2012-03-13 Garcia de Abajo Nanolight

Plasmons, photons, electrons,and graphene: A perfect match!
F. Javier Garca de Abajo!
March 13, 2012
Plasmons, photons, electrons, and graphene!
Plasmons, photons, electrons, graphene!
Benasque, March 2012!
Graphene plasmons!
Koppens et al., Nano Lett. (2011)

Plasmons, photons, electrons, graphene! Benasque, March 2012!
Graphene plasmons!
Garca de Abajo, Rev. Mod. Phys. (2010)

Graphene plasmons!
Zhou et al., Nat. Nanotech. (2012)
Garca de Abajo, Rev. Mod. Phys. (2010)

Electrostatic doping of graphene!

screening electron density n=EDC/4!
graphene layer
DC electric field EDC
ie 2 vF n ! (" ) = 3/2 ! ! (! + i" !1 )

1/4 EDC !p = C a
vF = 10 6 m / s
a << "
Experimental mapping of graphene plasmons!
Chen et al. arXiv 1202.4996v1; see also Fei et al. arXiv 1202.4993v1
Graphene vs gold!
d
4! i" ! (" ) ! #d
!sp =
1 ML of gold (d=0.24 nm)
2 "p d i !! 4# " + i$ "1
!2" i# ! c
graphene (d=0.3 nm)
e 2 EF i !! 2 ! " # + i$ "1
! = 1.0 ! 10 "14 s !" = 0.5 eV # #sp = 240 nm

1.2 !sp
! = 0.5 ! 10 "12 s for EF = 0.5 eV !" = 0.5 eV # #sp = 36 nm

60 !sp
decay length: ~ (!" / 2# ) !sp
Plasmon lifetime!
Dephasing time
! ! EF
10,000 cm2/Vs for exfoliated graphene on silica 1,000,000 cm2/Vs for high-quality suspended graphene but only a few 1,000s cm2/Vs for large-scale growth graphene mobility =
! = 0.5 ! 10 "12 s vs 2" # = 8.3 ! 10 "15 s for E F = !# = 0.5 eV

! < 0.5 ! 10 "13 s for !" > 0.2 eV due to optical phonons
Quantum effects in graphene plasmons!
1s2 2s2 2p2 ! 1s2 2sp2 2p1 !
2pz ! |l>
energy
sp
momentum
Electron state j of energy !j ! |l> RPA response !
Thongrattanasiri et al., ACS Nano (2012)





Electron state j of energy !j



Graphene plasmonics!
0D plasmon confinement: nanodisks << ! 3c 3 "r ! (" ) = 3 4! ! p ! ! ! i" / 2
2 4 3 #" % &r ext ! (" ) = Im {$ } ! , c 2# &
& r << &
Thongrattanasiri et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. (2012)

Graphene plasmonics!
3c 3 #r ! (" ) = 3 4" " p ! " ! i# / 2
4!" ! ext (" ) = Im {! } c
3 " 4 2 !" ! 2% abs ! (" ) = $ Im {! } ! 3 ! ' c # 3c &
3ic 3 # r ! (" p ) = 3 2" p #

2 3 # %r ext ! (" p ) = 2$ %
abs
3# 2 % r " % r % 1! ' (" p ) = 2$ % $ # %&
2 3 ! ext ! max (" p ) = 2" 2 3 ! abs ! max (" p ) = 8"
for # = # r for # = 2# r
!r = !a
Nanovoids as perfect absorbers !
T.V.Teperik et al., Nature Phot. (2008)

Short historical overview of perfect absorption!

Partially disordered silver films " O. Hunderi and H. P. Myers, J. Phys. F: Metal Phys. 3, 683 (1973) Diffraction in gratings, double-period metal gratings, and metamaterials " M. C. Hutley and D. Maystre, Optics Communications 19, 431 (1976) " D. Maystre and R. Petit, Optics Communications 17, 196 (1976) " W.-C. Tan, J. R. Sambles, and T. W. Preist, Phys. Rev. B 61, 13177 (1999) " E.Popov and L.Tsonev, Surface Science Letters 271, L378 (1992) " N. I. Landy et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 207402 (2008) " N. Liu et al., Nano Lett. 10, 2342 (2010) Doped silicon lamellar grating " F. Marquier, M. Laroche, R. Carminati, J.-J. Greffet, Journal of Heat Transfer 129, 11 (2007) " J.-J. Greffet, R. Carminati, K. Joulain, J.-P. Mulet, S. Mainguy, Y. Chen, Nature 416, 61 (2002) Semiconductor and metal-semiconductor-metal nanostructures " S. Collin, F. Pardo, R. Teissier, and J.-L. Pelouard, Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 194 (2004) " T.V. Teperik, F.J. Garca de Abajo, V.V. Popov, and M.S. Shur, Appl. Phys. Lett. 90 251910 (2007) Multiplayer of metallic nanoparticles and nanopores in metal " T. V. Teperik, V. V. Popov, and F. J. Garca de Abajo, Phys. Rev. B 71, 085408 (2005) " T. Teperik, V. Popov, and F. Garca de Abajo, J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 0, 0 (2007) " S.Kachan, O. Stenzel, and A. Ponyavina, Appl. Phys. B 84, 281 (2006) Overdense plasma slab (in the microwave frequency range) " Y. P. Bliokh, J. Felsteiner, and Y. Z. Slutsker, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 165003 (2005)
Light absorption in graphene!
Absorption ! ! /137 ! 2.3%

r
1+ r
Absorption = 1 ! r ! 1 + r
" 50% maximum
Description of graphene-disk array!

Eext
!
% " ext p = ! $ E + ! Gdip-dip p ', & # lattice
Gdip-dip
r )1 3r ( r3
1 p = !1 Eext ! !G
G=
!G
lattice
dip-dip

Eext
!
iS r = !1 ! !G
2!" !1 S= (cos! ) Ac
1 p = !1 Eext ! !G
G=
!G
lattice
dip-dip

Eext
!
a
iS r = !1 ! !G
g # 2! 3 & G ! 3 + i%S " 3 ( a 3c ' $
2!" !1 S= (cos! ) Ac
Maximum absorption in graphene!

r
1+ r
Absorption = 1 ! r ! 1 + r
iS r = !1 ! !G
" 50% maximum for r = -1 / 2

g # 2! 3 & G ! 3 + i%S " 3 ( a 3c ' $
2!" !1 S= cos ! ( ) Ac
3c 3 "r ! (" ) = 3 4! ! p ! ! ! i" / 2

Absorption in asymmetric environments!

1 r0 1 R
"1 "2
t0 T
total field
external field
scattered field
=
# 1
+
#

1 r0 1 R
"1 "2
t0 T

1 r0 1 R
"1 "2
t0 T
f=

1 r0 1 R
"1 "2
t0 T
f=



Perfect absorption!

Strong light-matter interaction!

Vacuum Rabi splitting


Vacuum Rabi splitting
Normalized extinction cross section
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1
Photon energy(eV)
10 nm nm 100
"0 = 5"107 s-1 !$0 = 0.3 eV
EF (eV)

Jaynes-Cummings ladder
Manjavacas et al., ACS Nano (2012)


Quantum nonlinearity and plasmon blockade
Manjavacas et al., ACS Nano (2012)

Plasmons, photons, electrons, and graphene!

2012-03-13 Garcia de Abajo Nanolight

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Plasmons, photons, electrons,and graphene: A perfect match!

F. Javier Garca de Abajo!

March 13, 2012

Plasmons, photons, electrons, and graphene!

Plasmons, photons, electrons, graphene!

Benasque, March 2012!

Koppens et al., Nano Lett. (2011)

Garca de Abajo, Rev. Mod. Phys. (2010)

Zhou et al., Nat. Nanotech. (2012)

Garca de Abajo, Rev. Mod. Phys. (2010)

Electrostatic doping of graphene!

DC electric field EDC

ie 2 vF n ! (" ) = 3/2 ! ! (! + i" !1 )

Plasmons, photons, electrons, graphene!

Benasque, March 2012!

Experimental mapping of graphene plasmons!

graphene (d=0.3 nm)

! = 1.0 ! 10 "14 s !" = 0.5 eV # #sp = 240 nm

! = 0.5 ! 10 "12 s for EF = 0.5 eV !" = 0.5 eV # #sp = 36 nm

decay length: ~ (!" / 2# ) !sp

! = 0.5 ! 10 "12 s vs 2" # = 8.3 ! 10 "15 s for E F = !# = 0.5 eV

Plasmons, photons, electrons, graphene!

Benasque, March 2012!

Quantum effects in graphene plasmons!

1s2 2s2 2p2 ! 1s2 2sp2 2p1 !

Plasmons, photons, electrons, graphene!

Benasque, March 2012!

Quantum effects in graphene plasmons!

Electron state j of energy !j ! |l> RPA response !

Thongrattanasiri et al., ACS Nano (2012)

Quantum effects in graphene plasmons!

Thongrattanasiri et al., ACS Nano (2012)

Quantum effects in graphene plasmons!

Thongrattanasiri et al., ACS Nano (2012)

Quantum effects in graphene plasmons!

Thongrattanasiri et al., ACS Nano (2012)

Quantum effects in graphene plasmons!

Plasmons, photons, electrons, graphene!

Benasque, March 2012!

Quantum effects in graphene plasmons!

Thongrattanasiri et al., ACS Nano (2012)

Quantum effects in graphene plasmons!

Electron state j of energy !j

Thongrattanasiri et al., ACS Nano (2012)

Quantum effects in graphene plasmons!

Thongrattanasiri et al., ACS Nano (2012)

Quantum effects in graphene plasmons!

Thongrattanasiri et al., ACS Nano (2012)

& r << &

Thongrattanasiri et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. (2012)

3ic 3 # r ! (" p ) = 3 2" p #

3# 2 % r " % r % 1! ' (" p ) = 2$ % $ # %&

2 3 ! ext ! max (" p ) = 2" 2 3 ! abs ! max (" p ) = 8"

Plasmons, photons, electrons, graphene!

Nanovoids as perfect absorbers !

T.V.Teperik et al., Nature Phot. (2008)

Short historical overview of perfect absorption!

Light absorption in graphene!

Absorption ! ! /137 ! 2.3%

" 50% maximum

Plasmons, photons, electrons, graphene!

Benasque, March 2012!

Description of graphene-disk array!