CONTENTS

FOREWORD PREFACE A NOTE FOR THE TEACHER C H A P T E R PHYSICAL WORLD 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
What is physics ? Scope and excitement of physics Physics, technology and society Fundamental forces in nature Nature of physical laws 1 2 5 6 10

iii v x

C H A P T E R 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10

2
16 16 18 21 22 22 27 31 31 32

UNITS AND MEASUREMENTS

Introduction The international system of units Measurement of length Measurement of mass Measurement of time Accuracy, precision of instruments and errors in measurement Significant figures Dimensions of physical quantities Dimensional formulae and dimensional equations Dimensional analysis and its applications

C H A P T E R 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7

3
39 39 42 43 45 47 51

MOTION IN A STRAIGHT LINE

Introduction Position, path length and displacement Average velocity and average speed Instantaneous velocity and speed Acceleration Kinematic equations for uniformly accelerated motion Relative velocity

C H A P T E R MOTION IN A PLANE 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5

4
65 65 67 67 69

Introduction Scalars and vectors Multiplication of vectors by real numbers Addition and subtraction of vectors graphical method Resolution of vectors

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xii 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 4.10 4.11

Vector addition analytical method Motion in a plane Motion in a plane with constant acceleration Relative velocity in two dimensions Projectile motion Uniform circular motion 71 72 75 76 77 79

C H A P T E R LAWS OF MOTION 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 5.10 5.11

5
89 90 90 91 93 96 98 99 100 104 105

Introduction Aristotles fallacy The law of inertia Newtons first law of motion Newtons second law of motion Newtons third law of motion Conservation of momentum Equilibrium of a particle Common forces in mechanics Circular motion Solving problems in mechanics

C H A P T E R 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 6.10 6.11 6.12

6
114 116 116 117 118 119 120 121 123 126 128 129

WORK, ENERGY AND POWER

Introduction Notions of work and kinetic energy : The work-energy theorem Work Kinetic energy Work done by a variable force The work-energy theorem for a variable force The concept of potential energy The conservation of mechanical energy The potential energy of a spring Various forms of energy : the law of conservation of energy Power Collisions

C H A P T E R 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 7.9 7.10

7
141 144 148 149 150 152 154 158 163 164

SYSTEM OF PARTICLES AND ROTATIONAL MOTION

Introduction Centre of mass Motion of centre of mass Linear momentum of a system of particles Vector product of two vectors Angular velocity and its relation with linear velocity Torque and angular momentum Equilibrium of a rigid body Moment of inertia Theorems of perpendicular and parallel axes

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xiii 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14

Kinematics of rotational motion about a fixed axis Dynamics of rotational motion about a fixed axis Angular momentum in case of rotations about a fixed axis Rolling motion 167 169 171 173

C H A P T E R GRAVITATION 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 8.10 8.11 8.12

8
183 184 185 189 189 190 191 193 194 195 196 197

Introduction Keplers laws Universal law of gravitation The gravitational constant Acceleration due to gravity of the earth Acceleration due to gravity below and above the surface of earth Gravitational potential energy Escape speed Earth satellite Energy of an orbiting satellite Geostationary and polar satellites Weightlessness

APPENDICES ANSWERS

203 219

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