,

-

.
-

, ,
.
- (welfare economics)

(
) , ,
.
- ,
.

()
p
p

r1
r2
r3

D : qd ( p )

p0
p1
0

1 2 3

q0 q1

qd

- H qd(p)
.
- , ()


(willingness to pay
2
WTP).

- p0 ,
q0 .
1 , o
r1 p0 .
=> ( r1 p0 ) 1
.
2 , o
r2 p0 .
=> (r2 p0 ) 2
.


,
.

- . (CS)

:

1
CS = ( pAp0 ) = q0 ( p p0 )
2
-
.
-

q0
:

CS = (0 pAq0 ) (0 p0 Aq0 ) = ( pAp0 )

- p0 p1,
q0 q1 .
To :

CS = ( pBp1 ) > CS = ( pAp0 ) ,

(p0ABp1).
- : ()
() .
-
:
(i) ( q0 p0)
, (p1 < p0)
q0.
=> =

( p0 Ap1 ) = ( p0 p1 ) q0

(ii)
,
q0 q1.
= ()
- , :

( p0 Ap1 ) + ( ) = ( p0 ABp1 )

()
p

S : qs ( p )

p1

p0
c3
c2
c1

12 3

q0 q1

qs

- H qs(p)
.
- , ()

.
- () 7
.

- p0 ,
q0 .
1 ,
c1
p0 .
=> ( p0 c1 ) 1
.
2 ,
c2
p0 .
=> (p0 c2 ) 2
.


,
.
8

- . (PS)

:
1
PS = ( p0 p) = q0 ( p0 p)
2
-
.
-

q0 :

PS = (0 p0 q0 ) (0 pq0 ) = ( p0 p )

- p0 p1,
q0 q1 .
To :

PS = ( p1 Ep ) > PS = ( p0 p ) ,

(p1p0).
- : ()
() .
-
:
(i) ( q0 p0)
, (p1 > p0)
q0.
=> = ( p1p0 ) = ( p1 p0 ) q0

(ii)
,
q0 q1.
= ()
- , :

( p1p0 ) + ( ) = ( p1p0 )
()
- . (TS)
:
TS = CS + PS
- To

, ,
.
- .
(efficient) .

11


p
A
p1

p*
p0

B
0

D
q

q*

- H (q*,p*). :
CS*=(AEp*) :
PS*=(p*EB) :
=> TS* = CS* + PS* = (AEB) :
12

- 1: , q*

(
)
D.
- 2: , q*

()
S.
q*,


.
- : (q*) ;
13

- :
.
: q*
( ).
- :
q < q*.
(q),
(p1)
(p0)
H
.
q > q*.
(q),
(p0)
(p1).
14


.
- :
q<q*,
.
q>q*,
.

=> (q*)
( ),
.

- :
, ,
.
15

- :
:
1.

.
2.

.

(
),
.
3. .
/ ,
.
16

4.


.
,
.

17