Journal Review Citation Wan, C.D., 2007, Public and Private Higher Education n!titution! in "ala#!

ia$ Co%&eting, Co%&le%entar# or Cro!!breed! a! Education Provider!', Kajian Malaysia, Jld. XXV, No. 1. (a!ic )u%%ar#$ *hi! article dealt with the i!!ue o+ &ublic and &rivate higher education in!titution! in "ala#!ia. *he article i! written to e,a%ine whether the &ublic and &rivate higher education in!titution! in "ala#!ia are !een a! rival!, !u&&le%enting each other or +unction a! h#brid!. -ro% the article, it i! al!o %entioned that &ublic and &rivate higher education in!titution! co. e,i!t within the "ala#!ia higher education !#!te%. *hi! i! loo/ed u&on a! an intere!ting !ub0ect and the writer anal#!i! the relation!hi& in ter%! o+ the clientele, +acult# and cour!e o++ered which i! con!idered a! %a0or co%&onent! o+ higher education. *hi! article di!cu!!e! how the &ublic and &rivate higher education in "ala#!ia di!&la# characteri!tic! o+ being !ub!titute! while at the !a%e ti%e !erving co%&le%entar# role! to one another. -ro% the article, it i! al!o di!cu!!ed on how &ublic and &rivate higher education lean toward! a cro!!breed which con!ent! both to +unction within a !ingle !#!te% o+ higher education endow%ent in the countr#. Content o+ article *hi! article can be divided into !everal &art! where the o&ening o+ the article i! introduction and conte,t. n thi! !ection the writer brie+l# di!cu!!e! how &rivate higher education &la#! an active role in the higher education !ector through variou! &olic# and regulator# a%end%ent!. *hi! i! &ri%aril# o+ the ever.growing de%and +or &ublic higher education due to the de%ocrati1ation o+ education e!&eciall# !econdar# education. n thi! !ection, the writer al!o %entioned how li%ited &rovi!ion &rovided b# the govern%ent i%&elled the &rivate in!titution! to &la# a %ore active role. *he !econd &art o+ the article i! a detailed di!cu!!ion on the clientele. Wan al!o !tre!!ed that, in order to a&&rehend the a++iliation between &ublic and &rivate in!titution! a! tertiar# education &rovider!, we need to co%&rehend the clientele o+ both in!titution!. (e!ide!, Wan al!o %entioned that in h#&othetical conte,t, the liai!on o+ both in!titution! i! &ictured +ro% the view&oint o+ a co%&etitive nature, co%&le%entar# a! well a! a co%bination
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o+ both. *he writer al!o &rovided co%&ari!on o+ both in!titution! +or the view&oint o+ co%&etitive, co%&le%entar# and al!o the co%bination. *hi! will be +urther e,&lained in the di!cu!!ion o+ the article. 2&art +ro% that, the writer al!o reviewed on &ublic and &rivate in!titution! which !hi+ted re%ar/abl# over ti%e in "ala#!ia. *he writer loo/ed at the &eriod o+ 3470!, where &rivate in!titution! e,i!ted &redo%inantl# a! !econd chance' &ublic +or !tudent! who +ailed to obtain ad%i!!ion into the %ain!trea% &ublic higher education in!titution! 56ee, 2007a$ 348. 9n the other hand, the writer al!o loo/ed u&on the ti%e +ra%e beginning 3440!, where the %ar/et !hare o+ &rivate in!titution! increa!ed greatl# thu%&ing an all.ti%e record in 200:. *hi! +raction re+lect! the !igni+icant role o+ &rivate higher education in!titution! a! education bene+actor! in the indu!tr#. *hi! can be !een +ro% ;eiger 34:<=! %odel! o+ &rivate education. n thi! conte,t, the govern%ent choo!e! to have &ublic !ector do%inate! the higher education and the &rivate !ector !u&&le%ent! the ta!/ that are neglected b# !tate. Con!e>uentl#, the writer al!o included !tate%ent &rovided b# 2h%ad "ah1an and ?oran -au1iah 534448 that the &rogre!!ion o+ &rivate higher education in!titution! were &artl# contributed b# the li%ited avenue +or de!erving !tudent! which i! %o!tl# o+ other ethnic grou&! who% were denied entr# to &ublic in!titution! to &ur!ue &o!t.!econdar# education. *here+ore, loo/ing +ro% the clientele=! !tand&oint and relating the h#&othetical !ituation!, &rivate in!titution! !ee% to &la# a co%&le%entar# role in &roviding an alternative route in higher education, e!&eciall# in thi! era o+ univer!ali1ation o+ education along with the li%itation! o+ &ublic in!titution! to cater to the increa!ing de%and +or tertiar# education. However in thi! conte,t, the writer al!o highlighted that, although &rivate in!titution! &la# a d#na%ic co%&le%entar# role in &roviding the alternative o&tion +or !tudent! to &ur!ue higher education with le!! co%&etition but at a higher tuition +ee. 2t the !a%e ti%e, &rivate in!titution! al!o ta/e the role o+ co%&etitor to &ublic in!titution!. *he writer %entioned that, !ince the %ediu% o+ in!truction in &rivate in!titution! i! Engli!h while "ala# language continue! to be the o++icial %ediu% o+ in!truction in &ublic in!titution!, thi! di++erence ha! +or%ed !o%e co%&arative advantage +or !tudent! to &ur!ue higher education in &rivate in!titution!. *hi! co%&arative advantage o++er! !u&eriorit# to &rivate in!titution! over &ublic in!titution!, which re+lect the !ub!titutive nature o+ &rivate and &ublic in!titution!. *a/ing ever#thing into account, +ro% the anal#!i! o+ the clientele a!&ect,

&ublic and &rivate in!titution! +unction %uch on a &lat+or% with a co%bination o+ co%&etitive and co%&le%entar# ele%ent!. *he third &art o+ the di!cu!!ion co%&ri!e! o+ +acult#. *he characteri!tic! o+ higher education in!titution! al!o are heavil# in+luenced b# the +acult#. 2ccording to the writer, acade%ic !ta++! &la# an all.i%&ortant role in !ha&ing the >ualit# o+ the in!titution!, in the area! o+ teaching and learning, re!earch and develo&%ent a! well a! develo&%ent o+ curricula. *he writer al!o cited that the trend in hiring acade%ic !ta++ in higher education in!titution! %irror! the targeted %ar/et o+ the in!titution. *here+ore !&eci+icall# +or >ualit# guarantee, there i! a &olic# regarding %ini%u% ac>uie!cence on +acult# >ualit#, whereb# +acult# teaching in degree &rogra%! %u!t hold a %ini%u% o+ a "a!ter=! degree 5"uha%ad et al., 200:$ 7@8. 2! +or thi!, the writer &rovided data which reveal! that, in &ublic in!titution!, :0A o+ +acult# hold! at lea!t a "a!ter=! degree while another one >uarter o+ the% ha! a doctorate. 9n the other hand, in &rivate in!titution!, 7BA and 73A o+ the +acult# &o!!e!! a (achelor=! and "a!ter=! degree re!&ectivel#. 9nl# le!! than 30A o+ the% in the &rivate in!titution! &o!!e!! a doctoral degree. )o loo/ing into thi! &oint o+ view, the current relation!hi& o+ &rivate and &ublic in!titution! %ight not be clear but in long run, both in!titution! will be co%&eting +or the !a%e &ool o+ +acult#. 2&art +ro% that, the writer al!o di!cu!!ed about !ta++ &inching which i! a co%%on !cenario in &rivate in!titution!. 2ccording to "uha%ad et al., 200:, !ta++ &inching ha! been &ointed out a! one o+ the rea!on! +or the ab!ence o+ training re>uire%ent! +or their !ta++. n thi! conte,t, !ta++ &inching' between &ublic and &rivate in!titution! i! %ore li/el# to ha&&en, given the greater a%ount o+ doctorate! in &ublic univer!itie!. *he writer al!o !tre!!ed the !tate%ent &ointed out b# 6ee 52007b8, to overco%e the !hortage o+ acade%ic!, &rivate univer!itie! hire a !ub!tantial nu%ber o+ &art.ti%e lecturer! either +ro% the re!&ective indu!trie! or +ro% the %ore e!tabli!hed univer!itie!. 2! a re!ult, &rivate in!titution! can be !een a! contending with &ublic in!titution! to beat the threatened re!ource! o+ trained +acult# and that clearl# echoe! the co%&eting role between the in!titution!. 2! +or the la!t &art o+ the di!cu!!ion, Wan +urther e,&lained on &rogra%! and cour!e! o++ered b# both &ublic and &rivate in!titution!. 2ccording to the writer, all &rogra%! o++ered b# &rivate higher education in!titution! in "ala#!ia are !ub0ected to the accreditation re>uire%ent! o+ the "ala#!ian Cuali+ication! 2genc# 5"C28. 9n the other hand, +or the
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&ublic univer!itie!, all degree cour!e! o++ered are li!ted in the "ini!tr# o+ Higher Education=! web!ite to a!!i!t !tudent! to %a/e their choice! during the univer!it# entrance a&&lication 5"9HE, 200<8. *he!e two li!ting! &rovide an avenue +or co%&ari!on! between &ublic and &rivate in!titution! in ter%! o+ the +ield! o+ !tud# o++ered. (a!ed on the in+or%ation &rovided, both &ublic and &rivate in!titution! o++er cour!e! in !cience!, a&&lied !cience!, hu%anitie!, engineering and bu!ine!!.related. However it !olel# de&end! on both in!titution! where, &ublic univer!itie! &rovide a wide.ranging a&&roach to univer!it# education wherea! &rivate univer!itie! and college! are &redo%inantl# %ar/et driven in the choice o+ cour!e! being o++ered. *hu! in thi! a!&ect, &ublic and &rivate in!titution! &la# co%&le%entar# role!. t i! clear that &rivate in!titution, e!&eciall# the large %a0orit# which i! &ro+it.driven, +ocu! on cour!e! that are &o&ular and highl# in.de%and. Here the writer %anaged to indicate that, the co%&ari!on o+ cour!e! +or both &ublic and &rivate in!titution! clearl# de!ignate! the divergent trend between the higher education &rovider! in "ala#!ia.

Di!cu!!ion 2! %entioned above, the writer brie+l# di!cu!!e! how &rivate higher education &la#! an active role in the higher education !ector through variou! &olic# and regulator# a%end%ent!. *hi! i! &ri%aril# o+ the ever.growing de%and +or &ublic higher education due to the de%ocrati1ation o+ education e!&eciall# !econdar# education. n thi! conte,t +eel that, the govern%ent al!o encourage! the &rivate in!titution! to increa!e their ca&acit#. *hi! i! %ainl# due to the rea!on o+ over growing de%and +or higher education a! well a! to enhance the &rivate in!titution!= role a! higher education &rovider! in "ala#!ia. *hi! i! al!o well !u&&orted thru a !tud# conducted b# 6ee 534478 on &rivate higher education in "ala#!ia. n the !tud#, the writer %entioned that the &rivate higher education in "ala#!ia &la#! a &eri&heral role. n thi! conte,t, it i%&lie! that the &ublic !ector do%inate! the higher education while the &rivate !ector i! relegated to the ta!/! that are neglected b# the !tate. *hi! i! al!o a &art o+ the "odel! o+ Private Higher Education' introduced b# ;eiger 34<:. (e!ide! it i! al!o %entioned that, beginning in the 3440!, the %ar/et !hare o+ &rivate in!titution! increa!ed tre%endou!l# re+lecting the !igni+icant role o+ &rivate higher education in!titution! a! education &rovider! in the indu!tr#. +eel thi! can be categori1ed under the
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%a!! &rivate !ector branded b# ;eiger 34<: in a cro!!.national !tud#. 2lthough "ala#!ia i!

regarded under the &eri&heral &rivate !ector, the high de%and +or &rivate higher education indicate! that the !tate either cannot or choo!e! not to e,&and the &ublic !ector. 2lthough in "ala#!ia, we have a high de%and +or &rivate higher education, the &ublic !ector !till hold %a0orit# o+ the countr#=! enrol%ent in higher education. 2&art +ro% that, a! %entioned above, &rivate in!titution! !ee% to &la# a co%&le%entar# role in &roviding an alternative route in higher education with the li%itation! o+ &ublic in!titution! to cater the increa!ing de%and +or tertiar# education. n thi! conte,t, we can rel# on the !tud# carried out b# 2ltbach 520028. 2ccording to thi! !tud#, thi! ha&&en! when the !tate i! unable or unwilling to &rovide the nece!!ar# !u&&ort +or the e,&anding &o!t. !econdar# !ector and there+ore &rivate in!titution! need to +ill the ga&, &articularl# in the e,&an!ion o+ higher education. -urther%ore, the writer al!o di!cu!!ed about the growth o+ &rivate higher education in!titution! which i! &artl# contributed b# the li%ited avenue +or de!erving !tudent! o+ other ethnic grou&! who% were denied entr# to &ublic in!titution! to &ur!ue &o!t.!econdar# education and about 4BA in &rivate in!titution! i! %ade u& o+ non.(u%i&utera !tudent!. n thi! !ituation, +eel that we can relate it with the !tud# conducted b# Cue/ 534438. 2ccording to Cue/, the e%ergence o+ &rivate higher in!titution! ha! induced an incre%ent in ine>ualitie! in the countr#. *he &rivate in!titution! have beco%e the +ocu! +or the non.(u%i&utera! due to other rea!on! too. *hi! i! al!o due to the %ediu% o+ in!truction in &rivate univer!itie!. Engli!h i! regarded to &rovide high e%&lo#%ent o&&ortunitie! co%&ared to &ublic.educated !tudent!. n addition, %an# o+ the !tudent! +ro% &ublic higher in!titution! are allocated &lace! in the +ield that have con!iderabl# le!! %ar/et value co%&ared to &rivate higher in!titution!. Con!e>uentl#, the writer al!o co%%ented on the role &rivate in!titution! in &roviding the alternative route +or !tudent! to &ur!ue higher education with le!! co%&etition but at a higher tuition +ee. *hi! can al!o be !een +ro% the view &oint o+ Cue/. He rai!e! the >ue!tion o+ the >ualit# o+ the &rivate in!titution! and !ee! that the &rivate in!titution! are %ore &rone to &ro+it.%a,i%i1ation rather than to en!ure the >ualit# o+ the cour!e! or the wel+are o+ the !tudent!. ?ot onl# that, the writer al!o di!cu!!ed about the !tudent &o&ulation in the &ublic higher education in!titution! which increa!ed b# %ore than three+old and thi! %a/e! in!u++icient o+ &lace +or all the !tudent!. *hi! i! al!o di!cu!!ed b#, Doh 534<:8. 2ccording to thi!, there i! a &roble% o+ &lace! +or univer!it# !tudent. *hi! i! due to the li%ited &lace! +or
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!tudent! in the &ublic in!titution! leading to e,ce!! de%and but &rivate higher education !ee%! to be the wa# out o+ thi! &roble%.

Conclu!ion 2! to !u% u&, thi! article di!cu!!ed on the role o+ &rivate higher in!titution! in "ala#!ia. *he writer al!o &o!ed the >ue!tion on whether the &ublic higher in!titution! and &rivate higher in!titution! are !een a! challenger!, !u&&le%enting each other or +unctioning a! h#brid!. *here+ore, +ro% the di!cu!!ion rai!ed and re!earch conducted b# the writer, it i! revealed that the e,a%ination o+ the i%&ortant co%&onent! o+ higher education in!titution! can be concluded to be a cro!!breed o+ !ub!titutive and co%&le%entar# ele%ent! a! education &rovider!. *here+ore the &eri&heral role o+ the &rivate higher in!titution! i! al!o loo/ed u&on a! co%&le%entar# to the &ublic higher in!titution!. *hi! i%&lie! that the &ublic !ector do%inate! the higher education while the &rivate !ector co%&le%ent! and relegate! the ta!/! that are neglected b# the !tate.

Re+erence 2ltbach, P.;., 2002, *he &rivate !ector in 2!ian higher education', International Higher Education, Winter edition. 6ee, ".?.?., Private Higher Education in "ala#!ia$ )ocial %&lication!', Dniver!iti )ain! "ala#!ia. Wan, C.D., Public and Private Higher Education n!titution! in "ala#!ia$ Co%&eting, Co%&le%entar# or Cro!!breed! a! Education Provider!', Dniver!iti )ain! "ala#!ia
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"ini!tr# o+ Higher Education 5"9HE8, 200<, htt&$EEwww.%ohe.gov.%# 5acce!!ed on 7 ?ove%ber 20328. !tudent!re&o.u%.edu.%#E7<@E@ECH2P2.&d+ 5acce!!ed on @ ?ove%ber 20328.