#roc.s'l <creates P/C SD/ #acka%es= from NO3AC/EFHO6ER3DB6SRAD62( After installin% Oracle& se$eral ser$ices are re%istered in the ser$er com#uter. 2n ?indows& <for Oracle ,.)= followin% ser$ices must be started as a minimum to run Oracle - OracleOraHome,)A%ent& OracleOraHome,)"(S/istener and OracleSer$iceS2D <where S2D is the name of database you created=. 2n ?indows Bista runnin% Oracle %& 2 usually startCsto# my test database $ia followin% batch file <say StartOracle.bat MYDB is name of my database=
net net net net start start start start OracleServiceMYDB OracleOraDb11g_home1TNSListener OracleVssWriterMYDB OracleDBConsoleMYDB
"o sto# database ser$ices& you can create a similar batch file by re#lacin% start with stop. 2n Bista& you need to run these batch files as administrator. 2f you do not start OracleDBConsoleSS2DT ser$ice& then you wonJt be able to start web based Enter#rise 6ana%er - which you usually start from htt#sQCClocalhostQ :@Cem <where localhost may be substituted for your com#uter name= 7ou usually lo% on to Oracle ser$er from USQL PlusV as S7SCPASS?O3DWDA"ABASE(A6E AS S7SDBA. Sometimes you can also lo% in as sim#ly UC AS S7SDBAV only when you are #hysically in the same com#uter where Oracle ser$er is installed. Please note that Ser$er 6ana%er tool is no lon%er a$ailable from Oracle ,i onwards. 7ou can do e$erythin% usin% SD/ PlusK ;or $arious day-to-day database works& you may find SD/ Plus cumbersome to work with. ;or this& se$eral 8rd #arty 142 tools are a$ailable. "wo most #o#ular tools are - P/CSD/ De$elo#ers and "OAD. ;rom %& ?indows SD/ Plus has been re#laced by SD/ De$elo#er suite bundled with %. DOS $ersion of SD/ Plus is still a$ailable thou%hK
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Oracle DBA Concise Handbook 1.% &tarting up database instance SD/T S"A3"4P (O6O4(" "his state is used for creatin% new database or creatin% new control file. At this state& Oracle allocates S1A and starts back%round #rocesses. SD/T S"A3"4P 6O4(" "his state is used for #erformin% s#ecific maintenance o#erations like renamin% data files& enablin%Cdisablin% archi$e lo% mode& addin%Cdro##in%Crenamin% redo lo% files& reco$erin% database etc. Control file is read at this sta%e but the data files are not o#en. SD/T S"A3"4P OPE( or sim#ly SD/TS"A3"4P Database is a$ailable for normal o#erations. (BQ Oracle % re'uires at least 1B of 3A6 and : 1B disk s#ace to install. ;or an o#erational #roduction database& more 3A6 and disk s#ace are re'uired. 1.' &(utting do$n database instance SD/T SH4"DO?( (O36A/ or sim#ly SD/T SH4"DO?( ?aits for all database users to disconnect then closes database. SD/T SH4"DO?( 266ED2A"E "erminates all user connections& rolls back uncommitted transactions& closes database. SD/T SH4"DO?( "3A(SAC"2O(A/ ?aits for all transactions to commit or roll back& then closes database. SD/T SH4"DO?( ABO3" 2mmediately closes database lea$in% it in inconsistent state. S6O( automatically #erforms instance reco$ery durin% neMt startu#. 1.) #ontrol *ile Control file contains Database name Database creation timestam# Data files - name& location& onCoff line status 3edo lo% files - name& location 3edo lo% archi$e information - :-
Oracle DBA Concise Handbook "able s#ace names Current lo% se'uence number 6ost recent check#oint information Be%in and end of undo se%ments 36A( backu# information
Oracle backs u# control file after any structural chan%es in database. /1?3 u#dates control file with current lo% se'uence number. C9P" u#dates control file with recent check#oint information. A3Cn u#dates with archi$in% information.
1.4.1 -ultiple8in# control 9iles
4sin% init.ora CO("3O/F;2/ES P <XCoraCoradataCmydbCcontrol .ctlJ& XCoraCoradataCmydbCcontrol .ctlJ= 4sin% s#file . SD/T A/"E3 S7S"E6 SE" CO("3O/F;2/ES P <XCoraCoradataCmydbC control .ctlJ& XCoraCoradataCmydbCcontrol .ctlJ= SCOPEPSP;2/E ). SD/TSH4"DO?( (O36A/ 8. Co#y control file to new location +. SD/TS"A3"4P "o create O6; control files& donJt s#ecify CO("3O/F;2/ES #arameter in initialiLation fileO rather s#ecify DBFC3EA"EFO(/2(EF/O1FDES"Fn #arameter n times startin% with .
1.4.2 %reatin# new control 9ile
6ake sure you ha$e com#lete list of all data and lo% files. 2n SD/ Plus& write <the database should be in S"A3"4P (O6O4("= C3EA"E CO("3O/;2/E SE" DA"ABASE U67DBV (O3ES"/O1S (OA3CH2BE/O1 6AADA"A;2/ES 8* 6AA/O1;2/ES * - >-
Oracle DBA Concise Handbook 6AA/O16E6BE3S : 6AA2(S"A(CES 6AA/O1H2S"O37 DA"A;2/E G;QR67DBRDA"A;2/ESRS7S"E6* .DB;G G;QR67DBRDA"A;2/ESR4SE3S* .DB;G G;QR67DBRDA"A;2/ESR4(DO* .DB;G G;QR67DBRDA"A;2/ESR"E6P* .DB;G /O1;2/E 13O4P G;QR67DBR/O1R/O1* .DB;G S2EE *6& 13O4P ) G;QR67DBR/O1R/O1*).DB;G S2EE *6 C "o back u# control file when database is runnin%& use A/"E3 DA"ABASE BAC94P CO("3O/;2/E "O filename 3E4SE Or A/"E3 DA"ABASE BAC94P CO("3O/;2/E "O "3ACE - it #laces a teMt co#y of control file to 4SE3FD46PFDES" directory. 2f Oracle canJt u#date control file& instance crashes.
1.4.3 %ontrol 9ile related data dictionar+ views
BNCO("3O/;2/E BNCO("3O/;2/EF3ECO3DFSEC"2O( 1.1+ ,edo log *iles 3edo entries record data chan%es that can be used to reconstruct all chan%es made to database. ?hene$er you do any chan%e to database <D6/ or DD/=& it is recorded in redo lo%s. "o o#erate successfully& an Oracle instance re'uires at least ) redo lo% %rou#s. Each %rou# must ha$e at least redo lo% file. 4sually in #roduction databases& there are at least 8 redo lo% %rou#s and each %rou# has at least ) redo lo% members. (ote that& all member files under same %rou# are identical. 6embers are multi#le co#ies to #rotect a%ainst data loss in case of disk failure.
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1rou#
1rou# )
1rou# 8
3edo lo% files 8 %rou#s and 8 members each )
2f /1?3 can write to at least member of the %rou#& database functions normally& but otherwise Oracle shuts down the instance.
1.16.1 %reatin# new #roups and ,e,bers
A/"E3 DA"ABASE ADD /O1;2/E 13O4P 8 <XCoracleCoradataClo%Credo8 .lo%J& XCoracleCoradataClo%Credo8).lo%J= S2EE *6 A/"E3 DA"ABASE ADD /O1;2/E 6E6BE3 XCoracleCoradataClo%Credo8 .lo%J "O 13O4P 8 ;or O6; A/"E3 DA"ABASE ADD /O1;2/E
- @-

1.16.2 $ena,in# lo# ,e,bers
;ollow these ste#s Shutdown database Co#yCrename redo lo% file member to new location SD/T S"A3"4P 6O4(" A/"E3 DA"ABASE 3E(A6E ;2/E old redo lo% file "O new redo lo% file A/"E3 DA"ABASE OPE( Backu# control file
1.16.3 Droppin# redo lo# 9ile
;irst& make the lo% file inacti$e& if necessary& issue A/"E3 S7S"E6 S?2"CH /O1;2/E A/"E3 DA"ABASE D3OP /O1;2/E 13O4P 8 A/"E3 DA"ABASE D3OP /O1;2/E 6E6BE3 XCoracleCoradataClo%Credo8 .lo%J
1.16.* $unnin# database in archive lo# ,ode
S#ecify /O1FA3CH2BEFDES"Fn #arameters in initialiLation file. E.%. /O1FA3CH2BEFDES"F P <</OCA"2O( P XCoradataCmydbCarchi$e J= 6A(DA"O37 3EOPE( P >*= 2n %& to enable database archi$e lo% mode& define archi$e location like this
%RoradataR67DBRarchi$elo%G A/"E3 S7S"E6 SE" /O1FA3CH2BEFDES"F PG/OCA"2O(PCQROracle SCOPEPSP;2/EO
<in mount state=
/O1FA3CH2BEF;O36A" P XarchFYtFYsJ Ys - lo% se'uence number YS - lo% se'uence number& Lero filled Yt - thread number Y" - thread number& Lero filled "o enableCdisable archi$e lo% mode& follow these ste#s
- ,-
Oracle DBA Concise Handbook Shutdown database <lo% in $ia conn C as sysdba= Startu# and mount database SD/T A/"E3 DA"ABASE A3CH2BE/O1 <use (OA3CH2BE/O1 to disable= SD/T A/"E3 DA"ABASE OPE( "ill ,i& in the initialiLation file& set /O1FA3CH2BEFS"A3" P "34E <if it is not set& once a redo lo% file is full& Oracle han%s until redo lo% file is archi$ed=. ;rom *%& this #arameter is de#recated. "o manually initiate automatic archi$in%& issue A/"E3 S7S"E6 A3CH2BE /O1 S"A3" and A/"E3 S7S"E6 S?2"CH /O1;2/E commands. "o see whether database is in archi$e lo% mode& use SD/T A3CH2BE /O1 /2S"
1.16./ $edo lo# related data dictionar+ views
BN/O1 - shows redo lo% status BN/O1;2/E - shows redo lo% filesJ location BN"H3EAD BN/O1FH2S"O37 BNA3CH2BEDF/O1 BNA3CH2BEFDES" BNA3CH2BEFP3OCESSES 1.11 -able spaces "he databaseJs data is stored lo%ically in table s#aces and #hysically in data files corres#ondin% to the table s#aces. One table s#ace can ha$e multi#le data file but one data file must belon% to only one table s#ace. A sin%le obIect <say a table= may s#an multi#le data files but must reside within a sin%le table s#ace.
1.11.1 %reatin# table space
C3EA"E "AB/ESPACE su#ermarket DA"A;2/E GeQRoracleRoradataRmdbRsu#ermarket.dbfG S2EE 8*6 EA"E(" 6A(A1E6E(" /OCA/ A4"OA//OCA"E SE16E(" SPACE 6A(A1E6E(" A4"O
- )* -
Oracle DBA Concise Handbook C3EA"E "AB/ESPACE su#ermarket DA"A;2/E GeQRoracleRoradataRmdbRsu#ermarket.dbfG S2EE 8*6 A4"OEA"E(D O( (EA" *6 6AAS2EE 4(/262"ED
1.11.2 Droppin# table space
D3OP "AB/ESPACE su#ermarket 2(C/4D2(1 CO("E("S A(D DA"A;2/ES

1.11.3 $ena,in# table space
;rom Oracle *% onwards& you can rename a table s#ace <eMce#t System and SysauM= A/"E3 "AB/ESPACE oldFname 3E(A6E "O newFname ?hen you rename a table s#ace& all corres#ondin% data dictionary entries are u#dated.
1.11.* Availabilit+ o9 table space
A/"E3 "AB/ESPACE su#ermarket O;;/2(E (O36A/C"E6O3A37C266ED2A"EC;O3 3ECOBE3 7ou canJt #lace System table s#ace in offline mode. "o make a table s#ace read only& A/"E3 "AB/ESPACE su#ermarket 3EAD O(/7 "o chan%e it to read write mode& A/"E3 "AB/ESPACE su#ermarket 3EAD ?32"E
1.11./ Addin# space to table space
A/"E3 "AB/ESPACE su#ermarketFDA"A ADD DA"A;2/E GcQRoracleRoradataRmydbRsu#ermarketFdata).dbfG S2EE 8*6 A/"E3 DA"ABASE DA"A;2/E GcQRoracleRoradataRmydbRsu#ermarketFdata).dbfG 3ES2EE 8**6 -) -
1.11.0
)able space related data dictionar+ views
DBAF"AB/ESPACES - all table s#ace information BNF"AB/ESPACE DBAF;3EEFSPACE BNSO3"F4SA1E DBAFSE16E("S DBAF4SE3S - shows default and tem#orary table s#ace for users
1.11.1 $ena,in# and relocatin# 9ile
;ollow these ste#s to rename data file <for sin%le table s#ace eMce#t System table s#ace= A/"E3 "AB/ESPACE su#ermarket O;;/2(E Co#y or mo$e the file to new location with OS commands A/"E3 DA"ABASE 3E(A6E ;2/E GcQRoracleRoradataRmydbRsu#ermarketFdata).dbfG "O GcQRoracleRoradataRmydbRsu#ermarketFnew.dbfG or A/"E3 "AB/ESPACE su#ermarket 3E(A6E DA"A;2/E GcQRoracleRoradataRmydbRsu#ermarketFdata).dbfG "O GcQRoracleRoradataRmydbRsu#ermarketFnew.dbfG A/"E3 "AB/ESPACE su#ermarket O(/2(E 2n case of System table s#ace or table s#aces with multi#le data files Shutdown database Co#y or mo$e the file to new location with OS commands Startu# database in mount state A/"E3 DA"ABASE 3E(A6E ;2/E GcQRoracleRoradataRmydbRsu#ermarketFdata).dbfG "O GcQRoracleRoradataRmydbRsu#ermarketFnew.dbfG O#en database Please note in case of ?indows& the file may %et locked unless database is shutdown.
- )) -

1.11.3 Data 9ile related data dictionar+ views
BNDA"A;2/E BN"E6P;2/E DBAFDA"AF;2/ES DBAF"E6PF;2/ES 1.12 &egment and storage structures PC";3EE P s#ecifies what #ercenta%e of block should be allocated as free s#ace for future u#dates <default *= PC"4SED P s#ecifies when the block can be considered for addin% new rows <default +*= PC";3EE Z PC"4SED SP ** Blocks are smallest lo%ical unit of stora%e in Oracle database. An eMtent is lo%ical stora%e unit made of conti%uous data blocks. Se%ment is lo%ical stora%e unit made u# of one or more eMtents. "y#es of se%ments are - table& table #artition& cluster& nested table& indeM& indeM or%aniLed table& indeM #artition& tem#orary& /OB& undo& bootstra#.
1.12.1 :ndo se#,ent
?hen a user #erforms an u#date or deletes o#eration& the earlier data is sa$ed to undo se%ments and then actual data is modified to new $alue. 2n case of insert o#eration& rowid of new rows are stored in undo se%ments. 4ndo data is not deleted immediately after commit or rollback. How lon% it will stay in undo se%ment de#ends on 4(DOF3E"E("2O( #arameter in initialiLation file. ?hen a transaction is rolled back& Oracle restores the earlier data from undo se%ments. ;rom Oracle ,i& undo mana%ement can be automatically controlled. "o use automatic undo mana%ement& set followin% #arameters in initialiLation file. 4(DOF6A(A1E6E("PA4"O - )8 -
Oracle DBA Concise Handbook 4(DOF"AB/ESPACEPtable s#ace name

1.12.2 %reatin# undo se#,ent
C3EA"E 4(DO "AB/ESPACE undo DA"A;2/E XCoradataCmydbCundo* .dbfJ S2EE )*6 "o s#ecify different table s#ace as undo table s#ace dynamically - issue A/"E3 S7S"E6 SE" 4(DOF"AB/ESPACEPundo*)
1.12.3 28tent or se#,ent related data dictionar+ views
DBAFEA"E("S DBAF;3EEFSPACE DBAFSE16E("S BNSO3"FSE16E(" DBAF3O//BAC9FSE1S BN3O//(A6E BN3O//S"A" BN4(DOS"A" 1.13 -ables
1.13.1 %reatin# tables
Create table 6A(4;AC"43E3 < 6;D(O (46BE3 not null& 6;D(A6E BA3CHA3)<)**= not null& ADD3ESS BA3CHA3)<)**=& C2"7 BA3CHA3)<:*=& S"A"E CHA3<)=& CO4("37 BA3CHA3)< **=& POS"CODE BA3CHA3)< *=& PHO(E BA3CHA3)<:*=& E6A2/ BA3CHA3)< **=& 4SE3(A6E BA3CHA3)<)*= default 4SE3& DA"ES"A6P DA"E default S7SDA"E = tables#ace S4PE36A39E"FDA"A
- )+ -
Oracle DBA Concise Handbook C3EA"E "AB/E 6A(4;AC"43E3 (O/O112(1 PA3A//E/ AS SE/EC" [ ;3O6 CO6PA(7
1.13.2 $eor#ani;in# tables
"o mo$e a table to a different table s#ace A/"E3 "AB/E #roduct 6OBE "AB/ESPACE su#ermarket
1.13.3 Droppin# a table
D3OP "AB/E schema.tableFname <CASCADE CO(S"3A2("S= "34(CA"E "AB/E tableFname "runcate resets H?6 where delete does not. "runcate is not lo%%ed but delete is lo%%ed.
1.13.* -odi9+in# colu,ns
A/"E3 "AB/E schema.tableFname <CASCADE CO(S"3A2("S=
D3OP
CO/46(
columnFname CO/46(
A/"E3 "AB/E schema.tableFname SE" 4(4SED column Fname& column)Fname <CASCADE CO(S"3A2("S=
A/"E3 "AB/E #roduct ADD 6fd BA3CHA3)<8*= DE;A4/" XabcJ

1.13./ )able related data dictionar+ views
DBAF"AB/ES DBAF"ABFCO/46(S - all columns of all tables 1.14 Inde.es Oracle has mainly ) ty#es of indeMes& BZ "ree and Bitma#.
- ): -

1.1*.1 %reatin# inde8
(ormal B tree indeM C3EA"E 2(DEA indeMFname O( tableFname <columnFnames= "AB/ESPACE a##FindM Bitma# indeM C3EA"E B2"6AP 2(DEA em#F%enderFidM O( em#loyee <seM= "AB/ESPACE a##FindM 3e$erse key indeM C3EA"E 2(DEA indeMFname O( tableFname <columnFnames= 3EBE3SE ;unction based indeM C3EA"E 2(DEA indeMFname O( 4PPE3<#roduct <#rodname== "o use function based indeM& set followin% #arameters in initialiLation file D4E37F3E?32"EFE(AB/EDP"34E D4E37F3E?32"EF2("E132"7P"34S"ED Cost based o#timiLer must be used.
1.1*.2 Inde8 Ora#ani;ed )able (IO)!
Create the table normally& with O31A(2EA"2O( 2(DEA keyword. 2t is suitable when data access is mostly thru #rimary key. 2n 2O"& rows are #hysically stored in sorted order of the #rimary key. Create table 6A(4;AC"43E3 < 6;D(O (46BE3 not null& 6;D(A6E BA3CHA3)<)**= not null& ADD3ESS BA3CHA3)<)**=& C2"7 BA3CHA3)<:*=& S"A"E CHA3<)=& CO4("37 BA3CHA3)< **=& POS"CODE BA3CHA3)< *=& - )> -
Oracle DBA Concise Handbook PHO(E BA3CHA3)<:*=& E6A2/ BA3CHA3)< **=& 4SE3(A6E BA3CHA3)<)*= default 4SE3& DA"ES"A6P DA"E default S7SDA"E = tables#ace S4PE36A39E"FDA"A O3A1A(2EA"2O( 2(DEA OBE3;/O? "AB/ESPACE o$flFtbls# 2(C/4D2(1 address PC""H3ESHO/D ): 6APP2(1 "AB/E
1.1*.3 $ebuildin# inde8
A/"E3 2(DEA #kFcustomer 3EB42/D O(/2(E D3OP 2(DEA #kFcustomer 7ou can also mo$e indeM to a different table s#ace usin% ALTE !"DE# inde$%name TABLESPA&E ne'%table%s(ace command.
1.1*.* -onitorin# inde8 usa#e
A/"E3 2(DEA indeM 6O(2"O32(1 4SA1E "he BNOB0EC"F4SA1E $iew #o#ulated with indeM usa%e information. A/"E3 2(DEA indeM (O6O(2"O32(1 4SA1E
1.1*./ Inde8 related data dictionar+ views
DBAF2(DEAES DBAF2(DFCO/46(S 1.15 #onstraints "y#es of constraints - not null& check& uni'ue& #rimary key& forei%n key A/"E3 "AB/E table 6OD2;7 column (O" (4// A/"E3 "AB/E table 6OD2;7 column (4// A/"E3CC3EA"E "AB/E table <\.= - )5 -
Oracle DBA Concise Handbook CO(S"3A2(" ckFbonus check < bonus T * = A/"E3 "AB/E table ADD CO(S"3A2(" ckFbonus check < bonus T * = C3EA"E "AB/E #roduct <\.= CO(S"3A2(" #kF#rodcode P326A37 9E7 <#rodcode= A/"E3 "AB/E #roduct ADD CO(S"3A2(" #kF#rodcode P326A37 9E7 <#rodcode= A/"E3 "AB/E #roduct ADD CO(S"3A2(" fkFmfd ;O3E21( 9E7 <mfdby= 3E;E3E(CES manufacturer<mfdno= O( DE/E"E CASCADE Constraints created are enabled by default. 7ou can create it as disabled by usin% D2SAB/ED keyword at end of command. A/"E3 "AB/E table D3OP CO(S"3A2(" constraint A/"E3 "AB/E table D3OP P326A37 9E7 CASCADE
1.1/.1 2nablin#<disablin# constraints
A/"E3 "AB/E table D2SAB/E CO(S"3A2(" constraint A/"E3 "AB/E table E(AB/E CO(S"3A2(" constraint A/"E3 "AB/E table 6OD2;7 CO(S"3A2(" constraint E(AB/E A/"E3 "AB/E table 6OD2;7 CO(S"3A2(" constraint D2SAB/E
1.1/.2 =alidated constraints
Enable $alidate - default& eMistin% rows and future rows are checked Enable no$alidate - eMistin% rows not checked but future rows are checked Disable $alidate - eMistin% rows checked but future rows are not checked <no D6/ is allowed on table= Disable no$alidate - no check done on eMistin% or future rows A/"E3 "AB/E table 6OD2;7 CO(S"3A2(" constraint E(AB/E (OBA/2DA"E
1.1/.3 De9errin# constraints
- )@ -
Oracle DBA Concise Handbook 2f constraint is created with DE;E3AB/E clause& you can define whether constraint checkin% will be done immediately <2(2"2A//7 266ED2A"E& default= or later <2(2"2A//7 DE;E3EED=. A/"E3 "AB/E name 6OD2;7 CO(S"3A2(" consFname 2(2"A//7 DE;;E3ED <or 266ED2A"E=
1.1/.* Inde8 related data dictionar+ views
DBAFCO(S"3A2("S DBAFCO(SFCO/46(S 1.1" /sers and security

1.10.1 (ro9ile
Profiles are used to control database resource usa%e. DE;A4/" #rofile is created at creation time of database. "o enforce resource limit& 3ESO43CEF/262"P"34E should be set in initialiLation file. C3EA"E P3O;2/E O;;2CEF4SE3 /262" SESS2O(SFPE3F4SE3 > CO((EC"F"26E ++* 2D/EF"26E )* ;A2/EDF/O12(FA""E6"S 8 PASS?O3DF/OC9F"26E 4(/262"ED A/"E3 4SE3 clerk P3O;2/E officeFuser
1.10.2 :sers
C3EA"E 4SE3 696 2DE("2;2ED B7 696 DE;A4/" "AB/ESPACE S4PE36A39E"FDA"A "E6PO3A37 "AB/ESPACE "E6P D4O"A 4(/262"ED O( S4PE36A39E"FDA"A P3O;2/E DE;A4/" 13A(" CO((EC"& 3ESO43CE& SE/EC"FCA"A/O1F3O/E& EAEC4"EFCA"A/O1F3O/E "O 696 - ), -
D3OP 4SE3 mkm CASCADE

1.10.3 (rivile#e
Pri$ile%es control what users can or canJt do in database. ObIect #ri$ile%e - #ro$ides #ermission to access schema obIects. 1ranted for s#ecific obIects. 13A(" SE/EC"& 4PDA"E O( #roduct& #rice "O clerk <?2"H 13A(" OP"2O(= System #ri$ile%e - #ro$ide ri%ht to #erform structural chan%e in database le$el. 13A(" C3EA"E A(7 "AB/E "O Iohn <?2"H AD62( OP"2O(= 3EBO9E C3EA"E A(7 "AB/E ;3O6 Iohn ;or obIect #ri$ile%es& both %rantor and %rantee information is stored in data dictionaryO where as for system #ri$ile%e& only %rantee information is stored.
1.10.* $oles
A role is named set of #ri$ile%es. C3EA"E 3O/E C/E39 13A(" SE/EC"& 2(SE3"& 4PDA"E O( "3A(SAC"2O( "O C/E39 A/"E3 4SE3 Iohn DE;A4/" 3O/E C/E39 <(O(E=
1.10./ :ser related data dictionar+ views
DBAF4SE3S DBAF"SFD4O"A - s#ace assi%ned to users BNSESS2O( - users currently connected to database DBAF"ABFP32BS DBAFCO/FP32BS DBAFS7SFP32BS SESS2O(FP32BS
- 8* -
Oracle DBA Concise Handbook DBAF3O/ES DBAF3O/ESFP32BS 3O/EF3O/EFP32BS
-8 -
ac&up and $ecover+
2.1 Introduction ?hen instances crashes for any reason <e.%. Power failure= Oracle automatically reco$ers when database starts neMt time. "he most im#ortant decision you need to take for backu# is to decide whether the database will run in archi$e or no archi$e lo% mode. 4sually #roduction databases al'ays run in archi$e lo% mode. 2deally& each member of archi$e lo% %rou#s should reside in different #hysical disks so that if one disk %ets corru#t& identical co#ies can be retrie$ed from another disk. Backu# can be either user mana%ed <co#yin% files with OS commands= or ser$er mana%ed <36A( - 3eco$ery 6ana%er based=. 2f you use 36A(& you can ha$e incremental backu#s <i.e. backin% u# only chan%ed blocks since last backu#=. 36A( is not discussed in this book. 2.2 Backup and reco0ery in no arc(i0e log mode ?hen the database is runnin% in no archi$e lo% mode& only cold back u# can be taken. "he ste#s are . Shutdown the database ). Co#y data files& control files& redo lo% files usin% OS commands to a backu# location. 8. Startu# database 2f any of the files <dataCcontrolCredo= is corru#t in no archi$e lo% mode& you need to restore all files from backu#. 2f relocation of files is necessary& you need to o#en the database in mount sta%e and issue rename command to s#ecify new location of the files. "hen you should o#en database for normal use. 2n no archi$e lo% mode& you can only reco$er data& which was taken durin% back u# #eriod. E$en if only one file is corru#t& you need to restore all files and reco$er entire database. 2.3 Backup in arc(i0e log mode 2n archi$e lo% mode& backu# can be taken while database is runnin%. - 8) -
"o take backu# of data file& follow these ste#s . A/"E3 "AB/ESPACE name BE12( BAC94P ). 4se OS commands to co#y data file 8. A/"E3 "AB/ESPACE name E(D BAC94P Data file headers donJt %et u#dated until backu# ends. 2deally& #erform hot backu# when there is less D6/ is occurrin% in the database. 2.4 /ser managed complete reco0ery 2n all the followin% cases& it is assumed that database is runnin% in archi$e lo% mode and backu# was already taken.
2.*.1 S+ste, table space lost<corrupt
. S"A3"4P 6O4(" ). 3estore only system table s#ace file 8. 2f re'uired& relocate file - A/"E3 DA"ABASE 3E(A6E file "O new file +. 3ECOBE3 A4"O6A"2C DA"ABASE <or DA"A;2/E file name= :. A/"E3 DA"ABASE OPE(
2.*.2 .on>s+ste, table space lost<corrupt
. ). 8. +. :.
S"A3"4P 6O4(" 6ake data file offline - A/"E3 DA"ABASE file name O;;/2(E A/"E3 DA"ABASE OPE( 3estore data file from backu# to database location 2f re'uired& relocate file - A/"E3 "AB/ESPACE table s#ace name O;;/2(E 266ED2A"E for issuin% check #oint >. 3ECOBE3 A4"O6A"2C "AB/ESPACE table s#ace name 5. A/"E3 "AB/ESPACE table s#ace name O(/2(E
2.*.3 .on>s+ste, table space lost<corrupt when no bac&up ta&en
. S"A3"4P 6O4(" ). A/"E3 DA"ABASE C3EA"E DA"A;2/E filename with #ath AS new filename <only if relocate= - 88 -
Oracle DBA Concise Handbook 8. 3ECOBE3 DA"ABASE <DA"A;2/E filename= +. A/"E3 DA"ABASE OPE(
2.*.* Instance 9ailed durin# bac&up
Entire database wonJt start. Data file header freeLes durin% backu#& so no check#oint information is written. . S"A3"4P 6O4(" ). A/"E3 DA"ABASE E(D BAC94P 8. A/"E3 DA"ABASE OPE( 2.5 /ser managed incomplete reco0ery
2./.1 )i,e<%ancel<%han#e (S%.! based
. S"A3"4P 6O4(" ). 3estore all data files <includin% system& data& indeM& undo but not control file or redo lo% files= 8. 3ECOBE3 DA"ABASE 4("2/ "26E Xdd-mon-yyyy hh)+QmiQssJ <or CA(CE/ or CHA(1E number= +. A/"E3 DA"ABASE OPE( 3ESE"/O1S /o% se'uence number will be re-initialiLed. SH4"DO?( "ake full backu# of database 2." Logical backup 1 e.port2import and 3ata 4ump EM#ort may be either throu%h con$entional #ath or direct #ath. 2n direct #ath eM#ort& the e$aluatin% buffer is by#assed and makes it faster. 6ost common eM#ort command is <from OS command #rom#t= EAP XsysC#asswordWmydb as sysdbaJ 6ost common #arameters are ;2/E - out#ut file <default eM#dat.dm#= D23EC" - direct #ath <(= O?(E3 - list of ownersCusers - 8+ -
Oracle DBA Concise Handbook "AB/ES - list of table names PA3;2/E - #arameter file name <in this file you can store all o#tions= "AB/ESPACES - list of table s#aces to eM#ort "3A(SPO3"F"AB/ESPACE - eM#ort trans#ortable table s#ace metadata <(= Similarly& im#ort is run as 26P XsysC#asswordWmydb as sysdbaJ ;2/E - in#ut file <eM#dat.dm#= 21(O3E - i%nore create obIect errors <(= 3O?S - im#ort data rows <7= EMam#le of eM#ort& eM# systemC(ass'ord fileP;QRDatabaseReM#Fmkm.dm# ownerPmkm rowsPy 7ou can run eM#ortCim#ort in interacti$e mode i.e. it will ask you about #arameters durin% runtime. Data 6786 ;rom *% onward& Oracle introduces new utilities EAPDP and 26PDP <as run from OS command #rom#t= to fast data loadin% <eM#ortCim#ort=. As it uses AP2& it is si%nificantly faster than eM#ortCim#ort utility. 7ou can e$en monitor data #um# #ro%ress from data dictionary $iews. Data #um# is run as - 26PDP userC#assword D23EC"O37PdataF#um#Fdir D46P;2/EPd#dum#.dm# 0OBF(A6EPmyFim#ort ?here& D23EC"O37 is an eMternal directory name already created. EAPDP has similar syntaM. Oracle automatically creates dataF#um#Fdir in NO3AC/EFHO6EC adminC databaseFnameC d#dum#. Howe$er if you want you can create a directory of your own like this create irector! ata_p"mp_ ir as #C$%Oracle11g%a min%MYDB% p "mp#&
7ou can $iew location of directory by

select ' (rom ba_ irectories )here D*+,CTO+Y_N-M, . #D-T-_/0M/_D*+#
EMam#leQ
e1p p s!stem2pass)or D*+,CTO+Y. ata_p"mp_ ir D0M/3*L,.s"permar4et5 mp SC6,M-S.m4m
- 8: -
Oracle DBA Concise Handbook Oracle now ad$ises use of data #um# o$er eM#ortCim#ort. 2.% &5L Loader 4sin% SD/ /oader& you can load data from teMt file to Oracle tables. "he com#onents you need to run SD/ /oader are . Control file - s#ecifies how to load data in Oracle ). Data file - the data in teMt file which will be loaded 8. Discard file - data that is discarded by SD/ /oader because of not matchin% load condition +. Bad file - data that SD/ /oader could not load because of error :. /o% file - syno#sis of loadin% o#eration 2f you s#ecify D23EC"P7 o#tion& SD/ /oader will by#ass buffer and sa$e data directly into data blocks in the disk. 2t makes data loadin% $ery fast howe$er& this o#tion does not enforce constraints& does not fire insert tri%%ers& does not allow SD/ functions in control file and locks entire table durin% loadin%. 7ou can run SD/ /oader from OS command #rom#t as S7LLD+ "ser2pass)or 8 b CONT+OL.m!(ile5ctl
A sam#le control file is shown below <assumin% in#ut data file is ] delimited=.
LO-D D-T*N3*L, #3$%D0M/%C0STOM,+5T9T# B-D3*L, #3$%D0M/%C0STOM,+5B-D# D*SC-+D3*L, #3$%D0M/%C0STOM,+5DSC# -//,ND *NTO T-BL, C0STOM,+ 3*,LDS T,+M*N-T,D BY :;: T+-*L*N< N0LLCOLS = C0STNO D,C*M-L ,9T,+N-L :s>_c"st_no5ne1tval:? C0STN-M, C6-+? S,9 C6-+? -DD+,SS C6-+? C*TY C6-+? ST-T, C6-+? CO0NT+Y C6-+? /OSTCOD, C6-+? /6ON, C6-+? ,M-*L C6-+? NOT, C6-+? D-T,ST-M/ D-T, :YYYY@MM@DD 66AB$M*$SSC D
- 8> -
(ote for (46BE3 columns you s#ecify DEC26A/ EA"E3(A/ and for BA3CHA3) columns you s#ecify CHA3 in SD/ /oader control file. 2.' 6et$orking *undamentals Oracle (et is an internal layer which mana%es communication between client and ser$er. 2t is confi%ured on ser$er& client& web ser$er etc.
2.3.1 %on9i#urin# Oracle .et on server
/istener is a ser$er-side networkin% com#onent& which listens for re'uests from client on ser$er. "o communicate with Oracle ser$er& /istener ser$ice must be started on ser$er. /istener is confi%ured in ser$er usin% listener.ora file. ;ollowin% is a sam#le listener.ora file.
E L*ST,N,+5O+- Net)or4 Con(ig"ration 3ile$ ,$%oracle%oraFA%net)or4%a min%listener5ora E <enerate b! Oracle con(ig"ration tools5 L*ST,N,+ . =D,SC+*/T*ON_L*ST . =D,SC+*/T*ON . =-DD+,SS_L*ST . =-DD+,SS . =/+OTOCOL . */CD=G,Y . ,9T/+OCHDD D =-DD+,SS_L*ST . =-DD+,SS . =/+OTOCOL . TC/D=6OST . enselD=/O+T . 1IA1DD D D D S*D_L*ST_L*ST,N,+ . =S*D_L*ST . =S*D_D,SC . =<LOB-L_DBN-M, . MDBD =O+-CL,_6OM, . ,$%oracle%oraFAD =S*D_N-M, . MDBD D D
7ou can mana%e listener from OS command #rom#t usin% /S(3C"/ utility.
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Oracle DBA Concise Handbook Oracle (et 6ana%er is a tool usin% which you can mana%e most clientCser$er confi%uration files.
2.3.2 %on9i#urin# Oracle .et on client
4sually you connect to Oracle ser$er from client as 4SE3CPASS?O3DWDB <this is known as connect descri#tor=. How the database name you s#ecified in connection is resol$ed to eMact database in the ser$er is known as name resolution method. 6ost #o#ular name resolution methods are - host namin%& local namin% <most common usin% tnsnames.ora= and Oracle 2nternet Directory namin%. 2n tnsnames.ora file <usually in client machine it resides in NO3AC/EFHO6E C networkCadmin folder=. A sam#le tnsnames.ora file is shown below.
E TNSN-M,S5O+- Net)or4 Con(ig"ration 3ile$ ,$%oracle%oraFA%net)or4%a min%tnsnames5ora E <enerate b! Oracle con(ig"ration tools5 MDB . =D,SC+*/T*ON . =-DD+,SS_L*ST . =-DD+,SS . =/+OTOCOL . TC/D=6OST . enselD=/O+T . 1IA1DD D =CONN,CT_D-T- . =S,+V,+ . D,D*C-T,DD =S,+V*C,_N-M, . MDBD D D M-+G,T . =D,SC+*/T*ON . =-DD+,SS_L*ST . =-DD+,SS . =/+OTOCOL . TC/D=6OST . 1HF51AI5AIJ5AIHD=/O+T . 1IA1DD D =CONN,CT_D-T- . =S,+V,+ . D,D*C-T,DD =S,+V*C,_N-M, . M-+G,TD D D
6ost common connection #roblem is UO3A- ) :+ "(S could not resol$e ser$ice nameV. ?hen this occurs& check the client is lookin% at correct - 8@ -
Oracle DBA Concise Handbook tnsnames.ora file <there may be multi#le $ersion in com#uter=. 7ou can $erify this by checkin% "(SFAD62( en$ironment $ariable. Also check whether client com#uter can talk to ser$er com#uter by runnin% U"(SP2(1 ser$er i# addressV command. Or you can use P2(1 S2D command as well. Check s'lnet.ora file and see whether it s#ecifies local namin% first. "his file resides in both client and ser$er. Sam#le of what an s'lnet.ora file will contain. (A6ES.D23EC"O37FPA"HP <"(S(A6ES& O(A6ES& HOS"(A6E= 2.) Log Miner 4sin% lo% miner& you can eMamine redo lo% filesK
2.4.1 $unnin# lo# ,iner
S#ecify a directory by 0TL_3*L,_D*+.,$%O+-CL,%O+-D-T-%0NLO-D #arameter and bounce database. Create a dictionary file
,9,C0T, DBMS_LO<MN+_D5B0*LD =# ictionar!5ora#?#,$%O+-CL,%O+-D-T-%0NLO-D#? O/T*ONS .K DBMS_LO<MN+_D5STO+,_*N_3L-T_3*L,D&
Add lo% files

e1ec bms_logmnr5a _log(ile =#,$%oracle%ora -+CHHHAL5HH1#? bms_logmnr5ne)D& e1ec bms_logmnr5a _log(ile =#,$%oracle%ora -+CHHHAJ5HH1#? bms_logmnr5a (ileD& e1ec bms_logmnr5a _log(ile =#,$%oracle%ora -+CHHHAM5HH1#? bms_logmnr5a (ileD& e1ec bms_logmnr5a _log(ile =#,$%oracle%ora -+CHHHAF5HH1#? bms_logmnr5a (ileD& ata%MDB%-rchive1% ata%MDB%-rchive1% ata%MDB%-rchive1% ata%MDB%-rchive1%
Start lo% miner session

e1ec bms_logmnr5start_logmnr = ict(ilename.K #,$%O+-CL,%O+-D-T-%0NLO-D% ictionar!5ora#D&
Once the redo lo%s were analyLed& all the DD/ <and some D6/= statements a##lied in the source database will be found in the BN/O16(3FCO("E("S - 8, -
Oracle DBA Concise Handbook $iew. 2m#ortant columns of this $iew are - SD/F4(DO& SD/F3EDO& 4SE3(A6E& SC(& "26ES"A6P& CO662"F"26ES"A6P& "AB/ESPACE& SE1F(A6E& SE1F"7PE& and OPE3A"2O(. "he /o% 6iner session is closed by eMecutin% followin% command in the same session.
,9,C DBMS_LO<MN+5,ND_LO<MN+
After the session is com#lete& all data in the $Nlo%mnrFcontents table are deleted. Be sure to eMecute C3EA"E "AB/E myFlo%mnr AS SE/EC" ... to co#y the data before analyLin% the contents.
2.4.2 ?ilterin# data that is returned
/o% 6iner can #otentially be dealin% with lar%e amounts of information. "here are se$eral methods you can use to limit the information that is returned to the BN/O16(3FCO("E("S $iew& as well as the s#eed at which it is returned. "hese o#tions are s#ecified when you start /o%6iner. Showin% Only Committed "ransactions At the time of startin%
,9,C0T, DBMS_LO<MN+5ST-+T_LO<MN+=O/T*ONS .K DBMS_LO<MN+5COMM*TT,D_D-T-_ONLYD&
;ilterin% Data By "ime

,9,C0T, DBMS_LO<MN+5ST-+T_LO<MN+=D*CT3*L,N-M, .K #2oracle2 ictionar!5ora#? ST-+TT*M, .K TO_D-T,=#H1@Nan@AHHB HM$OH$HH#? #DD@MON@YYYY 66$M*$SS#D? ,NDT*M, .K TO_D-T,=#H1@ Nan@AHHB HM$BI$HH#? #DD@MON@YYYY 66$M*$SS#DD&
;ilterin% Data By SC(

,9,C0T, DBMS_LO<MN+5ST-+T_LO<MN+=D*CT3*L,N-M, .K #2oracle2 ictionar!5ora#? ST-+TSCN .K 1HH? ,NDSCN .K 1IHD&
2.4.3 7uer+in# on lo# ,iner
Some eMam#les are shown below.

S,L,CT 0S,+N-M,? S7L_+,DO 3+OM VPLO<MN+_CONT,NTS
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W6,+, 0S,+N-M, QK #SYS#& S,L,CT O/,+-T*ON? S7L_+,DO? S7L_0NDO 3+OM VPLO<MN+_CONT,NTS W6,+, S,<_OWN,+ . #MGM# -ND S,<_N-M, . #/+OD0CT# -ND O/,+-T*ON . #*NS,+T# -ND 0S,+N-M, . #MGM#&
2.4.* "o# ,iner related data dictionar+ views
BN/O16(3FCO("E("S - Shows chan%es made to user and table information. BN/O16(3FD2C"2O(A37 - Shows information about the /o% 6iner dictionary file& #ro$ided the dictionary was created usin% the S"O3EF2(F;/A"F;2/E o#tion. BN/O16(3F/O1S - Shows information about s#ecified redo lo%s. "here is one row for each redo lo%. BN/O16(3FPA3A6E"E3S - Shows information about o#tional /o% 6iner #arameters& includin% startin% and endin% system chan%e numbers <SC(s= and startin% and endin% times.
-+ -
2.1+ ,eal 7pplication #lusters ,7#! An 3AC database is a clustered database. 2n 3AC en$ironment& multi#le Oracle instances <which are connected $ia interconnect= o#erate on same database files on disk. Different ser$ers must access set of shared disks and should communicate throu%h hi%h-s#eed interconnection. Chan%ed database blocks and lo% information on one instance can be mo$ed to another instance throu%h memory interconnection without writin% on disk. "his is known as cac)e fusion <see later=. "he main ad$anta%e of 3AC is scalability and hi%h a$ailability. Se$eral ser$ers with Oracle instances can be added to system. 2f one of them fails& others continue to work without affectin% o#erations. ;or this reason 3AC is also known as Hi%h A$ailability. ?hen work load %rows& you can sim#ly add another ser$er to the %rid <3AC is a ty#e of %rid com#utin% after all=. "he data files are stored in se$eral disk dri$es which are connected by cluster a'are stora*e. By addin% multi#le instances& we can add and remo$e and sin%le Oracle instance without brin%in% the database down. So& database always remains a$ailable. "hat is the essence of 3AC - hi%h a$ailability. An 3AC database is mana%ed by Oracle &luster'are. 3AC o#erates in s)ared e+eryt)in* architecture mode. Any stora%e <e%. SA(& SCS2 etc.= can be used with 3AC. Howe$er& %ood 2CO s#eed is re'uired for scalability of data $olume. 3AC su##orts u# to ** clusters which may be different at hardware le$el but must run same o#eratin% system. Oracle recommends usin% AS6 <Automatic Stora%e 6ana%ement= for ease of dealin% with clustered stora%e. An Oracle 3AC database re'uires three com#onents - cluster nodes <the ser$ers or com#uters runnin% Oracle instances=& shared stora%e <disk dri$es= and Oracle Clusterware <software a##lication=. Installing RAC "he first ste# of workin% with 3AC is to install Ôracle Clusterware^ which is installed $ia 4ni$ersal 2nstaller. "hen you ha$e to confi%ure the clusterware.
- +) -
Oracle DBA Concise Handbook "hen install AS6 <Automatic Stora%e 6ana%ement=. (ow install Oracle % database.
"hen #erform #ost installation tasks. "his ensures that clusterware and database are installed #ro#erly and they are aware of each other. 2t is #ossible to con$ert your normal sin%le instance Oracle database to an 3AC database. 7ou can achie$e this $ia Enter#rise 6ana%er or rconfi* utility. Administering Clusterware Oracle Clusterware includes two im#ortant com#onentsQ the $otin% disk and the OC3. "he $otin% disk is a file that mana%es information about node membershi#& and the OC3 is a file that mana%es cluster and Oracle 3AC database confi%uration information. 3AC can be administered $ia Oracle Enter#rise mana%er. On E6Gs web console mode& click on A$ailability tab to see details of Clusterware. 7ou can click on "o#olo%y tab to see a $isual re#resentation of your nodes. "he 2nterconnect tab shows you info on interfaces. 7ou can also add new instance to clusterware $ia E6 <under Ser$er tab=. Oracle Clusterware #osts alert messa%es in alert lo% - which is under NC3SFhome. 3AC data dictionary $iews are created by catclust.s'l. Cache Fusion Oracle 3AC uses &ac)e ,usion to synchroniLe the data stored in the buffer cache of each database instance - i.e. to kee# track of which nodes are writin% to which blocks and to ensure that two nodes do not u#date du#licate co#ies of the same block. Since all com#utersCinstances in an 3AC access the same database& the o$erall system must %uarantee the coordination of data chan%es on different com#uters such that whene$er a com#uter 'ueries data it recei$es the current $ersion - e$en if another com#uter recently modified that data. Oracle 3AC refers to this functionality as Cache ;usion. 2t in$ol$es the ability of 3AC to fuse in-memory data cached #hysically se#arately on each com#uter into a sin%le %lobal cache. "his sa$es a lot of resource time.
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2.11 &tandby database also Oracle 3ata 8uard! Stand by database is used as a #rotection a%ainst failure of main #roduction database.
2.11.1 (h+sical stand b+
"his may be created from last back u# taken for the #roduction database and there after a##lyin% archi$ed redo lo% files on it. "his is similar to reco$erin% a database. Howe$er& for stand by database& this reco$ery is like a continuous #rocess& because& archi$ed lo%s <from #roduction database= are continuously bein% a##lied on it to make it sync with #roduction database. Howe$er& stand by database wonJt be a$ailable for use until reco$ery is com#leted.
2.11.2 "o#ical stand b+
2nstead of a##lyin% archi$ed redo lo% files& SD/ statement is constructed from lo% files are bein% a##lied to stand by database <similar to /o% 6iner method=. "he database is a$ailable for use durin% a##lication of SD/s. 2.12 ,eplication 2t allows you to ha$e multi#le co#ies of same database at different locations. At most basic le$el& re#lication is im#lemented usin% materialiLed $iews. 2n case of synchronous re#lication& transactions are either successfully #ro#a%ated to all sites or it is rolled back. 2t ensures no conflict will occur between sites. 2t re'uires stable network en$ironment and mostly used for read only materialiLed $iews. 2n asynchronous re#lication& chan%es to each site is stored locally and forwarded to other sites. 2n this case& conflict resolution #rocesses are re'uired. 3e#lication %enerally im#ro$es #erformance across network. ;or eMam#le& if you use a database for online transactions as well as re#ortin%& you can re#licate the database and run transactions and re#ortin% on different $ersions.
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3 (er9or,ance )unin#
3.1 -uning de0elopment and production systems OracleJs to# down a##roach for de$elo#ment systems . ). 8. +. :. >. "une data desi%n "une a##lication desi%n "une memory allocation "une 2CO and #hysical structures "une resource contention "une for underlyin% #latform <OS=
OracleJs #roduction #erformance tunin% #rinci#les . ). 8. +. :. >. Define #roblem clearly and formulate a tunin% %oal EMamine host system and %ather statistics Com#are common #roblems with OracleJs documentation 1et a conce#tual #icture of what went wron% from %athers statistics 2dentify chan%es to be done and im#lement those chan%es Check whether tunin% obIecti$e has been met or not& re#eat ste#s until tunin% is com#lete.
3.2 &ources o* tuning in*ormation

3.2.1 Alert lo# 9ile
"his file records information and error messa%es for $arious database acti$ities. "his file is located at BAC913O4(DFD46PFDES" folder. "he name format is alertFS2D.lo%.
3.2.2 )race 9iles
Back%round #rocess trace files contains session information for #rocess that created them. "hese files are a$ailable in BAC913O4(DFD46PFDES" folder. (ame format for the trace file is usually S2DFP3OCESSFnnnn.trc e.%. mdbFl%wrF :,@.trc. 4ser trace files are found in 4SE3FD46PFDES" folder. "hese are created when error occurs in userJs ser$er #rocess. 4ser tracin% can be enabled usin% - +: -
Oracle DBA Concise Handbook A/"E3 SESS2O( SE" SD/F"3ACE P "34E command or by eMecutin% #acka%e as EAEC S7S.DB6SFS7S"E6.SE"FSD/F"3AC"F2(FSESS2O( <sid& serial_& "34E=
3.2.3 =iews co,,onl+ used in tunin#
BNS1AS"A" BNEBE("F(A6E BNS7S"E6FEBE(" BNSESS2O(FEBE(" BNSESS2O(F?A2" BNS"A"(A6E BNS7SS"A" BNSESS"A" BNSESS2O( BN?A2"S"A" DBAF"AB/ES DBAF2(DEAES DBAFS"A"S DBAFDA"AF;2/ES DBAFSE16E("S DBAFH2S"O13A6S 3.3 #ollecting statistics 3un 4"/BS"A" and 4"/ES"A" to collect all database acti$ities in the %i$en time #eriod in a sin%le file. 3un from NO3AC/EFHO6ECrdbmsCadminCutlbstat.s'l and utlestat.s'l "he resultin% file is named as 3EPO3"."A"
3.3.1 Statspac&
3un s#create.s'l scri#t from NO3AC/EFHO6ECrdbmsCadmin folder. 2t will create PE3;S"A" schema with all re'uired obIects. "o collect statistics& use EAEC4"E S"A"SPAC9.S(AP #rocedure <as PE3;S"A" user=. A sna#shot of statistics will be collected and stored in PE3;S"A" schema tables. - +> -
Oracle DBA Concise Handbook 4se NO3AC/EFHO6ECrdbmsCadminCs#auto.s'l to run automatic statistics collection at s#ecific inter$als. Once you %athered enou%h statistics& you can %enerate a re#ort usin% NO3AC/EFHO6ECrdbmsCadminCs#re#ort.s'l scri#t. 3.4 Oracle supplied 8/I tuning tools Ca#acity Planner Performance 6ana%er - obser$e database #erformance. "o# Sessions - see which users are consumin% most resource "race Data Biewer /ock 6onitor "o# SD/ - most resource consumin% SD/s Performance O$er$iew - see current #erformance of database Oracle EM#ert - %athers statistics and %i$es recommendations for tunin% 2ndeM "unin% ?iLard - identify unused indeMes 3.5 &5L application tuning and design
3./.1 )'($O?
2t is used to format user trace files. 4sa%e eMam#le is <from OS command #rom#t= - "9P3O; O3AF )8+."3C "3ACE."A" Some of its #arameters are EAP/A2( - %enerates eM#lain #lan for each statement in trace file S7S - out#ut file includes recursi$e SD/ statements <i.e. those in$ol$in% data dictionary 'ueries= 3ECO3D - s#ecifies a file where SD/ statements of trace file are written EMam#le usa%e "9P3O; O3AF )8+."3C "3ACE."A" S7SP(O EAP/A2(P696C696W6DB 3ECO3DPSD/."A" "o identify SD/ statements& which may re'uire tunin%& look for statements Consumin% eMcess CP4 resource "akin% lon% time to #arse& eMecute and fetch 3eadin% too many data blocks from disk and too few from S1A Access many data blocks but return only few rows
3./.2 28plain plan
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Oracle DBA Concise Handbook Create #lan table usin% NO3AC/EFHO6ECrdbmsCadminCutlM#lan.s'l Po#ulate P/A(F"AB/E usin% EAP/A2( P/A( ;O3\ command. ;or eMam#le&
,9/L-*N /L-N S,T ST-T,M,NT_*D . #/+*C,# 3O+ S,L,CT /5/+ODCOD,? /5/+ODN-M,? N5S,LL/+*C,? M5M3DN-M,? NVL=S0M=*57TY-V-*L-BL,D?HD :-LL STO+,S 7TY: 3+OM /+OD0CT / NO*N /+*C, N ON =/5/+ODCOD, . N5/+ODCOD,D L,3T NO*N M-N03-CT0+,+ M ON =/5M3DBY . M5M3DNOD L,3T NO*N *NV,NTO+Y * ON =/5/+ODCOD, . *5/+ODCOD,D W6,+, SYSD-T, B,TW,,N N5ST-+TD-T, -ND N5,NDD-T, -ND /56-SS,+*-LNO.H <+O0/ BY /5/+ODCOD,? /5/+ODN-M,? N5S,LL/+*C,? M5M3DN-M,
"o $iew the #lan& you may issue followin% statement

S,L,CT L/-D=# #?B'=L,V,L@ADD ;; O/,+-T*ON ;; # # ;; O/T*ONS ;; # # ;; OBN,CT_N-M, :,9,C0T*ON_/L-N:? *O_COST? C/0_COST?T,M/_S/-C, 3+OM /L-N_T-BL, ST-+T W*T6 *D . H CONN,CT BY /+*O+ *D . /-+,NT_*D
3emember that& if you run the abo$e 'uery& you will see the #lan in an indented $iew. "he innermost o#erations are eMecuted first. 2f two o#erations a##ear at same le$el <with same inner le$el=& the to# one is eMecuted first.
3./.3 Auto trace
4nlike eM#lain #lan& auto trace eMecutes the actual SD/ statement before %eneratin% the #lan. 7ou need to create P/4S"3ACE role by runnin% #lustrce.s'l as S7S user. "hen you need to assi%n P/4S"3ACE role to users who will use auto trace. "hey also need P/A(F"AB/E in their schemas. "o use auto trace& issue followin% command from SD/ Plus. SE" A4"O"3ACE O( "hen issue any SD/ statement and you will always see statistics after result is dis#layed.
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Oracle DBA Concise Handbook 3." Optimi9er Earlier $ersions of Oracle used 3ule Base O#timiLer <3BO=. But latest $ersions use Cost Based O#timiLer <CBO= by default. Statistics must be %athered to benefit from CBO.
3.0.1 Gatherin# statistics
A/"E3 2(DEA indeMFname CO6P4"E S"A"2S"2CS A/"E3 "AB/E tableFname CO6P4"E S"A"2S"2CS A/"E3 "AB/E tableFname ES"26A"E S"A"2S"2CS "AB/ESCCO/46(S col & col)CA// CO/46(SCA// 2(DEAES ;O3
EAEC4"E DB6SF4"2/2"7.A(A/7EEFSCHE6A<G696G&GCO6P4"EG= Oracle now recommends that you use DB6SFS"A"S #acka%e instead of AnalyLe. EAEC DB6SFS"A"S.%atherFschemaFstats <ownname PT X696J& cascade PTtrue& estimateF#ercent PT dbmsFstats.autoFsam#leFsiLe=
3.0.2 Opti,i;er ,odes
2n initialiLation file& you can set o#timiLer mode as shown below OP"262EE3F6ODEPCHOOSE <this is default= or ;23S"F3O?S or A//F3O?S or 34/E or ;23S"F3O?SFn where n P C *C **C ***. 7ou can also chan%e o#timiLer mode at session le$el. A/"E3 S7S"E6 SE" OP"262EE3F6ODEPCHOOSE "o chan%e o#timiLer mode at statement le$el& you should use hints usin% C[Z \ [C. SE/EC" C[Z 34/E [C \ Commonly used hints are - ;4//& 2(DEA& 3E?32"E& and PA3A//E/ etc. 2f statistics eMists for any one table or indeM in$ol$ed in SD/ statement& CBO is used& otherwise 3BO is used. - +, -
"o reuse a sa$ed eMecution #lan& you can use U#lan stabilityV <in the form of stored outline= feature or UmaterialiLed $iewV.
3.0.3 -ateriali;ed view
4nlike in normal $iew& materialiLed $iew actually stores the data in tables. "o create materialiLed $iew& issue
C+,-T, M-T,+*-L*R,D V*,W schema5mvie)_name B0*LD *MM,D*-T, +,3+,S6 ON D,M-ND =or +,3+,S6 COM/L,T, ON COMM*TD ,N-BL, 70,+Y +,W+*T, -S S,L,CT >"er!& ,9,C DBMS_MV*,W5+,3+,S6=#schema5mvie)_name#?#C#D& ,9,C DBMS_MV*,W5+,3+,S6_-LL_D,/,ND,NT=#table_name#D& ,9,C DBMS_MV*,W5+,3,+S6_-LL_MV*,WS&
3.0.* (artitioned tables
+.6./.1 Range 6artition 2t uses ran%e of column $alues to determine where the record will be inserted. C3EA"E "AB/E student <\= PA3"2"2O( B7 3A(1E <%raduationFyear= <PA3"2"2O( #F)*** BA/4ES /ESS "HA( )*** "AB/ESPACE studentF & PA3"2"2O( #F)**) BA/4ES /ESS "HA( )**) "AB/ESPACE studentF)& PA3"2"2O( #F)**+ BA/4ES /ESS "HA( )**+ "AB/ESPACE studentF8& PA3"2"2O( #Ferror BA/4ES /ESS "HA( <6AABA/4E= "AB/ESPACE studentF+=O +.6./.' ist 6artition 2t is based on set of s#ecified $alue instead of ran%e of $alues. C3EA"E "AB/E student <\= PA3"2"2O( B7 /2S" <de%ree= <PA3"2"2O( #Fen%% BA/4ES <XB"echJ&J6"echJ= "AB/ESPACE stuFen%%& PA3"2"2O( #Fcomm BA/4ES <X6comJ&JBcomJ= "AB/ESPACE stuFcomm& PA3"2"2O( #Farts BA/4ES <X6AJ&JBAJ= "AB/ESPACE stuFarts=O
- :* -
Oracle DBA Concise Handbook +.6./.+ Has9 6artition 2t uses a hashin% al%orithm to assi%n records in #articular #artition. 2t usually kee#s almost e'ual number of records in each #artition. C3EA"E "AB/E student <\= PA3"2"2O( B7 HASH <rollFno= PA3"2"2O(S 8 S"O3E 2( <stuF & stuF)& stuF8=O +.6././ Co86osite 6artition 2t uses ran%e #artition and inside it uses hash sub-#artitions. Data is #hysically stored in sub-#artition le$el. C3EA"E "AB/E student <\= PA3"2"2O( B7 3A(1E <%raduationFyear= S4BPA3"2"2O( B7 HASH <rollFno= S4BPA3"2"2O(S 8 S"O3E 2( <stuF & stuF)& stuF8= <PA3"2"2O( #F)*** BA/4ES /ESS "HA( )***& PA3"2"2O( #F)**) BA/4ES /ESS "HA( )**)& PA3"2"2O( #F)**+ BA/4ES /ESS "HA( )**+& PA3"2"2O( #Ferror BA/4ES /ESS "HA( <6AABA/4E==O (oteQ Any bitma# indeMes created on #artitioned table must be local <to the #artition=. +.6./.0 Cl7ster A cluster is a %rou# of one or more tables whose data is stored at same #lace <#hysically=. "his hel#s faster access of data columns& which are often 'ueried as Ioins because Oracle ser$er needs to read less number of #hysical data blocks. C3EA"E C/4S"E3 de#tFem# <dno (46BE3= S2EE *** "AB/ESPACE clst C3EA"E 2(DEA de#tFem#FidM O( C/4S"E3 de#tFem# "AB/ESPACE idM C3EA"E "AB/E de#t <dno (46BE3& dname BA3CHA3)< **== C/4S"E3 de#tFem#<dno=O C3EA"E "AB/E em# <eno (46BE3& ename BA3CHA3)< **=& dno (46BE3= C/4S"E3 de#tFem#<dno=O
-: -
Oracle DBA Concise Handbook Oracle % allows reference #artition and inter$al #artition.
"ake an eMam#le of "ransaction and "ransaction Detail tables. "hese two are linked by forei%n key "rans2d. (ow& master table has transaction date but detail table do not. ?e want both tables be #artitioned by transaction date. 2n %& we can s#ecify details tables be #artitioned based on forei%n key reference "rans2d. 2nter$al #artition is useful when we do not know how many #artitions we need beforehand. 2n abo$e eMam#le& we can s#ecify the table such a way whene$er new month be%ins& a new #artition will be created automatically. 3.% -uning s(ared pool Shared #ool consists of library cache and data dictionary cache. /ibrary cache caches most recently used SD/ and P/CSD/ statements. Data dictionary cache caches data dictionary information. Shared #ool is mana%ed by a /east 3ecently 4sed al%orithm. ;indin% a matchin% SD/ statement in shared #ool is known as cache hit. ;or cache hit to occur& two SD/ statements must be eMactly same i.e. their ASC22 $alue e'ui$alent should be same. "he aim of tunin% shared #ool is to maMimiLe cache hit ratio.
3.1.1 -easurin# shared pool per9or,ance
Hi%h cache hit ratio indicates that your a##lication users are %ettin% results of SD/ and P/CSD/ mostly from memory rather than readin% from disk.
S,L,CT ' 3+OM VPL*B+-+YC-C6,
"he $alue in 1E"H2"3A"2O column for SD/ A3EA& "AB/ECP3OCED43E& BOD7 and "3211E3 rows should be $ery close to i.e. **Y. Similarly P2(H2"3A"2O should also be $ery close to . 1E" is referred to #arse lock& while P2( is referred to eMecution time locks. A well-tuned O/"P system should ha$e 1E"H2"3A"2O and P2(H2"3A"2O ,*Y or hi%her for SD/ A3EA. Data dictionary #erformance is measured by
- :) -

S,L,CT 1@=S0M=<,TM*SS,SD2S0M=<,TSDD SData ratioC 3+OM VP+OWC-C6, ictionar! hit
"his $alue should be o$er *.@: for O/"P systems.

3.1.2 I,provin# shared pool per9or,ance
+.&.'.1 Add 8ore 8e8or: to s9ared 6ool "he siLe of shared #ool is determined by SHA3EDFPOO/FS2EE initialiLation #arameter.
S,L,CT /OOL? S0M=BYT,SD :S*R,: 3+OM VPS<-ST-T W6,+, /OOL . #share pool# <+O0/ BY /OOL
4se followin% command to chan%e shared #ool siLe

-LT,+ SYST,M S,T S6-+,D_/OOL_S*R,.AHHM
+.&.'.' -ake s6ace ;or large ) 2"1 state8ents 7ou can set aside a reser$ed area in S1A for lar%e P/CSD/ #acka%es. "his area is controlled by SHA3EDFPOO/F3ESE3BEDFS2EE #arameter. Determine which #acka%es are loaded into memory from followin% command
S,L,CT ' 3+OM VPDB_OBN,CT_C-C6, W6,+, TY/, *N =#/-CG-<,#? #/-CG-<, BODY#D
+.&.'.+ (ee6 i86ortant ) 2"1 code in 8e8or: 7ou can U#inV most fre'uently used P/CSD/ code in memory. "o do this . Build DB6SFSHA3EDFPOO/ #acka%e by NO3AC/EFHO6E CrdbmsCadminCdbms#ool.s'l scri#t. ). /oad a #acka%e usin% EAEC4"E DB6SFSHA3EDFPOO/.9EEP<XPAC9A1EF(A6EJ= 7ou can see which #acka%es are #inned by issuin%
S,L,CT OWN,+? N-M,? TY/, 3+OM VPDB_OBN,CT_C-C6, W6,+, G,/T . TY,SU
runnin%
- :8 -
Oracle DBA Concise Handbook 7ou must ha$e $ery %ood knowled%e of a##lication to determine which obIects to #in ri%ht after instance startu#. 7ou can audit P/CSD/ #acka%es& tri%%ers& se'uences etc. and find out which obIects are most fre'uently accessed. +.&.'./ Code re7se 4se bind $ariables like SE/EC" [ ;3O6 C4S"O6E3 ?HE3E C4S"F2D P QcustFid 2m#lement strict codin% standard <i.e. ca#italiLation& indentation etc.= so that chances of findin% identical statement in memory will increase. +.&.'.0 T7ne cac9e s6eci;ic initiali<ation 6ara8eters OPE(FC43SO3S <default :*& increase if necessary= C43SO3FSPACEF;O3F"26E <set to ;A/SE for ;orms based a##lications= SESS2O(FCACHEDFC43SO3S C43SO3FSHA32(1 <use ;O3CE& S262/A3 or default EAAC"= 3.' -uning database bu**er cac(e 2t caches most recently accessed data blocks into memory. 2f data is not found from cache& it is fetched from disk. 2t is o#erated on /34 mechanism <eMce#t& only for full table scan& it is #laced on 634 end.= Buffer may be free& #inned& clean or dirty. DB?n writes dirty <chan%ed= buffer to disk.
3.3.1 -easurin# bu99er cache hit ratio
S,L,CT 1@=ph!sical5V-L0, @ irect5V-L0, @ lobs5V-L0,D 2 =logical5V-L0,D :B"((er cache hit ratio: 3+OM vPs!sstat ph!sical? vPs!sstat irect? vPs!sstat lobs? vPs!sstat logical W6,+, ph!sical5N-M, . #ph!sical rea s# -ND irect5N-M, . #ph!sical rea s irect# -ND lobs5N-M, . #ph!sical rea s irect =lobD# -ND logical5N-M, . #session logical rea s#
"he ratio should be more than *.,* for O/"P systems.
- :+ -

3.3.2 I,provin# bu99er cache hit ratio
+.4.'.1 Add 8ore s6ace A/"E3 S7S"E6 SE" DBFCACHEFS2EE P **6 Set DBFn9FCACHEFS2EE #arameters in initialiLation file to access multiblock database. "o %et an idea how much you should increase buffer cache siLe Set DBFCACHEFADB2CE P O( initialiLation #arameter. Duery BNDBFCACHEFADB2CE $iew. +.4.'.' Use 87lti6le b7;;er 6ools 4se kee#& recycle and default #ool by settin% DBF9EEPFCACHEFS2EE& DBF3EC7C/EFCACHEFS2EE and DBFCACHEFS2EE <default= initialiLation #arameters. Determinin% which se%ments to cache in kee# and recycle #ools& you must ha$e in de#th knowled%e of the a##lication.
S,L,CT "sername :o)ner:? N-M, :seg name:? 4in CO0NT=D*ST*NCT BLOCGED :No5 b"((ers: 3+OM vPcache v? ba_"sers W6,+, v5o)nerE . 5"ser_i <+O0/ BY N-M,? "sername? 4in 6-V*N< CO0NT=D*ST*NCT BLOCGEDK1H O+D,+ BY O D,SC :seg t!pe:?
Oracle recommends you consider cachin% of se%ments in kee# #ool whose total siLe is less than *Y of default #ool siLe. "o assi%n se%ments to #ool& use A/"E3 "AB/E schema.#acka%e S"O3A1E <B4;;E3FPOO/ 9EEP=O A/"E3 "AB/E schema.#acka%e S"O3A1E <B4;;E3FPOO/ 3EC7C/E=O 6onitor buffer #ool statistics
S,L,CT N-M, :B"((er pool:? 1@=ph!sical_rea s2= b_bloc4_getsVconsistent_getsDD :B"((er pool hit ratio:
- :: -

3+OM vPb"((er_pool_statistics O+D,+ BY N-M,
+.4.'.+ Cac9e tables in 8e8or: C3EA"E "AB/E <\= CACHE A/"E3 "AB/E name CACHE +.4.'./ Use 6ro6er inde=es Build indeMes on forei%n key columns of tables that reference a #rimary key column in another table. 3.) &(ared ser0er By default& Oracle runs on dedicated ser$er mode where for each user session connection& a ser$er #rocess is created on ser$er and a user #rocess is created on client machine. ?hen number of concurrent users becomes $ery hi%h& shared ser$er <known as 6ulti "hreaded Ser$er in earlier $ersions= is used. 2n shared ser$er& se$eral <u# to := dis#atcher back%round #rocesses are run in ser$er& which acce#t user re'uests. "hey then #ut the re'uest in a 'ueue. "hereafter& shared ser$er #rocesses #ick the re'uest from 'ueue and #rocess the SD/ <i.e. #arsin% the statement& readin% se%ments from disk and #lacin% them in buffer cache etc.=. After #rocessin%& they #ut the result in res#onse 'ueue. "he corres#ondin% dis#atcher sends back the result to user #rocess. Shared ser$er is useful for these scenarios - many a##lication users& short a##lication transactions <e.%. railway reser$ation system& order entry system=& non-continuous transactions etc. Shared ser$er is a scalability im#ro$ement feature not #erformance im#ro$ement feature. 7ou will always ha$e same or better #erformance by usin% dedicated ser$er feature.
3.4.1 %on9i#urin# shared servers
Set followin% #arameters in initialiLation file D2SPA"CHE3S P n <* to := - :> -
Oracle DBA Concise Handbook SHA3EDFSE3BE3S P n < to OS de#endent maM. $alue= Other o#tional #arameters are - 6AAFD2SPA"CHE3S& 6AAFSHA3EDFSE3BE3S& and P3OCESSES
3.4.2 -easurin# shared server per9or,ance
C23C42"S&
Duery on BNSHA3EDFSE3BE3F6O(2"O3 $iew. "he followin% 'uery shows shared ser$er busy ratio
S,L,CT N-M,? eco e=b"s!Vi le?H?H?ro"n ==b"s!2 =b"s!Vi leDD'1HH?BDD :b"s! rate: 3+OM vPshare _server W6,+, stat"s W. #70*T#
"he neMt 'uery shows dis#atcher busy ratio

S,L,CT N-M, : ispatcher:? N,TWO+G? =ro"n =S0M=b"s!D2 =S0M=b"s!D2S0M=i leDD?BDD'1HH :b"s! rate: 3+OM vP ispather <+O0/ BY N-M,? N,TWO+G
Additional dis#atcher is necessary is busy ratio found from abo$e 'uery is more than :*Y. Please note that DBA must connect throu%h dedicated ser$er to #erform $arious DBA acti$ities <e.%. startu#Cshutdown database=. 3.1+ Large pool and :a0a pool /ar%e #ool in S1A is used for 3eco$ery 6ana%er <36A(= o#erations and #arallel 'uery. 2t is defined by /A31EFPOO/FS2EE <usual $alues from >**9 to )1B= #arameter in initialiLation file and cannot be chan%ed dynamically. 0a$a #ool is used to kee# session s#ecific 0a$a a##lication code and $ariables. 2ts siLe is determined by 0ABAFPOO/FS2EE <default )*6= initialiLation #arameter and cannot be chan%ed dynamically. 3.11 -uning ,edo
- :5 -
Oracle DBA Concise Handbook 2ts #erformance is measured by the amount of time ser$er #rocess waits to access redo lo% files. "he followin% 'ueries can be used to measure redo lo% waits.
S,L,CT r5V-L0,2e5V-L0, :+e o log b"((er retr! ratio: 3+OM vPs!sstat r? vPs!sstat e W6,+, r5N-M, . #re o b"((er allocation retries# -ND e5N-M, . #re o entries#
2ts $alue should be less than Y.

S,L,CT N-M,?V-L0, 3+OM vPs!sstat W6,+, N-M, . #re o log space re>"ests#
Constantly increase $alue indicates too small redo lo% files.

3.11.1 I,provin# redo lo# per9or,ance
6ake it bi%%er. 3edo lo% s#ace is s#ecified by /O1FB4;;E3 initialiLation #arameter. 3educe redo lo% %eneration by usin% 4(3ECOBE3AB/E and (O/O112(1 keywords in SD/ statements. 3.12 -uning arc(i0ing operations Common #roblems are Archi$e location %ettin% full - you can tem#orarily chan%e archi$e lo% location by A/"E3 S7S"E6 A3CH2BE /O1 A// "O XCoradataCarchi$eJ. A3Cn #rocess canJt kee# u# with redo lo% %enerations - create more A3Cn #rocess. 3.13 -uning disk I2O 9ee# se#arate table s#aces for different functional se%ments. 6easure data file 2CO from followin% $iews - BN;2/ES"A"& BNDA"A;2/E& BN"E6P;2/E. 3.14 -uning sorts 6inimiLe sortin% acti$ity. 2f re'uired& #erform in memory whene$er #ossible. - :@ -
Sort may be measured by followin% 'uery

S,L,CT m5V-L0,2= 5V-L0,Vm5V-L0,D :*n memor! sort ratio: 3+OM vPs!sstat m? vPs!sstat W6,+, m5N-M, . #sorts =memor!D# -ND 5N-M, . #sorts = is4D#
"his ratio should be more than *.,: 2ncrease $alue for SO3"FA3EAFS2EE initialiLation #arameter if necessary. Disk sort is #erformed in tem#orary table s#ace file. 3.15 -uning rollback segments ;rom Oracle ,i& automatic undo mana%ement does away manual rollback se%ment mana%ement. Howe$er& you can set a s#ecific rollback se%ment for lar%e transaction by this command C3EA"E P32BA"E 3O//BAC9 SE16E(" rbs S"O3A1E <2(2"2A/ 6 (EA" *6= "AB/ESPACE rbstb A/"E3 3O//BAC9 SE16E(" rbs O(/2(E SE" "3A(SAC"2O( 4SE 3O//BAC9 SE16E(" rbs EAEC #rocedure A/"E3 3O//BAC9 SE16E(" rbs O(/2(E 3.1" Locks /ock contention occurs when multi#le users try to obtain lock on s#ecific obIect at the same time. /ock is released only after CO662" or 3O//BAC9 statement. See lock contention from followin% $iews. BN/OC9 BN/OC9EDFOB0EC" DBAF?A2"E3S DBAFB/OC9E3S "o resol$e lock contention& a$oid codin% lon% transactions and donJt use restricti$e eM#licit locks. 2t is always better to let Oracle handle all locks. 7ou can kill any session usin% A/"E3 S7S"E6 92// SESS2O( Xsid& serial_J command. - :, -
3.1% -uning operating system "ry to a$oid #a%in% and swa##in%. 2f ser$er has multi#le CP4s& use OracleJs #arallel 'uery& #arallel D6/& #arallel A(A/7EE and #arallel indeM creation features. 2n multi#le CP4 machines& Oracle will itself chan%e many #arameters. 7ou can allocate and mana%e ser$er resources usin% OracleJs 3esource 6ana%er feature <not discussed here=. On 4niM& all ser$er #rocesses and back%round #rocesses are run as se#arate eMecutables <you can see them usin% #s command=. Howe$er& on ?indows& all those #rocesses run as threads inside O3AC/Eser+icename.EAE #rocess. 3.1' 7utomatic ;orkload ,epository 7;,! ;rom *%& A?3 continuously ca#tures database statistics and deri$es metrics from it. "his is of immense hel# durin% database tunin%. Amon% many others& A?3 collects followin% statistics ?ait e$ents used to identify #erformance #roblems. Some system and session statistics from the BNS7SS"A" and BNSESS"A" $iews. ObIect usa%e statistics. 3esource intensi$e SD/ statements A?3 information is used by ADD6 and SD/ "unin% Ad$isor <discussed below= A?3 related #acka%e is DB6SF?O39/OADF3EPOS2"O37. "he DBAFH2S"Y $iews contain historical data stored in the database. 3.1) 7utomatic 3atabase 3iagnostic Monitor 733M! and &5L -uning 7d0isor ;rom *%& ADD6 constantly monitors database and in case of any #roblem& it will su%%est what you should do neMt. "he ADD6 findin%s can be 'ueried from DBAFADB2SO3Y obIects on data dictionary. (ote that ADD6 analysis is based on A?3 sna#shots& which ha$e a default fre'uency of once an hour and a default retention #eriod of @ days. - >* -
An ADD6 analysis is #erformed after each A?3 sna#shot <e$ery hour by default=& and the results are sa$ed in the database. 3emember& the %oal of database #erformance tunin% is to reduce the DB time of the system for a %i$en workload.
-> -
* S7" and ("<S7"

All source code of #acka%es& #rocedures and functions are written in DBAFSO43CE& A//FSO43CE or 4SE3FSO43CE $iews. 4.1 #ompiling packages A/"E3 P3OCED43E #rocedure CO6P2/E A/"E3 PAC9A1E #acka%e CO6P2/E A/"E3 PAC9A1E #acka%e CO6P2/E BOD7 4.2 ,ecords and -ables P/CSD/ records are similar to C structures.
D,CL-+, TY/, t,mp *S +,CO+D = ,NO N0MB,+? 3N-M, V-+C6-+A=IHD? LN-M, V-+C6-+A=IHDD& v,mp t,mp& B,<*N S,L,CT i ? (name? lname *NTO v,mp 3+OM emplo!ee& ,ND&
7ou can use Y3O?"7PE to s#ecify a $ariable of table row ty#e. ;or eMam#le&
v,mp emplo!eeX+OWTY/,&
P/CSD/ "ables are similar to -dimensional array in C. 7ou can $isualiLe it as a table with only ) columns - 9E7 and BA/4E.
D,CL-+, TY/, t,mp *S T-BL, O3 V-+C6-+A=IHD *ND,9 BY B*N-+Y_*NT,<,+& v,mp t,mp& B,<*N v,mp=1D . #Sai4at#& ,ND&
Some table attributes are - tablename.CO4("& DE/E"E& DE/E"E<i=& ;23S"& /AS"& (EA"<i=& P32O3<i=. 4.3 #ursor Declarin% cursor
- >) -
Oracle DBA Concise Handbook C43SO3 cursorFname 2S SE/EC" statementO Processin% cursor OPE( cursorFnameO ;E"CH cursorFname 2("O $ariable<s=O C/OSE cursorFnameO Cursor attributes Y;O4(D& Y(O";O4(D& Y2SOPE(& Y3O?CO4(" Cursor ;O3 loo# ;O3 $ariable 2( cursorFname /OOP Statement<s=O E(D /OOPO 4.4 Merge< multi 1 table insert and pi0ot insert An eMam#le of mer%e command is shown below.
M,+<, *NTO M-N03-CT0+,+ M 0S*N< N,W_M-N03-CT0+,+ WM ON =M5M3DNO . WM5M3DNOD W6,N M-TC6,D T6,N 0/D-T, S,T M5M3DN-M, . WM5M3DN-M,? M5-DD+,SS . WM5-DD+,SS? M5C*TY . WM5C*TY? M5ST-T, . WM5ST-T,? M5CO0NT+Y . WM5CO0NT+Y W6,N NOT M-TC6,D T6,N *NS,+T =M5M3DNO? M5M3DN-M,? M5-DD+,SS? M5C*TY? M5ST-T,? M5CO0NT+YD V-L0,S =WM5M3DNO? WM5M3DN-M,? WM5-DD+,SS? WM5C*TY? WM5ST-T,? M5CO0NT+YD&
Similarly& an eMam#le of multi - table insert follows.

*NS,+T -LL W6,N M,D*- . TBOOGU T6,N *NTO BOOG V-L0,S =NO? T*TL,? /+*C,D W6,N M,D*- . TCDU T6,N *NTO SO3TW-+, V-L0,S =NO? T*TL,? /+*C,D W6,N M,D*- . TVCDU T6,N *NTO V*D,O V-L0,S =NO? T*TL,? /+*C,D S,L,CT M,D*-? NO? T*TL,? M,D*- 3+OM /+OD0CT&
4sin% #i$ot insert& you can create multi#le rows of data from sin%le record. Say& SA/ESFSO43CEFDA"A comes from a non-relational source and it contains followin% columns - em#Fid& salesFmon& salesFtue& salesFwed& salesFthu and salesFfri. ?e like to store this information in SA/ESF2(;O table which has
- >8 -
Oracle DBA Concise Handbook followin% fields - em#Fid& week& sales. ?e can achie$e it by usin% the statement shown below.
*NS,+T *NTO S-L,S_*N3O V-L0,S =emp_i *NS,+T *NTO S-L,S_*N3O V-L0,S =emp_i *NS,+T *NTO S-L,S_*N3O V-L0,S =emp_i *NS,+T *NTO S-L,S_*N3O V-L0,S =emp_i *NS,+T *NTO S-L,S_*N3O V-L0,S =emp_i S,L,CT emp_i ? sales_mon? sales_t"e? S-L,S_SO0+C,_D-T-5 ? )ee4? sales_monD ? )ee4? sales_t"eD ? )ee4? sales_)e D ? )ee4? sales_th"D ? )ee4? sales_(riD sales_)e ? sales_th"? sales_(ri 3+OM
"hus for row in SA/ESFSO43CEFDA"A& we shall ha$e : rows in SA/ESF2(;O table. "his feature is also known as normaliLation is some other database a##lications. 4.5 &5L :oins Oracle now follows A(S2C2SO Ioin syntaM <similar to SD/ Ser$er=. 7ou can also use earlier $ersions Ioin syntaM. Howe$er& new A(S2C2SO standard syntaM is more com#rehensi$e. Here are few eMam#les. Say we ha$e ) tables - E6P <eno& ename& dno= and DEP" <dno& dname=. "o list all em#loyee names and de#artment names we can now write followin% 'uery.
S,L,CT ,5,N-M,? D5DN-M, 3+OM ,M/ NO*N D,/T ON =,5DNO . D5DNOD
?e can use /E;"& 321H" or ;4// keywords for outer Ioin. ;or eMam#le& to list all em#loyees e$en when some em#loyees may not belon% to any de#artment& we can issue this 'uery.
S,L,CT ,5,N-M,? D5DN-M, 3+OM ,M/ L,3T NO*N D,/T ON =,5DNO . D5DNOD
"his is definitely more intuiti$e than earlier syntaM with UZV o#eratorK EMam#le of u#datin% columns of table with data from another tableQ
C+,-T, T-BL, *N3O1 =COD, V-+C6-+A=OD /+*M-+Y G,Y? CO0NT+Y V-+C6-+A=1HHD? C-/*T-L V-+C6-+A=1HHD? /6ON,COD, N0MB,+=BD? C0++,NCYCOD, V-+C6-+A=ODD& *NS,+T *NTO *NS,+T *NTO *NS,+T *NTO *NS,+T *NTO *NS,+T *NTO *NS,+T *NTO COMM*T& *N3O1 *N3O1 *N3O1 *N3O1 *N3O1 *N3O1 V-L0,S V-L0,S V-L0,S V-L0,S V-L0,S V-L0,S =#*ND#?#*n ia#?#Ne) Delhi#?N0LL?N0LLD& =#<B+#?#0nite Ging om#?#Lon on#?N0LL?N0LLD& =#3+-#?#3rance#?#/aris#?N0LL?N0LLD& =#0S-#?#0nite States#?#Washington DC#?N0LL?N0LLD& =#*T-#?#*tal!#?#+ome#?N0LL?N0LLD& =#SW,#?#S)e en#?#Stoc4holm#?BL?#S,G#D&
C+,-T, T-BL, *N3OA =COD, V-+C6-+A=OD? /6ON,COD, N0MB,+=BD? C0++,NCYCOD,
- >+ -

V-+C6-+A=OD D& *NS,+T *NTO *NS,+T *NTO *NS,+T *NTO *NS,+T *NTO *NS,+T *NTO COMM*T& *N3OA *N3OA *N3OA *N3OA *N3OA V-L0,S V-L0,S V-L0,S V-L0,S V-L0,S =#*ND#?F1?#*N+#D& =#<B+#?BB?#<B/#D& =#3+-#?OO?#,0+#D& =#0S-#?1?#0SD#D& =#C-N#?1?#C-D#D&
2' case 1 Y )rong '2 0/D-T, *N3O1 i1 S,T =/6ON,COD,?C0++,NCYCOD,D . = S,L,CT /6ON,COD,? C0++,NCYCOD, 3+OM *N3OA iA W6,+, i15COD, . iA5COD, D @@ S)e en#s ata becomes n"ll b! r"nning thisWW 2' case A Y correct '2 0/D-T, *N3O1 i1 S,T =/6ON,COD,?C0++,NCYCOD,D . = S,L,CT /6ON,COD,? C0++,NCYCOD, 3+OM *N3OA iA W6,+, i15COD, . iA5COD, D W6,+, ,9*STS = S,L,CT 1 3+OM *N3OA iAA W6,+, i15COD, . iAA5COD,D @@ S)e en#s e1isting ata remains correct
4." /se*ul &5L *unctions Decode - some eMam#les ha$e been #ro$ided in cha#ter U4seful scri#ts for DBAsV. Case - eMam#le
S,L,CT CO0NT+Y? CONT*N,NT C-S, CONT*N,NT W6,N 1 T6,N T,0+O/,U W6,N A T6,N T-S*-U W6,N O T6,N T-3+*C-U ,LS, TOT6,+U ,ND CONT*N,NT_N-M, 3+OM CO0NT+*,S
?ith clause eMam#le

W*T6 1 -S = select select select select D? Z -S = #Tom# as 3irstName 3+OM "al "nion #Dic4# 3+OM "al "nion #Barne!# 3+OM "al "nion #Bett!# 3+OM "al
D S,L,CT ' 3+OM 1?Z
select #3lintstone# as LastName 3+OM select #+"bble# 3+OM "al
"al
"nion
(B/ <M& y= returns y if M is null or M otherwise. (B/S <M& y& L= returns L if M is null& y if M is not null. - >: -
2(S"3 <strin% where to search& strin% what to search& start #osition default & what Un-thV occurrence default st= is used for searchin% for #attern inside a strin%. 3eturns the number #osition where occurrence has been found or * if not found. S4BS"3 <strin%& M& y= returns #ortion of strin% that is y characters lon% startin% from #osition M. 3O4(D < :.):>@& )= #roduces :.)>. Pi$ot and 4n-#i$ot eMam#les - can be used to trans#ose rowsCcolumns.
2' /*VOT '2 W*T6 (l!_table -S = S,L,CT #Nohn# :C"stomer:?#-pple# :*tem:? I :7t!: 3+OM "al 0N*ON -LL S,L,CT #Nill#?#Orange#? A 3+OM "al 0N*ON -LL S,L,CT #Sall!#?#Banana#? L 3+OM "al 0N*ON -LL S,L,CT #Nohn#?#Orange#? A 3+OM "al 0N*ON -LL S,L,CT #Sall!#?#-pple#? 1 3+OM "al 0N*ON -LL S,L,CT #Nohn#?#Orange#? 1 3+OM "al 0N*ON -LL S,L,CT #Sall!#?#-pple#? 1 3+OM "al D S,L,CT ' 3+OM = S,L,CT :C"stomer:?:*tem:? S0M=:7t!:D :7t!: 3+OM (l!_table <+O0/ BY :C"stomer:? :*tem: D /*VOT = S0M=:7t!:D 3O+ :*tem: *N =#-pple#?#Banana#?#Orange#DD 2' 0N/*VOT '2 W*T6 (l!_table -S = S,L,CT #*n ia# :Co"ntr!:?#Ne) Delhi# :Capital: 3+OM "al 0N*ON S,L,CT #0G#?#Lon on# 3+OM "al 0N*ON S,L,CT #0S-#? #Washington DC# 3+OM "al 0N*ON S,L,CT #<erman!#?#Berlin# 3+OM "al D S,L,CT COL? V-L0, 3+OM = S,L,CT ' 3+OM (l!_table D 0N/*VOT *NCL0D, N0LLS = V-L0, 3O+ COL *N =:Co"ntr!:?:Capital:DD
4.% 3ynamic 4L2&5L A sam#le is %i$en below

C+,-T, T-BL, T,ST5,M/=NO N0MB,+? N-M, V-+C6-+A=1HHDD& C+,-T, O+ +,/L-C, /+OC,D0+, D!nS>l =pNo *N test5emp5noXTY/,? pName *N test5emp5N-M,XTY/,D
- >> -

-S c"r p stmt B,<*N *NT,<,+& *NT,<,+& V-+C6-+A=1HHD& c"r $. bms_s>l5open_c"rsor& stmt $. #*NS,+T *NTO T,ST5,M/ V-L0,S=$no?$nameD#& bms_s>l5parse=c"r?stmt? bms_s>l5vJD& bms_s>l5bin _variable=c"r?#$no#?pNoD& bms_s>l5bin _variable=c"r?#$name#?pNameD& p $. bms_s>l5,9,C0T,=c"rD&
COMM*T& bms_o"tp"t5p"t_line=pD& bms_s>l5close_c"rsor=c"rD& ,ND&
3un the #rocedure from SD/ Plus as ,9,C DYNS7L=1?#Sai4at#D& 2t is also #ossible to eMecute dynamic SD/ usin% EAEC4"E 266EDA"E as shown below.
,9,C0T, *MM,D*-T,=T*NS,+T *NTO MY_T-BL, S,L,CT ' 3+OM T6-T_T-BL,UD&
4.' 6ested table

create t!pe ob[- ress as ob[ect =6o"seNo varcharA=AHD? Street varcharA=AHHD? Cit! varcharA=IHD? State char=AD? /ostCo e varcharA=1HDD 2 create t!pe o2 ress as table o( ob[ress
create table /eople =No n"mber? Name varcharA=1HHD? - ress o- ressD neste table - ress store as tb-
ress&
insert into people val"es =1?#Sai4at Basa4#? o- ress=ob[- ress=#1HH#?#,ast West Street#?#Gol4ata#?#WB#?#JHHHHI#DDD
- >5 -

2
4.) -ypes o* =oins Su##ose we are Ioinin% two tables in Oracle.

S,L,CT T159? TA5Y 3+OM T1 NO*N TA ON T159 . TA59
Assume& " is dri$in% table <i.e. more rows than ")= Nested oo6 >oin "his is eMecuted like thisQ ;or each record in " find matchin% record in ") where " .A P ").A fetch that record into result set (ow if there is no indeM on column A in ")& Oracle will #erform full table scan for each record in " . Has9 >oin Oracle will load create an in-memory indeM <known as hash table= for ") <i.e. smaller table= 2t will still #erform similar o#eration for each record in " find matchin% record in ") where " .A P ").A fetch that record into result set But e$en if there is no indeM on ").A& Oracle will use the hash table which works similar to indeMK Clearly this is suitable only when ") is small otherwise ` a hash table may not fit in memory `)a creation of hash table may in$ol$e a lon% time <then we could ha$e created the indeM on ") in first #laceK= "orted -erge >oin
- >@ -
2f both tables are $ery bi%& hash Ioin is not suitable due to memoryCtime re'uirement and nested loo# will be slow or will result in full table scan. "he alternati$e way to s#eed u# #erformance is to use sorted mer%e Ioin. 2n this case& both tables are sorted by Oracle <usin% tem#orary table s#ace= by Ioinin% key <A in this case=. "he ad$anta%e is& when Ioinin% two tables& Oracle Iust needs to scan only a small #art of the table <e.%. as they are sorted& to find a record in ") when " .A P : will re'uire Oracle search Iust from AP * to AP)* in ") as it cannot be beyond this ran%e and so on=. "he trade off is& it will take some resource <s#aceCtimeCmemory= to sort the tables. 4sually Oracle chooses best method of Ioin based on statistics a$ailable. Howe$er& user may force usin% a different ty#e of Ioin usin% hints like use%)as)-T./T01 etc.
- >, -
Oracle DBA Concise Handbook 4.1+ >.ternal tables By creatin% eMternal tables& you can run SD/ statements on sim#le delimited teMt filesK Howe$er& eMternal tables are read only i.e. you canJt u#date their data usin% SD/ <you need to modify them in teMt editor=. "o create an eMternal table& first you need to create a folder in your hard disk where you will #lace the teMt files.
C+,-T, O+ +,/L-C, D*+,CTO+Y ,9T_T-BL,S -S #,$%O+-CL,%O+-D-T-%,9T,+N-L_T-BL,S#
"he user& who will access eMternal table& should ha$e C3EA"E A(7 D23EC"O37 system #ri$ile%e. (ow create the eMternal table in SD/ Plus as C+,-T, T-BL, -*+/O+T_COD, = COD, V-+C6-+A=OD? C*TY V-+C6-+A=1HHD? CO0NT+Y V-+C6-+A=IHD D O+<-N*R-T*ON ,9T,+N-L = TY/, O+-CL,_LO-D,+ D,3-0LT D*+,CTO+Y ,9T_T-BL,S -CC,SS /-+-M,T,+S = +,CO+DS D,L*M*T,D BY N,WL*N, 3*,LDS T,+M*N-T,D BY #;# M*SS*N< 3*,LD V-L0,S -+, N0LL D LOC-T*ON =#-*+/O+T5T9T#D D +,N,CT L*M*T 0NL*M*T,D
7ou can now run SD/ on the table.
- 5* -
/ D -S (ac&a#es
5.1 3BM&?:OB Check 0OBFD4E4EFP3OCESSES initialiLation file. #arameter has non-Lero $alue in
B,<*N SYS5DBMS_NOB5S0BM*T= NOB .K $NOB? W6-T .K #B,<*N 0/D-T,_-LL_T+-NS_/+*C,& ,ND&#? N,9T_D-T, .K TO_D-T,=#11@HL@AHHB HF$IB$1I#? #DD@MM@YYYY 66AB$M*$SS#D? *NT,+V-L .K #SYSD-T,V1I21BBH#D& COMM*T& ,ND&
5.2 /-L?FIL> A sam#le #rocedure to unload a table data to a teMt file usin% 4"/F;2/E #acka%e is shown below. Set 4"/F;2/EFD23 P XEQRO3AC/ERO3ADA"AR4(/OADJ <or #ath where from you need to readCwrite= in initialiLation file.
C+,-T, O+ +,/L-C, /+OC,D0+, 0NLO-D_T-BL, =piTable *N V-+C6-+AD -S C0+SO+ cTable *S S,L,CT ' 3+OM categor!& ( b"( B,<*N ($.0TL_3*L,53O/,N=#,$%O+-CL,%O+-D-T-%0NLO-D#?#C-T,<O+Y5T9 T#?#)#D& 3O+ i *N cTable LOO/ b"($.i5Categor!No ;; #;# ;; i5Description ;; #;# ;; i5/arentCategor!No& 0TL_3*L,5/0T_L*N,=(?b"(D& ,ND LOO/& 0TL_3*L,53CLOS,=(D& DBMS_O0T/0T5/0T_L*N,=#T-BL, 0NLO-D,D#D& ,9C,/T*ON W6,N OT6,+S T6,N DBMS_O0T/0T5/0T_L*N,=S7L,++MD& "tl_(ile5(ile_t!pe& V-+C6-+A=AHHD&
-5 -

,ND& 2
Similarly& 1E"F/2(E is used to read data from file.
- 5) -
0 :se9ul scripts 9or D As

".1 -o s(o$ primary2*oreign key relations(ips o* all tables and 0ie$s in a gi0en sc(ema
S,L,CT D5T-BL,_N-M, :Table name:? D5CONST+-*NT_N-M, :Constraint name:? D,COD,=D5CONST+-*NT_TY/,? #/#?#/rimar! Ge!#? #+#?#3oreign Ge!#? #C#?#Chec42Not N"ll#? #0#?#0ni>"e#? #V#?#Vie) Cons#D :T!pe:? D5S,-+C6_COND*T*ON :Chec4 Con ition:? /5T-BL,_N-M, :+e( Table name:? /5CONST+-*NT_N-M, :+e( b!:? M5COL0MN_N-M, :+e( col:? M5/OS*T*ON :/osition:? /5OWN,+ :+e( o)ner: 3+OM DB-_CONST+-*NTS D L,3T NO*N DB-_CONST+-*NTS / ON =D5+_OWN,+./5OWN,+ -ND D5+_CONST+-*NT_N-M,./5CONST+-*NT_N-M,D L,3T NO*N DB-_CONS_COL0MNS M ON =D5CONST+-*NT_N-M,.M5CONST+-*NT_N-M,D W6,+, D5T-BL,_N-M, *N = S,L,CT T-BL,_N-M, 3+OM DB-_T-BL,S W6,+, OWN,+.0//,+=#m4m#D 0N*ON -LL S,L,CT V*,W_N-M, 3+OM DB-_V*,WS W6,+, OWN,+.0//,+=#m4m#D D O+D,+ BY 1?A?O
".2 -o see all ob=ects in a table space *ile

S,L,CT D5OWN,+?D5S,<M,NT_N-M,?D5S,<M,NT_TY/,?D5T-BL,S/-C,_N-M,? D56,-D,+_3*L,?V5N-M, 3+OM Dba_Segments D
- 58 -

NO*N VPD-T-3*L, V ON =D56,-D,+_3*L,.V53*L,ED W6,+, D5OWN,+ *N =#MGM#D
".3 ;(ic( user e.ecuting $(at type o* command

S,L,CT S*D? S,+*-LE? v5schemaname? D,COD,=COMM-ND ?H?#None# ?A?#*nsert# ?O?#Select# ?L?#0p ate# ?J?#Delete# ?M?#Drop# ?AL?#Loc4 Table# ?BB?#Commit# ?BI?#+ollbac4# ?BJ?#/L2S7L ,1ec"te# ?#Other#D comman 3+OM VPS,SS*ON v
".4 8et output o* a @uery to a te.t *ile *rom &5L 4lus

set pagesiZe IHHH set linesiZe IHHH spool 3$%T,M/%O0T/0T5T9T set colsep :;: select ' (rom MGM5/+OD0CT& set colsep : : spool o(( set pagesiZe IH set linesiZe AHH
".5 -o see si9e o* your tables and inde.es

select S,<M,NT_N-M,? S,<M,NT_TY/,? BYT,S (rom 0S,+_S,<M,NTS )here segment_t!pe *N =#T-BL,#?#*ND,9#D
"." -o see *ree spaces in table spaces

S,L,CT b5tablespace_name? b5:Total MB:? +O0ND=b5:Total MB: @ a5:3ree MB:?AD :0se MB:? a5:3ree MB:? +O0ND===b5:Total MB:@ a5:3ree MB:D2b5:Total MB:D'1HH?AD :X "se :
- 5+ -

3+OM = =S,L,CT (5tablespace_name? +O0ND=S0M=(5b!tes2=1HAB'1HABDD?AD :3ree MB: 3+OM ba_(ree_space ( <+O0/ BY (5tablespace_nameD a +*<6T NO*N =S,L,CT 5tablespace_name? +O0ND=S0M= 5b!tes2=1HAB'1HABDD?AD :Total MB: 3+OM ba_ ata_(iles <+O0/ BY 5tablespace_nameD b ON a5tablespace_name . b5tablespace_name D O+D,+ BY 1
- 5: -
1 .ew 9eatures o9 16<11#

2)ic) are not co+ered in t)is boo3 so far. Any feature ')ic) is introduced in .4*/ is also a+ailable in ..* 'it) usually more o(tions. ,las9back ?7er: @it9 c9anging data 7ou already ha$e flashback 'uery o#tion in Oracle ,i where you can 'uery sna#shot of old data from undo table s#ace. But in *%& you can eMamine how $alues chan%ed between two time #oints. 7ou can 'uery yesterdayJs $ersion of table data asQ
S,L,CT ' 3+OM /+OD0CT -S O3 T*M,ST-M/ SYSD-T,@1
Rollback 8onitoring 2n ,i& you canJt tell easily how much time it is %oin% to take to rollback a lar%e transaction <until it is com#lete& the locks ac'uired by the transaction wonJt be released=. 2n *% you can sim#ly %et this $ital information from BNSESS2O(F/O(1OPS $iew. I86roved table s6ace 8anage8ent *% automatically creates a S7SA4A table s#ace durin% database creation. 2t is used to hold data for se$eral of OracleJs su##ort schemas like DBS(6P& OD6 etc. ,las9back table 2n ,i& to restore a dro##ed table you need to use im#ort from back u# or do incom#lete reco$ery. 2n *%& when a table is dro##ed& it %oes to OracleJs 3ecycle Bin and you can easily restore it from thereK 7ou can run followin% command from SD/ Plus.
S,L,CT ' 3+OM DB-_+,CYCL,B*N
"o restore the table use - 3L-S6B-CG T-BL, schema.table_name TO

B,3O+, D+O/
Hey thatJs easyK
- 5> -
Oracle DBA Concise Handbook "1 )l7s i86rove8ents Se$eral enhancement has been made to SD/ Plus like #rom#tin%& im#ro$ed file mani#ulations& fast D4A/ o#timiLation #lan etc. A7to8atic "torage -anage8ent AA"-B 2n ,i& disk stora%e consideration <like 3A2D& stri##in%& lo%ical %rou#in% etc.= was done manually. ;rom *% it can be done automatically with the hel# of AS6. R-AN i86rove8ent Se$eral enhancements ha$e been made for incremental backu# methods. A7diting i86rove8ents (ow auditin% can be #erformed at $ery detail le$el <;1A - fine %rained audit=. 2n *%& auditin% will show you what user made eMactly what chan%es to data. %ait inter;ace Data dictionary $iews now show more information re%ardin% on user wait e$ents& which will hel# to dia%nose wait #roblems better. -ateriali<ed vie@ i86rove8ent Oracle introduces materialiLed $iew ad$isor feature& which hel#s tunin% materialiLed $iews. (ow Oracle ser$er can decide whether to rewrite the materialiLed $iew or not dynamically. -odel cla7se 4sin% 6ODE/ clause in SD/& you can treat multidimensional data as an array in memory where you can a##ly s#readsheet like calculationsK !nter6rise -anager A!-B c9anges 2ts architecture has been chan%ed in *%. 2tJs now installed as an H""P ser$er <instead of as a client tool in ,i=. So& you will use it inside browserK 6oreo$er lots of new features ha$e been added. See section .> for more information. #irt7al )rivate Database i86rove8ents - 55 -
BPD was also in @i and ,i. But in *%& it has im#ro$ed to su##ort a $ariety of re'uirements& such as maskin% columns selecti$ely based on the #olicy and a##lyin% the #olicy only when certain columns are accessed. BPD has not been discussed so far in this book. 2t is a method to im#lement security at finer %rain. ;or eMam#le& if you want to im#lement that lo%%ed on user will only see his own records in database <e.%. seein% only his salary information from salary table=& BPD can be set u# in such a way that Uwhere username P 4SE3V will be automatically added to SD/s. "eg8ent 8anage8ent Se%ment s#aces can be mana%ed more efficiently. ?asta%e of s#ace in se%ments is minimiLed. DBAs will ha$e more control o$er s#ace allocation. Trans6ortable table s6ace 2n ,i& trans#ortable table s#aces can be #lu%%ed in to other databases only if they run on same #latform. 2n *%& they can be #lu%%ed to database e$en runnin% on different #latforms. "his is $ery hel#ful for data mo$ement across different systems. Another im#ro$ement is that& data can be unloaded from tables in $ery fast manner <in non-teMt format& thou%h= but the unloaded file& a%ain& can be used across #latforms. A7to8atic s9ared 8e8or: 8anage8ent "he s#ace allocation for DB buffer cache& shared #ool& lar%e #ool and 0a$a #ool can be set to mana%e automatically and dynamically as and when re'uired <i.e. de#endin% on the database workload=K "c9ed7ler 4sually dbmsFIob can be used only to run P/CSD/ #ro%rams. Howe$er& the newly introduced dbmsFscheduler can e$en run OS commands at s#ecified timeCinter$al. Database re6la: Startin% from %& you now ha$e o#tion of ca#turin% work load from a #roduction database and re#lay that on test database to simulate li$e conditions.
- 5@ -
Oracle DBA Concise Handbook %.1 ;(at is g in OracleAs grid computingB Oracle defines %rid com#utin% like thisQ with %rid com#utin%& %rou#s of inde#endent& modular hardware and software com#onents can be connected and reIoined on demand to meet the chan%in% needs of businesses. ?hat does it eMactly meanH ?e already know what is #arallel com#utin%. A com#leM task is di$ided into smaller #arts and each #art is #rocessed inde#endently by a com#uter. "hen the out#uts are combined to %et final result. How does %rid com#utin% differ from this #arallel com#utin%H 1rid com#utin% is an abstract <or $irtualiLation& as Oracle says= conce#t. A %rid can be an infrastructure %rid& an a##lication %rid& an information %rid and so on. ?hat - %ettin% more confusedH Ok& #lease read on. 2n early days <b ,@*s= of database& the relational database mana%ement was startin% to %ain #o#ularity. 2n 3DB6S terms& a customer buys #roducts and a transaction is %enerated. All these info like customer& #roduct& transaction etc. are stored in 3DB6S. "hey are linked to%ether <by forei%n keys& in 8rd normal form=. So from a hi%h le$el $iew& customer& #roduct& transaction are all #art of 3DB6S. (ow come to the #resent days. ?e are %atherin% data like ne$er beforeK Besides 3DB6S& we now ha$e lots of different stuffs like O/AP <Business 2ntelli%enceC Data ?arehouse etc.=& O/"P <transactional data=& BPE/ <Business Process EMecution /an%ua%e=& ?eb ser$ices <usin% A6/=& O?B <Oracle ?arehouse Builder= etc. "he %rid is collection of all these - i.e. different a##lications and data which s#eak with one another. Oracle has #roduct of almost e$erythin% nowadays - which is wra##ed around a fuLLy name called ;usion 6iddleware. "hese com#onents are desi%ned so that one com#onent <say O?B= can interact with another <say core Oracle database=. "his constitutes an architectural %rid. "he relational data on your 3DB6S can be termed as information %rid. "hereGs another as#ect of %rid. /et us take Oracle 3eal A##lication Cluster or 3AC. Here multi#le instances of database are inter-connected to safe%uard - 5, -
Oracle DBA Concise Handbook sin%le #oint of failure. "his is an eMam#le of infrastructure %rid. E$erythin% is #art of %rid. 2t is a conce#t. 2t could ha$e been told as 6atriM com#utin% too. <Did you enIoy 6atriM series of mo$iesH= (ow you know what the buLLword 1rid com#utin% meanK %.2 ;(at are Oracle Fusion Middle$are OFM! and &er0ice Oriented 7rc(itecture &O7!B 2f you are not sure about what are these thin%s and try to ha$e a look at OracleGs website& there is a %ood chance that you mi%ht find yourself confused. "hatGs 'uite eM#ected. OracleGs website is for marketin% their #roduct. 2tGs not their interest to describe their #roducts in a way that #eo#le think it is there is no ma%ic about itK So& here 2 try to eM#lain the thin%s in non-%eeky terms. "he ;usion 6iddleware consists of OracleGs non core-database #roducts - some of which are not actually middlewareK "his includes OracleGs De$elo#er suite <;orms . 3e#orts=& 0a$a related tools& web lo%ic ser$er& content mana%ement etc. O;6 de#ends on o#en standards such as BPE/& SOAP& A6/ and 06S. Oracle SOA is a #art of O;6. What is SOA? "he main essence of SOA is that a##lications will talk with each other in a lan%ua%e <i.e. data format& #rocess ste#s= which is understood by all others a##lications communicatin% with. SOA is about reuse. SOA hel#s business to mo$e& chan%e& #artner and re-in$ent itself with ease and %race. SOA eMtends idea of reuse not only to web ser$ices but also with business ser$ices. SOA com#onents are loosely cou#led.
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Oracle DBA Concise Handbook SOA can contain web ser$ice& BPE/ etc. Web service EMam#le& you throw a #ostcode to 7ahoo 1eo-coder and it %i$es you back latitude& lon%itude of that #ost code. 7ou ask for #rice of #articular item to a website& it su##lies you the #rice. 4sually& web ser$ice results are returned in A6/ format to ensure uni$ersal com#atibility. 2n SOA se%ment& you will often hear the term Orc)estration. ?hat does it meanH 2f you seen an orchestra& you know that conductor Iust draws some in$isible drawin%s in mid air by mo$in% his ma%ic wand from one side to another. Howe$er& musicians can deci#her his rhythm and #lays their instruments so that e$ery one #lays same tune at same #ace. Orchestration in SOA has similar meanin%. 2t ensures that all a##lications under SOA& know how to be in sync with other a##lications in the %rou#. But how orchestration is im#lementedH 2t is done $ia BPE/ or Business Process EMecution /an%ua%e. BPE/ is a tool& usin% which you can draw how data mo$es from one a##lication to another. ;or those who ha$e not used it& it is like a Bisio flow chart dia%ram editor. But& when you draw obIects in BPE/& you tell them what to do. 7ou instruct them where to read data from& how to #rocess it and where to send out#ut after #rocessin% finished. So& basically it is a %ra#hical tool to define business #rocess. ?ithout BPE/& the whole #rocess will look like thousands of lines of P/CSD/ <or 0a$a or CZZ or whate$er= codesK Behind the scene BPE/ still writes codes - but it Iust make sim#ler <K= for any business user to understand and define the #rocess. (ow whether that is %ood or bad is debatable - 2 am Iust outlinin% the conce#t here. So& BPE/ works to inte%rate se$eral a##lications. BPE/ usually follows A6/ standard as interface to se$eral com#onents.
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Oracle DBA Concise Handbook /et us take a bi%%er eMam#le. 7our su##lier sends you a file which contains all the #roducts& 'uantities and unit #rice you ordered for. 7ou need to u#date your in$entory accordin%ly. (ow assume that your su##lier 'uoted the #rice in c but you need to #ut that in d in your database. 4sin% absolute minimum technolo%y& you need to write a small #ro%ram to con$ert c to d while loadin% that data to your system. But if you are usin% BPE/& you can $isually draw the #ro%ramK
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3 D A interview @uestions
Answers are not #ro$ided. Some 'uestions are basic and strai%htforward. Some 'uestions are o#en ended. 2f you co$er OCP curriculum& you will be able to answer most 'uestions. "hese 'uestions are for DBAs with 8 - @ years of eM#erience. Please note that in most DBA inter$iews& besides core DBA 'uestions& candidates are usually asked some 'uestions about the o#eratin% system <say 4niM= as well. Concentrate on 'uestions de#endin% on the role actually re'uired in the #osition. '.1 OpenCended @uestions . ). 8. +. ?hat DBA acti$ities did you to do e$erydayH ?hat is your ty#ical day likeH ?hat other #arts of your or%aniLation do you interact with and howH Do you consider yourself a de$elo#ment DBA or a #roduction DBA and whyH :. ?hat database and o$erall architecture would you su%%est for testin% new middleware without im#actin% #roductionH >. How do you assess my databaseJs healthH 5. How would you a##roach a #erformance #roblem with a three-tier a##licationH @. How do you test your backu#Creco$ery #roceduresH ,. How would you su##ort the u#%rade #rocess for multi#le a##lications& with different a##lication rollout cycles& in the same instanceH *.?hat E3 tool <. $ersion= you usedH .?hat should consist of D? "eamH '.2 -ec(nical @uestions
3.2.1 Set 1
. EM#lain the difference between a hot backu# and a cold backu# and the benefits associated with each. ). 7ou ha$e Iust had to restore from backu# and do not ha$e any control files. How would you %o about brin%in% u# this databaseH - @8 -
Oracle DBA Concise Handbook 8. How do you switch from an init.ora file to a s#fileH +. EM#lain the difference between a data block& an eMtent and a se%ment. :. 1i$e two eMam#les of how you mi%ht determine the structure of the table DEP". >. ?here would you look for errors from the database en%ineH 5. Com#are and contrast "34(CA"E and DE/E"E for a table. @. 1i$e the reasonin% behind usin% an indeM. ,. 1i$e the two ty#es of tables in$ol$ed in #roducin% a star schema and the ty#e of data they hold. *.?hat ty#e of indeM should you use on a fact tableH .1i$e two eMam#les of referential inte%rity constraints. ).A table is classified as a #arent table and you want to dro# and re-create it. How would you do this without affectin% the children tablesH 8.EM#lain the difference between A3CH2BE/O1 mode and (OA3CH2BE/O1 mode and the benefits and disad$anta%es to each. +.?hat command would you use to create a backu# control fileH :.1i$e the sta%es of instance startu# to a usable state where normal users may access it. >.?hat column differentiates the BN $iews to the 1BN $iews and howH 5.How would you %o about %eneratin% an EAP/A2( #lanH @.How would you %o about increasin% the buffer cache hit ratioH ,.EM#lain an O3A-* ::: <Sna#shot too old= )*.EM#lain the difference between NO3AC/EFHO6E and NO3AC/EFBASE. ) .How would you determine the time Lone under which a database was o#eratin%H )).EM#lain the use of settin% 1/OBA/F(A6ES e'ual to "34E. )8.?hat command would you use to encry#t a P/CSD/ a##licationH )+.EM#lain the difference between a ;4(C"2O(& P3OCED43E and PAC9A1E. ):.EM#lain the use of table functions. )>.(ame three ad$isory statistics you can collect. )5.?here in the Oracle directory tree structure are audit traces #lacedH )@.EM#lain materialiLed $iews and how they are used. ),.?hen a user #rocess fails& what back%round #rocess cleans u# after itH 8*.?hat back%round #rocess refreshes materialiLed $iewsH 8 .How would you determine what sessions are connected and what resources they are waitin% forH 8).Describe what redo lo%s are. 88.How would you force a lo% switchH 8+.1i$e two methods you could use to determine what DD/ chan%es ha$e been made. 8:.?hat does coalescin% a table s#ace doH - @+ -
Oracle DBA Concise Handbook 8>.?hat is the difference between a "E6PO3A37 table s#ace and a PE36A(E(" table s#aceH 85.(ame a table s#ace automatically created when you create a database. 8@.?hen creatin% a user& what #ermissions must you %rant to allow them to connect to the databaseH 8,.How do you add a data file to a table s#aceH +*.?hat $iew would you use to look at the siLe of a data fileH + .?hat $iew would you use to determine free s#ace in a table s#aceH +).How can you rebuild an indeMH +8.7ou ha$e Iust com#iled a P/CSD/ #acka%e but %ot errors& how would you $iew the errorsH ++.How can you %ather statistics on a tableH +:.How can you enable a trace for a sessionH +>.?hat is the difference between the SD/[/oader and 26PO3" utilitiesH +5.(ame two files used for network connection to a database.
3.2.2 Set 2
. A user has connect and resource #ri$ile%es allocated by the DBA. He is been allocated 'uota on three table s#aces by the DBA& - Default "able s#ace Duota :** 6& "able s#ace Duota ** 6& "able s#ace ) Duota )** 6. (ow the user tries to make a table& which uses 8** 6 in table s#ace ). ?ill he be successfulH ). After a table is defined& can columns be remo$edH 8. Can we add columns to a table& which is already definedH +. Can you eM#lain reco$ery of in a 3DB6SH :. Describe the #rocedure for mo$in% a data file from one disk to another. Show actual SD/ used for this #rocedure. >. Difference . when to use ;23S"F3O?S . A//F3O?S #arameter& while usin% an o#timiLer 5. EM#lain B-"ree indeMH @. EM#lain com#osite indeMH ,. EM#lain different kind of lockin% in 3DB6SH *.EM#lain the definition of a ^star schema.^ .EM#lain the difference between a ^hot^ and a ^cold^ backu#. ?hat is in$ol$ed with eMecutin% a ^hot^ backu#H ).EM#lain the differences between lo%ical and #hysical database backu#s. ?hat are the benefits and #enalties of eachH 8.EM#lain the #rocessin% of a #ro%ram usin% cursorH +.EM#lain third normaliLed formH :.EM#lain two #hase commitH
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Oracle DBA Concise Handbook >.EM#lain what a bitma##ed indeM is& what its a##lications would be& and why itGs useful. 5.EM#lain what an Oracle sna#shot is. @.Ha$e you heard about "uMedo& Encina& C2CSH ,.How can one im#licitly disconnect a user from the database& who is idle for a lon% timeH <4sin% Profiles= )*.2s it #ossible that there could be #erformance de%radation due to so many indeMesH ?hen and howH ) .Duestions were asked about #arameters in eM#ort& likeQ consistent P y& <what is the #ur#ose of it=H ))."here are ** data files& numbered from to **. ;ile number * is deleted and it has :** 6B of data. "he database is workin% in (oArchi$e lo% mode. How can the database be reco$eredH )8."here are about a *&*** records in a table. 4ser runs a 'uery& which is doin% a full-table scan. ?hile doin% the full table scan& user ) chan%es some $alue M to y usin% a D6/ statement in record. ?hat does the st user see <M or y=H 2f M& then where is the $alue storedH <3ollback Se%ments=. )+.?hat 3DB6S obIects are re'uired before you can create a tableH ):.?hat are the contents of a Control ;ileH )>.?hat are the different data structures used for indeMesH )5.?hat are the ty#es of reco$ery one can #erformH )@.?hat can you do with an alias that you cannot do with a synonymH ),.?hat is (ormaliLationH 8*.?hat is a correlation name and eM#lain the usa%eH 8 .?hat is a cursorH 8).?hat is a forei%n keyH 88.?hat is a IoinH EM#lain outer Ioin with an eMam#leH 8+.?hat is a #a%e in 3DB6SH 8:.?hat is a #artitioned tableH 8>.?hat is a stored #rocedureH ?hy there are re'uiredH 85.?hat is a sub 'ueryH 8@.?hat is a synonymH 8,.?hat is a $iewH +*.?hat is commit and rollbackH + .?hat is distributed transaction #rocessin%H +).?hat is lo%%in% in a 3DB6SH +8.?hat is #rimary keyH ++.?hat is 'uery eMecution #lanH +:.?hat is 'uery o#timiLerH +>.?hat is referential inte%rityH +5.?hat is the SD/ statement necessary to delete a user named ^0oe^ and e$erythin% that he owns in a databaseH - @> -
Oracle DBA Concise Handbook +@.?hat is the difference between a searched u#date and a #ositioned u#dateH +,.?hat is the difference between static SD/ and dynamic SD/H :*.?hat is the im#ortance of redo lo% filesH : .?hat is the sa$e #oint in a transactionH :).?hat is the use of /29EH :8.?hat is the use of the #arameter ^6AA"3A(SV. 2s it used at block le$el& eMtent le$el or se%ment le$elH :+.?hat is transition monitorH ::.?hat is transactionH EM#lain atomic #ro#erty of a transactionH :>.?hat $ariables in the ^2(2".O3A^ file affect the amount of 3A6 needed for the S1AH :5.?hatGs the default #assword for the Oracle user ^Scott^H :@.?here and when can we use the HAB2(1 clauseH :,.?hich SD/ error will you %et when you try to fetch data from a cursor after it has run out of dataH >*.?hich #arameter can be used to enable check #ointin% at re%ular inter$als <;AS"FS"A3"F6""3F"A31E"=H > .?hich #arameter do you use to read multi#le blocks in one %o <DBF64/"2B/OC9F3EADFCO4("= >).?hy a stored #rocedure su##oses to %i$e better #erformanceH >8.?hy indeMes are so im#ortantH >+.?hy is the difference between Direct Path EM#ort and Con$entional Path EM#ortH >:.?hy it is bad to use the SE/EC" [ in static SD/H >>.?hy row le$el lockin% is desiredH >5.?hy would you use 4(2O( instead of a 0O2(H
3.2.3 Set 3
. ?hat data warehouse features are there in Oracle ,iH ). ?hat is the difference between B-"ree . Bitma# indeMH EM#lain. 8. ?hat is dimension tableH +. ?hat is surro%ate keyH :. ?hat is 8rd normaliLationH >. ?hat is ref cursorH 5. ?hat is materialiLed $iewH @. ?hat is 'uery rewriteH ,. ?hat is inline $iewH *.?hat is conformed dimensionH .?hat is slowly chan%in% dimensionH
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Oracle DBA Concise Handbook ).How E3 dia%ram differs from D? dimensionH <Answer - O/"P schema $s. Star schema= 8.?hat is ty#e & ty#e)& ty#e8 related to dimensionH +.?hat is the difference between to# down and bottom u# a##roachH :.?hen is full-table scan beneficialH >.?hat #erformance tunin%s you ha$e doneH 5.4#date Em# set salaryP:*** where idP ** - eM#lain all ste#s that ha##ens internally. @.State differences between @i and ,iH ,.State differences between ,i and *%H )*.?hat #arameters of database you canGt chan%e without recreatin% oneH <Answer - block& buffer& and character set etc.= ) .?hat is asynchronous P/CSD/ blockH )).?hat Oracle books you readH )8.?hat is autonomous transactionH )+.?hat are $arious ty#es of transactionsH ):.?hat eMtra Oracle features you like to seeH )>.EM#lain B "ree . Bitma# indeM. )5.EM#lain clearly what will ha##en if 2 indeM a %ender column usin% B tree instead of Bitma#. )@.?hat is basically stored in indeMH ),.2f a table has no rows& does it take any s#aceH 8*.?hat lar%est database you ha$e handledH How many tables were thereH 8 .?hat is two #hase commitH 8).?hat is distributed databaseH 88.?hat is 3AC . what is its ad$anta%eH 8+.How do you handle eMce#tion in P/CSD/ #rocedureH 8:.?hat is the ad$anta%e or #acka%e o$er #rocedureH 8>.?hat is #ra%ma-restricted functionH 85.?hat are CoydGs %olden rules <not about normaliLation=H 8@.How do you su%%est backu# strate%y of #roduction databaseH 8,.?hat database challen%es you faced in your last #roIectH +*.?hat is )nd normaliLationH + .?hen do you de-normaliLe dataH +).?hat database tunin% you ha$e doneH +8.?hat is the len%th of rowid dataH ++.?hat Oracle analytic functions you ha$e usedH +:.Can you s#ecify se'uence in SD/ loaderH +>.EM#lain directCindirect loadH +5.?hat are different com#onents of S1AH ?hat are different back%round #rocessesH ?hat are functions of each of themH +@.?hat is 3eco #rocessH +,.How do you see all columns of all tablesH - @@ -
Oracle DBA Concise Handbook :*.EM#lain im#licit . eM#licit cursor. : .How do you declare record ty#e $ariableH :).?hat is P/CSD/ tableH Define itGs syntaM. :8.How do you select du#licate rows from a tableH :+.How do you a$oid fra%mentationH ::.EM#lain deadlock with an eMam#le. :>.?hy #eo#le sometimes donGt run database in archi$e lo% modeH :5.?hat does DB?3 . /1?3 doH :@.?ho write data in database buffer cache . redo lo% bufferH :,.Can you %et back se'uence $alues already %eneratedH >*.EM#lain shared ser$er conce#t. > .?hen a new session starts& how do you see eMtra #rocesses created from data dictionary tablesH >).?here do you find all database obIectsH >8.?here the source of functionC#rocedures is storedH >+.?hat do you know about Standby database . 3e#licationH >:.?hat are different ty#es of backu#sH >>.EM#lain all ste#s of com#lete . incom#lete reco$ery. >5.?hat are $arious ty#es of reco$eriesH EM#lain. >@.?hat database tunin% you ha$e doneH >,.?hat tunin% tools you ha$e usedH 5*.?hat database desi%n you ha$e #erformedH 5 .?hat backu# method you su%%est for a )+M5 #roduction databaseH 5).EM#lain some tunin% methods. 58.EM#lain $arious com#onents of S1A. 5+.?here does init.ora resideH 5:.Did you install Oracle ser$erH 5>.?hen do you %o for im#ortCeM#ort instead of backu#H
3.2.* Set * (S7"!
. ?hat is wron% with followin% 'ueryQ SE/EC" column & column)& AB1<column8=& column+ ;3O6 table 13O4P B7 column & column) ). ?hat is wron% with this 'ueryQ SE/EC" AB1<CO4("<em#loyeeFid= ;3O6 em#loyee 13O4P B7 de#t 8. How do you delete du#licate rows from a table usin% SD/H Àns - delete from du#Ftest d where rowid not in <select maM<rowid= from du#Ftest d) where d .num P d).num=a +. How do you identify du#licate rows in a tableH :. A table has followin% columns - de#tartment& em#loyeeFname and salary. How do you list a$era%e salary of all de#artmentsH >. How do you find databaseJs time LoneH `select dbtimeLone from duala - @, -
'.3 5uestions you s(ould ask ?hat #rocesses do you follow while im#lementin% chan%es in #roductionH Beside the DBAs and system administrators& who has access to the Ôracle^ o#eratin% system accountH How often is the oracle o#eratin% system account #assword chan%edH Are the DBAs co-located with the teams they su##ortH How is ca#acity #lannin% #erformedH 2s there ade'uate ca#acity already in #lace to su##ort the eM#ected %rowth o$er the neMt yearH 2s there a formal Iob definition for the DBA roleH 2s there a defined technical career #athH How is 2" ali%ned with the business areasH How many em#loyees re#ort to more than one mana%erH How do you determine if a DBA has been successfulH How are the a##lication DBAs and #roduction control DBAs or%aniLedH
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4 $e9erences
Oracle classroom course #resentations OCACOCP Oracle books <DBA 2& DBA 22& Performance "unin%& SD/= from BPB #ublications. Oracle manuals Oracle Press DBA and P/CSD/ books Classroom course at SD/ Star 2nternational& Calcutta. htt#QCCdownload.oracle.comCdocsCcdCB)@8:,F* Crac. Cb)@):).#df htt#QCCwww.oracle.comCtechnolo%yC#ubCarticlesCchanFsin%)racFinstall.ht ml htt#QCCwww.orafa'.comCwikiC3ACF;AD
-, -
16 Oracle serverAs dia#ra,,atic overview
Default Database buffer cache 9ee# 3ecycle S1A 3edo lo% buffer cache
Data dictionary cache
Shared SD/
Shared #ool Control structures
P/CSD/ #rocedures /ibrary cache . #acka%es
/ar%e #ool <o#tional=
/ocks and other structures
0a$a #ool <o#tional=
Ser$er #rocess created for userJs connection
P 1 A
Control file synchroniLation information for all Oracle files
Data files - System . SysauM table s#ace& 4ndo table s#ace& A##lication data table s#aces etc.
Parameter file <3ead when database starts=
3edo lo% files
4ser connection
- ,) -

Oracle DBA Concise Handbook

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