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Hi Gio i Cng
Dn
Hng ngy xem tin tc th gii trn bo ch hay truyn hnh, hn cm t khng b Hi gio thng xuyn c lp i lp li trc mt hay bn tai ta. Cch a tin c phn phin din ca cc hng truyn thng khin khng t ngi i n nhn nh sai lm l nh ng Hi gio v khng b, nh ng Hi gio vi s xu xa, lc hu, v chm tin. nh ng nh th liu c cng bng chng? C nht thit rng mt quc gia Hi gio th phi chm tin khng? Nu th th ngay c Malaysia cng l mt nc chm tin mt ri. C nht thit rng Hi gio l gn lin vi bo lc khng? Th th nhng cuc thp t chinh C c l no khng phi l bo lc, l no cc v thm st ngi Tin Lnh thi Luther v Calvin li tt p hn chng? Nu nh c ly nhng hnh ng ca mt thiu s cc oan m bo y l thc cht ca a s th chc rng trn i ny chng cn mt on th no c th gi l tt. Tn gio chn chnh vn khng o no xu. Theo cch ny hay cch n, tt c cc o u chung mt mc tiu lnh c hng thin. Tn ch ca Hi gio cng ch hng n ci mc tiu chung nht y m thi. C rt nhiu ngi c lun khng khng khng nh Hi gio l o nhm, nhng hi nhm nh th no th li khng tr li c. Nh th th chng qua h cng ch nghe ngi ta ni rng nhm m tin l nhm tht, ch s th ra sao th c c bit u? Vy trc khi nhn xt v mt s vt hin tng g th c hy ct cng tm hiu n , nh th t l hn. Hiu c ri th c th t mnh rt ra kt lun, ch chng phi da dm vo kt lun ca thin h. Mun bit l tht v Hi gio th chi bng xem qua vi nt lch s i cng ca tn gio y?
Ngun Gc Hi Gio
Trn phng din khoa hc nhn vn, Hi gio l mt tn gio ra i vo th k th 7 sau Cng Nguyn, da trn nhng nn tng c sn ca Do Thi gio (Judaism) v C c gio (Christianity). i khi ngi ta cng gi Hi gio l o Muhammad (Muhammadanism), theo tn ca c sng t. Tuy nhin, vi nhng tn Hi gio, o ca h l o thng hng trong v tr, do Thin Cha (hay Thng ) to ra, v v Thin Cha vn bt sinh bt dit nn o ca Ngi cng bt sinh bt dit; cn Muhammad n thun ch l mt ngi thut nhi bt tc, thut li cho mi ngi nhng mc khi ca Thin Cha m thi.
Trong quan nim ca cc tn , Hi gio khng khi sinh t Muhammad. Vi h, con ngi u tin do Thin Cha to ra, tc Adam, l tn Hi gio u tin, v ngay t thu hng hoang, khp t tri l mt vng quc Hi gio. Khng ch ngi m thi, m tt c mung th, c cy u tun theo Hi gio c. S d Adam v loi ngi c kin to l thay mt Thin Cha cai qun cc loi tho cm nhn gian. V v ng cp ca loi ngi cao nh th, nn Thin Cha dng chnh hnh mu ca mnh ban cho con ngi. n y th vn ny sinh. Do mang hnh mu ca Thin Cha nn con ngi c c s t do ch. S t do ch i khi dn n nhng lm lc, lm lc dn n ri b Cha, v xa dn chnh o. Khi Adam, con ngi u tin v cng l nh tin tri u tin, la trn, con chu ng, khng cn ai ch bo, cng ln su vo con ng ti. Do th m Thin Cha li phi gi xung nhn gian nhng v tin tri mi nhc li Thin o, a loi ngi v ng no ngay. Trc Muhammad, c hng trm ngn tin tri ging li mc khi trn th, trong c Noah, Abraham, Moses, David v Jesus Christ. Tuy nhin, mt l do loi ngi u m cha tnh ng, hai l do kh nng ca cc v c tin tri cn hn ch, khng truyn t ht c li Cha, m chnh o vn b bp mo nh thng. Rt cuc, n th k th 7, Thin Cha quyt nh khi th cho Muhammad, v bin ng tr thnh v tin tri hon ho nht trc nay, hn hn nhng tin tri tin nhim. Do m o ca Muhammad truyn b cng l hon ho nht, khng th b bp mo nh trc kia. Muhammad tr thnh v tin tri cui cng, v bt c ai dm xng tin tri sau Muhammad u l k t gio. Nh thy trn, Abraham, sng t Do Thi Gio, v Jesus Christ, sng t C c Gio, u c v tr tin tri trong Hi gio. Nh vy, Thin Cha m ba tn gio ny th phng ch l mt. Ni v Hi gio, chng ta vn thng hay nhc Thnh Allah, nhng gi nh th l sai, v Allah trong ting Arab mang ngha l Thin Cha. (Nhng tn C c ngi Arab khi cu nguyn cng gi c Cha Cha l Allah.). Thin Cha d nhin phi cao hn Thnh, v li trong o Hi chnh thng hon ton khng c khi nim Thnh. Ngi Do Thi Gio v Thin Cha Gio cng c tn Hi Gio tng i coi trng v gi l Gio Dn Thnh Th (People of The Book). Kinh Thnh C c cng l sch thing trong Hi gio, c iu ngi ta coi n khng y v hon thin nh Koran.
ngy ca Muhammad c nhng gio thn cn ghi li trong cc tiu phm nh gi l Hadith, tng t nh cch cc mn sinh ca Khng T chp chuyn thy trong tp Lun Ng. Tp hp ca cc Hadith y c gi l Sunna. Koran v Sunna lm nn nn tng ca Hi Gio, tm quan trng ca chng cng nh V Kinh (Vedas) v o Ngha Th (Upanishads) i vi B La Mn gio (Brahmanism) vy. D c tn vinh mc lng, a v ca Muhammad vn ch l mt tin tri. Ni theo ngn ng C c gio th ng ch l mt Ngi Li (The Word) ca Thin Cha, ngoi ra th vn sng mt i sng ca ngi thng, khng h v cng khng th thc hin php l.
Nn Tng Hi Gio
Trong quan nim Hi gio, khng h c s phn bit gia tn gio v chnh tr, khng c g khc bit gia th xc v linh hn, tt c ho hp lm mt nht th, v nht th y hon ton quy phc di mt ng Ti Cao Ton Nng. Trong nhng o gio khc, c th phn cch gia o vi i, nhng Hi Gio th iu ny l bt kh. Ngi Hi gio sng trong i tc l sng trong o, ngay ci n, ci ung, ci nhc tay nhc chn, nht c nht ng khng c g l ra khi Thin o, bi v ngoi bn Thin o ch cn c ti li v h khng. Ni cch khc, gio l Hi gio ng thi cng ng vai tr ca php lut, v ton b lut y c p dng cho tt c gio dn. chnh l im khc bit rt c bn gia Hi gio v cc tn gio ln khc nh Pht gio v C c gio, v hai tn gio ny, ch nhng v tu hnh mi phi tun theo nhng gii lut kht khe nht, cn gio dn bnh thng c tng i th lng. S d c s khc bit trn l do gio dn o Hi c th trc tip cu thng cng Thin Cha m khng phi thng qua bt k trung gian no, v tt c gio dn u bnh ng di Cha. Bn thn mi tn Hi gio l mt nh tu, h khng cn n linh mc hay ho thng dn dt, m c th t thn tm n ng ti cao. Ulama, tc hng chc sc gio s Hi gio, ch lm cng vic rao ging li thnh, dy nhng iu mnh bit cho ngi cha bit, ch khng mang nhng trch nhim tm linh nh cc linh mc hay ho thng, khng m trch cc nghi l thing ling nh ra ti, cu siu. Nhng g thing ling u thuc v Thin Cha, Thin Cha khng chia s quyn nng cho tng lp trung gian no. Lut php ca Thin Cha, tc Sharia, c ghi li trong kinh Koran v cc pho Sunna. Sharia quy nh rt r 5 iu bn phn v trch nhim ca mt gio dn. 5 iu y thng c gi l Ng-Tr-Hi (Five Pillars of Islam). Ng Tr Hi l: 1/ Xng tng c tin: mt ngi c coi l gio dn khi v ch khi ngi y chu xng tng cu Khng c cha khc no ngoi Allah, v Muhammad l k truyn tin ca Ngi. Khi mi sinh ra, cu u tin mt a tr Hi c nghe ngi thn ni l cu y, khi gi ri cht i, cu y cng li l li cui cng bn tai. 2/ Cu nguyn: 5 ln mt ngy, vo lc ban mai, tra, chiu, hong hn, v ti, hng v thnh a Mecca cu nguyn. Gio dn c th cu nguyn bt c ni u, nhng bui tra ngy th su th phi n gio ng, v l l trng.
3/ B th: Nng lm vic phc, gip k kh, m ga con ci. ng theo quy tc th bt c ai c kh nng v ti chnh, mi nm phi b ra t nht 2.5% tng ti sn (ti sn ch khng phi thu nhp) b th. 4/ Nhn n trong thng Ramadan: Trong thng Ramadan, thng th 9 trong lch Hi gio, tn phi tuyt i trnh chuyn tnh dc, khng n khng ung t bnh minh cho n hong hn mi ngy. Mc ch vic ny l trai gii cho tm hn thanh tnh m tng nim Thin Cha, li cng hiu thu ni kh au ca nhng k ngho i lang thang khng c ci n, t m bit thng ngi hn. 5/ Hnh hng v Mecca: t nht mt ln trong i, ngi Hi gio phi hnh hng v Mecca, qu hng ca Tin Tri Muhammad, v l ni ta lc Kaba, Cn Nh Ca Cha. Tng truyn Kaba c dng ln bi c tin tri Abraham, bn trong c cha vin huyn thch thing ling ca Thin Cha. Ngoi Ng Tr Hi, i khi ngi ta cng ni n Jihad nh mt tr ct th 6 ca Hi gio. Jihad khng phi Thnh Chin nh ngi ta vn hiu mt cch sai lch. Jihad l u tranh v o, v l phi. Cuc u tranh y c th din ra bn ngoi x hi, hay trong chnh ni tm ca mt c nhn. Jihad bao hm ngha Thnh Chin, v mt khi u tranh th c th dn ti chin tranh, nhng Thnh Chin khng ng ngha vi Jihad. V bn cht ca n l php lut, Sharia khng ch nu ln 5 bn phn trn, m cn quy nh rt r nhng quy tc trong vic tang l, kt hn, ly d, v m thc, vv v vv. Ni theo ngn ng hin i th Sharia mang tnh cht calut dn s. Nhng quy nh mi ngi vn hay nghe ni n l cm n tht heo, cm ung ru v cc gy nghin, cm cho vay ly li, cm trm cp bo lc, cm mt n ng ly qu bn v,. Ci iu lut mt ng bn b ny em li nhiu ch trch cho Hi gio, nhng nu t iu lut ny vo bi cnh lc ra i th mi thy l n mang rt nhiu tnh tin b. Tht vy, bi v trc khi c lut y th n ng Arab, cng ging nh Trung Hoa, c quyn lyv s v, bao nhiu ty thch. iu lut khng nhng hn ch s v xung, m cn rn rng nu nh khng i x c cng bng vi cc v, v khng chu ton c cho h mt i sng sung tc th mt ngi n ng ch c ly mt v m thi. Nu ngi no ngho i m li c ly cn nhiu v, em v nui khng ni th ngi v c quyn i kin. Hin nay chng ta thy t ngi nam Hi gio no dm ly hn mt v d lut cho php, mt l v np sng vn minh hn, hai cng l v ti chnh khng d d nn khng dm o bng vy. Nhng ngi ch trch Hi gio cng hay nu ra nhng vn v mng che mt v s cm cung ph n. Nhng xt ra th trong kinh Koran hay Sunna khng c iu no quy nh ph n phi eo mng, chng qua ch nhc nh h nn n bn gin d v mc trang phc sao cho cho kn ngc m thi. Tc eo mng l ca ph n x Ba T, ngi Hi gio b nh hng tc ny khi h xm ln Ba T, ch thi Tin Tri Muhammad th cha c th. Cn chuyn cm cung th cng l sn phm ca x hi tin Hi, ch khng phi do Hi gio quy nh ra. Trong nhng nn vn ho c chu, cm cung l chuyn thng tnh. Tm li, tuyt i tun theo nhng li rn Thin Cha nu trong Thnh Th, lm lnh trnh d, nh th tc l sng mt i o hnh. Cng nh cc tn gio khc, Hi gio c mt h thng thng thin, pht c, thin th thng thin ng, m c phi a a ngc.
o Huyn Hi
Huyn Hi, tc l Hi Gio huyn hoc. Trn phng din trit l th Huyn Hi i vi Hi gio cng tng t nh Thin Tng i vi o Pht. Nhng v hnh thc, Huyn Hi li hm cha nhng nghi l thn b kiu nh Mt Tng. Huyn Hi p ng nhu cu thng hoa v tm linh m mt Hi gio nguyn thy do qu nhp th khng cung cp. S d ni gio l Hi nhp th l v n ch yu ch cp n nhng phm tr hnh nhi h m thiu nhiu v hnh nhi thng hc. Hi gio ra i cha bao lu th mt s tn thc gi nhn thy iu y, v quyt nh thi thm vo tn gio mt chiu su. Nhng tn ny nhn mnh vo nhng kha cnh huyn b trong cuc i Muhammad, n nhng ln ng ri b gio on thin qun mt mnh, h rt ra kt lun rng qun tng tm linh mi l cu cnh cho s an lc vnh hng, v s d Muhammad, hay Thin Cha thng qua Muhammad, ch chuyn ch dy v l l hnh nhi h chng qua l do thnh chng khng sc tip thu chn . T th k th 9 tr i, Huyn Hi ngy cng xa cch Hi gio nguyn thy. Do ch trng v tm linh, d nhin tn Huyn Hi t nh vt cht v ch trng mt i sng kh hnh. Tuy nhin, im khc bit r nht gia h v cc tn chnh thng th hin trong vn cu cnh. Tn chnh thng sng i o hnh v Thin ng v c di chn Thin Cha, trong khi mc ch ti hu ca tn
Huyn Hi l hp nht cng Cha, tan bin linh hn vo Cha bao la. t n cu cnh c nhiu phng cch khc nhau, tn Huyn Hi thng t tp cng tu, qun tng Thin Cha qua vic nim tn Ngi khng ngi ngh; ri bng nhng khc nhc v iu v thn b ko di hng gi, h tm n ng Ton Nng. H tin rng nhng v nhc y c nng lc siu nhin a bn thn ln mt trng thi thng hoa, cu thng cng Thin Cha. Do quan im c th cu thng cng Thin Cha nn trong Huyn Hi mi ny sinh khi nim Thnh. Tuy tn Huyn Hi vn chp nhn gio iu rng Muhammad l Tin Tri cui cng, h vn tin mnh c th t ti cnh gii Thnh, mt a v cn cao hnTin Tri. Mt s ngi cn i xa hn, nh al-Hallaj (mt nm 922) khi khng nh nu bn thn hp nht cng Cha th bn thn y cng chnh l Cha. n y th trit l ca h chng cn l Hi na m thnh ra Pht; Thin Cha m h cp ly trong Pht gio gi l Php Thn, cn c nhn ho vo Thin Cha chnh l Bo Thn. Mt thiu s Huyn Hi khc na, lnh o bi Ibn al-Arabi (mt nm 1240) th bin Thin Cha thnh mt dng linh hn v tr kiu nh Brahman ca B La Mn gio. Theo thiu s ny th Thin Cha bng bc khp mi ni, c mt trong vn vt; mt hn , hay mt ngn c, khng g khng phi l Thin Cha. L lun nh th tc l h nh ng Thin Cha cng vi Thin o, hay ni theo C c l nh ng Cha Cha (God The Father) v Thnh Linh (Holy Spirit). Nh trnh by trn, tn Huyn Hi thng s dng hnh thc cng tu, t cng tu dn n i sng tu vin (monastery). Nn nh rng Hi gio chnh thng khng chp nhn tu vin, nn s thnh lp vin li cng a Huyn Hi ra xa gc r. Cuc sng trong tu vin tuy khc kh nhng khng qu nghim cn nh trong cc nh tu kn C c, v trng tm Huyn Hi mun nhn l tnh yu. Huyn Hi, khng g khc hn, chnh l o ca tnh yu. D nhin Hi gio chnh thng cng dy ngi yu knh Thin Cha, nhng khng nhn mnh tnh yu bng bn phn v trch nhim. Gio dn chnh thng c dy phi thc hnh Ng Tr Hi v l bn phn, nhng tn Huyn Hi thc hnh n ch v tnh yu Thin Cha m thi. Gio l Huyn Hi nhn mnh rng tnh yu Cha phi bao la v hn nh, v nht mc khng c km theo lng v li hay mt iu kin no. Rabia al-Adawiyya (mt nm 801), mt bc anh th dng Huyn Hi, li nhng li bt h nh sau: Ly Cha Nu con th phng Cha ch v s sa a Ngc, xin thiu t con ni a Ngc. Nu con th phng Cha ch v mong c Thin ng, xin ui con khi Thin ng. Nhng Cha i Nu con th phng Cha ch v lng yu Cha m thi, xin ng ly khi con v m hng ca Cha.
Th No L Fundamentalism
S tip xc ng Ty trong thi k thc dn dn n nhiu phong tro ci cch trong Hi gio. Nhng phong tro y o thi nhng h tc tr tr, v tip thu vo o nhng tinh hoa vn ho Ty phng. Kinh Koran v Sunna c din dch li theo phong cch mi theo cng thi i. nhiu quc gia Hi gio,
c bit l Th Nh K, t khong u th k 20 tr i, tn gio v chnh tr dn dn tr thnh hai lnh vc ring bit. S thay i y c nhin khng lm hi lng mt b phn bo th. Nhng ngi bo th do th m pht ng phn ci cch, ku gi mi ngi v ngun, khi phc li Hi gio tinh tuyn v bc b i nhng t tng ngoi lai. Nhng phong tro V ngun nh vy ang ph bin trn th gii ngy nay, v c phng Ty gi bng ci tn fundamentalism, hoc Islamism. Nu ch cn c vo nht bo hng ngy th fundamentalism cng ng ngha vi khng b, nhng trn thc t th khng phi th. Qu tht, cng c nhng nhm ngi ch trng V ngun bng cch dng bo lc ph hoi th ch hin ti, song phn ng ch hot ng trong ho bnh. Trong nhng nhm hot ng ho bnh li chia ra hai xu hng. Xu hng th nht l chng Ty phng ho v hin i ho. Nhng ngi theo xu hng ny chng nhng chng phng Ty v cn chng mi biu hin ca khoa hc k thut do phng Ty em li, nh TV, my tnh, vv, coi l nhng sn phm c hi cn loi b. Vi h, nhng thnh tu ca vn minh ch lm h hng thm con ngi. D nhin, xu hng k trn mang nhiu tnh phn ng. Xu hng th hai l xu hng ch o, ch chng Ty phng ho. Xu hng ny th ph bin mi nn vn ho phng ng, ch khng c g vn ho Hi gio. Nhng ngi theo xu hng hai mt mt tip nhn thnh tu khoa hc phng Ty, mt mt duy tr bn sc dn tc khng mt gc. Mt mt h thu ht ly nhng tinh hoa ca nc ngoi, mt mt h u tranh loi b nhng h qu xu km theo, chng hn nh ch ngha vt cht v li sng thc lon. Nh vy c th thy Fundamentalism chn chnh chng qua ch l phong tro duy tr bn sc thi. Tuy nhng t chc nh Al Qaeda cng ging cao ngn c Fundamentalism, nhng n khng th i din cho Fundamentalism, cng nh s dit chng do Pol Pot gy ra trong thp nin 1970 khng th i din cho ch ngha Marx. Kt Xin nhc li, mc tiu ca tn gio c th tm gn trong hai ch hng thin. Hi gio l mt tn gio, nn tn ch cng khng th nm ngoi hai ch ny. Lc qua vi nt chnh ca Hi gio trong lch s 1400 nm, ta cng thy r iu y. Nu c xt nt th cng ch c th bo rng o Hi ch ch trng phn thc dng m thiu vng ci cao siu, nhng s thiu vng y th Huyn Hi b sung ri. V li nhng ci gi l cao siu kia c thc ch li cho nhn qun hay chng th hy cn l iu gy tranh ci. Cng c th bo Hi gio duy ng c tn, t cho mnh l thng o ca v tr, nhng th hi c tn gio no li khng duy ng bao gi? Tri qua thi gian, trong ni b Hi gio khng khi xy ra nhng chia r, xung t, song nh th hy cn l t so vi cc o khc. Mt minh chng l s h phi trong Hi gio hin nay t hn rt nhiu so vi o C c. Nhng hnh ng khng b hin nay qu tnh gy tc ng xu n thanh danh Hi gio, nhng nhng k khng b chng qua cng ch l nhn danh o m lm xng thi. Trong o phi no li khng c nhng k xu gi danh, v ty lc ty thi m nhng k y c c lng hnh t hay nhiu. iu quan trng l ta phi bit tnh to m xt on, nhn ra u l su v u l canh vy.
Bibliography:
Eickelman, Dale F. & Piscatoni, J. 1996, Muslim Politics, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Ernst, Carl W. 1997, Sufism, Boston& London: Shambala. Esposito, J.L.1995, The Islamic Threat: Myth or Reality?, New York: Oxford University Press. Esposito, J.L.1998, Islam:The Straight Path, New York: Oxford University Press. Hussain, J. 1999, Islamic Law and Society: An Introduction, Leichhardt, NSW Federation Press. Manger, L.1999, Muslim Diversity: Local Islam in Global Contexts, London: Curzon. Ruthven, M. 2000, Islam in The World, Penguin Books. Stowasser, BF. 1984, Muslim Women, London: Croom Helm.