Bi 1.

Cc van de chung
Cc khi niem co ban
- Khi niem moi trung: 4
- Khi niem ve o nhiem
O nhiem moi trung khong kh
- Khi niem
- Cc nguon gay o nhiem
- Cc chat gay o nhiem
Moi trung nuoc
Chat thai ran
Pht trien, dan den T xau den MT. Nhu cau pht trien.
Tam quan trong cua cong tc dnh gi tc dong moi trung.
Chuong 1. Cc khi niem co ban ve (TM)(EIA)
Cc khi niem co ban, vai tr cua TM trong cong tc quan l moi trung
1. Khi niem ve TM
Su phan tch mot cch c khoa hoc, nhung t c dong c loi hoac c hai m
cc hoat dong pht trien c the mang lai cho TNTN & Cc diu kien moi trung.
xuat cc phuong n giai quyet (hop l) nhung mau thuan giua hoat dong
pht trien v BVMT.
Hoat dong pht trien: Du n xay dung mot nh my, chuo ng trnh, loai hnh
dich vu. V du: Du n mo rong dung, Benh vien, quy
hoach khu du cu.
Cc phuong n xu l giai quyet mau thuan: cc giai php KH -KT, cong
nghe, quan l, cc chnh sch, cc cong cu php luat, kinh te...
2. inh nghia TM
Cc dinh nghia tieu bieu:
- 1979, Munn, R.E DTM l hoat dong, duoc dat ra de xc dinh
- 1980, Clark, Brian D.,
TM l su dnh gi chnh thc cc tc dong moi trung c the c cua mot
hoat dong, chnh sch, chuong trnh hay mot du n, mot san pham hoac mot loai
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hnh dich vu...Cc giai php thay the duoc de xuat, cc bien php can duoc thuc
hien de bao ve moi trung.
Khi niem ny duoc su dung t khi bat dau cho den khi ket thuc du n.
nh gi tc dong
1. Xc dinh tc dong (Nguon goc pht sinh tc dong) (Hoat dong).
2. Phan tch: theo khong gian v thi gian.
3. nh gi: mc do (cung do), tot hay khong tot, dng ke hay khong dng
ke.
4. Du bo
e xuat cc giai php
1. Phng trnh
2. Kiem sot
3. Khac phuc
1.3. Muc dch
1. Gp them tu lieu khoa hoc can thiet cho vi ec quyet dinh doi voi hoat
dong pht trien.
2. Gip cho co quan xt duyet v trien khai thuc hien hoat dong c day du
co so de ra mot quyet dinh dng dan v ton dien hon ve van de can xem
xt, dnh gi.
1.4. nghia
1. Rat quan trong trong viec xt duyet v ra quyet dinh doi voi hoat dong
pht trien. Thi diem hien tai nhan to MT tuong duong voi cc nhan to Ky
thuat, cong nghe & Kinh te, Xa Hoi.
2. Khong c nghia phu quyet doi voi hoat dong pht trien. Ngui xay
dung bo co v ngui chu du n cun g nhu ngui ra quyet dinh (co quan
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quan l nh nuoc) khong nen nhn nhan su doi lap cua moi trung v pht
trien.
1.5. NOI DUNG & YEU CU
Tuy thuoc vo noi dung cua hoat dong pht trien.
Van de cng lon, pham vi khong gian rong v thi gian cng di th van de
dnh gi cng phc tap v di hoi su dnh gi duoi nhieu gc do chuyen mon
khc nhau.
1.5.1. NOI DUNG CHNH CUA TM
1. Mo ta dia bn, noi tien hnh hoat dong pht trien du kien se trien khai.
Pham vi rong: Luu vuc. Vng lanh tho.
Pham vi hep: Mot khu pho, Cum dan cu, phan xuong san
xuat...
2. Xc dinh cc dieu kien dnh gi: Bien khong gian v thi gian.
3. Mo ta hien trang moi trung trong pham vi dnh gi (MT duoc hieu theo nghia
rong).
- Moi trung tu nhien:
+ Moi trung khong kh: cc dieu kien ve KH-TT, Chat luong moi
trung khong kh...
+ MT nuoc: nuoc mat, nuoc ngam.
+ MT dat
+ Cc HST tu nhien.
- Moi trung xa hoi: Y te, gio duc, mc song, dieu kien song...
Neu khong du diu kien, so lieu th can gii han diu kien bien khong gian
v thi gian. Gii han van phai the hien du muc do tc dong cua du n doi vi MT.
Phai du rong ( Cc tc dong chnh, truc tiep cua du n).
4. Xc dinh cc tc dong den moi trung do hoat dong cua du n.
Lan luot cc doi tuong chiu tc dong:
- Moi trung khong kh.
- Moi trung nuoc.
- Moi trung dat.
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- Chat thai ran.
- Moi trung xa hoi
5. Du bo cc tc dong c the xay ra khi hoat dong duoc trien khai.
6. Xem xt kha nang hon nguyen khi hoat dong pht trien cham dt hoac khi di
vo hoat dong on dinh.
7. Cc bien php phng trnh, kiem sot v khac phuc: cc chnh sch, cc bien
php ky thuat & Cong nghe, cc chuong trnh & chnh sch.
8. So snh cc phuong n hoat dong khc nhau cua du n & trong trung hop du
n khong trien khai.
9. Ket luan v kien nghi
Phuong php luan: pht huy tnh doc lap trong tu duy de dnh gi, trnh viec
dua vo cc ti lieu mau, rap khuon mot cch my mc.
1.5.2. KIEN THC KHOA HOC CN THIET
Kien thc da ngnh, rong. Nhm chuyen gia. ISO 14000 ve trnh do chuyen gia. 2
nhm chuyen ngnh:
1. Kien thc ve hoat dong pht trien. Tuy thuoc vo du n.
2. Kien thc ve khoa hoc ky thuat TNTN & Moi trung. O nhiem moi trung, Ky
thuat & cong nghe moi trung. Sinh thi, he sinh thi v cc moi quan he giua cc
thnh phan trong he sinh thi...
Can mot nhm chuyen gia dnh gi.
5.3. YEU CU
Cc yeu cau can thoa man
1. L cong cu thiet thuc, gip cho viec lua chon v ra quyet dinh doi voi du
n (ngui ra quyet dinh).
- Cc phuong n ky thuat, cong nghe, cc hnh thc thuong mai v dich vu.
- Cc tu lieu can duoc can nhac, dnh gi mot cch khoa hoc ve cc loi ch
dat duoc cung nhu cc ton hai den MT, TN de co quan ra quyet dinh c
dieu kien lua chon cc phuong n hoat dong khc nhau.
2. e xuat duoc phuong n: phng, trnh, kiem sot, gia m bot duoc
cc tc dong tieu cuc m van dat duoc cc muc tieu v yeu cau de ra
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cua cc hoat dong pht trien.
3. Cong cu c hieu luc trong viec khac phuc cc hau qua, cc tc dong tieu cuc
den moi trung. Cc bien php khac phuc di hoi phai c tnh kha t hi ve mat ky
thuat, cong nghe, kinh te cung nhu l xa hoi (can duoc can nhac, xem xt v dnh
gi cu the).
4. Bo cuc phai ro rng, de hieu. Cc thuat ngu can su dung don gian v pho
thong.
5. Chat che ve tnh php l, phai c day du co so khoa hoc v co so php l v n
lien quan den quyen loi & nghia vu cung nhu l tinh than cua cc cong dong dan
cu o khu vuc hoac cc tang lop dan cu o dia phuong.
1.6. LICH SU PHT TRIEN
- The gii
- 1969, M ban hnh: Luat v cc chnh sch moi trung (NEPA). Bao gom:
+ Yeu cau phai dnh gi cc hoat dong lon cua lien bang c gay nhng
tc dong dng ke den chat luong moi trung.
+ Ban hung dan thuc hien. Muc dch, noi dung v cc yeu cau cu the ve
viec thuc hien.
- Thap ky 70-80 Cc quoc gia Canada, Australia, Anh...ban hnh luat php hoac
nhng quy dinh o cc mc do khc nhau ve TM.
- Thap ky 80-90 Cc nuc dang pht trien khu vuc chau Thi bnh duong..
- Viet nam
- 1984, Bo co mang tnh thong tin so luoc ve GTMT ve Ho Tri An.
- 1985, Trien khai cong tc dieu tra ve viec su dung TNTN.
- 30/12/1993 Luat Bao ve moi trung duoc quoc hoi thong qua. 4/1994 chnh
thc c hieu luc.
- Cong tc TM trien khai cho phan ln tat ca cc hoat dong pht trien theo
dieu 18, chuong III.
1.7. Vai tr cua TM trong he thong to chc v quan l moi trung
- Vi tr TM trong quan l moi trung
- Moi quan he gia TM v cc cong cu quan l moi trung khc
CC THUAT NGU
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nh gi tc dong moi trung
L su dnh gi chnh thc cc tc dong doi vi moi trung c the c cua mot
chnh sch, chuong trnh hay du n. Cc giai php thay the cho de xuat v cc bien
php can duoc chap nhan de BVMT.
Khi niem ny duoc p dung t khi bat dau, van hnh cho ti khi cham dt.
Tc dong
L hieu ung cua mot su vat, mot hoat dong len mot vat the hoc mot hoat do ng
khac.
Iac dong co the thay doi theo khong gian v thi gian trong pham vi cua hieu
ung.
Co the dng t anh huong thay the.
ng ke
Hnh thnh t nam 1985 trong cc TM xuyen bien gii.
C nghia tuong duong vi cc t co y nghia, dang chu y.... Tc dong nam
ngoi gii han chiu dung, ngoi gii han chap nhan duoc. (ngung trong KHXH
thung l 5%.
Su dang ke l su bien dong vuot qua (khoang 5%). Iuy nhien su dang ke kho
duoc chap nhan doi voi canh quan, cac sinh vat quy hiem...m chu yeu phu thuoc vo
ngui danh gia...
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Chuong2
QUY TRNH THUC HIEN VA NOI DUNG CHI TIET TM
2.1. Cc buoc thuc hien TM doi voi du n pht trien.
GTMT l viec lm hu ch, c nghia thiet thuc doi vi cc hoat dong pht
trien. Tuy nhien do TM l mot qu trnh nghien cu, phan tch tong hop phc tap, di
hoi chuyen gia c kinh nghiem, ton km ve thi gian, kinh ph, v vay doi vi cc du n
pht trien viec GTMT day du chi tien hnh doi vi cc du n pht trien quan trong.
Viec xem xt van de ny d duoc cc to chc, cc quoc gia c cc quy dinh cu the doi
vi viec thuc hien TM.
Sau khi xem xt du n, viec TM duoc chia thnh cc buc sau:
- Luoc duyet (Screening) cc TMT.
- nh gi so bo (Preliminary Assessment) cc TMT.
- nh gi day du (Full Assessment) cc TMT.
2.2. Luoc duyet (Screening) cc TMT.
Luoc duyet TMT duoc thuc hien voi tat ca cc du n nam trong dien quy
dinh phai thong qua cc thu tuc ve mat moi trung.
- Tien hnh trong giai doan dau tien, ngay t lc moi c nhung tuong ve muc
tieu, do lon, nguyen tac cong nghe v dia diem cua du n. (Khi niem)
- Luoc duyet gip cho viec hnh thnh mot khi niem day du hon ve du n.
- Noi dung:
+ iem lai cc du n tuong tu da thuc hien trong qu kh, tai dia phuong
hoac o cc dia phuong khc trong v ngoi nu oc.
+ Phn don mot cch dinh tnh xem du n dang xt c kha nang tc dong
nhu the no.
+ ieu chnh lai khi niem ve du n theo huong phng trnh cc tc dong
tieu cuc den moi trung.
- Phuong php dnh gi:
+ So snh du n dang xt vi cc du n d thuc hien thong qua cc chi tieu so bo
nhu quy mo, dia diem.
+ So snh du n vi cc du n c hay khong can TM (trung hoc, tram x...)
hoac vi cc du n phai c TM (ham mo, ben cang...) t d xc dinh nhu cau
TM cua du n.
+ uc don cc tc dong chung cua du n v so snh vi kha nang chiu dung cua
moi trung (phuong php noi suy).
+ Phan tch ton dien v chi tiet nhung chi su dung cc d lieu san c.
- Do ngui chu du n thuc hien vi su tu van cua chuyen gia, co quan quan l moi
trung tham dinh.
Ket qua
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+ Du n khong c cc tc dong den moi trung dng ke, khong can tiep tuc thuc
hien GTMT.
+ Can thiet thuc hien GTMT tiep tuc.
2.3. nh gi so bo cc tc dong den moi trung
- G TMT so bo cn goi l GTMT ban dau (Initial Environnmental
Examination, IEE) hoac GTMT nhanh (Rapid EIA) di hoi su phan tch,
xem xt voi trnh do chuyen mon cao hon.
- Noi dung cua G TMT so bo
+ Xc dinh cc tc dong chnh cua du n doi vi moi trung tai dia bn du
kien thuc hien.
+ Mo ta chung v du bo pham vi cua c c TMT.
+ Trnh by voi ngui ra quyet dinh ve tam quan trong cua cc tc dong.
G TMT can duoc tien hnh ngay trong giai doan lap luan chng
KTKT so bo (nghien cu tien kha thi).
nh gi ny giup cho chung ta thu hep duoc su tranh cai v mot so van d
quan trong nhu vi tr, quy mo cua du n.
Neu lm tot c the kip thi dieu chnh khi niem ve du n de khong can
thiet thuc hien TM day du nua.
G TMT so bo do co quan chu tr du n thuc hien theo cc huong dan
cua quy dinh cua G TMT cua cc quoc gia hoac cc to chc quoc te.
Cc phuong php thung su dung:
phuong php danh muc v ma tran TMT.
Viec tham tra bo co dnh gi do cc co quan quan l thuc hien voi ket qua dat
duoc:
+ Khong can thiet thuc hien tiep tuc lm bo co TM day du.
+ Can thiet tiep tuc G TMT day du.
2.4. nh gi tc dong moi trung day du.
2.4.1. Chuan bi
1. Thnh lap nhm G TMT
+ Tu cch doc lap (Independent Assessment Team) doi voi nhm de xuat
du n.
+ Nhm bao gom cc chuyen gia am hieu ve G TMT, linh vuc hoat dong
cua du n.
+ Nhm truong chiu trch nhiem ch dao v dieu phoi cc hoat dong cua
du n G TM.
+ Chuyen vien lien lac c trch nhiem quan he doi voi cc co quan c lien
quan den du n.
2. Xc dinh pham vi khong gian v thi gian cua viec dnh gi.
+ Xc dinh van de trong diem, lm ro cc van de gay can nhat, dp ng
duoc yeu cau cua co quan quan l.
+ Pham vi khong gian, thi gian phai dua tren co so cc lap luan c co so
khoa hoc.
3. Xc dinh cc co quan c tham quyn quyet dinh v ti chnh, ke hoach, cap giay
php v kiem tra viec thuc hien du n (TM). Thiet lap cc moi quan he can thiet
giua nhm dnh gi vi co quan quan l.
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4. Thu thap cc luat, quy dinh c lien quan den G TMT v lnh vuc hoat dong
cua du n.
5. Xay dung d cuong G TMT, trong d cuong can lm ro cc noi dung sau:
+ Ten van ban G TMT cua du n (ten du n), muc dch cu the cua dnh
gi (giai quyet van de g).
+ Cc phuong php, cc huong dan duoc su dung trong qu trnh dnh gi.
+ Cc tu lieu tham khao (so lieu, bo co, bi b o...) su dung trong qu
trnh dnh gi.
+ Du kien ke hoach quan trac moi trung.
+ Ke hoach v chuong trnh lm viec cua nhm.
+ Ke hoach hoi thao, trao doi kien ve ket qua dnh gi.
+ Ke hoach in an cong bo van ban dnh gi (nop ho so, bao ve bo c o).
+ Thi gian bieu.
+ Kinh ph thuc hien dnh gi.
+ Vien tro can xin.
+ Cc yeu cau khc...
e cuong G TMT cua cc du n quan trong can duoc co quan quan l
moi trung cap trung uong, cap dia phuong tuong ng voi mc do, pham vi cua
du n, xt duyet v nhat tr truoc khi chnh thc tien hnh.
Han che, trnh bat dng v noi dung, muc do, pham vi, phuong php dnh
gi...
2.4.2. nh gi tc dong moi trung
2.4.2.1. Xc dinh cc kha nang tc dong den moi trung cua du n.
Buc1. Xc dinh cc hoat dong qua n trong cua du n
- Xem xt noi dung cua du n.
- Xc dinh cc hoat dong (action) quan trong nhat se xay ra trong qu
trnh thuc hien.
V du: TM nang cap TTDVYT thnh BV da khoa 500 giung.
Hoat dong
1. Giai toa mat bang.
1. ap ph. Bui, tieng on
2. San lap Bui, nuc cap, nuc ngam
2. Thi cong xay dung.
2.1. Tap trung nhan cong, nguyen vat lieu, thiet bi thi cong.
2.2. Thi cong xay dung
2.3. Lap dat thiet bi
3. i vo hoat dong
1. Khm benh
2. Cha benh
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Cong trinh thuy dien:
San xuat xi mng:
Buc 2. Xc dinh cc bien doi moi trung (tu nhien, xa hoi) do cc hoat dong.
- Moi mot hoat dong c the gay ra nhung bien doi moi trung
(Environmental Change) vat l, ho hoc, sinh hoc tren dia bn hoat dong
dien ra.
- Xem xt, xc dinh duoc cc bi en doi quan trong nhat. Cc bien doi truc
tiep v gin tiep...
Buc 3. Xc dinh cc tc dong (muc do tc dong) ti ti nguyen thien nhien v chat
luong moi trung song cua con ngui.
Cc bien doi moi trung s c tc dong (Impact) vi ti nguyen thien nhi en, cc
HST, sc khoe v cc dieu kien song cua con ngui. Muc tieu cua C IMI l xac
dinh mot cach dung dn. Iranh thieu sot:
- Liet ke danh muc cc tc dong quan trong cua du n.
- Liet ke cc nguon tc dong tiem tng cua du n (nguon gay o nhiem). V
du: khi, bui, nuoc thai, rc thai, su ph rng, mat dat canh tc...
- Su dung cc phuong php de dnh gi mc do tc dong.
Buc 4. Du bo dien bien cua cc tc dong moi trung.
- Xc dinh v du bo cc dien bien ve moi trung trong pham vi khong
gian v thi gian da xc dinh.
Cc du lieu du bo l cc du lieu da dng trong viec xc dinh cc tc dong
hoac t kinh nghiem hoac t cc du n tuong tu.
- Phuong php c the su dung trong du bo xu the bien doi l phuong php
mo hnh, so snh hoac phuong php c huyen gia.
- Can dnh gi do tin cay cua ket qua du bo.
Buc 5. nh gi tam quan trong cua cc tc dong
- Khi c ket qua xc dinh cc tc dong, du bo can lm ro tc dong no l
quan trong nhat, can c bien php kiem sot nhat.
- Lap cc danh muc theo th tu uu tien can phai kiem sot tc dong no,
hnh dong no theo thi gian trien khai cua du n trong khong gian xem
xt.
- oi chieu voi cc yeu cau cua luat php, quy dinh v cc tieu chuan.
- Iham khao y kien cac nh quan ly, cong dong dan cu.
Nhu vay vi trnh tu ke tren, viec GTMT d lm r:
- Viec thuc hien du n se gay nen cc dong g den moi trung (ti nguyen
thien nhien, cc he sinh thi, chat luong moi trung song cua con ngui...)
- Nhng tc dong no l c nhng anh huong tch cuc, tieu cuc den chat luong
moi trung cng nhu cc tc dong no can c nhng bien php thch hop kiem
sot.
2.4.2. e xuat cc phuong php giam thieu cc tc dong den MT
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Sau khi xc dinh duoc cc tc dong, mc do tc dong, dua tren co so cc hieu
biet ve khoa hoc, cong nghe v quan l moi trung de xuat cc bien php giam thieu
cc tc dong tieu cuc den moi trung. Cc bien php bao gom:
1. Thay doi cc yeu to cong nghe hoac cong trnh cua du n.
Thay doi dia diem, tuyen dung van chuyen, nhien lieu, nguyen lieu, quy
trnh cong nghe, to chc san xuat, quan l san xuat..
V du:
2. Su dung cc phuong php ky thuat v cong nghe moi trung
Cc phuong php, cc qu trnh cong nghe kiem sot o nhiem, xu l cc
chat thai, san xuat sach hon...
3. n b thiet hai
en b thiet hai bang tien hoac cc du n pht trien khc m loi ch cua n
c the den b lai cc thiet hai m du n gay ra.
Thuc te cho thay khong c mot bien php no c the giam thieu duoc tat ca
cc tc dong. Can thiet xem xt mot ke hoach dng bo cc bien php , ngui G can
d xuat nhiu phuong n khc nhau, trong cc phuong n d xuat can phan tch
dnh gi uu diem, han che cua tng phuong n de ngui ra quyet dinh c the lua
chon duoc phuong n thch hop doi vi diu kien cua dia phuong.
Cc phuong php su dung trong viec lua chon
1. Phan tch chi ph -loi ch.
2. Phuong php ma tran: thiet lap ma tran so snh.
3. oi chieu cc phuong n: so snh hieu qua cua cc phuong n.
2.4.3. e xuat cc noi dung quan trac dien bien chat luong MT
- Cc ket qua dnh gi luon luon c sai so, de dat do tin cay, hieu chnh v
de xuat cc bien php khac phuc kip thi, gip ch cho co quan quan l can phai
thung xuyen quan trac cc xu the bien doi cua moi trung.
- Noi dung quan trac, tan suat quan trac tuy thuoc vo mc do tc dong
cua du n pht trien.
2.4.4. Trnh by v thong bo ket qua TM
Cc noi dung chnh can thong bo, lm r bao gom:
- Tm tat ket qua dnh gi.
- Mo ta khi qut du n.
- Cc tc dong chnh cua du n pht trien.
- Cc bien doi ti nguyen, moi trung do hoat dong cua du n gay nen.
- Cc phuong n, cc bien php k thuat kiem sot, giam thieu tc dong.
- Nhan xt ve do tin cay cua ket qua dnh gi.
- Cc yeu cau ve noi dung quan trac.
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- kien cua cong dong dan cu tren dia bn du n.
- Ket luan v kien nghi.
2.4.5. Su dung ket qua TM
Bo co G TMT duoc su dung nhu sau:
- Gui den co quan c tham quyen de xt duyet , qua chuyen vien hoac hoi
dong tham dinh tuy theo quy mo, pham vi anh huong cua du n.
- Sau khi phe duyet se l tu lieu chnh thc cua ho so du n.
- Gui den cc co quan, cc to chc v cc c nhan khi c cc yeu cau chnh
thc.
Viec xt duyet c the dua den cc ket qua sau:
1. at yeu cau:
- at yeu cau, thuc hien du n theo cc du n nhu da trnh by trong TM,
hoac thuc hien voi cc dieu chnh bo sung can thiet.
- Thuc hien nhung can tiep tuc quan trac, dnh gia chat luong moi trung.
- Kien nghi co quan chiu trch nhiem quan trac, dnh gi.
2. Chua dat yeu cau so voi cc tc dong, rui ro tiem tng m khi thuc hien
du n gay nen.
Viec xem xt, dnh gi lai cc du n, cc tc dong thung sau khoang thi
gian t 5-10 nam tuy theo quy mo v loai hnh cua du n.
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Chuong 3
CC PHUONG PHP NH GI
TC ONG MOI TRUNG
3.1. Khi qut ve cc phuong php TM (EIA Methodologies)
Phan loai
- Theo thi gian duoc chia thnh cc giai doan sau:
Giai doan dau 1970 v thap ky 70: k thuat don gian. Cc phuong php su dung
pho bien bao gom: phuong php liet ke cc so lieu moi trung, phuong php danh muc
cc dieu kien moi trung, ma tran moi t rung v chap ban do moi trung...
Giai doan thap ky 80 den nay: k thuat phc tap hon vi su ho tro cua cc loi
cong cu my tnh dien tu v cc loai mo hnh ton hoc. Cc phuong php nhu phuong
php mo hnh, phuong php chap ban do moi trung. Sau ny di sau ve kha canh kinh
te nhu cc phuong php phan tch chi ph loi ch mo rong gan ket TM vi cc du n
pht trien.
- Theo mc do phc tap cua k thuat dnh gi: chia lm hai loai don gian v phc
tap.
- Theo doi tuong dnh gi: phan loai nhm du n pht trie n: xay dung co so ha
tang, nong lam ngu nghiep v giao thong thuy loi...
- Theo quan diem v moi quan he qua lai gi con ngui v moi trung: xem xt
den moi quan he nguoc tro lai cua cc van de moi trung den con ngui.
3.2. Phuong php liet ke so luong
Phuong php liet ke so luong ve thong so moi trung. Theo phuong php ny,
khi phan tch dnh gi TM cua mot hoat dong pht trien, ngui dnh gi chon ra mot
so cc thong so c lien quan den moi trung, liet ke ra v cho cc so lieu c lien quan
den cc thong so d, chuyen den ngui ra quyet dinh xem xt.
Ban than ngui dnh gi khong c cc kien, nhan xt v dnh gi g ca. Ngui
ra quyet dinh s lua chon phuong n m theo cam tnh sau khi doc ban liet ke cc so
lieu ny.
V du :
He thong cong trnh khai thc ti nguyen nuc tren luu vuc song c the duoc
thuc hien theo cc phuong n khc nhau. Cc phuong n bao gom A,B v C. Phuong n
C l phuong n khong thuc hien du n.
http://nuoc.com.vn
Theo kinh nghiem v cam tnh, ngui thuc hien GTMT dua ra 11 thong so m theo
ho d l cc thong so thuc su c lien quan den ti nguyen moi trung tren luu vuc. Liet
ke cc so lieu trong bang 1.
Bang 1. Liet ke cc so lieu ve thong so moi trung cua he thong thuy loi
TT Thong so Phuong n
A B C
1
2
3
4
5
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9
10
11
So ho cha nuc trong he thong
Dien tch mat nuc
ung ven ho
Dien tch tui
Dien tch dat bi thu hep
Di tch bi ngap
Han che su xi mn
Tang mc khai thc thuy san
Chong l tot
Tao nen cc o dich benh
Bien che quan l can thiet
4
8500
190
40000
10000
11
4cap
4 cap
tot
cap 4
1000
1
1300
65
12000
2000
13
1cap
1cap
va
1 cap
200
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Uu diem :
- on gian, so luoc v rat c ch trong cc dnh gi mang tnh chat so bo ban
dau hoac khong c du cc dieu kien ve chuyen gia, so lieu hoac kinh ph thuc
hien viec GTMT mot cch day du.
Han che:
- Cc so lieu van cn mang tnh chat rat so luoc, chung chung. Chua phan nh
duoc ban chat cua su tc dong.
3.3. Phuong php danh muc cc dieu kien MT
(Checklist Method)
uoc su dung rat pho bien vo cc nam 70 the ky 2 0. (pho bien)
1. Nguyen tac chung l liet ke thnh mot danh muc tat ca cc nhan to moi
trung c lien quan den hoat dong pht trien duoc dua ra dnh gi.
2. Danh muc ny s duoc goi den tat ca cc chuyen gia dnh gi de tng ngui
cho kien rieng cua mnh. kien c the l cua mot nhm chuyen gia, tap the lien
ngnh thao luan de di den dnh gi chung.
3. Thu thap v xu l so lieu.
Cc loai danh muc:
http://nuoc.com.vn
- Danh muc dang don gian: chi liet ke cc nhan to moi trung can duoc xem xt,
tuong ng vi mot hoat dong ph t trien.
- Danh muc c mo ta: cng vi viec liet ke cc nhan to moi trung c thuyet minh
them ve su lua chon cc nhan to moi trung d, phuong php thu thap so lieu,
do dac cc so lieu d ghi vo trong danh muc.
- Danh muc c ghi r cc mc do tc dong ti t ng nhan to cua moi trung
(Scaling checklist) ben canh phan mo ta c ghi them mc do tc dong cua hoat
dong pht trien ti tng nhan to.
- Danh muc c xt den do do cua tc dong (weighting Checklist): ben canh phan
mo ta c ghi them do do cua cua cc tc d ong cua hoat dong pht trien ti tng
nhan to moi trung.
- Danh muc dang cau hoi (Quetionait Checklist) bao gom nhng cau hoi lien
quan den tng kha canh moi trung can dnh gi.
Cc quoc gia, cc to chc quoc te d bien soan cc mau danh muc cho tng lo ai hnh
hoat dong pht trien.
V du: Danh muc tc dong den moi trung cua mot du n giao thong
TT oi tuong chiu tc dong Tc dong tch cuc Tc dong tieu cuc
NH DH L BT NH DH DK DF RL
http://nuoc.com.vn
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He sinh thi nuc ngot
Nghe c
Rng
ong vat tren can
Sinh vat qu hiem
Nuc mat
Chat luong nuc mat
o ph cua dat
Nuc ngam
Chat luong khong kh
Van tai dung thuy
Van tai dung bo
Nong nghiep
X hoi
M quan, phong canh
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Ghi ch: NH- Ngan han DH- Di han L- Ln
BT- Bnh thung P- ia phuong RL- rong ln
Viec tong hop cc kien chuyen gia thung duoc thuc hien theo cc phuong php
thong ke, xu l cc so lieu dieu tra tho ng thung.
Uu diem:
- R rng, de hieu neu ngui dnh ga am hieu ve noi dung cua hoat dong pht
trien, ve dieu kien tu nhien v cc dieu kien x hoi tai noi thuc hien du n.
- ua ra ket qua tot cho viec quyet dinh.
Han che:
- Cha dung nhieu nhan to chu quan cua ngui dnh gi.
- Phu thuoc nhieu vo nhng quy uc c tnh chat cam tnh ve tam quan trong,
cc cap bac v cc diem so cua tng thong so.
- Han che trong viec tong hop cc tc dong, doi chieu, so snh cc phuong n
khc nhau.
Ket qua dat duoc:
- Qu chung chung, hoac khong day du. Mot so tc dong de bi lap di lap lai
nhieu lan.
http://nuoc.com.vn
- Khi su dung can luu loai bo hoac giam bt thnh phan chu quan trong ket
qua dnh gi chung.
- 3.4. Phuong php ma tran MT (Matrix Method)
Phuong php ma tran moi trung l su phoi hop liet ke cc hnh dong
(action) cua hoat dong pht trien voi liet ke cc nhan to moi trung c the bi tc
dong vo mot ma tran (bang).
Trong ma tran, cc nhan to chiu tc dong duoc liet ke vo truc tung v cc
hoat dong pht trien duoc liet ke vo honh hoac nguoc lai.
Cch lm ny c the cho chng ta thay duoc moi quan he nhan -qua giu cc
tc dong khc nhau dn mot nhan to moi trung mot cch dong thi. Cc dang
ma tran moi trung thung duoc su dung bao gom cc loai sau:
Phuong php ma tran tuong tc don gian:
Simple Interaction Matrix
-Truc honh duoc ghi cc hnh dong cua hoat dong pht trien.
-Truc tung ghi cc cc nhan to moi trung.
-Hnh dong no c tc dong den nhan to moi trung no th duoc dnh dau
X, bieu thi c tc dong, neu khong c tc dong th duoc de trong.
Phuong php ny l mot dang danh muc cc diu kien moi trung cai tien.
Tuy nhien n c uu diem hon l c the cho chung ta xem xt dng thi nhiu tc
dong len mot nhan to v nguoc lai.
V du:
Phuong php ma tran c di nh luong (Quantified Matrix) hoac dinh cap (Graded
Matrix).
Tren cc o cua ma tran c ghi r them mc do tc dong cua cc hoat dong pht
trien v tam quan trong cua cc nhan to moi trung chiu cc tc dong d.
Theo quy uc cua Leopold, ngui dau tien de n ghi phuong php ny vo nam
1971 viec phan chia nhu sau:
Mc do tc dong (Impact) duoc chia thnh 10 cap.
- Khong tc dong duoc 1 diem, tc dong nhieu nhat l 10 diem.
- Tam quan trong cua cc nhan to moi trung cung duoc quy uoc
tuong tu.
-Mc do tc dong, tam quan trong theo cc thang diem :
1-3: -Mc do tc dong nho, nhan to moi trung t quan trong.
4-7: -Mc do tc dong, nhan to moi trung c tam quan trong va
phai.
8-10: -Mc do tc dong rat lon, nhan to moi trung rat quan trong.
Viec quy uc mc do tc dong phu thuoc vo ngui dnh gi, tam quan
trong cua cc nhan to moi trung phu thuoc vo cam tnh cua ngui dnh gi hoac
cua cng mot nhm chuyen gia dnh gi. Viec lua chon nhan to no quan trong thung
duoc quyet dinh sau khi xu l cc so li eu dieu tra ve xa hoi hoc doi voi cong dong
dan cu v tham khao kien cc nh chuyen mon.
V du:
http://nuoc.com.vn
Tam quan trong cua mot nhan to moi trung doi voi tng hoat dong pht
trien duoc xc dinh bang cch lay kien cua cc chuyen gia, dua theo ma tran
moi trung tuong tc giu cc nhan to moi trung voi nhau. Mot nhan to no c
kha nang c tc dong anh huong den nhieu nhan to moi trung khc th duoc xem
l quan trong hon nhung nhan to c t anh huong den cc nhan to khc. (ieu tra
xa hoi hoc).
Uu diem:
- Phuong php ma tran moi trung tuong doi don gian.
- uoc su dung mot cch kh pho bien, khong di hoi qu nhieu cc so lieu
ve moi trung, sinh thi.
- Cho php chng ta xem xt mot cch tong the v dong thi cc tc dong
cua hoat dong pht trien den tng cc nhan to moi trung. cung nhu nhan
to moi trung no se chiu tc dong nhieu nhat khi du n pht trien duoc
trien khai.
Han che :
- Chua xem xt cc moi quan he gi cc tc dong vi nhau.
- Chua xt duoc su dien bien cua cc tc dong theo khong gian v thi gian.
- Chua phan biet duoc cc tc dong truc mat, cng nhu lau di doi vi tng
nhan to moi trung.
- Viec xc dinh tam quan trong cua NTMT, chi tieu CLMT cn mang tnh chat
chu quan.
- Viec quy tong tc dong cua mot phuong n vo mot con so khong gip thiet
thuc cho viec ra quyet dinh.
- Su phan biet khu vuc chiu tc dong, kha nang trnh, giam cc tc dong
chua the hien tren ma tran.
3.5. Phuong php chap ban do moi trung
-Su dung cc ban do v cc dac trung co ban ve moi trung tai cc khu vuc
nghien cu. Cc ban do thung duoc su dung o dang trong suot.
-Moi mot ban do dien ta tng dai luong dac trung moi trung d duoc xc dinh
qua cc so lieu, d lieu dieu tra co ban hay thu thap duoc. Cc dac trung co ban duoc
the hien qua do dam nhat cua mu sac .
-Chap cc ban do ny lai vi nhau theo cc van de can quan tam. Viec dnh gi
dua tren co so do dam nhat cua to hop cc mu sac. T d dua ra cc dnh gi v nhan
dinh theo cc phuong n khc nhau.
Uu diem:
-Phuong php ny don gian, r rng, de hieu v c tnh thuyet phuc cao do ket
qua duoc hien thi bang truc gic qua cc hnh v.
-Phuong php ny trong nhng nam gan day bat dau duoc p dung rong ri vi
su pht trien cua ky thuat GIS. Thch hop doi vi cc du n quy hoach, van de su dung
dat cho cc muc dch kinh te khc nhau.
http://nuoc.com.vn
Han che :
-Chi ph tuong doi cao nen t duoc p dung rong ri.
-Cc yeu to moi trung, tu nhien chi thuc hien o trang thi tinh.
-o do cc yeu to moi trung chi c tnh khi qut, cc dnh gi cuoi cng ve
tc dong phu thuoc rat nhieu vo chu quan cua ngui dnh gi.
Thung duoc p dung doi vi cc du n: dnh gi canh quan v van de quy hoach
thnh pho, su dung dat cho cc muc dch khc nhau.
3.6. Phuong php so do mang luoi
Dua tren nguyen l cua viec nghien cu cc dng nang luong, dng tuan hon
vat chat trong mang lui, cc chuoi thc an trong cc he thong tu nhien (he sinh thi).
Noi dung:
-Phan tch cc tc dong song song v noi tiep do cc hnh dong cua cc hoat
dong pht trien gay ra.
-Liet ke ton bo cc hnh dong (act ion) trong hoat dong (activity) v xc dinh
cc moi quan he nhan qua trong cc hnh dong d.
Nhu vay cc moi quan he truc tiep thang v cc moi quan he ngang cua moi hnh dong
hnh thnh mot so do mang lui.
-Tren mang lui c the phan biet cc tc dong ba c I (do hnh dong truc tiep gay
ra) Tc dong bac II l do cc tc dong bac I gay ra. Tiep tuc xem xt cc tc dong bac
III, IV...v cc tc dong cuoi cng (trong pham vi khong gian v trong khoang thi
gian m chng ta can xem xt v dnh gi).
Viec xem xt, dnh gi cc tc dong tren co so cc tc dong c loi hoac khong
c loi den cc nhan to moi trung.
V du
Giai quyet mau thuan gia cc yeu cau cua cc ngnh kinh te khc nhau doi vi
viec ngan chan su suy thoi cc nguon ti nguyen thien nhien.
Uu diem :
-Cho chng ta biet duoc cc nguyen nhan, con dung dan den cc tc dong bat
loi den moi trung. T d de xuat cc bien php phng trnh ngay t cc khau quy
hoach, thiet ke v to chc cc hnh dong pht trien.
Han che:
http://nuoc.com.vn
-Chi tap trung vo cc tc dong ti eu cuc. Nu tap trung den kha canh tch cuc
th khong the so snh duoc ci duoc v ci mat khi hoat dong pht trien duoc trien
khai.
Khong xem xt duoc su thay doi theo khong gian v thi gian. Truc mat cng
nhu lau di.
Pham vi ng dung
Phan tch cc tc dong den moi trung sinh thi, kh su dung doi vi cc tc
dong x hoi. Cc van de ve tham m v canh quan.
3.7. Phuong php mo hnh
Dng cc mo hnh de GTMT. Trong cc nam gan day phuong php ny
duoc su dung tuong doi rong rai (dac biet trong linh v uc du bo).
Thch hop cho cc mo ta ve hoat dong pht trien, xc dinh nhung hnh
dong chu yeu cua hoat dong.
Trnh tu dien bien cua hoat dong:
- Thnh lap cc moi quan he dinh luong giua cc cc hnh dong cung nhu
cc nhan to moi trung voi nhau cung nhu m oi quan he giua cc nhan to d
voi nhau.
- Xay dung mo hnh ton hoc (Phuong trnh ton hoc) chung cho ton bo
su hoat dong, phan nh mot cch day du cau trc v cc moi quan he trong
mo hnh.
Nhu vay, mo hnh cho php chng ta du bo duoc cc dien bien c the xay
ra cua moi trung. T d chng ta c the lua chon cc phuong n toi uu (cc kich
ban khc nhau) de dua moi trung vo trang thi toi uu v du bo moi trung o
trong cc thi diem khc nhau cung nhu cc dieu kien khc nhau.
To chc thuc hien
-Can duoc thuc hien boi cc nhm chuyen gia lien ngnh, cng xay dung
mo hnh. Xc dinh cc moi lien quan, cc moi quan he giua cc thnh phan trong
mo hnh. Xc dinh cc dieu kien bien, dieu kien ban dau v gia dinh cc chien
luoc chien thuat khc nhau de dieu khien hoat dong. Cho mo hnh chay de don
nhan cc ket qua mong muon. Can tien hnh, hieu chnh nhieu lan de c duoc cc
ket qua nhu mong muon.
- Su dung rat rong rai trong cc cong tc quy hoach v quan trac moi
trung (Monitoring).
- Phuong php ny di hoi kinh ph cao, tien hnh do dac v quan trac moi
trung de xc dinh cc he so cua cc qu trnh xay ra trong he thong. i hoi
nhieu nh chuyen gia v cc tap the cc nh khoa hoc chuyen ngnh.
Nghien cu dien hnh:
Mo hnh vat l:
-Xay dung mo hnh vat l mo phong dia bn thuc hien du n. Ty le c the
lua chon tuy theo dieu kien v kha nang cho php.
-Tien hnh hieu chnh v chay mo hnh voi cc dieu kien tuong tu nhu tu
nhien, xem xt xu the thay doi theo khong gian v thi gian.
-Chay mo hnh trong cc dieu kien gia dinh khc nhau, cc bien php khac
phuc v bao ve khc nhau.
http://nuoc.com.vn
-Rt ra phuong n toi uu.
V du : Du n nh my thuy dien tren dao Crors, Php. Du n khac phuc
su boi lang o dao Saint Michell, Php.
Mo hnh ton hoc:
Phuong php dnh gi thch nghi(Adaptic enviromental Assessment) AEA do
Holling thuc hien, 1987
1. Thnh lap tap the nghien cu: bao gom cc nh sinh hoc, kinh te, chuyen
gia ky thuat v cc nh quan l..
2. Xc dinh ranh gioi khong gian v thi gian nghien cu.
3. Kiem tra cc so lieu, xay dung cc hoat dong nghien cu, xc lap mo
hnh v cc thnh phan cua n.
4. Hieu chnh mo hnh, xc dinh cc he so cua cc thong so, qu trnh c
lien quan.
5. Phan tch cc tc dong c the xay ra theo cc phuong n khc nhau, cc
kich ban gia dinh khc nhau.
6. Chnh lai theo cc ti lieu, cc phuong n khong che, khac sphuc v dua
ra cc ket qua cuoi cng trnh len co quan quan l moi trung.
uu diem:
-Xem xt duoc cc tc dong theo khong gian v thi gian.
Han che:
-Thi gian ko di, kinh ph cao (mo hnh vat l).
Mo hnh ton hoc (su dung rat pho bien).
3.8. Phuong php phan tch chi ph loi ch mo rong
Su dung cc ket qua m cc phuong php dnh gi khc d dem lai, tiep tuc di
sau vo kha canh kinh te, so snh nhng loi ch m viec thuc hien hoat dong mang lai
cng nhu cc chi ph v ton that do viec thuc hien du n gay ra.
Loi ch v chi ph o day duoc hieu theo nghia rong bao gom tat ca cc chi ph loi
ch ve moi trung v ti nguyen thien nhien (chi ph loi ch mo rong).
Trnh thuc hien
-Liet ke tat ca cc ti nguyen duoc chi dng cho hoat dong cua du n, ke ca ti
nguyen con ngui. Tat ca cc san pham thu duoc, ke ca cc chi ph cho phe thai
c gi tri hon nguyen.
-Xc dinh tat ca nhng hnh dong tieu thu hoac lm suy giam ti nguy en, ke ca
cc hoat dong san xuat gay o nhiem.
Liet ke nhng kha canh c loi cho ti nguyen, nhung chua xt den trong de n
hoat dong, cc kha nang nang cao hieu qua su dung ti nguyen.
-Nhng viec can bo sung de de su dung hop l v pht huy duoc toi da cc kha
nang cua ti nguyen.
-Bo co ket qua dua vo TM. Su dung cch bo co tuong tu nhu trong cc
bo co kinh te thuan tu.
http://nuoc.com.vn
Uu diem
-The hien r rng ci duoc v ci mat bang hien vat (tien) de dng thay duoc ci
duoc v ci mat cua du n pht trien.
-Thch hop cho cc nuc dang pht trien.
Han che
-Khong xt duoc nhng tc dong lau di, cc tc dong gin tiep.
-Kh khan do cc hang muc can phan tch dnh gi ln. Cc dang ti nguyen
kh dinh gi.
Phuong phap phan tich chi phi loi ich de danh gia cac he tu nhien do vien moi
trung v chinh sach thuoc trung tam ong -Iay de xuat gom cac nguyen tc chinh
sau:
1. Cc hoat dong pht trien deu duoc thuc hien trong cc he tu nhien (natural
system) v vay trong quy hoach pht trien v dnh gi TM v cc du n lien
quan phai c nhng hieu biet day du ve cc he tu nhien.
He tu nhien o day bao gom:
-Cc nhan to ve moi trung ti nguyen (hieu theo nghi rong).
-Ti nguyen thien nhien l hu han, chi dp ng duoc yeu cau trong
pham vi cua nhng quy luat dieu khien cua he thong. Do d can tao them
cc dng nang luong v nhng quy luat di vo he thong.
-Dng di vo l cc dng pht trien. Nhng thay doi he tu nhien s thay
doi do chiu nhng tc dong cua cc hoat dong pht trien.
Trong phuong php phan tch chi ph lo i ch can nam duoc nhngthong tin truc
tiep v gin tiep de c the xem xt v dnh gi mot cch ton dien.
Co so de tien hnh suy luan v phan tch l nhng kien thc chuyen mon thuoc
ngnh cua cc hoat dong pht trien. Cc kien thc ve kinh te, moi trung v sinh thi.
Ngui dnh gi d c thuoc chuyen mon no di chang nacng phai nam duoc
nhng kien thc co ban ve sinh thi hoc, ve cc dng nang luong, dng tuan hon vat
chat trong cc he sinh thi, chuoi thc an, mat xch thc an, cc chu trnh sinh -dia-ho,
chu trnh trao doi chat nhu cc chu trnh cc bon, nito, phot pho...v cc dien the cua
he sinh thi.
2. Can nam vng duoc nhng dac diem co ban cua cc he sinh thi tren can,
dui nuc cc luu vuc cua dng chay. Cc he sinh thi tu nhien cng nhu nh an tao
duoc dieu khien boi con ngui. Can ch cc yeu to cua he sinh thi nhan van, sinh
http://nuoc.com.vn
thi x hoi c lien quan truc tiep hoac gin tiep den cc muc tieu co ban cua pht trien
KT-XH.
3. Van de su dung hop lu ti nguyen thien nhien v van de bao ve moi trung
can ch truc het den nhng van de bao ve rng, bao ve dat cng nhu bao ve nguon
nuc, cc he sinh thi dac hu nhu cua song, cc vng cua song, ven bien, cc vng dat
ngap nuc, van de bao ve moi trung khong kh, nuc, dat bao ve cc danh lam t hang
canh v cc di tch van ho v lich su...
Cc buoc tien hnh cu the:
- Xc dinh mot cch dinh luong nhng nhan to cua he thien nhien c lien quan
den hoat dongpht trien cua du n.
-nh gi cc nhan to c nghia ve kinh te, tien hnh cc buc phan t ch chi loi
ch. Trong dnh gi can lm r: su le thuoc cua muc tieu de n vo thien nhien,
su mo rong cc tc dong trong khong gian sau khi c hoat dong pht trien d
duoc thuc hien, mc do tc dong cua cc hnh dong.
-Tnh ton chi ph loi ch mo rong: d nh gi cc tc dong cua hnh dong pht
trien den moi trung. uc don nhng ton hai den moi trung gay nen v nhng
ton hai d duoc dua vo gi thnh luan chng v thiet ke hoat dong pht trien ,
tien hnh phan tch chi ph loi ch v sau d so snh vi c c phuong n.
- Cc chi so tong hop cho cc phuong n cua du n duoc tnh theo cong thc
sau:
Loi nhuan =

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B
1 1
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Trong d:
r -He so chiet khau theo thi gian.
n -So nam cua thi gian hoat dong c loi ch.
C
o
-Chi ph tai nam dau, t ai nam th nhat.
C
t
-Chi ph tai nam t .
B
t
-Loi ch tai nam t.
Loi nhuan duoc de cap o day l loi nhuan tinh (Net benefit). Loi nhuan tinh c
the dng lm chi tieu de quyet dinh, lc ta chi can thu loi nhuan toi da. Neu can xt
den chi ph co hoi (Opportunity Cost), tc l su thiet thi ve von khong duoc dau tu vo
dau ca, th quyet dinh phai can c vo suat loi nhuan, tc l loi nhuan cua don vi dau
tu, tnh nhu sau:
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Suat loi nhuan =
_
_
=
=
+
+
+
=
n
t
t
t
o
n
t
t
t
r
C
C
r
B
Chiphi
Loinhuan
1
1
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) 1 (
G TMT, cc buc tien hnh:
1. Mo ta hoat dong pht trien, phan tch cc hoat dong d thnh nhng hnh
dong cau thnh hnh dong bac I cng vi nhng tc dong den TNTN.
2. Xc dinh cc bien php xu l, khac phuc cc tc dong tieu cuc, hoac cc bien
php de pht huy cc tc dong tch cuc cua c c hnh dong cap I.
3. Xc dinh cc hnh dong, tc dong bac II, III, IV...
4. Theo phuong php ton kinh te, xc dinh loi ch, chi ph cho tat ca cc hnh
dong ke tren.
Uu diem:
-Mo ta duoc qu trnh thuc hien, khai thc loi ch cua cc hoat dong pht trie n,
c kha nang mo ta duoc cc kha canh ngau nhien v cc hoat dong c lien quan.
Han che:
-Nhieu nhan to moi trung kh dien ta duoc bang cc don vi tien te.
Phuong php ny duoc de xuat o Viet nam nam1983, d duoc UNEP v UNU chap
nhan vo cc hung dan G TMT cho cc nuc dang pht trien o khu vuc chau v
Thi Bnh Duong/L.T.Can,1983/.
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