PGS.TS NGUYN XUN TRNG - TS.

TRN TRUNG NINH

BI TP CHN LC HA HC 10 (Chng trnh chun v nng cao)

NH XUT BN I HC QUC GIA THNH PH H CH MINH - 2006

LI NI U Ha hc l mt khoa hc l thuyt v thc nghim. Ha hc i hi s chnh xc ca ton hc ng thi vi s linh hot trong t duy v c tng tng phong ph, sinh ng v s kho lo trong cc thao tc th nghim. Chng ti gii thiu cng bn c quyn Bi tp chn lc Ha hc 10 chng trnh chun v nng cao. Sch gm cc bi tp Ha hc chn lc trong chng trnh Ha hc 10 c m rng v nng cao, c th s dng pht trin nng lc t duy Ha hc cho hc sinh lp 10 v phc v n tp cc k thi t ti, thi tuyn sinh i hc, cao ng v thi hc sinh gii. Quyn sch c bin son theo chng trnh mi ca B Gio dc v o to. Sch c chia thnh 7 chng, tng ng vi tng chng ca sch gio khoa Ha hc 10. Mi chng bao gm cc ni dung chnh sau: A- Tm tt l thuyt. B- Bi tp c hng dn. C- Hng dn gii D- Bi tp t luyn E- Bi tp trc nghim F- Thng tin b sung, Sch c th c s dng lm ti liu tham kho cho cc thy, c gio, cho cc em hc sinh mong c c mt nn tng vng chc cc kin thc, t duy v k nng mn Ha hc lp 10. Mc d chng ti c nhiu c gng, nhng do trnh v thi gian bin son cn hn ch nn khng trnh khi cc sai st. Chng ti xin chn thnh cm n mi kin ng gp ca cc bn c, nht l cc thy, c gio v cc em hc sinh sch c hon chnh hn trong ln ti bn sau. Cc tc gi

Chng 1 NGUYN T A. TM TT L THUYT I. Thnh phn nguyn t

Nguyn t

Lp v

Ht nhn

Gm cc electron mang in m

Proton mang in dng

Ntron khng mang in

1. Lp v: Bao gm cc electron mang in tch m. - in tch: qe = -1,602.10-19C = 1- Khi lng: me = 9,1095.10-31 kg 2. Ht nhn: Bao gm cc proton v cc ntron a. Proton - in tch: qp = +1,602.10-19C = 1+ - Khi lng: mp = 1,6726.10-27 kg } 1u (vC) b. Ntron - in tch: qn = 0 - Khi lng: mn = 1,6748.10-27 kg } 1u Kt lun:

Ht nhn mang in dng, cn lp v mang in m Tng s proton = tng s electron trong nguyn t Khi lng ca electron rt nh so vi proton v ntron

II. in tch v s khi ht nhn 1. in tch ht nhn Nguyn t trung ha in, cho nn ngoi cc electron mang in m, nguyn t cn c ht nhn mang in dng. in tch ht nhn l Z+, s n v in tch ht nhn l Z. S n v in tch ht nhn (Z) = s proton = s electron Th d: Nguyn t c 17 electron th in tch ht nhn l 17+ 2. S khi ht nhn A=Z+N Th d: Nguyn t c natri c 11 electron v 12 ntron th s khi l: A = 11 + 12 = 23 (S khi khng c n v) 3. Nguyn t ha hc - L tp hp cc nguyn t c cng s in tch ht nhn. - S hiu nguyn t (Z): - K hiu nguyn t:
A Z

Z=P=e

Trong A l s khi nguyn t, Z l s hiu nguyn t.

III. ng v, nguyn t khi trung bnh 1. ng v - L tp hp cc nguyn t c cng s proton nhng khc nhau s ntron (khc nhau s khi A).
13 14 - Th d: Nguyn t cacbon c 3 ng v: 12 6C , 6C , 6C

2. Nguyn t khi trung bnh Gi A l nguyn t khi trung bnh ca mt nguyn t. A1, A2 ... l nguyn t khi ca cc ng v c % s nguyn t ln lt l a%, b%... Ta c:

A!

a.A 1  b.A 2  .... 100

IV. S chuyn ng ca electron trong nguyn t. Obitan nguyn t. - Trong nguyn t, cc electron chuyn ng rt nhanh xung quanh ht nhn v khng theo mt qu o no. - Khu vc xung quanh ht nhn m ti xc sut c mt ca electron l ln nht c gi l obitan nguyn t. - Obitan s c dng hnh cu, obitan p c dng hnh s 8 ni, obitan d, f c hnh phc tp.
z z z z

x y Obitan s y Obitan px

x y Obitan p y

x y Obitan p z

V. Lp v phn lp 1. Lp - Cc electron trong nguyn t c sp xp thnh lp v phn lp. - Cc electron trong cng mt lp c mc nng lng gn bng nhau. - Th t v k hiu cc lp: n Tn lp 2. Phn lp - c k hiu l: s, p, d, f - S phn lp trong mt lp chnh bng s th t ca lp. - S obitan c trong cc phn lp s, p, d, f ln lt l 1, 3, 5 v 7 - Mi obitan cha ti a 2 electron VI. Cu hnh electron trong nguyn t 1. Mc nng lng 1 K 2 L 3 M 4 N 5 O 6 P 7 Q

- Trt t mc nng lng: 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s ... - S phn b electron trong nguyn t tun theo cc nguyn l v quy tc: Nguyn l Pau-li, nguyn l vng bn, quy tc Hun. 2. Cu hnh electron S phn b cc electron vo obitan trong nguyn t tun theo cc quy tc v nguyn l: - Nguyn l Pauli: Trn mt obitan c th c nhiu nht hai electron v hai electron ny chuyn ng t quay khc chiu nhau xung quanh trc ring ca mi obitan. - Nguyn l vng bn: trng thi c bn, trong nguyn t cc electron chim ln lt nhng obitan c mc nng lng t thp n cao. - Quy tc Hun: Trong cng mt phn lp, cc electron s phn b trn obitan sao cho s electron c thn l ti a v cc electron ny phi c chiu t quay ging nhau. Cch vit cu hnh electron trong nguyn t: + Xc nh s electron + Sp xp cc electron vo phn lp theo th t tng dn mc nng lng + Vit electron theo th t cc lp v phn lp. Th d: Vit cu hnh electron ca Fe (Z = 26) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s23d6 Sp xp theo mc nng lng B. BI TP C LI GII 1.1 V sao t nhng tng u tin v nguyn t, cch y 2500 nm ca Democrit, mi n cui th k XIX ngi ta mi chng minh c nguyn t l c tht v c cu to phc tp ? M t th nghim tm ra electron. 1.2 Nguyn t khi ca neon l 20,179. Hy tnh khi lng ca mt nguyn t neon theo kg. 1.3 Kt qu phn tch cho thy trong phn t kh CO2 c 27,3% C v 72,7% O theo khi lng. Bit nguyn t khi ca C l 12,011. Hy xc nh nguyn t khi ca oxi.  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d6 4s2 Cu hnh electron

1.4 Bit rng khi lng mt nguyn t oxi nng gp 15,842 ln v khi lng ca nguyn t cacbon nng gp 11,9059 ln khi lng ca nguyn t hiro. Hi nu chn 1 khi lng nguyn t cacbon lm n v th H, O c nguyn t khi l
12

bao nhiu ? 1.5 Mc ch th nghim ca R-d-pho l g? Trnh by th nghim tm ra ht nhn nguyn t ca R-d-pho v cc cng s ca ng. 1.6 Hy cho bit s n v in tch ht nhn, s proton, s ntron v s electron ca cc nguyn t c k hiu sau y : a) 7 3 Li ,
23 39 40 11 Na, 19 K, 19 12 6

a,

234 90Th

4 b) 2 , 1 H, 2 He

16 32 56 8 O, 15 P, 26 Fe.

1.7 Cch tnh s khi ca ht nhn nh th no ? Ni s khi bng nguyn t khi th c ng khng ? ti sao ? 1.8 Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca bc bng 107,02 ln nguyn t khi ca hiro. Nguyn t khi ca hiro bng 1,0079. Tnh nguyn t khi ca bc. (99,984%), 2 (0,016%) 1.9 Cho hai ng v hiro vi t l % s nguyn t : 1 1H 1H v hai ng v ca clo :
35 17 Cl

(75,53%),

37 17 Cl

(24,47%).

a) Tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca mi nguyn t. b) C th c bao nhiu loi phn t HCl khc nhau c to nn t hai loi ng v ca hai nguyn t . c) Tnh phn t khi gn ng ca mi loi phn t ni trn. 1.10 Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca ng bng 63,546. ng tn ti trong t nhin di hai dng ng v trong t nhin. (k hiu l H), 2 (k hiu l D). 1.11 Cho hai ng v 1 1H 1H a) Vit cc cng thc phn t hiro c th c. b) Tnh phn t khi ca mi loi phn t.
63 29 Cu

65 29 Cu

. Tnh t l % s nguyn t ng

63 29 Cu

tn ti

c) Mt lit kh hiro giu teri ( 2 ) iu kin tiu chun nng 0,10g. Tnh 1H thnh phn % khi lng tng ng v ca hiro. 1.12 C th m t s chuyn ng ca electron trong nguyn t bng cc qu o chuyn ng c khng ? ti sao ? 1.13 Theo l thuyt hin i, trng thi chuyn ng ca electron trong nguyn t c m t bng hnh nh g ? 1.14 Trnh by hnh dng ca cc obitan nguyn t s v p v nu r s nh hng khc nhau ca chng trong khng gian. 1.15 Bit rng nguyn t agon c ba ng v khc nhau, ng vi s khi 36, 38 v A. Phn trm cc ng v tng ng ln lt bng : 0,34% ; 0,06% v 99,6%. Tnh s khi ca ng v A ca nguyn t agon, bit rng nguyn t khi trung bnh ca agon bng 39,98. 1.16 Nguyn t Mg c ba ng v ng vi thnh phn phn trm nh sau : ng v %
24 25 26

Mg

Mg

Mg

78,6

10,1

11,3
25

a) Tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca Mg. b) Gi s trong hn hp ni trn c 50 nguyn t tng ng ca hai ng v cn li l bao nhiu ? 1.17 Hy cho bit tn ca cc lp electron ng vi cc gi tr ca n = 1, 2, 3, 4 v cho bit cc lp ln lt c bao nhiu phn lp electron ? 1.18 Hy cho bit s phn lp, s obitan c trong lp N v M. 1.19 V hnh dng cc obitan 1s, 2s v cc obitan 2px, 2py, 2p . 1.20 S phn b electron trong phn t tun theo nhng nguyn l v quy tc no ? Hy pht biu cc nguyn l v quy tc . Ly th d minh ha. 1.21 Ti sao trong s phn b electron ca nguyn t cacbon (C : 1s22s22p2) phn lp 2p li biu din nh sau :
o o

Mg , th s nguyn t

1.22 Hy vit cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t c Z = 20, Z = 21, Z = 22, Z = 24, Z = 29 v cho nhn xt cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t khc nhau nh th no ? 1.23 Hy cho bit s electron lp ngoi cng ca cc nguyn t H, Li, Na, K, Ca, Mg, C, Si, O. 1.24 Cu hnh electron trn cc obitan nguyn t ca cc nguyn t K (Z = 19) v Ca (Z = 20) c c im g ? 1.25 Vit cu hnh electron ca F (Z = 9) v Cl (Z = 17) v cho bit khi nguyn t ca chng nhn thm 1 electron, lp electron ngoi cng khi c c im g ? 1.26 Khi s hiu nguyn t Z tng, trt t nng lng AO tng dn theo chiu t tri qua phi v ng trt t nh dy sau khng ? 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 6s 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d... Nu sai, hy sa li cho ng. 1.27 Vit c hnh electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t c Z = 15, Z = 17, Z = 20, Z = 21, Z = 31. 1.28 Nguyn t Fe c Z = 26. Hy vit cu hnh elctron ca Fe. Nu nguyn t Fe b mt hai electron, mt ba electron th cc cu hnh electron tng ng s nh th no ? 1.29 Phn ng ht nhn l qu trnh bin i ht nhn nguyn t do s phn r t nhin, hoc do tng tc gia ht nhn vi cc ht c bn, hoc tng tc ca cc ht nhn vi nhau. Trong phn ng ht nhn s khi v in tch l cc i lng c bo ton. Trn c s , hy hon thnh cc phn ng ht nhn di y: (a) (b) (c) (d)
26 12 19 9 23 Mg  ?p 10 Ne  4 2 He 4 H1 1 H p ? 2 He 1 Pu  22 10 Ne p ? 4 0 n

242 94 2 1

1 D  ? p2 4 2 He  0 n

1.30 Bit rng qu trnh phn r t nhin pht x cc tia 4 v e 2  , 0 2 1 e (mt dng bc x in t). y hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng ht nhn:

10

206 1) 238 92 U p 82 b  ... 208 2) 232 90 Th p 82 b  ...

11

C. BI TP T LUYN 1.31 Bng cch no, ngi ta c th to ra nhng chm tia electron. Cho bit in tch v khi lng ca electron. So snh khi lng ca electron vi khi lng ca nguyn t nh nht trong t nhin l hiro, t c th rt ra nhn xt g? 1.32 Tnh khi lng nguyn t trung bnh ca niken, bit rng trong t nhin, cc ng v ca niken tn ti nh sau: ng v Thnh phn %
58 28

60 28

61 28

62 28

64 28

67,76

26,16

1,25

3,66

1 ,16

1.33 Trong nguyn t, nhng electron no quyt nh tnh cht ha hc ca mt nguyn t ha hc? 1.34 Cho bit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t mt s nguyn t sau: a. 1s22s22p63s1 c.1s22s22p2 b. 1s22s22p63s23p5 d. 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2

1. Hy cho bit nhng nguyn t no l kim loi, phi kim? 2. guyn t no trong cc nguyn t trn thuc h s, p hay d? 3. guyn t no c th nhn 1 electron trong cc phn ng ha hc? 1.35 Tng s ht proton, ntron, electron trong nguyn t l 28, trong s ht khng mang in chim xp x 35% tng s ht. Tnh s ht mi loi v vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t . 1.36 Bit khi lng nguyn t ca mt loi ng v ca Fe l 8,96. 10 - 23 gam. Bit Fe c s hiu nguyn t Z = 26 . Tnh s khi v s ntron c trong ht nhn nguyn t ca ng v trn. 1.37 a, Da vo u m bit c rng trong nguyn t cc electron c sp xp theo tng lp ? b, Electron lp no lin kt vi ht nhn cht ch nht? Km nht ? 1.38 V electron ca mt nguyn t c 20 electron . Hi a, guyn t c bao nhiu lp electron ? b, Lp ngoi cng c bao nhiu electron ?

12

c, l kim loi hay phi kim ? 1.39 Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t c ngha g? Cho th d. 1.40 Cc nguyn t A, B, C, D, E c s proton v s ntron ln lt nh sau: A: 28 proton v 31 ntron. B: 18 proton v 22 ntron. C: 28 proton v 34 ntron. D: 29 proton v 30 ntron. E: 26 proton v 30 ntron. Hi nhng nguyn t no l nhng ng v ca cng mt nguyn t v nguyn t l nguyn t g? Nhng nguyn t no c cng s khi? 1.41 Cho bit tn, k hiu, s hiu nguyn t ca: a) 2 nguyn t c s electron lp ngoi cng ti a. b) 2 nguyn t c 2 electron lp ngoi cng. c) 2 nguyn t c 7 electron lp ngoi cng. d) 2 nguyn t c 2 electron c thn trng thi c bn. e) 2 nguyn t h d c ha tr II v ha tr III bn. 1.42 Vit cu hnh eletron y cho cc nguyn c lp electron ngoi cng l: a) 2s1 d) 3s23p3 b) 2s22p3 ) 3s23p5 c) 2s22p6 e) 3s23p6

1.43 a)Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t nhm (Z =13). t c cu hnh electron ca kh him gn nht trong bng tun hon nguyn t nhm nhng hay nhn bao nhiu electron? Nhm th hin tnh cht kim loi hay phi kim? b) Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t clo (Z =17). t c cu hnh electron ca kh him gn nht trong bng tun hon, nguyn t clo nhng hay nhn bao nhiu electron? Clo th hin tnh cht kim loi hay phi kim? 1.44 Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t lu hunh l 1s22s22p63s23p4. Hi: a) Nguyn t lu hunh c bao nhiu electron ? b) S hiu nguyn t ca lu hunh l bao nhiu? c) Lp no c mc nng lng cao nht?

13

d) C bao nhiu lp, mi lp c bao nhiu electron? e) Lu hunh l kim loi hay phi kim? V sao? 1.45 Bit tng s ht p, n, e trong mt nguyn t l 155. S ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 33 ht. Tnh s khi ca nguyn t. D. BI TP TRC NGHIM 1.46 Cho nhng nguyn t ca cc nguyn t sau:

2 A. 1 v 2 C. 1, 2 v 3

4 B. 2 v 3 D. C 1, 2, 3, 4

Nhng nguyn t no sau y l ng v ca nhau ?

1.47 :Nguyn t no trong hnh v di y c kh nng nhn 3 electron trong cc phn ng ha hc?

1 A. 1 v 2 C. 3 v 4

2 B.1 v 3 D.1 v 4

1.48 Hnh v no sau y vi phm nguyn l Pauli khi in electron vo AO?

a A. a C. a v b b

d B. b D.c v d

14

1.49 Cu hnh ca nguyn t sau biu din bng lng t. Thng tin no khng ng khi ni v cu hnh cho?

1s2

2s2

2p3

A.Nguyn t c 7 electron B.Lp ngoi cng c 3 electron C.Nguyn t c 3 electron c thn D.Nguyn t c 2 lp electron 1.50 Khi phn tch mt mu brom lng, ngi ta tm c 3 gi tr khi lng phn t hn km nhau 2 n v, iu chng t: A. C hin tng ng v B. C s tn ti ca ng phn C. Brom c 3 ng v D. Brom c 2 ng v 1.51 Pht biu no sau y khng ng? A. Cc electron chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn theo nhng hnh trn. B. Cc electron chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn khng theo qu o xc nh no. C. Obitan l khu vc xung quanh ht nhn m ti xc sut c mt ca electron l ln nht. D. Obitan ca cc phn lp khc nhau c hnh dng khc nhau. 1.52 Cho cc nguyn t sau N (Z = 7), O (Z = 8), S (Z = 16), Cl (Z = 17). Trong s cc nguyn t c 2 electron c thn trng thi c bn l: A. N v S C. O v S B. S v Cl D. N v Cl

1.53 Ion A2+ c cu hnh electron phn lp ngoi cng l 3p6. Tng s electron trong nguyn t A l: A. 18 B. 19 C. 20 D. 21

15

1.54 Cu hnh electron ca ion no sau y khc cu hnh electron ca kh him ? A. Na+ B. Cu2+ C. ClD. O2B. C cng s ntron D. Cng in tch ht nhn 1.55 Cc nguyn t v ion : F-, Na+, Ne c c im no chung ? A. C cng s electron C. Cng s khi

1.56 Mt nguyn t c tng cng 7 electron cc phn lp p. S proton ca nguyn t l : A. 10 B. 11 C. 12

2 2

D. 13
5

1.57 Nguyn t X c cu hnh electron l : 1s 2s 2p . Ion m X c th to thnh l : A. X+ B. X2+ C. XD. X21.58 Bit 1 mol nguyn t st c khi lng bng 56g, mt nguyn t st c 26 electron. S ht electron c trong 5,6g st l A. 15,66.1024 C. 15,66.1022 ntron? A.
39 19 K

B. 15,66.1021 D. 15,66.1023

1.59 Nguyn t no trong s cc nguyn t sau y c 20 proton, 20 electron, 20 B.

40 18 Ar

C.

40 20 Ca

D.

37 17 Cl

1.60 Trong nguyn t cacbon, hai electron 2p c phn b trn 2 obitan p khc nhau v c biu din bng hai mi tn cng chiu. Nguyn l hay quy tc c p dng y l A. nguyn l Pauli C. quy tc Kletkopski B. quy tc Hund D. c A, B v C

E. P N V HNG DN GII BI TP 1.46. C 1.51. A 1.56. D 1.47. 1.52. 1.57. D C C 1.48. D 1.53. C 1.58. D 1.49. B 1.54. B 1.59. C 1.50. 1.55. 1.60. D A B

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1.1 Hng dn : Trong mt thi k di, ngi ta khng c cc thit b khoa hc kim chng tng v nguyn t. S pht trin ca khoa hc v k thut cui th k XIX cho php ch to c thit b c chn khng cao (p = 0,001mmHg), c mn hunh quang quan st ng i ca cc tia khng nhn thy bng mt thng v ngun in c th hiu rt cao (15000V). Th nghim pht minh electron ca Tom-xn (1897) Tom-xn cho phng in vi th hiu 15000 vn qua hai in cc gn vo hai u ca mt ng thy tinh kn rt gn ht khng kh, p sut 0,001mmHg, th thy mn hunh quang le sng. Mn hunh quang pht sng do s xut hin ca cc tia khng nhn thy c i t cc m sang cc dng, tia ny c gi l tia m cc. Tia m cc b ht lch v pha cc dng khi t ng thy tinh trong mt in trng. Th nghim ny chng t nguyn t c cu to phc tp. Mt trong nhng thnh phn cu to ca nguyn t l cc electron. 1.2 Hng dn: Ta c mNe = 1,66005.10-27. 20,179 = 33,498.10-27 kg. 1.3 Hng dn : Gi nguyn t khi ca oxi l X, ta c : ( 2X + 12,011).27,3% = 12,011
X = 15,99

1.4 Hng dn: Theo bi : MO = 15,842.MH MC = 11,9059.MH

M C 11,9059 .M H ! 12 12

17

Vy MO v MH tnh theo 1 .MC l :

12

MO !
MH !

15, 842.M H .12 ! 15, 9672 11, 9059.M H

Mo 15, 9672 ! ! 1, 0079 15,842 15,842

1.5 Hng dn: Sau th nghim tm ra electron -loi ht mang in tch m, bng cch suy lun ngi ta bit rng nguyn t c cc phn t mang in dng, bi v nguyn t trung ha in. Tuy nhin c mt cu hi t ra l cc phn t mang in dng phn b nh th no trong nguyn t? Tom-xn v nhng ngi ng h ng cho rng cc phn t mang in dng phn tn u trong ton b th tch nguyn t. Trong khi R-d-pho v cc cng s mun kim tra li gi thuyt ca Tom xn. H lm th nghim tm hiu s phn b cc in tch dng trong nguyn t. Th nghim tm ra ht nhn nguyn t ca R-d-pho (1911) kim tra gi thuyt ca Tom-xn, R-d-pho dng tia
E bn ph mt l vng mng, xung quanh t mn hunh quang

quan st s chuyn ng ca cc ht E. Kt qu l hu ht cc ht E i thng, mt s t b lch hng, mt s t hn b bt ngc tr li. iu ny cho php kt lun gi thuyt ca Tom -xn l sai. Phn mang in tch dng tp trung ht nhn ca nguyn t, kch thc rt nh b so vi kch thc nguyn t. Nguyn t c cu to rng. 1.6 Hng dn: S n v in tch ht nhn, s proton, s ntron v s electron ca cc nguyn t: a).
7 3 Li

c s khi A = 7

18

S p = s e = Z = 3 ; N = 4
23 11

a c s khi A = 23

S p = s e = Z = 11 ; N = 12
39 19 K

c s khi A = 39

S p = s e = Z = 19 ; N = 20
40 20 Ca

c s khi A = 40

S p = s e = Z = 20 ; N = 20
234 90T

c s khi A = 234

S p = s e = Z = 90 ; N = 144 b).
2 1H

c s khi A = 2

S p = s e = Z = 1 ; N = 1
4 2 He

c s khi A = 4

S p = s e = Z = 2 ; N = 2
12 6C

c s khi A = 12

S p = s e = Z = 6 ; N = 6
16 8

c s khi A = 16

S p = s e = Z = 8 ; N = 8
56 26 Fe

c s khi A = 56

S p = s e = Z = 26 ; N =30
32 15 P

c s khi A = 32

S p = s e = Z = 15; N = 17 1.7 Hng dn: Cch tnh s khi ca ht nhn : S khi ht nhn (k hiu A) bng tng s proton (p) v s ntron (n). A=Z+N Ni s khi bng nguyn t khi l sai, v s khi l tng s proton v notron trong ht nhn, trong khi nguyn t khi l khi lng tng i ca

19

nguyn t. Nguyn t khi cho bit khi lng ca mt nguyn t nng gp bao nhiu ln n v khi lng nguyn t. Do khi lng ca mi ht proton v ntron ~1u, cho nn trong cc tnh ton khng cn chnh xc cao, coi s khi bng nguyn t khi. 1.8 Hng dn: Ta c AAg = 107,02. A H 2 m A H = M H2 = 1,0079
2

AAg = 107,02 . 1,0079 = 107,865 1.9 Hng dn: a) Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca hiro v clo l:
1.99, 984  2.0, 016 ! 1, 00016 100 35.75, 53  37.24, 47 = 35,5 100

AH= A Cl =

b). C bn loi phn t HCl khc nhau to nn t hai loi ng v ca hai nguyn t hiro v clo. Cng thc phn t l : c) Phn t khi ln lt: 1.10 Hng dn: Gi t l % s nguyn t ca ng v Ta c 63x  65(100  x) = 63,546
100
63 29 Cu 37 35 37 H 35 17 Cl, H 17 Cl, D 17 Cl, D 17 Cl

36

38

37

39
65 29 Cu

l x , % ng v

l 100 - x

63x + 6500 - 65x = 6354,6 x = 72,7

Vy % s nguyn t ca ng v 1.11 Hng dn: a) Cng thc phn t : H2 ; b) Phn t khi : 2

63 29 Cu

l 72,7%.

HD ; 3

D2 4

c) t a l thnh phn % ca H v 100 - a l thnh phn % ca D v khi lng.

20

Theo bi ra ta c :

(1a ) ;

2(100 - a ) 0,1 = 22,4 2 100 D = 12

= 88 1.12 Hng dn:

Khng th m t c s chuyn ng ca electron trong nguyn t bng cc qu o chuyn ng. Bi v trong nguyn t, cc electron chuyn ng rt nhanh xung quanh ht nhn khng theo mt qu o xc nh no. Ngi ta ch ni n kh nng quan st electron ti mt thi im no trong khng gian ca nguyn t. 1.13 Hng dn: Theo l thuyt hin i trng thi chuyn ng ca electron trong nguyn t c m t bng hnh nh c gi l obitan nguyn t. 1.14 Hng dn: Hnh dng ca cc obitan nguyn t s v p : + Obitan s : C dng hnh cu, tm l ht nhn nguyn t. Obitan s khng c s nh hng trong khng gian ca nguyn t. + Obitan p : Gm ba obitan : px, py v p c dng hnh s 8 ni. Mi obitan c s nh hng khc nhau trong khng gian. Chng hn : Obitan p x nh hng theo trc x, py nh hng theo trc y,...

x y Obitan s y Obitan px

x y Obitan py

x y Obitan p

1.15 Hng dn: Gi s khi ca ng v A ca nguyn t agon l X Ta c A Ar ! 36

0,34 100
 38

0, 06 100

 XA

99,6 100

! 39,98

21

XA = 40

1.16 Hng dn: Ta c a) Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca Mg l

A Mg ! 24 78, 6 10,1 11, 3  25  26 ! 24, 33 100 100 100
25

b) Gi s trong hn hp ni trn c 50 nguyn t ng ca 2 ng v cn li l: S nguyn t S nguyn t

24

Mg , th s nguyn t tng

Mg =

50 x78,6 = 389 (nguyn t). 10,1 50 x 11,3 = 56 (nguyn t). 10,1

26

Mg =

1.17 Hng dn: Ta c n: Tn lp : 1 K 2 L 3 M 4 N

Lp K c mt phn lp 1s Lp L c hai phn lp 2s, 2p Lp M c ba phn lp 3s, 3p, 3d Lp N c bn phn lp 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f 1.18 Hng dn: +) Lp N c : - 4 phn lp 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f

1 obi tan 3 obi tan - 16 obitan : 5 obi tan 7 obi tan

+) Lp M c : - 3 phn lp 3s, 3p, 3d

4s 4p 4d 4f

22

1 obi tan 3s 9 obitan : 3 obi tan 3p 5 obi tan 3d

1.19 Hng dn: V hnh dng cc obitan 1s, 2s v cc obitan 2px, 2py, 2p

x y
bitan

x y y
bitan px bitan py

x y
bitan p

1.20 Hng dn: S phn b electron trong nguyn t tun theo nguyn l Pau -li, nguyn l vng bn v quy tc Hun. Nguyn l Pau-li : Trn mt obitan ch c th c nhiu nht l 2 electron v 2 electron ny chuyn ng t quay khc chiu nhau xung quanh trc ring ca mi electron. Th d : Nguyn t He c Z = 2 oq

1s2 Nguyn l vng bn : trng thi c bn trong nguyn t cc electron chim ln lt nhng obitan c mc nng lng t thp n cao. Th d : Nguyn t B (Z = 5) :
oq oq o

1s2 2s2

2p1

- Quy tc Hun : Trong cng 1 phn lp cc electron s phn b trn cc obitan sao cho c s electron c thn l ti a v cc electron ny phi c chiu t quay ging nhau. Th d : Nguyn t C (Z = 6) 1.21 Hng dn:
oq oq o o

1s2 2s2

2p2

23

Theo nguyn tc Hun cho nn trong s phn b electron ca nguyn t cacbon ( C : 1s2 2s2 2p2) phn lp 2p c biu din :
o o

1.22 Hng dn: Cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t c : Nhn xt : + Cu hnh Z =20 khc vi cc cu hnh cn li ch khng c phn lp 3d. + Cu hnh Z =24 v Z = 29 c 1 electron phn lp 4s. 1.23 Hng dn: S e lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t cc nguyn t: H : c 1e Li : c 1e Na: c 1e K : c 1e 1.24 Hng dn: K (Z= 19) : 1s22s22p63s23p64s1 Ca (Z = 20) : 1s22s22p63s23p64s2 Vy s phn b electron trn cc obitan nguyn t ca cc nguyn t K v Ca c c im l c 1 hay 2 electron lp ngoi cng. Nhng electron ny c lin kt yu vi ht nhn, do trong cc phn ng ha hc, K v Ca d nhng i tr thnh cc ion dng bn vng. 1.25 Hng dn: Cu hnh e ca F v Cl l : F (Z = 9) 1s22s22p5 Ca : c 2e Mg: c 2e C : c 4e Si : c 4e O : c 6e Z = 20 : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 Z = 21 : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d14s2 Z = 22 : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d2 4s2 Z = 24 : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s1 Z = 29 : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s1

24

Cl (Z = 17) : 1s22s22p63s23p5 c im : lp electron ngoi cng c 7e, nhng electron ny lin kt cht ch vi ht nhn, do trong cc phn ng ha hc, F v Cl c xu hng nhn thm 1 electron t cu hnh bo ha, bn vng nh kh him ng sau chng. 1.26 Hng dn: Trt t theo dy cho l sai, sa li l : 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d ... Sai v tr ca AO 3d v AO 4s. 1.27 Hng dn: Cu hnh e nguyn t ca cc nguyn t c : Z = 15 : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 Z = 17 : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 Z = 20 : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 Z = 21 : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d1 4s2 Z = 31 : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p63d104s2 4p1 1.28 Hng dn: Fe Z = 26 : 1s 2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p63d6 4s2 Fe2+ Z = 26 : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p63d6 Fe3+ Z = 26 : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p63d5 1.29 Hng dn: a)
26 12 23 4 Mg  01n p 10 Ne  2 He

1 16 4 b) 19 9 F  1 H p 8 O  2 He

c)

242 94

22 Pu  10 Ne p

260 104

Unq  4 01n

2 7 4 1 d) 1 D 3 Li p 2 2 He  0 n

1.30 Hng dn: a) b)

232 90 238 92

Up
208 82

206 82

4 0 Pb  8 2 H e  6 1 e

Th p

4 0 b 6 2 He  4 1 e

25

F. MT S THNG TIN B SUNG Nng lng ht nhn c nn c s dng Vit Nam? 1. Nhng kin ng h vic xy dng nh my in ht nhn duy tr mt tc tng trng kinh t cao th hai chu , khong 7,5 8% mt nm nh hin nay, theo nghin cu ca tng cng ty in lc Vit Nam (EVN), tng trng ngun in phi t trung bnh 15% mt nm. Mt s nc pht trin nh Php v Hn Quc c t trng in ht nhn trong tng ngun nng lng rt cao (trn 60%). Cc ngun in ch yu hin nay ca nc ta l thy in v nhit in. Thy in c u im tn dng ti nguyn nc, nhng ngun in li ph thuc nhiu vo ngun nc. Vo nhng thng 4, 5 hng nm, ngun nc cho thy in gim lm ngun cung cp in thiu ht dn n phi ct in lun phin, nh hng khng nh n sn xut v kinh doanh. Nhit in vi cc nhin liu nh than (Qung Ninh), kh t B Ra-Vng Tu ang gp phn lm tng mc nhim mi trng Vit Nam. gii quyt nn thiu in c nhiu phng n c la chn, trong c in ht nhn. Theo EVN n nm 2017 nc ta s c nh my in ht nhn u tin. Nh my in ht nhn s cung cp mt ngun in n nh, khng lm tng kh thi CO2 nh vic t cc nhin liu ha thch nh than , du m. Ngun in ht nhn s h tr cc nh my thy in trong ma kh. Nh my in ht nhn cn l biu tng ca mt nn khoa hc, cng ngh tin tin. Cc nc c nn cng nghip in ht nhn pht trin nh Nga, Php, Hn Quc ang gii thiu cho Vit Nam cc thit b in ht nhn ca h. Tuy nhin, cho n nay cha c mt s la chn nh thu chnh thc no t pha Vit Nam. 2. Nhng kin phn i vic xy dng nh my in ht nhn Th nht l nng lng ht nhn c ri ro cao. Bi hc v v n l phn ng ht nhn Trecnobyl 20 nm trc, vi mt sc tn ph tng ng 400 qu bom nguyn t m M nm xung thnh ph Hirosima, lm cho mt khu

26

vc bn knh 30km n nay hon ton khng ngi v nhim x cao vn cn gi tr. Th hai l cng ngh in ht nhn phi nhp vi gi thnh rt cao. Nguyn liu hot ng ca nh my in ht nhn ngy cng him v phi nhp khu vi gi thnh ngy cng cao, do in ht nhn km tnh cnh tranh so vi cc ngun nng lng khc. Th ba l vn x l rc thi ht nhn. y l mt vn rt phc tp, ngay c vi nhng quc gia c nn khoa hc v cng ngh tin tin trn th gii. Th t l nhu cu nc lm mt ca nh my in ht nhn rt ln. Trong khi cc a im d nh xy dng nh my in ht nhn ca nc ta li t nhng vng rt him nc. Th nm l ngun nhn lc vn hnh nh my in ht nhn i hi mt i ng c tnh k lut v k thut rt cao, l iu khng thc hin c mt cch d dng nc ta trong giai on trc mt. Chnh v nhng l do trn cho nn nhiu nc pht trin trn th gii nh c, Thy in, Italy ... ang c k hoch loi b cc nh my in ht nhn vo nm 2020. Nhng l do va cp trn y i hi s cn nhc k lng ca chnh ph trc khi quyt nh xy dng nh my in ht nhn u tin ca Vit Nam. 3. Cn bn, bn theo quan im no?

27

Chng 2 BNG TUN HON CC NGUYN T HA HC V NH LUT TUN HON A. TM TT L THUYT 1. Bng tun hon cc nguyn t ha hc a) Nguyn tc sp xp: - Cc nguyn t c sp xp theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn nguyn t. - Cc nguyn t c cng s lp electron c xp thnh mt hng. - Cc nguyn t c s electron ha tr trong nguyn t nh nhau c xp thnh mt ct. b) Cu to ca bng tun hon Bng tun hon cc nguyn t ha hc l s th hin ni dung ca nh lut tun hon. Trong hn 100 nm tn ti v pht trin, c khong nhiu kiu bng tun hon khc nhau. Dng c s dng trong sch gio khoa ha hc ph thng hin nay l bng tun hon dng di, c cu to nh sau: : S th t ca bng s hiu nguyn t v bng s n v in tch ht nhn, bng tng s electron ca nguyn t.. Chu k : C 7 chu k, s th t ca chu k bng s lp electron ca nguyn t gm : + Chu k nh l cc chu k 1, 2, 3 ch gm cc nguyn t s v cc nguyn t p. Mi chu k nh gm 8 nguyn t, tr chu k 1 ch c hai nguyn t. + Chu k ln l cc chu k 4, 5, 6 ,7 gm cc nguyn t s, p, d v f. Chu k 4 v chu k 5 mi chu k c 18 nguyn t. Chu k 6 c 32 nguyn t. Theo quy lut, chu k 7 cng phi c 32 nguyn t, tuy nhin chu k 7 mi pht hin c 24 nguyn t ha hc. L do l cc nguyn t c ht nhn cng nng cng km bn, chng c i sng rt ngn ngi. Nhm: C 8 nhm, s th t ca nhm bng s electron ha tr.

28

+ Nhm A: S th t ca nhm bng s electron ha tr, nhm A gm cc nguyn t s v p. Nhm A cn c gi l cc nguyn t thuc phn nhm chnh. + Nhm B: S th t ca nhm B bng s electron ha tr, nhm B gm cc nguyn t d v f. Nhm B cn c gi l cc nguyn t thuc phn nhm ph. c) Nhng tnh cht bin i tun hon theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn - Bn knh nguyn t: + Trong chu k, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, bn knh nguyn t gim dn, v s electron ngoi cng tng dn trong khi s lp electron khng thay i. + Trong nhm A, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, bn knh nguy n t tng dn, do s lp electron tng dn. - Nng lng ion ho: + Trong chu k, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, nng lng ion ha ca nguyn t tng dn, v s electron ngoi cng tng dn trong khi s lp electron khng thay i. + Trong nhm A, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, nng lng ion ha ca nguyn t gim dn v electron xa ht nhn hn, lin kt vi ht nhn yu hn. - m in: m in l mt khi nim mang tnh cht kinh nghim v thay i theo thang o v ch c ngha tng i. m in c trng cho kh nng ht electron v pha mnh ca nguyn t trong phn t. + Trong chu k, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, m in ca nguyn t tng dn. + Trong nhm A, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, m in ca nguyn t gim dn. - Tnh kim loi - phi kim: + Trong chu k, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, tnh kim loi gim dn v tnh phi kim tng dn. + Trong nhm A, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, tnh kim loi tng dn v tnh phi kim gim dn.

29

Tnh axit - ba ca oxit v hiroxit: + Trong chu k, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, tnh ba gim dn v tnh axit tng dn. + Trong nhm A, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, tnh ba tng dn v tnh axit dn gim (tr nhm VII). 2. nh lut tun hon Tnh cht ca cc nguyn t v n cht cng nh thnh phn v tnh cht ca cc hp cht to nn t cc nguyn t bin i tun hon theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn nguyn t. 3. ngha ca nh lut tun hon - Bit v tr ca mt nguyn t trong bng tun hon, c th suy ra cu to nguyn t ca nguyn t v ngc li. V tr ca mt nguyn t trong bng tun hon () - S th t ca nguyn t - S th t ca chu k - S th t ca nhm A Cu to nguyn t - S proton v s electron. - S lp electron - S electron lp ngoi cng

- Bit v tr ca mt nguyn t trong bng tun hon, c th suy ra tnh cht ha hc c bn ca n. V tr ca mt nguyn t trong bng tun hon - Nhm IA, IIA, IIIA - Nhm VA, VIA, VIIA - Nhm IVA Tnh cht c bn - Kim loi. - Phi kim - C th l phi kim (C, Si), c th l kim loi (Sn, Pb)

- So snh tnh cht ha hc ca mt nguyn t vi cc nguyn t ln cn.

30

31

B. BI TP C LI GII 2.1 Xc nh v tr (s th t, chu k, nhm, phn nhm) cc nguyn t sau y trong bng tun hon, cho bit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t cc nguyn t nh sau: 1. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s23p6 4s2 2. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s2 2.2 Ion M3+ c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l 3s23p63d5. 1. Xc nh v tr (s th t, chu k, nhm) ca M trong bng tun hon. Cho bit M l kim loi g? 2. Trong iu kin khng c khng kh, cho M chy trong kh Cl2 thu c mt cht A v nung hn hp bt (M v S) c mt hp cht B. Bng cc phn ng ha hc, hy nhn bit thnh phn v ha tr ca cc nguyn t trong A v B. 2.3 Gi s nguyn t M s 19 trong bng tun hon cha c tm ra v ny vn cn c b trng. Hy d on nhng c im sau v nguyn t : 1. Tnh cht c trng. 2. Cng thc oxit. Oxit l oxit axit hay oxit ba ? 2.4 Nguyn t ca nguyn t R c phn mc nng lng cao nht l 4s2. 1. Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t R 2. V tr trong bng tun hon. 3. Vit cc phng trnh ha hc xy ra khi cho: R + H2O p hiroxit + H2 Oxit ca R + H2O p Mui cacbonat ca R + HCl p Hiroxit ca R + Na2CO3 p 2.5 Mt hp cht c cng thc l MAx, trong M chim 46,67% v khi lng. M l kim loi, A l phi kim chu k 3. Trong ht nhn ca M c n - p = 4, trong ht nhn ca A c n = p. Tng s proton trong MAx l 58. 1. Xc nh tn nguyn t, s khi ca M, s th t A trong bng tun hon. 2. Hon thnh cc phng trnh ha hc:

32

t a. MXx + O2 p M2O3 + XO2 t b. MXx + HNO 3 p M(NO3)3 + H2XO4 + NO2 + H2O

0

2.6 M l kim loi thuc nhm IIA.Ha tan ht 10,8 gam hn hp gm kim loi M v mui cacbonat ca n trong dung dch HCl, thu c 4,48 lit hn hp kh A (ktc). T khi ca A so vi kh hiro l 11,5. 1. Tm kim loi M 2. Tnh % th tch cc kh trong A. 2.7 X, Y l hai kim loi c electron cui cng l 3p1 v 3d6. 1. Da vo bng tun hon, hy xc nh tn hai kim loi X, Y. 2. Ha tan ht 8,3 gam hn hp X, Y vo dung dch HCl 0,5M (va ), ta thy khi lng dung dch sau phn ng tng thm 7,8 gam. Tnh khi lng mi kim loi v th tch dung dch HCl dng. 2.8 Ha tan ht a gam oxit kim loi M (thuc nhm IIA) bng mt lng va dung dch H2SO4 17,5% thu c dung dch mui c nng 20%. Xc nh cng thc oxit kim loi M. 2.9 A, B l 2 kim loi nm 2 chu k lin tip thuc nhm IIA. Cho 4,4 gam mt hn hp gm A v B tc dng vi dung dch HCl 1M (d) thu c 3,36 lit kh (ktc). 1. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng v xc nh tn 2 kim loi. 2. Tnh th tch dung dch HCl dng, bit rng HCl dng d 25% so vi lng cn thit. 2.10 Cho 0,85 gam hai kim loi thuc hai chu k k tip trong nhm IA vo cc cha 49,18 gam H2O thu c dung dch A v kh B. trung ha dung dch A cn 30 ml dung dch HCl 1M. a. Xc nh hai kim loi b. Tnh nng % ca cc cht trong dung dch A. 2.11 Nguyn t R c ha tr cao nht trong oxit gp 3 ln ha tr trong hp cht vi hiro. a. Hy cho bit ha tr cao nht ca R trong oxit.

33

b. Trong hp cht ca R vi hiro c t l khi lng:

m R 16 ! . 1 m

Khng dng bng tun hon, cho bit k hiu ca nguyn t R. 2.12 Nguyn t R chu k 3, nhm VA trong bng tun hon. Khng s dng bng tun hon, hy cho bit: a. Cu hnh electron ca R. b. Trong oxit cao nht ca R th R chim 43,66% khi lng. Tnh s lng mi loi ht ca nguyn t R. 2.13 A v B l hai nguyn t cng mt nhm v thuc hai chu k lin tip trong bng tun hon. Tng s proton trong hai ht nhn nguyn t ca A v B bng 32. Hy vit cu hnh electron ca A , B v ca cc ion m A v B c th to thnh. 2.14 Hai nguyn t A v B hai nhm A lin tip trong bng tun hon, B thuc nhm VA, trng thi n cht A, B khng phn ng vi nhau. Tng s proton trong ht nhn nguyn t ca A v B l 23. 1. Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca A, B. 2. T cc n cht A, B v cc ha cht cn thit, hy vit cc phng trnh ha hc (ghi r iu kin) iu ch hai axit trong A v B c s oxi ha cao nht.
2 2.15 Cho bit tng s electron trong anion AB 3 l 42. Trong cc ht nhn A v B

u c s proton bng s ntron. 1. Tm s khi ca A v B 2. Cho bit v tr ca A, B trong bng tun hon. 2.16 Tng s ht proton, ntron, electron ca nguyn t mt nguyn t R nhm VIIA l 28. 1. Tnh s khi. 2. Vit k hiu nguyn t nguyn t . 2.17 Mt hp cht ion c cu to t M+ v X2-. Trong phn t M2X c tng s ht proton, ntron, electron l 140 ht. Trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht

34

khng mang in l 44 ht. S khi ca ion M+ ln hn s khi ca ion X2- l 23. Tng s ht proton, ntron, electron trong ion M+ nhiu hn trong ion X2- l 31. 1. Vit cu hnh electron ca M v X. 2. Xc nh v tr ca M v ca X trong bng tun hon. 2.18 Khi bit c s th t Z ca mt nguyn t trong bng tun hon, ta c th bit c cc thng tin sau y khng, gii thch ngn gn: 1. Cu hnh electron 2. S khi 3. K hiu nguyn t 4. Tnh cht c bn 5. Ha tr cao nht trong oxit 6. Ha tr trong hp cht vi hiro

2.19 Khi bit cu hnh lp electron ngoi cng ca nguyn t mt nguyn t nhm A, ta c th bit c cc thng tin sau y khng? 1. Tnh cht ha hc c bn 3. V tr nguyn t trong bng tun hon 5. K hiu nguyn t Gii thch ngn gn cc cu tr li. 2.20 Mt s c im ca cc nguyn t kim loi kim c trnh by bng sau: Nguyn t Cu hnh electron Bn knh nguyn t (nm) Nng lng ion ha, kJ/mol Li Na K Rb Cs 2. Cu hnh electron 4. Cng thc oxit cao nht 6. Cng thc hp cht vi hiro

[He]2s1 [Ne]3s1 [Ar]4s1 [Kr]5s1 [Xe]6s1 0,155 I1 520 I2 7295 0,189 496 4565 0,236 419 3069 0,248 403 2644 0,268 376 2258

1. Gii thch s bin i nng lng ion ha th nht? Ti sao nng lng ion ha th hai ln hn rt nhiu so vi nng lng ion ha th nht? 2. Ti sao trong cc hp cht, s oxi ha ca cc kim loi kim lun l +1, chng c th to ra s oxi ha cao hn hay khng ? 2.21 Tng s ht proton, ntron, electron trong hai nguyn t kim loi A v B l 142, trong tng s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 42. S ht mang in ca nguyn t B nhiu hn ca nguyn t A l 12.

35

a. Xc nh 2 kim loi A v B. Cho bit s hiu nguyn t ca mt s nguyn t: Na (Z = 11), Mg (Z= 12), Al (Z =13), K (Z = 19), Ca (Z = 20), Fe (Z = 26), Cu (Z = 29), Zn (Z = 30). b. Vit phng trnh phn ng iu ch A t mui cacbonat ca A v iu ch B t mt oxit ca B. (Trch thi H - C khi B, nm 2003) 2.22 Cho 10 gam kim loi M (thuc nhm IIA) tc dng vi nc, thu c 6,11 lit kh hiro (o 25oC v 1 atm). a. Hy xc nh tn ca kim loi M dng. b. Cho 4 gam kim loi M vo cc ng 2,5lit dung dch HCl 0,06M thu c dung dch B. Tnh nng mol/l cc cht trong cc sau phn ng. Coi th tch dung dch trong cc vn l 2,5 l. 2.23 Mt hp cht c cng thc XY2 trong X chim 50% v khi lng. Trong ht nhn ca X v Y u c s proton bng s ntron. Tng s proton trong phn t XY2 l 32. a. Vit cu hnh electron ca X v Y. b. Xc nh v tr ca X v Y trong bng tun hon. 2.24 Cho bit cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t cc nguyn t (thuc chu k 3) A, M, X ln lt l ns1, ns2np1, ns2np5. 1. Xc nh v tr ca A, M, X trong bng tun hon v cho bit tn ca chng. 2. Hon thnh cc phng trnh ha hc theo s sau: A(OH)m + MXy A1 q + A(OH) m A2 + HX + H 2O A1 q + HX p A1


+ ...

p A2 (tan) + ...

p A1 q + ...
p A3 (tan) + ...

Trong M, A, X l cc nguyn t tm thy cu 1. 2.25 C 5,56 gam hn hp A gm Fe v kim loi M (ha tr n). Chia A lm hai phn bng nhau:

36

Phn 1: Ha tan ht trong dung dch HCl c 1,568 lit kh H2. Phn 2: Ha tan ht trong dung dch H2SO4 c nng thu c 2,016 lit kh SO2. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng v xc nh tn kim loi M. Cc kh o ktc. 2.26 R l kim loi ha tr II. em ha tan 2 gam oxit ca kim loi ny vo 48 gam dung dch H2SO4 6,125% long thu c dung dch A trong nng H2SO4 ch cn 0,98%. 1. Vit phng trnh ha hc v xc nh R. Bit RSO4 l mui tan. 2. Tnh th tch dung dch NaOH 8% (d =1,05 g/ml) cn cho vo A thu c lng kt ta ln nht. 2.27 M l kim loi ha tr II. Ha tan m gam M vo 200 gam dung dch H2SO4 long, va th thu c dung dch A v 0,672 lit kh ( 54,60C v 2 atm). Chia A thnh 2 phn bng nhau: Phn 1: cho tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d, lc kt ta em nung n khi lng khng i thu c 1 gam cht rn. Xc nh kim loi M v tnh nng % dung dch axit dng. Phn 2: lm bay hi nc thu c 6,15 gam mui ngm nc dng MSO4.nH2O. Xc nh cng thc mui ngm nc. 2.28 Ha tan 16,2 gam kim loi M (nhm IIIA) vo 5 lit dung dch HNO 3 0,5M (d = 1,25 g/ml). Sau khi kt thc phn ng thu c 5,6 lit hn hp kh NO v N2 (ktc). T khi ca hn hp kh ny so vi hiro l 14,4. 1. Xc nh kim loi R. 2. Tnh nng % ca dung dch HNO3 trong dung dch sau phn ng. 2.29 Cu to cc lp electron ca nguyn t cc nguyn t A, B, C, D, E nh sau: A: 2/2 B: 2/8/8/2 C: 2/7 D: 2/8/7 E: 2 1. Xc nh v tr ca cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon. 2. Nguyn t no c tnh kim loi mnh nht? Phi kim mnh nht? Nguyn t no km hot ng nht? Gii thch? 2.30 Ha tan ht 46 gam hn hp gm Ba v hai kim loi kim A, B thuc hai chu k k tip vo nc, thu c dung dch D v 11,2 lit kh o ktc.

37

Nu thm 0,18 mol Na2SO4 vo dung dch D th dung dch sau phn ng vn cha kt ta ht bari. Nu thm 0,21 mol Na2SO4 vo dung dch D th dung dch sau phn ng cn d Na2SO4. Xc nh tn hai kim loi kim. Cho: Ba = 137, Li =7, Na = 23, K =39, Rb = 85, Cs = 133. C. BI TP T LUYN 2.31 Hai nguyn t A, B ng k tip nhau trong cng mt chu k trong bng tun hon, c tng in tch ht nhn l 25. 1. Xc nh v tr ca A, B trong bng tun hon. 2. So snh tnh cht ha hc ca A v B; tnh ba ca oxit to thnh t A v B. 2.32 Hy gii thch ti sao: 1. Trong mt chu k, m in tng dn theo chiu t tri sang phi; cn trong mt nhm, m in gim dn theo chiu t trn xung di. 2. Trong mt chu k, nng lng ion ha tng dn theo chiu t tri sang phi; cn trong mt nhm, nng lng ion ha gim dn theo chiu t trn xung di. 3. Trong mt chu k, tnh phi kim tng dn, tnh kim loi gim dn theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn. 2.33 Cho bit bn knh nguyn t cc nguyn t sau (tnh theo , 1 = 10-10 m). Nguyn t r () Nguyn t r () Na 1,86 Li 1,52 Mg 1,60 Na 1,86 Al 1,43 K 2,31 Si 1,17 Rb 2,44 P 1,10 Cs 2,62 S 1,04 Cl 0,99

Nhn xt s thay i bn knh ca cc nguyn t trn c tun theo quy lut no hay khng? Nu c, hy gii thch ti sao? 2.34 X l nguyn t thuc chu k 3, X to vi hiro mt hp cht kh c cng thc H2X, trong X c s oxi ha thp nht. 1. Xc nh v tr ca X trong bng tun hon.

38

2. Vit phng trnh phn ng khi ln lt cho H2X tc dng vi nc Cl2, dung dch FeCl3, dung dch CuSO4. 2.35 R l mt nguyn t phi kim. Tng i s s oxi ha dng cao nht vi 2 ln s oxi ha m thp nht ca R l +2. Tng s proton v ntron ca R nh hn 34. 1. Xc nh R 2. X l hp cht kh ca R vi hiro, Y l oxit ca R c cha 50% oxi v khi lng. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X v Y. 2.36 Mt dung dch nc c cha 35 gam mt hn hp mui cacbonat ca hai kim loi kim thuc hai chu k lin tip. Thm t t v khuy u dung dch HCl 0,5M vo dung dch trn. Khi phn ng xong, thu c 2,24 lit kh CO2 ktc v mt dung dch A. Thm mt lng nc vi trong d vo dung dch A, thu c 20 gam kt ta. 1. Xc nh cc kim loi kim. 2. Tnh khi lng ca mi mui trong hn hp u. 2.37 A v B l hai kim loi thuc nhm IIA. Ha tan hon ton 15,05 gam hn hp X gm hai mui clorua ca A v B vo nc thu c 100 gam dung dch Y. kt ta ht ion Cl- c trong 40 gam dung dch Y bng dung dch AgNO 3 th thu c 17,22 gam kt ta. Hy xc nh cc kim loi A v B, bit t s khi lng nguyn t ca chng l 3:5. 2.38 Hn hp A gm hai mui cacbonat ca hai kim loi k tip nhau trong nhm IIA. Ha tan hon ton 3,6 gam hn hp A trong dung dch HCl thu c kh B, cho ton b lng kh B hp th ht bi 3 lit dung dch Ca(OH)2 0,015M, thu c 4 gam kt ta. Xc nh hai mui cacbonat v tnh khi lng ca mi mui trong hn hp A. 2.39 kh hon ton 8 gam oxit ca mt kim loi thnh kim loi cn dng 3,36 lit H2. Ha tan ht lng kim loi thu c vo dung dch HCl long thy thot ra 2,24 lit kh H2. Xc nh cng thc ca oxit. Bit cc kh o ktc. 2.40 Bng di y cho bit bn knh nguyn t, nng lng ion ha ca cc nguyn t nguyn t chu k 3

39

Nguyn t r (nm) I1 (kJ/mol)

Na 0,186 497

Mg 0,160 738

Al 0,143 578

Si 0,117 786

P 0,110 1012

S 0,104 1000

Cl 0,099 1251

1. Da vo cc d kin trn hy cho nhn xt v s bin i bn knh v s bin i nng lng ion ha I1 ca cc nguyn t trong chu k. 2. Cho bit s bin i tnh cht axit - ba trong dy oxit v hiroxit di y: Na2O - MgO - Al2O3 - SiO2 - P2O5 - SO3 - Cl2O7 NaOH - Mg(OH)2 - Al(OH)3 - H2SiO3 - H3PO4 - H2SO4 - HClO4. D. BI TP TRC NGHIM 2.41 Dy nguyn t no sau y c xp theo chiu bn knh nguyn t tng ? A. I, Br, Cl, P C. Na, Mg, Al, Si B. C, N, O, F D. O, S, Se, Te.

2.42 Tnh cht kim loi ca cc nguyn t trong dy Mg Ca Sr - Ba bin i theo chiu : A. Tng C. Khng thay i B. gim D. Va gim va tng

2.43 Tnh cht phi kim ca cc nguyn t trong dy N - P-As-Sb-Bi bin i theo chiu : A. Tng C. Khng thay i A. Tng C. Khng thay i B. gim D. Va gim va tng. B. gim D. Va gim va tng.

2.44 Tnh cht ba ca hiroxit ca nhm IA theo chiu tng ca s th t l:

2.45 Cho cc hnh v sau, mi hnh cu l 1 trong cc nguyn t Na, Mg, Al, K.

40

a, b, c, d tng ng theo th t s l: A. Na, Mg, Al, K C. Al, Mg, Na, K B. K, Na, Mg, Al D. K, Al, Mg, Na

2.46 Cho cc nguyn t a, b, c, d thuc nhm IA c bn knh trung bnh nh hnh v di y:

b A.a < b < c < d C.a < c < b < d

d B.d < c < b < a D.d < b < c < a

Nng lng ion ha I1 tng dn theo th t:

2.47 Cho nguyn t ca nguyn t X c cu to nh sau: V tr ca nguyn t X trong bng tun hon l: A. s 7, chu k 2, nhm VIIA. B. s 7, chu k 2, nhm VA C. s 5, chu k 2, nhm VA D. s 5, chu k 7, nhm VIIA. 2.48 Cho ion n nguyn t X c in tch 2+ c cu to nh sau: Cho bit v tr ca X trong bng tun hon. A. s 10, chu k 2, nhm VIIIA. B. s 12, chu k 3, nhm VIIIA. C. s 12, chu k 3, nhm IIA. D. s 10, chu k 2, nhm IIA. 2.49 Cho cu hnh ca nguyn t X sau, cho bit kt lun no ng?

1s2

2s2

2p6

3s2

A. X s 12, chu k 3, nhm IIIA trong bng tun hon.

41

B. X s 12, chu k 3, nhm IIIB trong bng tun hon. C. X s 12, chu k 2, nhm IIA trong bng tun hon. D. X s 12, chu k 3, nhm IIA trong bng tun hon. 2.50 Nguyn t nguyn t X, cc ion Y+ v Z2- u c cu hnh electron phn lp ngoi cng l 3p6. S th t ca X, Y, Z trong bng tun hon ln lt l A. 18, 19 v 16 C. 18, 19 v 8 B. 10, 11 v 8 D. 1, 11 v 16

2.51 Tng s ht c bn (p, n, e) trong nguyn t nguyn t X l 46, b it s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 14. Xc nh chu k, s hiu nguyn t ca X trong bng tun hon. A. Chu k 2, 7 C. Chu k 3 16 B. Chu k 3, 15 D. Chu k 3 17

2.52 Ha tan hon ton 3,1g hn hp hai kim loi kim thuc hai chu k lin tip vo nc thu c 1,12 lt hiro (ktc). Hai kim loi kim cho l A. Li v Na C. K v Rb B. Na v K D. Rb v Cs

2.53 Cho 0,64 g hn hp gm kim loi M v oxit ca n MO, c s mol bng nhau, tc dng ht vi H2SO4 long. Th tch kh H2(ktc) thu c l 0,224 lit. Cho bit M thuc nhm IIA. Xc nh M l nguyn t no sau y ? A. Mg B. Ca C. Sr D. Ba 2.54 Hai kim loi X v Y ng k tip nhau trong mt chu k c tng s proton trong hai ht nhn nguyn t l 25. S electron lp ngoi cng ca X v Y ln lt l : A. 1 v 2 B. 2 v 3 C. 1 v 3 D. 3 v 4 2.55 Ion M2+ c cu to lp v electron ngoi cng l 2s2 2p6. Cu hnh electron ca M v v tr ca n trong bng tun hon l A. 1s22s22p4 , 8 chu k 2, nhm VIA. B. 1s22s22p63s2 , 12 chu k 3, nhm IIA. C. 1s22s22p63s 3p , 12 chu k 3, nhm IIA.

42

D. 1s22s22p63s23p , 13 chu k 3, nhm IIIA. E. P N V HNG DN GII BI TP 2.41. D 2.46. A 2.51. B 2.42. 2.47. 2.52. A B B 2.43. B 2.48. A 2.53. A 2.44. A 2.49. D 2.54. B 2.45. 2.50. 2.55. B A A

2.1 Tr li 1. S th t 20, chu k 4, nhm IIA. 2. S th t 25, chu k 4, nhm VIIB. 2.2 Tr li 1. Tng s electron ca nguyn t M l 26. S th t 26, chu k 4, nhm VIIIB. M l Fe.
t 2. - Fe chy trong kh clo: 2Fe + 3Cl2 p 2FeCl3
0

Ha tan sn phm thu c vo nc thu c dung dch. Ly vi ml dung dch cho tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3, c kt ta trng chng t c gc clorua: FeCl3 + 3AgNO3 p Fe(NO3)3 + 3AgCl q Lp li th nghim vi dung dch NaOH, c kt ta nu chng t c Fe(III): FeCl 3 + 3NaOH p Fe(OH)3 q + 3NaCl
t - Nung hn hp bt Fe v bt S: Fe + S p FeS
0

Cho B vo dung dch H2SO4 long, c kh mi trng thi bay ra chng t c gc sunfua: FeS + H2SO4 p FeSO4 + H2S


(trng thi)

Nh dung dch NaOH vo dung dch thu c, c kt ta trng xanh chng t c Fe(II): FeSO4 + 2NaOH p Na2SO4 + Fe(OH) 2 q (trng xanh) 2.3 Tr li 1. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t l: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 Tnh cht c trng ca M l tnh kim loi.

43

2. Nguyn t nm nhm IA nn cng thc oxit l M2O. y l mt oxit ba . 2.4 Gii 1. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t R l: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 2. Nguyn t A nm s 20, chu k 4, nhm IIA trong bng tun hon. 3. R ha tr II (R thuc nhm IIA). Cc phng trnh ha hc: R + 2H2O p R(OH)2 + H2o RO + H2O p R(OH)2 RCO3 + 2HCl p RCl2 + CO2o + H2O R(OH)2 + Na2CO3 p RCO3 + 2NaOH 2.5 Gii 1. Trong hp cht MAx, M chim 46,67% v khi lng nn: np 7 M 46,67 . Thay n - p = 4 v n = p ta c: ! m ! , , xA 53,33 x(n  p ) 8

2p  4 7 hay: 4(2p + 4) = 7xp. ! 8 2xp ,

Tng s proton trong MAx l 58 nn: p + xp = 58. T y tm c: p = 26 v xp = 32. Do A l phi kim chu k 3 nn 15 e p e 17. Vy x = 2 v p = 16 tha mn. Vy M l Fe v M l S. 2. Hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng:
t a. 4FeS2 + 11O2 p 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2o t Fe(NO3)3 + 2H2SO4 + 15NO2o + 7H2O b. FeS2 + 18HNO3 p
0 0

2.6 Gii 1. Gi s mol cc cht trong hn hp u: M = a mol; MCO3 = b mol. M + 2HCl p MCl2 + H2


(1)

44

(mol): a

a (2)

MCO3 + 2HCl p MCl2 + CO2 o + H2O (mol): b S mol H2 = b 4,48 = 0,2 nn: a + b = 0,2 22, 4 2a  44b ! 23 hay 2a + 44b = 4,6 ab

(3) (4) (5)

MA = 11,5 v 2 = 23 nn

Theo bi: Ma + (M + 60)b = 10,8 T (3), (4), (5) ta tm c: a = 0,1 mol; b = 0,1 mol; M = 24 (Mg). 2. % VH 2 = 50%; % VCO 2 = 50%. 2.7 Gii 1. Phn mc nng lng ca nguyn t X v Y ln lt l: 1s22s22p63s23p1 v 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d6. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t X v Y ln lt l: 1s22s22p63s23p1 v 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2. Da vo bng tun hon ta tm c X l Al v Y l Fe. 2. Gi s mol cc cht trong hn hp: Al = a mol; Fe = b mol. Ta c: 27a + 56b = 8,3 2Al + 6HCl p 2AlCl3 + 3H2 o (mol): a 3a 1,5a Fe + 2HCl p FeCl2 + H2 o (mol): b 2b b

(1) (2)

(3)

Khi lng dung dch sau phn ng tng thm 7,8 gam nn: 8,3 - m H 2 = 7,8. Vy: m H 2 = 0,5 gam p n H 2 = 0,25 mol m 1,5a + b = 0,25 T (1) v (4) ta tm c: a = 0,1 mol; b = 0,1 mol. mAl = 27 v 0,1 = 2,7 (gam); mFe = 56 v 0,1 = 5,6 (gam); VHCl = 3a  2b = 1 (lit). 0,5 (4)

45

2.8 Gii Gi s mol oxit MO = x mol. MO + H2SO4 p MSO4 + H2O (mol): x x x Ta c: (M + 16)x = a Khi lng dung dch axit H2SO4 ban u =

98.x.100 = 560x (gam). 17,5

Khi lng dung dch sau phn ng = a + 560x = (M + 16)x + 560x. Theo bi: C% (MSO4) = 20% nn:

(M  96)x 20 . ! (M  16)x  560x 100

T y tm c M = 24 (magie). Oxit kim loi cn tm l MgO. 2.9 Gii 1. Gi cng thc chung ca hai kim loi l M = a mol. M + 2HCl p MCl2 + H2 o (mol): a 2a a S mol H2 = 0,15 mol nn a = 0,15 mol. Ta c: Ma = 4,4 p M = 29,33. A v B l 2 kim loi nm 2 chu k lin tip thuc nhm IIA nn A l Mg v B l Ca. 2. Th tch dung dch HCl cn dng = 0,3 = 0,3 (lit) = 300 (ml). 1

Th tch dung dch HCl dng = 300 + 25%.300 = 375 (ml). 2.10 Gii a. Gi cng thc chung ca kim loi l R = a mol. 2R + 2H2O p 2ROH + H2 o (mol): a a a 0,5a ROH + HCl p RCl + H2O

46

(mol): a

S mol HCl = 0,03 mol nn a = 0,03 mol. Ta c: Ra = 0,85 p R = 28,33. Vy hai kim loi l Na v K. Gi s mol Na = b mol v K = c mol. Ta c: b + c = 0,03 v 23b + 39c = 0,85. T y tm c b = 0,02 (mol); c = 0,01 (mol). b. Dung dch A gm NaOH = 0,02 mol v KOH = 0,01 mol. Khi lng dung dch A = 49,18 + 0,85 - 0,015 v 2 = 50 (gam). C% (NaOH) = C% (KOH) = 2.11 Gii a. Gi ha tr cao nht ca R trong oxit l m, ha tr trong hp cht vi hiro l n. Ta c: m + n = 8. Theo bi: m = 3n. T y tm c m =6; n = 2. b. Cng thc hp cht R vi hiro l H2R. Theo bi: 0,02 v 40 .100% = 1,6% 50 0,01 v 56 .100% = 1,12%. 50

m R 16 nn R = 32. ! mH 1

Gi tng s ht proton, ntron ca R l P, N. Ta c P + N = 32. Ta c: P e N e 1,5P m P e 32 - P e 1,5P m 12,8 e P e 16. Mt khc, R thuc nhm VI (ha tr cao nht trong oxit bng VI) nn da vo cu hnh electron khi P = 13, 14, 15, 16 ta thy P = 16 tha mn. Vy k hiu ca nguyn t R l: 2.12 Gii a. R nm chu k 3 nn lp electron ngoi cng l lp th 3. Mt khc, R thuc phn nhm chnh nhm VA nn nguyn t R c 5 electron lp ngoi cng. Vy cu hnh lp electron ngoi cng ca R l 3s23p3. Cu hnh electron ca R l 1s22s22p63s23p3.
32 16

R.

47

b. R thuc nhm V nn ha tr cao nht ca R trong oxit l V. Cng thc oxit l R2O5. Theo bi: %R = 43,66% nn

2R 43,66 ! p R = 31 (photpho). 5 v 16 56,34

Tng s ht electron = tng s ht proton = 15 (da vo cu hnh electron). Tng s ht ntron = 31 -15 = 16. 2.13 Gii A v B l hai nguyn t cng mt phn nhm v thuc hai chu k lin tip trong bng tun hon nn s th t ca chng hn km nha u 8 hoc 18 n v (ng bng s nguyn t trong mt chu k). Theo bi ra, tng s proton trong hai ht nhn nguyn t ca A v B bng 32 nn ZA + ZB = 32. Trng hp 1: ZB - ZA = 8. Ta tm c ZA = 12; ZB = 20. Cu hnh electron: A : 1s22s22p63s2 (chu k 3, nhm IIA). v B: 1s22s22p63s23p64s2 (chu k 4, nhm IIA). Ion A2+: 1s22s22p6 v B2+: 1s22s22p63s23p6. Trng hp 2: ZB - ZA = 18. Ta tm c Z A = 7; ZB = 25. Cu hnh electron: A : 1s22s22p3 (chu k 2, nhm VA). v B: 1s22s22p63s23p63d54s2 (chu k 4, nhm VIIB). Trng hp ny A, B khng cng nhm nn khng tha mn. 2.14 Gii 1. Hai nguyn t A v B hai nhm A lin tip trong bng tun hon, B thuc nhm VA, do A thuc nhm IVA hoc nhm VIA. Theo bi: ZA + ZB = 23. V: ZA + ZB = 23 v B thuc nhm V, cn A thuc nhm IV hoc nhm VI nn A, B thuc cc chu k nh (chu k 2 v chu k 3).

48

Mt khc, A v B khng th cng chu k v hai nguyn t thuc hai nhm A k tip trong mt chu k hn km nhau 1 proton, ngha l s 11 v 12 (tng s proton bng 23), khng thuc cc nhm IV v V hay V v VI. Trng hp 1: B thuc chu k 2. Theo bi, B nhm VA nn ZB = 7 (nit). Vy ZA = 23 - 7 = 16 (lu hunh). Trng hp ny tha mn v trng thi n cht nit khng phn ng vi lu hunh. Trng hp 2: B thuc chu k 3. Theo bi, B nhm VA nn Z B = 15 (phopho). Vy ZA = 23 - 15 = 8 (oxi). Trng hp ny khng tha mn v trng thi n cht oxi phn ng vi phopho. Cu hnh electron ca A v B l: A: 1s22s22p63s23p4 v B: 1s22s22p3 2. iu ch HNO3 t N2 v H2SO4 t S. iu ch HNO3: N2 p NH3 p NO p NO2 p HNO3 N2 + 3H2
450 C, F e
0 o

2NH3


C, t 4NH3 + 5O2 850 p 4NOo + 6H2O

2NO + O2 p 2NO2 4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O p 4HNO3 iu ch H2SO4: S p SO2 p SO3 p H2SO4

t S + O2 p SO2
0

2SO2 + O2 2.15 Gii

450 C, V2O5

2SO3

SO3 + H2O p H2SO4 1. Gi s ht proton ca A l P v ca B l P, ta c: P + 3P = 42 - 2. Ta thy 3P < P + 3P = 40 nn P <

40 = 13,3. 3 49

Do B to c anion nn B l phi kim. Mt khc P < 13,3 nn B ch c th l nit, oxi hay flo.
2 Nu B l nit (P = 7) p P = 19 (K). Anion l KN 3 : loi

Nu B l oxi (P = 8) p P = 16 (S). Anion l S Nu B l flo (P = 9) p P = 13 (Al). Anion l Al Vy A l lu hunh, B l oxi. 2. 2.16 Gii

2 3

: tha mn : loi

2 3

(P = 8) : 1s 22s22p4 ( s 8, chu k 2, nhm VIA)

S (P = 16) : 1s 22s22p63s23p4 ( s 16, chu k 3, nhm VIA) 1. Gi tng s ht proton, ntron, electron ca nguyn t R l P, N, E. Trong P = E. Theo bi: P + N + E = 28 m 2P + N = 28 m N = 28 - 2P. Mt khc, P e N e 1,5P m P e 28 - 2P e 1,5P m 8 e P e 9,3 Vy P = 8 hoc 9. Do nguyn t R thuc nhm VIIA nn nguyn t nguyn t R c 7 electron lp ngoi cng. P = 8: 1s22s22p4: loi P = 9: 1s22s22p5: tha mn. Vy P = E = 9; N = 10. 1. S khi A= N + P = 19. 2. K hiu nguyn t: 19 9R Nguyn t cho l flo. 2.17 Gii Gi tng s ht proton, ntron, electron ca nguyn t M l P, N, E v ca nguyn t X l P, N, E. Ta c P = E v P = E. Theo bi ta lp c cc s ph thuc sau: 2(P + N + E) + P + N + E = 140 m 4P + 2P + 2N + N = 140 2(P + E) + P + E - 2N - N = 44 m 4P + 2P - 2N - N = 44 P + N - P - N = 23 m P + N - P - N = 23 (1) (2) (3)

50

(P + N + E - 1) - (P + N + E + 2) = 31 m 2P + N - 2P - N = 34 T (1) v (2) ta c: 2P + P = 46 v 2N + N = 48. T (3), (4) ta c: P - P = 11 v N - N = 12. Gii ra ta c P = 19 (K); N = 20 ; P = 8 (O); N = 8. Vy X l K2O. Cu hnh electron: K (P = 19): 1s22s22p63s23p64s1 (chu k 4, nhm IA). O (P = 8): 1s 22s22p4 (chu k 2, nhm VIA) 2.18 Tr li

(4)

1. Vit c cu hnh electron v s electron lp v nguyn t bng s th t Z. 2. Khng bit s khi v ch bit s proton bng Z, nhng k hng bit s ntron. 3. Khng vit c k hiu nguyn t v khng bit s khi v k hiu nguyn t. 4. T cu hnh electron ta bit c tnh cht c bn. 5. T cu hnh electron ta bit c s th t nhm, v chnh l ha tr cao nht trong oxit. 6. Ha tr trong hp cht vi hiro = 8 - ha tr cao nht trong oxit. 2.19 Tr li 1. Bit c tnh cht c bn da vo s electron lp ngoi cng. 2. Bit c cu hnh electron v t cu hnh lp electron lp ngoi cng, chng ta c th hon chnh tip cu hnh electron cc lp bn trong. 3. Da vo cu hnh electron chng ta bit c v tr trong bng tun hon. 4. Ta lp c cng thc oxit cao nht v ha tr ca cao nht ca nguyn t bng s th t nhm v bng s electron lp ngoi cng. 5. Khng vit c k hiu nguyn t v khng bit s khi v k hiu nguyn t. 6. Ta lp c cng thc hp cht vi hiro v ha tr ca nguyn t trong hp cht vi hiro = 8 - ha tr cao nht trong oxit.

51

2.20 Gii 1. Nng lng ion ha th nht gim dn do bn knh nguyn t tng dn, lc ht ca ht nhn vi electron ha tr gim dn. Nng lng ion ha th hai ng vi qu trnh: M+ (kh) - 1e p M2+ (kh). V ion M+ c cu hnh bn vng ca kh him v mang mt in tch dng nn vic bt i mt electron kh khn hn nhiu, i hi cn cung cp nng lng rt ln. 2. Da vo cu hnh electron ta thy, trong cc phn ng ha hc cc kim loi kim c khuynh hng nhng 1 electron lp ngoi cng t c cu hnh bn vng ca kh him. Mt khc, cc kim loi kim l cc nguyn t c m in b nht nn chng lun c s oxi ha +1 trong cc hp cht. Cc kim loi kim khng th to c hp cht c s oxi ha ln hn +1 v s nhng tip cc electron th hai, th ba, i hi nng lng rt ln. 2.21 Gii a. Gi tng s ht proton, ntron v electron ca nguyn t A l: PA, NA, EA v B l PB, NB, EB. Ta c P A = EA v PB = EB. Theo bi: Tng s cc loi ht proton, ntron v electron ca hai nguyn t A v B l 142 nn: PA + NA + EA + PB + NB + EB = 142 m 2PA + 2P B + NA + NB = 142 PA + EA + PB + EB - NA - NB = 42 m 2PA + 2PB - NA - NB = 42 PB + EB - PA - EA = 12 m 2PB - 2PA = 12 m PB - PA = 6 T (1), (2), (3) ta c: P A = 20 (Ca) v PB = 26 (Fe) b. iu ch Ca t CaCO3 v Fe t Fe2O3. iu ch Ca: CaCO3 + 2HCl p CaCl2 + CO2 o + H2O (1) (2) (3) Tng s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 42 nn: S ht mang in ca nguyn t B nhiu hn ca nguyn t A l 12 nn:

CaCl 2 dpnc p Ca  Cl 2 o

52

t iu ch Fe: Fe2O3 + 3CO p 2Fe + 3CO2o

2.22 Gii a. Gi s mol kim loi M l a mol. M + 2H2O p M(OH)2 + H2 o (mol): a S mol kh H2 = a

PV 1 v 6,11 = 0,25 (mol) nn: a = 0,25 ! T 0,082 v (273  25)

Ta c: Ma = 10 p M = 40 (Ca). b. S mol Ca = 0,1 mol. Cc phng trnh phn ng: Ca (mol): 0,075 Ca (mol): 0,025 + 2HCl p CaCl2 + H2 o 0,15 0,075 + 2H2O p Ca(OH)2 + H2 o 0,025

Dung dch B gm: CaCl2 = 0,075 mol v Ca(OH)2 = 0,025 mol. CM

CaCl 2

! 0,03M ; CM Ca(OH) 2 ! 0,01M

2.23 Gii a. Gi s ht prroton, ntron, electron ca nguyn t X l P, N, E v ca Y l P, N, E. Theo bi: P = N = E v P = N = E. Trong hp cht XY2, X chim 50% v khi lng nn: MX PN 50 m ! 1 m P = 2P. ! 2M Y 50 2(P '  ' ) Tng s proton trong phn t XY2 l 32 nn P + 2P = 32. T y tm c: P = 16 (S) v P = 8 (O). Hp cht cn tm l SO 2. Cu hnh electron ca S: 1s22s22p63s23p4 v ca O: 1s22s22p4 b. Lu hunh s 16, chu k 3, nhm VIA. Oxi s 8, chu k 2, nhm VIA.

53

2.24 Gii 1. A, M, X thuc chu k 3 nn n = 3. Cu hnh electron, v tr v tn nguyn t: A: 1s22s22p63s1 ( s 11, nhm IA), A l kim loi Na. M: 1s22s22p63s23p1 ( s 13, nhm IIIA), M l kim loi Al. X: 1s22s22p63s23p5 ( s 17, nhm VIIA), X l phi kim Cl. 2. Cc phng trnh phn ng: 3NaOH + AlCl3 p Al(OH)3 q + 3NaCl Al(OH)3 q + NaOH p NaAlO2 + 2H2O NaAlO2 + HCl + H 2O p Al(OH)3 q + NaCl 2.25 Gii Gi s mol trong mi phn: Fe = x mol; M = y mol. Phn 1: Fe + 2HCl p FeCl2 + H2 o (mol): x x 2M + 2nHCl p 2MCln + nH2 o (mol): y Phn 2:
t 2Fe + 6H2SO4 (c) p Fe2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 o + 6H2O
0

0,5ny

S mol H2 = 0,07 nn x + 0,5ny = 0,07.

(mol): x
0

1,5x

t 2M + 2nH2SO4 (c) p M2(SO4)n + nSO2 o + 2nH2O

(mol): y

0,5nx M My ! ! 9 hay M = 9n. n ny

S mol SO2 = 0,09 nn 1,5x + 0,5ny = 0,09. Vy x = 0,04 v ny = 0,06. Mt khc: 56x + My = 2,78 nn My = 0,54. Vy Ta lp bng sau:

54

n M Vy M l Al. 2.26 Gii:

1 9 (loi)

2 18 (loi)

3 27 (nhn)

1. Gi s mol oxit RO = a mol. RO + H2SO4 p RSO4 + H2O (mol): a a a 48 v 6,125 - a = 0,03 - a. 98.100 m (0,03  a).98 0,98 = 2  48 100

S mol axit H2SO4 d =

C% (H2SO4) sau phn ng = 0,98%

m a = 0,025 (mol).
Ta c: (M + 16)a = 2 p M = 64 (Cu). 2. Dung dch A gm: CuSO4 = 0,025 mol; H2SO4 = 0,005 mol. H2SO4 + 2NaOH p Na2SO4 + 2H2O (mol): 0,005 0,01 CuSO4 + 2NaOH p Cu(OH)2 q + Na 2SO4 (mol): 0,025 0,05 0,06 v 40 .100 = 30 (gam). 8

Khi lng dung dch NaOH cn dng = Th tch dung dch NaOH cn dng = 2.27 Gii 1. Gi s mol M = a mol. M + H2SO4 p RSO4 + H2 o (mol): a a a S mol H2 = 0,05 mol nn a = 0,05 mol.

30 = 28,57 (ml) 1,05

55

Phn 1: RSO4 + 2NaOH p R(OH)2 + Na 2SO4 (mol): 0,025

0

0,025

t R(OH)2 RO + H2O p

(mol): 0,025

0,025

mRO = 1 gam m (R + 16).0,025 = 1 m R = 24 (Mg). C% (H2SO4) =

0,05 v 98 v 100% = 2,45%. 200

Phn 2: MgSO4.nH2O = 0,025 mol. Ta c: (120 + 18n).0,025 = 6,15 m n = 7. Vy cng thc mui ngm nc l MgSO4.7H2O. 2.28 Gii 1. M thuc nhm IIIA nn M c ha tr III. M + 4HNO3 p M(NO3)3 + NO o + 2H2O (mol): a 4a a a (2) (3) 30a  28 v 3b ! 28,8 m 30a + 84b = 7,2 a  3b (4) 10M + 36HNO3 p 10M(NO3)3 + 3N2 o + 18H2O (mol): 10b 36b 10b 3b Ta c: a + 3b = 0,25. MA = 14,4 v 2 = 28,8 m (1)

T (3), (4) ta c: a = 0,1 mol; b = 0,05 mol. M(a + 10b) = 16,2 p M = 27 (Al). 2. S mol HNO3 d = 2,5 - 4a - 36b = 0,3 (mol). Khi lng dung dch HNO3 ban u = 5000 v 1,25 = 6250 (gam). Khi lng dung dch sau phn ng = 6250 + 16,2 - 30a - 84b = 6259 (gam). C% (HNO3 sau phn ng) = 2.29 Gii

0,3 v 63.100% = 0,30%. 6259

56

1. V tr cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon: A: s 4, chu k 2, nhm IIA. B: s 20, chu k 4, nhm IIA. C: s 9, chu k 2, nhm VIIA. D: s 17, chu k 3, nhm VIIA. E: s 2, chu k 1, nhm VIIIA. 2. B l kim loi mnh nht. Hai kim loi A, B cng thuc nhm IIA, theo chiu t trn xung, tnh kim loi tng dn. C l phi kim mnh nht. Hai phi kim C, D cng thuc nhm VIIA, theo chiu t trn xung, tnh phi kim gim dn. E l nguyn t km hot ng nht v lp v bo ha electron. 2.30 Gii Gi k hiu chung ca hai kim loi kim l M. Gi s mol trong 46 gam hn hp u: M = a mol v Ba = b mol. Cc phng trnh phn ng: 2M + 2H2O p 2MOH + H2 o (mol): a a 0,5a (2) (3) (4) Ba + 2H2O p Ba(OH)2 + H2 o (mol): b b b S mol H2 = 0,5 mol nn: 0,5a + b = 0,5 m a + 2b = 1. Khi cho dung dch thu c tc dng vi dung dch Na2SO4: Ba(OH)2 + Na2SO4 p BaSO4 + 2NaOH Khi thm 0,18 mol Na2SO4, trong dung dch cn d Ba(OH)2 nn b > 0,18. Khi thm 0,21 mol Na2SO4, trong dung dch cn d Na2SO4 nn b < 0,21. Mt khc: Ma + 137b = 46 Kt hp (3), (5) ta c: b = 46  M 137  2M (5) (1)

Mt khc: 0,18 < b < 0,21 p 29,7 < M < 33,34.

57

Khi lng mol trung bnh ca 2 kim loi kim lin tip l: 29,7 < M < 33,34. Hai kim loi l Na (Na = 23) v K ( K = 39). 2.31 Hng dn: 1. Hai nguyn t A, B ng k tip nhau trong cng mt chu k trong bng tun hon nn in tch ht nhn hn km nhau 1 n v. Theo bi ra ta tm c: Z A = 12 v ZB = 13. A: 1s22s22p63s2 : A thuc chu k 3, nhm IIA l Mg B: 1s22s22p63s23p1 : B thuc chu k 3, nhm IIIA. 2. A v B u l kim loi, tnh kim loi ca A mnh hn B. Oxit BO c tnh ba yu hn oxit AO. 2.32 Hng dn: 1. Trong mt chu k, theo chiu t tri sang phi, in tch ht nhn tng dn v bn knh nguyn t gim dn, iu lm tng kh nng ht electron ca nguyn t trong phn t, do m in tng dn. Trong mt nhm, theo chiu t trn xung di, bn knh nguyn t tng dn v chim u th so vi s tng in tch ht nhn, iu lm gim kh nng ht electron ca nguyn t trong phn t, do m in gim dn. 2. Trong mt chu k, theo chiu t tri sang phi, in tch ht nhn tng dn v bn knh nguyn t gim dn, iu lm tng lc ht ca ht nhn i vi cc electron ha tr, do nng lng ion ha tng dn. Trong mt nhm, theo chiu t trn xung di, bn knh nguyn t tng dn v chim u th so vi s tng in tch ht nhn, iu lm gim lc ht ca ht nhn i vi cc electron ha tr, do nng lng ion ha gim dn. 2.33 Hng dn: T Na n Cl, bn knh nguyn t gim dn tun theo quy lut bin i bn knh trong mt chu k. l, trong mt chu k, khi i t tri sang phi in tch ht nhn tng dn trong khi s lp electron v nguyn t khng i, do bn knh nguyn t gim dn. T Li n Cs, bn knh nguyn t tng dn tun theo quy lut bin i bn knh trong mt phn nhm. l, trong mt phn nhm, khi i t trn xung di

58

s lp electron v nguyn t tng ln v chim u th hn so vi s tng in tch ht nhn, do bn knh nguyn t tng dn. 2.34 Hng dn: 1. Theo bi ra, ha tr ca X trong hp cht vi hiro l II nn ha tr cao nht trong oxit l VI. Vy X thuc chu k 3, nhm VIA trong bng tun hon. X l S. 2. Cc phng trnh phn ng: H2S + 4Cl2 + 4H2O p H2SO4 + 8HCl H2S + 2FeCl3 p 2FeCl2 + S q + 2HCl H2S + CuSO 4 p CuS q + H2SO4 2.35 Hng dn: 1. Gi s oxi ha dng cao nht v s oxi ha m thp nht ca R ln lt l +m v -n. Ta c: m + n = 8. Mt khc, theo bi ra: +m + 2(-n) = +2 m m - 2n = 2. T y tm c: m = 6 v n = 2. Vy R l phi kim thuc nhm VI. S khi ca R < 34 nn R l O hay S. Do oxi khng to c s oxi ha cao nht l +6 nn R l lu hunh. 2. Trong hp cht X, R c s oxi ha thp nht nn X c cng thc l H2S. Gi cng thc oxit Y l SOn. Do %S = 50% nn 2.36 Hng dn: 1. Gi cng thc chung ca hai mui l M2CO3 = a mol. M2CO3 + HCl p MHCO3 + MCl (mol): a a a MHCO3 + HCl p MCl + CO 2 o + H2O (mol): 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 Dung dch A gm MCl = a + 0,1 mol v MHCO3 = a - 0,1 mol.

32 50 = m n = 2. Cng thc ca Y l SO2. 16n 50

59

MHCO3 + Ca(OH)2 p CaCO3 q + MOH + H 2O (mol): a - 0,1 a - 0,1 Theo bi: s mol CaCO3 = 0,2 mol nn a - 0,1 = 0,2 m a = 0,3. Ta c: (2M + 60).0,3 = 35 m M = 28,33. Do hai kim loi kim thuc hai chu k lin tip nn l Na v K. 2. Gi s mol Na2CO3 = b mol v K2CO3 = c mol. Ta c b + c = 0,3 v 106b + 138c = 35. T y tm c b = 0,2 mol; c = 0,1 mol. m Na 2 CO 3 ! 21,2 gam; m K 2 CO 3 ! 13,8 gam. 2.37 Hng dn: 1. Gi cng thc chung ca hai mui l MCl2 v s mol c trong 15,05 gam hn hp l a mol. MCl2 + 2AgNO3 p M(NO3)2 + 2AgCl q (mol): 40a 100 0,8a

S mol AgNO3 = 0,12 mol nn 0,8a = 0,12 m a = 0,15 mol. Ta c: (M + 71)a = 15,05 p M = 29,33. Nh vy, A c khi lng nguyn t nh hn 29,33, A c th l Be hoc Mg. Nu A l Be th MB = Nu A l Mg th MB = 2.38 Hng dn: 1. Gi cng thc chung ca hai mui l MCO3 v s mol c trong 3,6 gam hn hp l a mol. MCO3 + 2HCl p MCl2 + CO2 o + H2O (mol): a a

5v 9 = 15: loi 3
5 v 24 = 40: Vy B l Ca. 3

60

Kh B l CO2 = a mol. Cho ton b lng kh B hp th ht bi dung dch cha 0,045 mol Ca(OH)2, xy ra 2 trng hp: Trng hp 1: Ca(OH)2 d ( a < 0,045 mol) CO2 + Ca(OH)2 p CaCO3 q + H2O (mol): a a a S mol CaCO3 = 0,04 mol p a = 0,04 (tha mn iu kin a < 0,045 mol). Ta c: (M + 60).0,04 = 3,6 m M = 30. Hai kim loi k tip l Mg v Ca. Trng hp 2: Ca(OH)2 khng d ( a u 0,045 mol) CO2 + Ca(OH)2 p CaCO3 q + H2O (mol): 0,04 (mol): 0,01 0,04 0,005 0,04 2CO2 + Ca(OH)2 p Ca(HCO3)2 S mol CO2 = 0,05 mol p a = 0,05 (tha mn iu kin a u 0,045 mol). Ta c: (M + 60).0,05 = 3,6 m M = 12. Hai kim loi k tip l Be v Mg. 2.39 Hng dn: Gi cng thc oxit l MxOy , c s mol l a mol.
t p xM + yH2O MxOy + yH2
0

(mol): a

ay

ax

Ta c: a(Mx + 16y) = 8 v ay = 0,15. Nh vy M.a.x = 5,6. t n l ha tr ca kim loi M (1 e n e3). 2M + 2nHCl p 2MCln + nH2 o (mol): ax 0,5n.a.x Ta c: 0,5n.a.x = 0,1 hay n.a.x = 0,2. Lp t l:

M Max ! ! 28 . Vy M = 28n. n nax 61

Ta lp bng sau: n M 1 28 (loi) 2 56 (nhn) 3 84 (loi)

Vy kim loi M l Fe. Lp t l: x ax 2 ! ! . y ay 3

Vy cng thc oxit kim loi l Fe2O3. 2.40 Hng dn: 1. T Na n Cl, bn knh nguyn t gim dn tun theo quy lut bin i bn knh trong mt chu k. l, trong mt chu k, khi i t tri sang phi, theo chiu in tch ht nhn tng dn, s electron lp ngoi cng tng dn trong khi s lp electron v nguyn t khng i, do bn knh nguyn t gim dn. Nng lng ion ha th nht tng dn do in tch ht nhn tng dn, bn knh nguyn t gim dn, lc ht ca ht nhn vi electron ha tr tng dn. 2. Tnh cht axit - ba trong dy oxit v hiroxit bin i theo chiu gim dn tnh ba v tng dn tnh axit. Na2O Oxit ba mnh MgO Oxit ba trung bnh Al2O3 Oxit lng tnh Al(OH)3 Hiroxit lng tnh SiO2 Oxit axit yu H2SiO3 Axit yu P2O5 Oxit axit trung bnh H3PO4 Axit trung bnh SO3 Oxit axit mnh H2SO4 Axit mnh Cl2O7 Oxit axit mnh HClO4 Axit rt mnh

NaOH Mg(OH)2 Ba kim Ba trung bnh

62

F. THNG TIN B S NG Sch gio khoa Ha hc 10 nng cao gii thiu bng tun hon dng di c rt nhiu u im. c thm thng tin, chng ti xin gii thiu mt s kiu bng tun hon khc. 1. Dng kim t thp

2. Dng bng tun hon xoy trn c

3. Dng bng tun hon c k hiu c bit

63

64

Chng 3 LIN KT HA HC A. TM TT L THUYT I. Lin kt lin kt ion v cng ha tr - Lin kt ha hc l s kt hp gia cc nguyn t to thnh phn t hay tinh th bn vng hn. - Cc nguyn t ca cc nguyn t c khuynh hng lin kt vi nguyn t khc to thnh t c cu hnh electron bn vng nh ca kh him (c 2 hoc 8 electron lp ngoi cng). 1. Lin kt ion nh ngha: L lin kt c hnh thnh do lc ht tnh in gia cc ion mang in tch tri du. S hnh thnh lin kt ion Nguyn t kim loi nhng electron ha tr tr thnh ion dng (cation). Nguyn t phi kim nhn electron tr thnh ion m (anion). Cc ion tri du ht nhau to thnh lin kt ion. Th d: Lin kt trong phn t CaCl2 + Nguyn t Ca nhng 2 electron to thnh ion dng. Ca -p Ca2+ + 2e + Nguyn t clo nhn 1 electron to thnh ion m. Cl2 + 2e p 2ClIon Ca2+ v 2 ion Cl- ht nhau to thnh phn t CaCl2. iu kin hnh thnh lin kt ion Cc nguyn t c tnh cht khc hn nhau (kim loi v phi kim in hnh). Quy c hiu m in gia hai nguyn t lin kt u 1,7 l lin kt ion. Cc hp cht ion c nhit nng chy v nhit si cao, dn in khi tan trong nc hoc nng chy. 2. Lin kt cng ha tr

65

nh ngha: L lin kt c hnh thnh gia 2 nguyn t bng mt hay nhiu cp electron dng chung. iu kin hnh thnh lin kt cng ha tr Cc nguyn t ging nhau hoc gn ging nhau, lin kt vi nhau bng cch gp chung cc electron ha tr. Th d Cl2, H2, N2, HCl, H2O... Quy c hiu m in gia hai nguyn t lin kt < 1,7 l lin kt cng ha tr. Lin kt cng ha tr c cc v khng cc Khi cp electron dng chung phn b i xng gia hai ht nhn nguyn t tham gia lin kt th l lin kt cng ha tr khng phn cc. Khi cp electron dng chung b ht lch v nguyn t c m in ln hn th l lin kt cng ha tr c cc. Quy c hiu m in gia hai nguyn t lin kt 0,4 e (G < 1,7 l lin kt cng ha tr c cc, nu gi tr ny nh hn 0,4 th lin kt l cng ha tr khng cc. II. S lai ha cc obitan nguyn t 1. S lai ha S lai ha obitan nguyn t l s t hp mt s obitan nguyn t trong mt nguyn t c cc obitan lai ha ging nhau, c s lng bng tng s obitan tham gia lai ha, nhng nh hng khc nhau trong khng gian. 2. Cc kiu lai ha thng gp a. Lai ha sp: L s t hp 1 obitan s vi 1 obitan p to thnh 2 obitan lai ha sp nm thng hng vi nhau, hng v hai pha.

   1 s 1 p



lai ha sp

b. Lai ha sp2: L s t hp ca 1 obitan s vi 2 obitan p ca mt nguyn t tham gia lin kt to thnh 3 obitan lai ha sp2 nm trong mt mt phng, nh hng t tm n cc nh ca tam gic u.

66

        





ha sp2

c. L h : L t h c n kt to thnh 4 ob t n g d n u.

ob t n v ob t n c mt nguyn t th m  h nh hng t tm n cc 4 nh c t

! " # $

! %

! & '(

ha sp3

III. S to thnh lin kt cng ha tr 1. Lin kt n c hnh thnh do s xen ph trc ca cc obitan (lin kt W). Cc lin kt W thng rt bn vng. Th d: H - Cl ; H - O - H 2. Lin kt i. Bao gm 1 lin kt W hnh thnh do s xen ph trc v 1 lin kt hnh thnh do s xen ph bn ca cc obitan lai ha. Lin kt thng km bn. Th d CH2 = CH2; O = C = O 3. Lin kt ba. Bao gm 1 lin kt W v 2 lin kt . Th d N | N ; CH | CH

67

IV. Ha tr v s oxi ha 1. Ha tr - Trong cc hp cht ion: ha tr (cn gi l in ha tr) chnh bng in tch ca ion . - Trong hp cht cng ha tr: ha tr (cng ha tr) chnh bng s lin kt ca nguyn t nguyn t to ra c vi cc nguyn t khc. 2. S oxi ha S oxi ha ca mt nguyn t trong hp cht l in tch ca nguyn t nguyn t trong phn t nu gi nh lin kt trong phn t l lin kt ion. Xc nh s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t trong phn t theo nguyn tc: + S oxi ha ca cc n cht bng khng. + Tng s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t trong phn t bng khng . + S oxi ha ca cc ion bng in tch ca ion . + Trong hu ht cc hp cht, s oxi ha ca hiro l +1, ca oxi l -2. V. Lin kt kim loi - Lin kt kim loi l lin kt c hnh thnh gia cc nguyn t v ion kim loi trong mng tinh th do d tham gia ca cc electron t do. - Cc mng tinh th kim loi thng gp: Lp phng tm khi, lp phng tm din, lc phng. - Cc kim loi dn in, dn nhit tt, c tnh do, c nh kim l do cu to tinh th kim loi quy nh. B. BI TP C LI GII 3.1 Vit cu hnh electron ca Cl (Z=17) v Ca (Z=20). Cho bit v tr ca chng (chu k, nhm) trong bng tun hon. Lin kt gia canxi v clo trong hp cht CaCl2 thuc loi lin kt g? V sao? Vit s hnh thnh lin kt . (Trch thi tuyn sinh H- C khi B nm 2004) 3.2 Hai nguyn t M v X to thnh hp cht c cng thc l M2X. Cho bit: - Tng s proton trong hp cht bng 46. - Trong ht nhn ca M c n - p = 1, trong ht nhn ca X c n = p.

68

- Trong hp cht M2X, nguyn t X chim 8 khi lng.

47

1. Tm s ht proton trong nguyn t M v X. 2. Da vo bng tun hon hy cho bit tn cc nguyn t M, X. 3. Lin kt trong hp cht M2X l lin kt g? Ti sao? Vit s hnh thnh lin kt trong hp cht . 3.3 Vit cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t A, B bit rng: - Tng s cc loi ht c bn trong nguyn t A l 34. S ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 10. - K hiu ca nguyn t B l
19 9

B.

2. Lin kt trong hp cht to thnh t A v B thuc loi lin kt g? V sao? Vit cng thc ca hp cht to thnh . 3.4 X, Y, Z l nhng nguyn t c in tch ht nhn ln lt l 9, 19, 8. 1. Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t . Cho bit tnh cht ha hc c trng ca X, Y, Z. 2. D on lin kt ha hc c th c gia cc cp X v Y, Y v Z, X v Z. Vit cng thc phn t ca cc hp cht to thnh. 3.5 Mt hp cht c cng thc XY2 trong Y chim 50% v khi lng. Trong ht nhn ca X c n = p v ht nhn Y c n = p. Tng s proton trong phn t XY2 l 32. a. Vit cu hnh electron ca X v Y. b. Da vo bng tun hon, cho bit X, Y l nhng nguyn t g? Cho bit bn cht lin kt v cng thc cu to ca phn t XY2. 3.6 Tng s ht proton, ntron, electron ca nguyn t mt nguyn t R nhm VIIA l 28. 1. Tnh s khi ca R. Da vo bng tun hon, cho bit R l nguyn t g? 2. Vit cng thc phn t v cng thc cu to ca phn t n cht R. 3. Vit cng thc electron v cng thc cu to hp cht ca R vi hiro. 3.7 Phn t NH3 c cu to dng chp tam gic vi gc lin kt HNH bng 1070.

69

1. Theo l thuyt lai ha, nguyn t nit trong phn t NH3 trng thi lai ha no? M t s hnh thnh lin kt trong NH3 theo gi thit lai ha . 2. Gii thch ti sao gc lin kt trong phn t NH3 li nh hn so vi gc ca t u (109,5o)? 3.8 Phn t H2O c cu to hnh ch V vi gc lin kt HOH bng 104,50. 1. Theo l thuyt lai ha, nguyn t oxi trong phn t H 2O trng thi lai ha no? M t s hnh thnh lin kt trong H2O theo gi thit lai ha . 2. Gii thch ti sao gc lin kt trong phn t H2O li nh hn so vi gc ca t u (109,5o)? 3.9 Trnh by cu trc ca tinh th nc . Tinh th nc thuc kiu tinh th nguyn t, phn t hay ion? 2. Hy gii thch v sao nc li ni trn b mt nc lng? 3.10 Nguyn t R c ha tr cao nht trong oxit gp 3 ln ha tr trong hp cht vi hiro. a. Hy cho bit ha tr cao nht ca R trong oxit. b. Trong hp cht ca R vi hiro, R chim

16 phn khi lng. 17

Khng dng bng tun hon, cho bit k hiu ca nguyn t R. c. Da vo bng tun hon cho bit R l nguyn t g? Vit cng thc electron v cng thc cu to oxit cao nht ca R. 3.11 Hp cht X to bi hai nguyn t A, B v c phn t khi l 76. A v B c s oxi ha cao nht trong cc oxit l +nO v + mO, v s oxi ha m trong cc hp cht vi hiro l -nH v -mH tha mn iu kin nO = nH v mO = 3mH. 1. Tm cng thc phn t ca X, bit rng A c s oxi ha cao nht trong X. 2. Bit rng X c cu trc phn t thng. Hy cho bit trng thi lai ha ca nguyn t A v bn cht lin kt trong X. 3.12 X l nguyn t thuc chu k 3, X to vi hiro mt hp cht kh c cng thc H2X, trong X c s oxi ha thp nht. 1. Xc nh v tr ca X trong bng tun hon. 2. Trong oxit cao nht ca R th R chim 40% khi lng. Tm khi lng nguyn t

70

ca R. 3. Da vo bng tun hon hy cho bit X l nguyn t no. Vit phng trnh phn ng khi ln lt cho H2X tc dng vi nc Cl2, dung dch FeCl3, dung dch CuSO4. 3.13 R l mt nguyn t phi kim. Tng i s s oxi ha dng cao nht vi 2 ln s oxi ha m thp nht ca R l +2. Tng s proton v ntron ca R nh hn 34. 1. Xc nh R 2. X l hp cht kh ca R vi hiro, Y l oxit ca R c cha 50% oxi v khi lng. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X v Y. 3. Vit cng thc cu to cc phn t RO2; RO3; H2RO4. 3.14 Cation X+ do 5 nguyn t ca 2 nguyn t ha hc to nn. Tng s proton trong X+ l 11. 1. Xc nh cng thc v gi tn cation X+. 2. Vit cng thc electron ca ion X+. Cho bit cu trc hnh hc ca ion ny? 3.15 Anion Y2- do 5 nguyn t ca 2 nguyn t ha hc to nn. Tng s electron trong Y2- l 50. 1. Xc nh cng thc phn t v gi tn ion Y2-, bit rng 2 nguyn t trong Y2thuc cng mt phn nhm v thuc hai chu k lin tip. 2. Vit cng thc electron ca ion Y2-. Cho bit cu trc hnh hc ca ion ny? 3.16 C 5,56 gam hn hp A gm Fe v kim loi M (ha tr n). Chia A lm hai phn bng nhau: Phn 1: Ha tan ht trong dung dch HCl long, c 1,568 lit kh H2. Phn 2: Ha tan ht trong dung dch H2SO4 c nng thu c 2,016 lit kh SO2. Vit cc phng trnh ha hc v xc nh tn kim loi M. Cc th tch kh o ktc. 3.17 kh hon ton 8 gam oxit ca mt kim loi thnh kim loi cn dng 3,36 lit H2. Ha tan ht lng kim loi thu c vo dung dch HCl long thy thot ra 2,24 lit kh H2. Bit cc kh o ktc. Xc nh cng thc ca oxit. Cho bit s oxi ha v ha tr ca kim loi trong oxit. 3.18 Kh hon ton 4,06 gam mt oxit kim loi bng CO nhit cao thnh kim loi. Dn ton b kh sinh ra vo bnh ng dung dch Ca(OH )2 d, thy to

71

thnh 7 gam kt ta. Nu ly lng kim loi sinh ra ha tan ht vo dung dch HCl d th thu c 1,176 lit kh H2 (ktc). 1. Xc nh cng thc oxit kim loi. 2. Cho 4,06 gam oxit kim loi trn tc dng hon ton vi 500ml dung dch H 2SO4 c, nng (d) c dung dch X v c kh SO2 bay ra. Hy xc nh nng mol/lit ca mui trong dung dch X. Coi th tch ca dung dch khng thay i trong sut qu trnh phn ng. (Trch thi tuyn sinh H- C khi A nm 2003) 3.19 Ha tan hon ton 7 gam kim loi M trong 200 gam dung dch HCl va thu c 206,75 gam dung dch A. 1. Xc nh M v nng % ca dung dch HCl. 2. Ha tan 6,28 gam hn hp X gm M v mt oxit ca M trong 170 ml dung dch HNO3 2M (long, va ) thu c 1,232 lit NO (ktc). Tm cng thc ca oxit. Cho bit s oxi ha v ha tr ca M trong oxit. C. BI TP T LUYN 3.20 Trong mng tinh th kim loi, ngi ta dng c kht l phn trm th tch m cc nguyn t chim trong tinh th c trng cho tng kiu cu trc. Vi kiu cu trc lp phng tm khi, = 68%; kiu cu trc lp phng tm din,

= 74%. Bng tnh ton c th, hy chng minh cc kt qu trn.

3.21 Tha nhn rng cc nguyn t Ca, Cu u c dng hnh cu sp xp c kht bn cnh nhau, th th tch chim bi cc nguyn t kim loi chim 74% so vi ton b khi tinh th. Hy tnh bn knh nguyn t Ca, Cu (theo n v ), bit khi lng ring ca cc tinh th kim loi iu kin chun tng ng l 1,55g/cm3 v 8,90g/cm3. Cho bit: Ca = 40,08; Cu =63,55; 1 = 10-8 cm; 1u = 1,67.10-24 g. 3.22 Trnh by bn cht lin kt kim loi. So snh lin kt kim loi vi lin kt cng ha tr v lin kt ion. 2. Hy gii thch ti sao cc kim loi c nhng tnh cht vt l c trng l c nh kim, c tnh do v c kh nng dn in, dn nhit tt.

72

3.23 Kim loi Na c cu trc mng tinh th theo kiu lp phng tm khi vi di mi cnh hnh lp phng l a = 0,429 nm. Hy tnh: 1. Bn knh nguyn t Na. 2. Khi lng ring (g/cm3) ca natri. Natri c th ni trn nc khng? Cho bit khi lng nguyn t ca natri l 23u ( 1u = 1,67.10-24 g). 3.24 Kim loi Ni c cu trc mng tinh th theo kiu lp phng tm din. Bn knh nguyn t ca Ni l r = 1,24.10-8 cm. Hy tnh: 1. di mi cnh hnh lp phng. 2. Khi lng ring (g/cm3) ca niken. Cho bit khi lng nguyn t ca niken l 58,7u ( 1u = 1,67.10-24 g). 3.25 Cu trc mng tinh th ca hp cht ion NaCl c biu din di y:

Trong cc qu cu ln (ion Cl-) phn b theo kiu lp phng tm din, cc qu cu nh (ion Na+) phn b tm v gia cc cnh ca hnh lp phng. 1. Tnh s ion Na+ v Cl- c trong mt hnh lp phng. 2. Tnh bn knh ion Na+ v Cl-. Cho bit hnh lp phng c cnh l a = 0,552 nm v t l bn knh D. BI TP TRC NGHIM 3.26 Lin kt ha hc trong phn t H2 c hnh thnh nh s xen ph ca cc orbitan no? rNa  rCl  ! 0,525 .

73

A. B. C. D. Mt kt qu khc. 3.27 Lin kt ha hc trong phn t HCl c hnh thnh nh s xen ph ca cc orbitan no? A. B. C. D. Mt kt qu khc. 3.28 Lin kt ha hc trong phn t Cl2 c hnh thnh nh s xen ph ca cc orbitan no? A. B. C. D. Mt kt qu khc. 3.29 Chn hnh v m t ng s to thnh lin kt trong phn t H2S .

74

A.

B.

C. 3.30 Hnh no di y m t s lai ha sp?

D.

A.

B.

C.

75

D. Mt p n khc. 3.31 Cho hnh v m t s to thnh orbitan lai ha sp2.

S lai ha sp2 sau y xy ra mt nguyn t do: A. s t hp ca 1orbitan s v 2 orbitan p ca nguyn t . B. s t hp ca 2orbitan s v 2 orbitan p ca nguyn t . C. s t hp ca 2orbitan s v 1 orbitan p ca nguyn t D. s t hp ca 1orbitan s v 3 orbitan p ca nguyn t 3.32 Cho 3 dng lai ha ln lt nh hnh v.

sp A. 1800, 1200, 109028 C. 109028 ;1200 ;1800

sp 2

sp3 B. 1200 ; 1800 ; 109028 D. 1800 ; 109028 ;1200

Gc gia cc orbitan lai ha ln lt l:

3.33 S xen ph no sau y to thnh lin kt ? A. B.

76

C. D. c A, B, C u ng. 3.34 S xen ph no sau y to thnh lin kt . A. B.

C. D. 3.35 Cho cc tinh th sau:

Kim cng( C ) Tinh th no l tinh th phn t: A.Tinh th kim cng v It C.Tinh th nc v It. A. HCl

I2

H2O B.Tinh th kim cng v nc . D.C 3 tinh th cho. B. H2O

3.36 Lin kt trong phn t no sau y hnh thnh do s xen ph ca cc obitan s

77

C. Cl2

D. H2

3.37 Cho cc phn t N2, HCl, NaCl, MgO. Cc phn t u c lin kt cng ha tr l A. N2 v HCl C. N2 v NaCl B. HCl v MgO D. NaCl v MgO

3.38 Mt phn t XY3 c tng cc ht proton, electron, notron bng 196. Trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 60, s ht mang in ca X t hn s ht mang in ca Y trong phn t l 76. XY3 l cng thc no sau y ? A. SO3 B. AlCl3 C. BF3 D. NH3 3.39 X, Y l hai nguyn t thuc cng mt nhm A, hai chu k lin tip. Cho
 bit tng s electron trong anion XY 2 3 l 42. Xc nh hai nguyn t X, Y v  XY 2 3 trong s cc phng n sau

A. Be, Mg v MgBe3 C. C, O v CO323.40 A. LiCl B. NaCl

B. S, O v SO 32D. Si, O v SiO 32C. CsCl D. RbCl

Lin kt trong phn t cht no sau y mang nhiu tnh cht ion nht?

E. P N V HNG DN GII BI TP 3.26. A 3.31. A 3.36. D 3.1 Hng dn: Cl (Z = 17) Ca (Z = 20) : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3.27. 3.32. 3.37. B A A 3.28. C 3.33. D 3.38. B 3.29. A 3.34. C 3.39. B 3.30. 3.35. 3.40. A C C

Clo nm s 17, chu k 3, nhm VIIA. Canxi nm s 20, chu k 4, nhm IIA.

78

Lin kt trong hp cht CaCl2 l lin kt ion v Ca l kim loi in hnh, Cl l phi kim in hnh. S hnh thnh lin kt: 2Cl + 2 v 1e p 2ClCa p Ca2+ + 2e Cc ion Ca2+ v Cl- to thnh mang in tch tri du, chng ht nhau bng lc ht tnh in, to thnh hp cht CaCl2: Ca2+ + 2Cl- p CaCl2 3.2 Hng dn: 1. Tng s proton trong hp cht M2X bng 46 nn : 2p + p = 46. (1)

MX 8 Trong hp cht M2X, nguyn t X chim 8 khi lng nn: ! 47 2M M 39

m n ,  p, 8 2p , 8 ! ! m m 39p = 8(2p + 1). 2(n  p) 39 2(2p  1) 39 (2)

T (1), (2) ta tm c: p = 19; p = 8. 2. M l kali (K) v X l oxi (O). 3. Lin kt trong hp cht K2O l lin kt ion v K l kim loi in hnh, O l phi kim in hnh. S hnh thnh lin kt: O + 2e p O22K p 2K+ + 2 v 1e Cc ion K+ v O2- to thnh mang in tch tri du, chng ht nhau bng lc ht tnh in, to thnh hp cht K2O: 2K+ + O2- p K2O 3.3 Hng dn: 1. Gi tng s ht proton, ntron, electron ca nguyn t A l P, N, E (trong P = E). Ta c: P + N + E = 34 v P + E - N = 10.

79

T y tm c P = E = 11; N = 12. K hiu ca nguyn t B l

19 9

B nn ZB = 9

Cu hnh electron ca A, B: A (Z = 11) B (Z = 9) : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 : 1s2 2s2 2p5

2. Lin kt trong hp cht gia A v B l lin kt ion v A l kim loi in hnh (nhm IA), B l phi kim in hnh (nhm VIIA). S hnh thnh lin kt: A p A+ + 1e B + 1e p BCc ion A+ v B- to thnh mang in tch tri du, chng ht nhau bng lc ht tnh in, to thnh hp cht AB: A+ + B- p AB. 3.4 Hng dn: 1. Cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t X, Y, Z: X: (Z = 9) Y: (Z = 19) Z: (Z = 8) : 1s2 2s2 2p5 : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 : 1s2 2s2 2p4

Tnh cht c trng ca Y l tnh kim loi, ca X v Z l tnh phi kim. 2. Lin kt gia X v Y, gia Y v Z l lin kt ion. - S hnh thnh lin kt gia X v Y: X + 1e p XY p Y+ + 1e Cc ion Y+ v X- ht nhau bng lc ht tnh in, to thnh hp cht YX. - S hnh thnh lin kt gia Y v Z: Z + 2e p Z22Y p 2Y+ + 2 v 1e

80

Cc ion Y+ v Z2- ht nhau bng lc ht tnh in, to thnh hp cht Y2Z. - X v Z l cc phi kim nn lin kt gia chng l lin kt cng ha tr. t c cu hnh bn vng, mi nguyn t X cn gp chung 1e, mi nguyn t Z cn gp chung 2e. Nh vy 2 nguyn t X s tham gia lin kt vi 1 nguyn t Z bng 2 lin kt cng ha tr n nh 2 cp electron gp chung. Do cng thc phn t ca hp cht l X2Z. 3.5 Hng dn: a. Trong hp cht XY2, X chim 50% v khi lng nn: 2M Y 50 2(p ,  n , ) ! 1 m p = 2p. ! m (p  n) MX 50 Tng s proton trong phn t XY2 l 32 nn p + 2p = 32. T y tm c: p = 16 v p = 8 . Cu hnh electron ca X: 1s22s22p63s23p4 v ca Y: 1s22s22p4 b. Da vo bng tun hon ta thy X l S, Y l O. Hp cht cn tm l SO 2. S hnh thnh lin kt trong phn t SO2:

O: Lin kt S: Lin kt O: O
Tng ng vi cng thc cu to: 3.6 Hng dn: 1. Gi tng s ht proton, ntron, electron ca nguyn t R l P. N, E. Trong P = E. Theo bi: P + N + E = 28 m 2P + N = 28 m N = 28 - 2P.

cho nhn

O S

81

Mt khc, P e N e 1,5P m P e 28 - 2P e 1,5P m 8 e P e 9,3 Vy P = 8 hoc 9. Do nguyn t R thuc nhm VIIA nn nguyn t nguyn t R c 7 electron lp ngoi cng. P = 8: 1s22s22p4: loi P = 9: 1s22s22p5: tha mn. Vy P = E = 9; N = 10. S khi A= N + P = 19. R l flo. 2. T cu hnh electron ca F ta thy lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t F c 7 electron, cn thiu mt electron t cu hnh bn vng ca kh him gn nht. Do dng n cht, nguyn t F tn ti di dng phn t 2 nguyn t, lin kt gia hai nguyn t l lin kt cng ha tr n hnh thnh t mt cp electron dng chung. Cng thc phn t l F2, cng thc cu to l F - F. 3. Cng thc electron v cng thc cu to hp cht ca R vi hiro nh sau:

.. . . F. . ..

H-F Cng thc cu to

Cng thc electron

3.7 Hng dn: 1. gii thch cu trc hnh hc ca phn t NH3, thuyt lai ha cho rng nguyn t N trng thi lai ha t din sp3.

sp3

S hnh thnh cc lin kt trong phn t NH3 c gii thch nh sau:

..
Ba obitan lai ha cha electron c thn

82 H

N H H H

s xen ph vi 3 obitan 1s ca 3 nguyn t H to thnh 3 lin kt . Mt obitan lai ha cha cp electron ca N khng tham gia lin kt hng v mt nh ca hnh t din.

Hnh 1. Cu to phn t NH3

2. Do cp electron khng lin kt trn nguyn t N ch chu lc ht ca ht nhn nguyn t N nn cp electron ny chim vng khng gian rng hn so vi 3 cp electron lin kt (chu lc ht ca hai ht nhn). Do vy n to ra lc y i vi m my cc cp electron lin kt, lm cc m my ny hi b p li, do vy gc lin kt thc t l 1070 hi nh hn so vi gc ca t din u. 3.8 Hng dn: 1. gii thch cu trc hnh hc ca phn t H2O, thuyt lai ha cho rng nguyn t O trng thi lai ha t din sp3.

sp3
S hnh thnh cc lin kt trong phn t H2O c gii thch nh sau: Hai obitan lai ha cha electron c thn s xen ph vi 2 obitan 1s ca 2 nguyn t H to thnh 2 lin kt . Hai obitan lai ha cha cp electron ca O khng tham gia lin kt hng v hai nh ca hnh t din.

83

2. Do 2 cp electron khng lin kt trn nguyn t O ch chu lc ht ca ht nhn nguyn t O nn 2 cp electron ny chim vng khng gian rng hn so vi 2 cp electron lin kt (chu lc ht ca hai ht nhn). Do vy n to ra lc y i vi m my cc cp electron lin kt, lm cc m my ny hi b p li, do vy gc lin kt thc t l 104,50 nh hn so vi gc ca t din u. Hnh 2. Cu to phn t H2O 3.9 Hng dn: Mng tinh th nc thuc kiu mng tinh th phn t. Mi phn t nc lin kt vi 4 phn t nc khc gn n nht nm trn bn nh ca mt hnh t din u. Nh vy, trong mng tinh th, mi phn t nc u tm ca mt hnh t din u v lin kt vi 4 phn t nc trn 4 nh nh to thnh 4 lin kt hiro. Hnh 3. M hnh tinh th nc

2. Cu trc tinh th phn t nc l cu trc t din, l cu trc rng nn c t khi nh hn khi nc trng thi lng, do vy nc ni trn b mt nc lng. Th tch nc ca khi ng c ln hn khi trng thi lng. 3.10 Hng dn: a. Gi ha tr cao nht ca R trong oxit l m, ha tr trong hp cht vi hiro l n.

84

Ha tr cao nht ca R trong oxit l m nn lp ngoi cng nguyn t R c m electron. Ha tr trong hp cht ca R vi hiro l n nn t c cu hnh 8 electron bo ha ca kh him, lp ngoi cng nguyn t R cn nhn thm n electron. Nh vy ta c: m + n = 8. Theo bi: m = 3n. T y tm c m =6; n = 2. b. Cng thc hp cht R vi hiro l H2R. Theo bi: M R 16 nn R = 32. ! 2M H 1

Gi tng s ht proton, ntron ca R l P, N. Ta c P + N = 32. Ta c: P e N e 1,5P m P e 32 - P e 1,5P m 12,8 e P e 16. Mt khc, R thuc nhm VI (ha tr cao nht trong oxit bng VI) nn da vo cu hnh electron khi P = 13, 14, 15, 16 ta thy P = 16 tha mn. Vy k hiu ca nguyn t R l:
32 16

R.

c. R l lu hunh. Ha tr cao nht ca S trong oxit l VI nn cng thc oxit l SO3. Cng thc electron v cng thc cu to ca oxit SO3 nh sau:

.. . . O. . ..

.. . . O. . .. S .. . . O. . ..

O O S O

Cng thc electron 3.11 Hng dn:

Cng thc cu to

a. A, B c s oxi ha cao nht trong cc oxit l +nO v + mO nn lp ngoi cng ca A, B c s electron l nO v mO. A, B c s oxi ha m trong cc hp cht vi hiro l -nH v - mH nn ta thy hon thnh lp v bo ha 8 electron, lp ngoi cng ca A, B cn nhn thm s electron l nH v mH. Nh vy: nO + nH = 8 v mO + mH = 8. Theo bi: nO = nH v mO = 3mH. T y tm c nO = nH = 4, mO = 6, nH = 2.

85

A c s oxi ha dng cao nht l +4 nn A thuc nhm IV, B c s oxi ha dng cao nht l +6 nn B thuc nhm VI. Trong hp cht X, A c s oxi ha +4 (nhng 4 electron) nn mt nguyn t A lin kt vi 2 nguyn t B, trong B c s oxi ha -2. Cng thc phn t ca X l AB2. Theo bi: khi lng phn t ca X l 76u nn MA + 2MB = 76u. p MB < 76u = 38u. 2

Mt khc, B thuc nhm VI v to c s oxi ha cao nht trong oxit l +6 nn B l lu hunh. Vy MB = 32u, suy ra MA = 76u - 2 v 32u = 12u. A l cacbon. Cng thc ca X l CS2. 2. Theo bi, CS2 c cu trc thng nn nguyn t C trng thi lai ha sp. Cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t lu hunh:

2px 2py

sp3 2s 2p sp

3s

3p

Lin kt trong phn t CS2 c hnh thnh nh sau: Hai obitan lai ha sp ca C xen ph trc vi hai obitan 3p cha electron c thn ca 2 lu hunh to thnh 2 lin kt . Hai obitan 2px, 2py khng tham gia lai ha ca C xen ph bn vi hai obitan 3p cha electron c thn ca 2 lu hunh to thnh 2 lin kt . Nh vy, nguyn t cacbon to vi mi nguyn t lu hunh 1 lin kt lin kt . Cng thc cu to ca phn t CS2 nh sau: v 1

S 86

3.12 Hng dn: 1. Theo bi ra, ha tr ca X trong hp cht vi hidro l II nn ha tr cao nht trong oxit l VI. Vy X thuc chu k 3, nhm VIA trong bng tun hon. 2. R thuc nhm VI nn ha tr cao nht trong oxit l VI, vy cng thc oxit cao nht c dng RO3. Trong oxit ny R chim 40% khi lng nn: MR 40 ! p MR = 32. 3 v 16 60 3. X l S. Cc phng trnh phn ng: H2S + 4Cl2 + 4H2O p H2SO4 + 8HCl H2S + 2FeCl3 p 2FeCl2 + S q + 2HCl H2S + CuSO 4 p CuS q + H2SO4 3.13 Hng dn: 1. Gi s oxi ha dng cao nht v s oxi ha m thp nht ca R ln lt l +m v -n. S oxi ha cao nht ca R trong oxit l +m nn lp ngoi cng nguyn t R c m electron. S oxi ha trong hp cht ca R vi hiro l -n nn t c cu hnh 8 electron bo ha ca kh him, lp ngoi cng nguyn t R cn nhn thm n electron. Ta c: m + n = 8. Mt khc, theo bi ra: +m + 2(-n) = +2 m m - 2n = 2. T y tm c: m = 6 v n = 2. Vy R l phi kim thuc nhm VI. S khi ca R < 34 nn R l O hay S. Do oxi khng to c s oxi ha cao nht l +6 nn R l lu hunh. 2. Trong hp cht X, S c s oxi ha thp nht nn X c cng thc l H2S. Gi cng thc oxit Y l SOn. Do %S = 50% nn 32 50 = m n = 2. Cng thc ca Y l SO2. 16n 50

3. Cng thc cu to ca SO2; SO3; H2SO4:

87

O O S O S

O O

HO HO

O O

3.14 Hng dn:

11 = 2,2. Vy 5 mt nguyn t trong X+ c in tch ht nhn nh hn 2,2, nguyn t l H (Z = 1). Ta loi trng hp He (Z = 2) v He l kh him khng to c hp cht.
1. S proton trung bnh ca mt ht nhn nguyn t trong X+ l Vy cng thc ion X+ c dng: [A5-nHn]+. Trong : (5-n).ZA + n = 11. Ta lp bng sau: n ZA (A) 1 2,5 (loi) 2 3 (Li) 3 4 (Be) 4 7 (N)

Ta loi cc trng hp A l Li, Be v cc ion X+ tng ng khng tn ti. Trng hp A l nit tha mn v ion amoni tn ti. Vy X+ l ion NH  . 4 2. Cng thc electron ca ion NH  nh sau: 4

.. . .N. . ..
H

Cng thc electron 3.15 Hng dn:Gi cng thc ca Y2- l [

5m m

Cng thc cu to ]2 .

Theo bi, tng s electron trong Y2- bng 50 nn tng s proton trong Y2- bng 48. Ta c: (5-m)Z) + mZ* = 48. Ta nhn thy: (1)

88

48 = 9,6 nn E 5 thuc chu k 2, F chu k k tip vi E nn F thuc chu k 3. Mt khc, hai nguyn t E v F thuc cng mt phn nhm nn ZF - ZE = 8. (2)
2S proton trung bnh ca mt ht nhn nguyn t trong Y l

T (1), (2) ta c: 5ZE + 8m = 48. Ta lp bng sau: m ZE (E) 1 8 (O) 2 6,4 (loi) 3 4,8 (loi) 4 3,2 (loi)

 Vy E l O. T suy ra F l S. Ion Y 2- cn tm l ion sunfat SO 2 . 4  2. Cng thc electron ca ion SO 2 nh sau: 4

.. . . O. . .. .. . . ... . O . S . .. . .. O. .. . . O. . ..
3.16 Hng dn:

2-

O S O O O

2-

Cng thc electron

Cng thc cu to

Gi s mol trong mi phn: Fe = x mol; M = y mol. Phn 1: Fe + 2HCl p FeCl2 + H2 o (mol): x x 2M + 2nHCl p 2MCln + nH2 o (mol): y Phn 2: 0,5ny S mol H2 = 0,07 nn x + 0,5ny = 0,07.

89

t 2Fe + 6H2SO4 (c) p Fe2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 o + 6H2O

(mol): x
0

1,5x

t 2M + 2nH2SO4 (c) p M2(SO4)n + nSO2 o + 2nH2O

(mol): y

0,5nx

S mol SO2 = 0,09 nn 1,5x + 0,5ny = 0,09. Vy x = 0,04 v ny = 0,06. Mt khc: 56x + My = 2,78 nn My = 0,54. Vy Ta lp bng sau: n M Vy M l Al. 3.17 Hng dn: Gi cng thc oxit l MxOy = a mol.
t p xM + yH2O MxOy + yH2
0

M My ! ! 9 hay M = 9n. n ny

1 9 (loi)

2 18 (loi)

3 27 (nhn)

(mol): a

ay

ax

Ta c: a(Mx + 16y) = 8 v ay = 0,15. Nh vy Max = 5,6. 2M + 2nHCl p 2MCln + nH2 o (mol): ax Ta c: 0,5nax = 0,1 hay nax = 0,2. Lp t l: M Max ! ! 28 . Vy M = 28n. n nax 0,5nax

Ta lp bng sau: n M 1 28 (loi) 2 56 (nhn) 3 84 (loi)

Vy kim loi M l Fe.

90

Lp t l:

x ax 2 ! ! . Vy cng thc oxit l Fe2O3. y ay 3

S oxi ha ca st trong oxit l +3, ha tr ca st l III. 3.18 Hng dn: Gi cng thc oxit l: MxOy = a mol. Ta c: a(Mx + 16y) = 4,06.
t MxOy + yCO xM + yCO2 p
0

(mol): a (mol): ay

ax ay

ay

CO2 + Ca(OH)2 p CaCO3q + H2O Ta c: ay = 0,07. T y suy ra: Max = 2,94. 2M + 2nHCl p 2MCln + nH2 o (mol): ax 0,5nax M Max ! ! 28 . Vy M = 28n. n nax Ta c: 0,5nax = 0,0525 hay nax = 0,105. Lp t l:

Ta lp bng sau: n M 1 28 (loi) 2 56 (nhn) 3 84 (loi)

Vy kim loi M l Fe. Lp t l:

x ax 3 ! ! . Vy cng thc oxit l Fe3O4. y ay 4

3.19 Hng dn: 1. Gi ha tr kim loi l n v s mol l a mol. Ta c: Ma = 7. 2M + 2nHCl p 2MCln + nH2 o (mol): a a 0,5na Khi lng dung dch sau phn ng tng 6,75 gam nn: 7 - 0,5na v 2 = 6,75 hay na = 0,25.

91

Lp t l:

a ! 28 . Vy na

= 28n.

Ta lp bng sau: n 1 28 (loi) Vy kim loi l Fe. 2 56 (nhn) 3 84 (loi)

2. Gi s mol: Fe = b v FexOy = c mol. Ta c 56b + (56x + 16y)c = 6,28. Fe + 4HNO3 p Fe(NO3)3 + NO o + 2H2O (mol): b 4b b 3FexOy + (12x - 2y)HNO3 p 3xFe(NO3)3 + (3x - 2y)NO o + (6x - y)H2O (mol): c (12x  2y)c 3 (3x  2y)c 3

Ta c: 4b +

(12x  2y)c (3x  2y)c = 0,34 v b + = 0,055. 3 3

T y tnh c: b = 0,05 mol; xc = 0,045 mol v yc = 0,06 mol. Lp t l: x xc 3 ! ! . Vy cng thc oxit l Fe3O4. y yc 4

8 S oxi ha ca st trong oxit l + , ha tr ca st l II v III (FeO.Fe2O3). 3 3.20 Hng dn: Gi a l di mi cnh ca hnh lp phng v r l bn knh ca nguyn t kim loi. - c kht ca mng tinh th lp phng tm khi. Trong mng th lp phng tm khi, mi qu cu u tm ca mt hnh lp phng v tip xc trc tip vi 8 qu cu 8 nh. Xt hnh ch nht ABCD. Theo bi: AB = a nn ta tnh c: BC = a 2 ; AC = a 3 = 4r.

A 92 B

D C

A
a

D C

a 2 a 3 = 4r

S qu cu trong mt hnh lp phng: 1 + 8v

1 = 2. 8
4 3 r . 3

Tng th tch cc qu cu trong mt hnh lp phng: V = 2v Th tch ca mt hnh lp phng: V = a3 = 3 V .100% = .100% = 68%. , 8 V

64r 3 3 3

Vy: !

- c kht ca mng tinh th lp phng tm din. Xt hnh ch nht ABCD. Theo bi: AB = BC = a nn ta tnh c: AC = a 2 = 4r.

D D C C

A
a

a a 2 = 4.r

C 1 1 + 8 v = 4. 2 8
4 3 r . 3

S qu cu trong mt hnh lp phng: 6v

Tng th tch cc qu cu trong mt hnh lp phng: V = 4v Th tch ca mt hnh lp phng: V = a3 = 2 V .100% = .100% = 74%. , 6 V

64r 3 2 2

Vy: !

3.21 Hng dn: Gi bn knh nguyn t Ca, Cu ln lt l r1, r2.

93

Xt khi tinh th kim loi c th tch V = 1cm3, khi th tch chim bi cc qu cu kim loi l 0,74 cm3. Gi s nguyn t Ca, Cu c trong 1 cm3 tinh th kim loi l ln lt l N1, N2: Ta c: N1 =

1,55 40, 08 v 1, 67.10 24

; N2 =

8,90 63,55 v 1,67.10  24

Th tch chim bi N1 mt qu cu kim loi Ca l 0,74 cm3 nn:

N1.

1,55 4 4 . . r13 = 0,74 cm3 m . . . r13 = 0,74 cm3  24 3 3 40,08 v 1,67.10

-8 p r1 = 1,97.10 cm = 1,97.

Th tch chim bi N2 mt qu cu kim loi Cu l 0,74 cm3 nn: 8,90 4 4 . . r23 = 0,74 cm3 m . . . r23 = 0,74 cm3  24 63,55 v 1,67.10 3 3

N2.

-8 p r2 = 1,28.10 cm = 1,28

3.22 Hng dn: 1. Trong tinh th kim loi, ion dng kim loi v nguyn t kim loi cc nt ca mng tinh th. Cc electron ha tr lin kt yu vi ht nhn nn d tch khi nguyn t v chuyn ng t do trong mng tinh th, lc ht gia cc electron ny v cc ion dng to nn lin kt kim loi. Nh vy, lin kt kim loi l lin kt c hnh thnh gia cc nguyn t v ion kim loi trong mng tinh th do s tham gia ca cc electron c thn. Lin kt kim loi v lin kt cng ha tr ging nhau l c nhng electron chung ca cc nguyn t, nhng electron chung trong lin kt kim loi l ca tt c nhng nguyn t kim loi c mt trong n cht. Lin kt kim loi v lin kt ion u c hnh thnh do lc ht tnh in gia cc phn t tch in tri du, nhng cc phn t tch in tri du trong lin kt kim loi l ion dng kim loi v cc electron t do. 2. Tnh c nh kim: Trong tinh th kim loi c cc electron t do c kh nng

94

phn x hu ht cc tia sng trong vng nhn thy nn kim loi tinh khit thng c nh kim. Tnh do: Khi tc dng lc ln tinh th kim loi, cc nguyn t kim loi ch b x dch v tr trong mng tinh th, lin kt kim loi vn c duy tr nn tinh th kim loi ch b bin dng m khng b ph v. Tnh dn in: Khi ni hai u dy dn kim loi vi mt hiu in th, di tc dng ca t trng, cc electron t do chuyn ng c hng gy ra dng in. Tnh dn nhit: Khi t nng mt u dy dn kim loi, cc electron s chuyn ng nhit mnh v di chuyn n cc vng c nhit thp hn, trn ng i chng va chm vi cc nt mng v cc electron khc, bin mt phn ng nng thnh nhit nng v lm cho cc vng nng dn ln, gy ra tnh dn nhit ca k im loi. 3.23 Hng dn: 1. Gi bn knh nguyn t ca Na l r. Theo bi 15, trong mng tinh th lp phng tm khi ta c: a 3 = 4r. Do : r = a 3 = 0,186 (nm). 4

2. S nguyn t Na trong mt hnh lp phng l: 1 + 8 v Khi lng 2 nguyn t Na trong mt hnh lp phng: M = 2 v 23u = 46u = 46.1,67.10-24 g = 7,68.10-23 g Th tch ca mt hnh lp phng:

1 = 2. 8

V = a3 = (0,429.10-9 m)3 = (0,429.10-7 cm)3 = 7,89.10-23 cm3. Vy: d !

7,68.10 -23 g M = = 0,97 g/cm3. (Gi tr thc t l 0,97g/cm3). - 23 3 V 7,89.10 cm

Nh vy khi lng ring ca Na nh hn khi lng ring ca nc (1g/cm3) nn Na ni trn nc. 3.24 Hng dn: 1. Gi bn knh nguyn t ca Na l r.

95

Theo bi 15, trong mng tinh th lp phng tm din ta c: a 2 = 4r. Do : a = 4r 2 = 3,51.10-8 (cm). 1 1 + 8 v = 4. 2 8

2. S qu cu trong mt hnh lp phng: 6v

Khi lng 4 nguyn t Ni trong mt hnh lp phng: M = 4 v 58,7 u = 4 v 58,7 v 1,67.10-24 g = 392,12.10-24 g Th tch ca mt hnh lp phng: V = a3 = (3,51.10-8 cm)3 = 43,24.10-24 cm3. Vy: d ! 392,12.10 -24 g M = = 9,06 g/cm3. (Gi tr thc t l 8,90g/cm3). - 24 3 V 43,24.10 cm

3.25 Hng dn: 1. Tnh s lng mi loi ion trong mt hnh lp phng: S ion Na+ = 1 (tm) v 1 + 12 (cnh) v S ion Cl- = 6 (mt) v

1 =4 4

1 1 + 8 (gc) v = 4 2 8
Na 

2. T hnh v ta thy: a = 2( r Kt hp vi t l bn knh

 rCl  ) nn rNa   rCl  = 0,276 nm. ! 0,525 ta tm c:

rNa  rCl 

rNa  = 0,095 nm v rCl  = 0,181 nm. F. THNG TIN B SUNG V sao ct st Newdeli n bn vng sau hn 15 th k? Khi n cn l thuc a ca Anh, c mt ngui Anh d nh xy dng mt nh my dt ti n . ng ta t mua my mc Anh, sau hai thng lnh nh trn bin, chuyn tu ch my mc, thit b cho nh my dt tng lai cp cng an ton. Tuy nhin, khi kim tra li, ng ta rt

96

sng st v tht vng khi thy ton b cc thit b, do khng c bo qun tt trong qu trnh vn chuyn thnh ph liu, han g. May mn cho nh cng nghip l ng mua bo him cho nh my ca mnh. Trong thi gian ch i nhn c tin bi thng t hng bo him, ng thm Newdeli. iu lm ng ngc nhin nht l ct st Newdeli tn ti 1500 nm m vn bn vng, khng c du hiu b han g. V sao ct st Newdeli bn vng ngoi tri, trong khi cc thit b my mc b ph hy sau hai thng? Phi chng c mt b mt no v luyn kim, v lin kt ha hc c bit ca st ct ny? ng ta rt t m mun bit iu b n, thn k ca ct st v b mt nh cp mt mu st nh t ct st ni ting ny. ng chia mu st lm nm phn, sau gi i phn tch cc phng th nghim hng u th gii lc by gi. Kt qu lm ng kinh ngc, st ch to ct l st nguyn cht, 99,99%. St nguyn cht hu nh khng b n mn ha hc, trong khi thp, mt hp kim ca st vi C, Mn, Si li b ph hy d dng. Hin tng trn c gi l s n mn in ha hc. Hin tng n mn in ha hc gy ra nhng tc hi rt ln, ph hy hng triu tn kim loi mi nm, thit hi kinh t ln n hng t SD. Ngi ta nghin cu nhiu cch bo v kim loi. Trong ng ch l cc phng php bo v b mt nh sn, m, lau du, m,... v phng php in ha. nh bn l ct st Newdeli n .

97

Chng 4 PHN NG HA HC A. TM TT L THUYT I. Phn loi phn ng ha hc Cc phn ng ha hc trong t nhin c chia thnh hai loi, loi c s thay i s oxi ha v loi khng thay i s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t. Loi phn ng ha hc th nht cn gi l phn ng oxi ha kh. Phn ng oxi ha kh l phn ng ha hc trong c s chuyn electron gia cc cht phn ng; hay phn ng oxi ha-kh l phn ng ha hc trong c s thay i s oxi ha ca mt s nguyn t. Cht c s oxi ha tng sau phn ng l cht kh, cht c s oxi ha gim l cht oxi ha. Th d: 2Na + Cl2 p 2NaCl l mt phn ng oxi ha kh. S oxi ha ca Na tng t 0 ln +1, cn s oxi ha ca Cl gim t 0 xung -1. Phn ng oxi ha-kh c th chia thnh ba loi l: phn ng oxi ha-kh thng thng, phn ng oxi ha -kh ni phn t v phn ng t oxi ha, t kh.
t Th d: 2KMnO4 p K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2 l phn ng oxi hakh ni phn t, trong cht kh v cht oxi ha thuc cng mt cht.
0

Cl2 + 2NaOH p NaCl + NaClO + H2O l phn ng t oxi ha, t kh, trong cht kh v cht oxi ha thuc cng mt nguyn t v cng s oxi ha ban u. II. S oxi ha v cch xc nh s oxi ha S oxi ha ca mt nguyn t trong phn t l in tch ca nguyn t ca nguyn t , nu gi nh rng lin kt gia cc nguyn t trong phn t u l lin kt ion. Xc nh s oxi ha t cng thc phn t: xc nh s oxi ha t cng thc phn t ngi ta da vo cc quy tc sau: Quy tc 1: S oxi ha ca cc nguyn t trong n cht bng 0.

98

Th d: S oxi ha ca cc nguyn t Na, Fe, H, O, Cl trong n cht tng ng Na, Fe, H2, O2, Cl2 u bng 0. Quy tc 2: Trong hu ht cc hp cht, + S oxi ha ca H l +1 (tr cc hp cht ca H vi kim loi nh NaH, CaH2, th H c s oxi ha -1). + S oxi ha ca O l -2 (tr mt s trng hp nh H2O2, F2O, O c s oxi ha ln lt l -1, +1). Quy tc 3: Trong mt phn t, tng i s s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t bng 0. Theo quy tc ny c th tm s oxi ha ca mt nguyn t no trong phn t nu bit s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t cn li. Th d: Tm s oxi ha ca S trong phn t H2SO4? Gi s oxi ha ca S trong H2SO4 l x, ta c: 2.(+1) + 1.x + 4.(-2) = 0 p x = +6 Vy s oxi ha ca S l +6. Quy tc 4: Trong ion n nguyn t, s oxi ha ca nguyn t bng in tch ca ion . Trong ion a nguyn t, tng i s s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t trong ion bng in tch ca n. Th d 1: s oxi ha ca Na, Zn, S v Cl trong cc ion Na+, Zn2+, S2-, Cl- ln lt l +1, +2, -2, -1.
2+ Tng i s s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t trong cc ion SO 4 , MnO 4 , NH4 ln lt l -2, -1, +1.

Th d 2: Tm s oxi ha ca N trong ion NO3- ? Gi s oxi ha ca N l x, ta c: 1.x + 3.(-2) = -1 x = +5 Vy s oxi ha ca N l +5. Ch : biu din s oxi ha th vit du trc, s sau, cn biu din in tch ca ion th vit s trc, du sau. Nu in tch l 1+ (hoc 1-) c th vit n gin l + (hoc -), nhng i vi s oxi ha phi vit y c du v ch (+1 hoc -1).

99

Xc nh s oxi ha t cng thc cu to

Trong mt s phn t hay ion a nguyn t c cu to phc tp, s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t ca cng mt nguyn t c th khc nhau. Vic xc nh s oxi ha theo cng thc phn t ch cho ta s oxi ha trung bnh, cn xc nh chnh xc s oxi ha ca tng nguyn t trong phn t phi da vo cng thc cu to. iu ny c bit gip chng ta c th thit lp cc phng trnh phn ng oxi ha - kh ca hp cht hu c khi ch c mt phn phn t tham gia phn ng oxi ha - kh mt cch n gin v d dng hn. Nguyn tc: coi cc cp electron u lch hon ton v pha nguyn t ca nguyn t c m in ln hn, khi theo s electron m 1 nguyn t nhng hay nhn xc nh s oxi ha ca n. Th d:
H H O O O Ca
-1 +4

O S
+1 o

-3

-1

-2

CH3 CH

CH2

Cl

-3

-3

CH3 CH CH3 Cl OH

II. Cc khi nim cn nm vng v du hiu nhn bit: 1. S oxi ha (hay qu trnh oxi ha) l s nhng electron. 2. S kh (hay qu trnh kh) l s nhn electron. 3. Cht oxi ha l cht nhn electron. Cht oxi ha cn gi l cht b kh. 4. Cht kh l cht nhng electron. Cht kh cn gi l cht b oxi ha . Cch nh: i vi cht oxi ha v cht kh: kh cho o nhn (o l cht oxi ha). i vi qu trnh oxi ha, kh: cht oxi ha tham gia qu trnh kh, cht kh tham gia qu trnh oxi ha . 5. Phn ng oxi ha - kh l phn ng ha hc xy ra trong c s chuyn electron gia cc cht phn ng. Ch : Do electron khng tn ti trng thi t do nn hai qu trnh oxi ha v kh lun xy ra ng thi (tc l c qu trnh oxi ha th phi c qu trnh kh

100

v ngc li). Tng s electron do cht kh nhng bng tng s electron do cht oxi ha nhn. Du hiu nhn bit 1. S oxi ha: l s tng s oxi ha 2. S kh: l s gim s oxi ha 3. Cht oxi ha l cht c s oxi ha gim. 4. Cht kh l cht c s oxi ha tng. 5. Phn ng oxi ha - kh l phn ng ha hc trong c s thay i s oxi ha ca mt hoc nhiu nguyn t. IV. D on tnh cht oxi ha-kh ca mt hp cht da vo s oxi ha Mt nguyn t c th tn ti nhiu trng thi oxi ha (s oxi ha) khc nhau. Th d: N c th c cc s oxi ha : -3, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5. S c th c cc s oxi ha : -2, 0, +4, +6 Nhn xt: - Nu mt nguyn t tn ti trng thi oxi ha cao nht th ch c th gim s oxi ha nn ch c th ng vai tr l cht oxi ha . - Nu mt nguyn t tn ti trng thi oxi ha thp nht th ch c th tng s oxi ha nn ch c th ng vai tr l cht kh. - Nu mt nguyn t tn ti trng thi oxi ha trung gian th c th tng s oxi ha hoc c th gim s oxi ha nn c th ng vai tr l cht oxi ha hoc cht kh. Cn c vo trng thi oxi ha c th d on tnh cht oxi ha, kh ca cc nguyn t trong phn t. Th d: Trong NH3, N c s oxi ha -3 l s oxi ha thp nht nn ch c th tng s oxi ha tc l ch c th ng vai tr l cht kh trong cc phn ng ha hc. Trong HNO3, N c s oxi ha +5 l s oxi ha cao nht nn ch c th gim s oxi ha tc l ch c th ng vai tr l cht oxi ha .

101

Trong NO2, N c s oxi ha trung gian l +4 nn c th l cht oxi ha hay cht kh.
y

Cch xc nh cc s oxi ha c th c ca mt nguyn t:

- S oxi ha m thp nht ca mt nguyn t chnh bng s electron ti a m mt nguyn t ca nguyn t c th nhn t c cu hnh ca kh him (ch xy ra i vi cc phi kim, cc kim loi khng c s oxi ha m). - Th d: Cc nguyn t nhm VA (N, P,...), c 5 electron ha tr, c th nhn ti a 3 electron nn s oxi ha thp nht l -3. Cc nguyn t nhm IVA (C, Si), c 4 electron ha tr, c th nhn ti a 4 electron nn s oxi ha thp nht l - 4. Cc nguyn t nhm VIIA (F, Cl, Br, I), c 7 electron ha tr. C th nhn ti a 1 electron nn c s oxi ha thp nht l -1. S oxi ha dng: s oxi ha dng cao nht ca mt nguyn t bng s th t nhm ca n. Th d: cc nguyn t nhm IA (Na, K,...) c 1 electron ha tr nn c s oxi ha dng cao nht l +1. Cc nguyn t nhm VIIA (F, Cl, Br, I) c 7 electron ha tr nn c s oxi ha dng cao nht c th l +7. Cc kim loi thng ch c mt s oxi ha dng bng s electron ha tr, vi Fe c 2 s oxi ha dng l +2 v +3, Cr c 3 s oxi ha dng l +2, +3 v +6, Cu c 2 s oxi ha dng l +1 v +2. V. Thit lp phng trnh ca phn ng oxi ha - kh C mt s cch thit lp phng trnh ca phn ng oxi ha - kh nh phng php thng bng electron, phng php ion - electron, tt c u da vo nguyn l bo ton khi lng v bo ton in tch. y ch cp n phng php thng bng electron, v y l phng php n gin nhng li c th cn bng hu ht cc phn ng oxi ha kh. Cc bc cn bng theo phng php ny nh sau: Bc 1: Xc nh s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t trong phn ng (ch nn biu din s oxi ha ca nhng nguyn t no c s thay i s oxi ha). T da vo du hiu nhn bit xc nh cht oxi ha, cht kh.

102

Bc 2: Vit cc qu trnh oxi ha v qu trnh kh v cn bng mi qu trnh. Bc 3: Tm h s thch hp cho cht oxi ha v cht kh theo nguyn tc: tng s electron cho bng tng s electron nhn. Tc l i tm bi s chung nh nht ca s electron cho v s electron nhn, sau ly bi s chung chia cho s electron cho hoc nhn th c h s ca cht kh v cht oxi ha tng ng. Bc 4: t h s ca cht oxi ha v cht kh vo phng trnh phn ng. Sau chn h s thch hp cho cc cht khng tham gia vo phn ng oxi ha - kh. Th d 1: Phn ng oxi ha - kh n gin, khng c mi trng

Fe2O3 +

H2

tO

Fe +

H2O

Bc 1: Xc nh s oxi ha , cht oxi ha , cht kh

+3 o

Fe2O3 +
Cht kh: H 02

H2

tO

Fe +

+1

H2O

Cht oxi ha : Fe+3 (trong Fe2O3) Bc 2: Vit cc qu trnh oxi ha, kh 2Fe+3 + 2x3e p 2Fe0 H02 (qu trnh kh)
+ p 2H + 2x1e (qu trnh oxi ha)

Ch : Khi cht oxi ha (kh) c ch s ln hn 1 trong phn t th phi thm h s (bng ch s trong phn t) vo qu trnh kh (oxi ha ) tng ng. th d trn: Fe+3, H0 c ch s l 2 trong phn t tng ng Fe2O3, H2 do vy cn thm h s 2 vo qu trnh kh, oxi ha . Bc 3: Tm h s cho hai qu trnh oxi ha v kh Bi s chung nh nht (BSCNN) = 6 do h s mi qu trnh nh sau: 1x 2Fe+3 + 2 x 3e p 2Fe0 3x H02 p 2H+1 +2 x 1e Bc 4: t h s cht oxi ha , cht kh vo phng trnh Fe2O3 + 3H2 p 2Fe + 3H2O

103

Th d 2: Phn ng oxi ha - kh trong cht oxi ha (kh) cn c vai tr lm mi trng

c Cu + H2SO4
tO

+ H2O CuSO4 + SO2 o

+4

Bc 1: Xc nh s oxi ha , cht oxi ha , cht kh

c Cu + H2SO4
o +6 tO +2

+ H2O CuSO4 + SO2 o

Cht oxi ha : S+6 (trong H2SO4) Cht kh: Cu0 Bc 2: Vit qu trnh oxi ha, qu trnh kh: Cu p Cu+2 + 2e (qu trnh oxi ha ) S+6 + 2e p S+4 BSCNN = 2 1 x  Cu p Cu+2 + 2e 1 x  S+6 + 2e p S+4 Bc 4: t h s cht oxi ha , cht kh vo phng trnh Do H2SO4 va ng vai tr l cht oxi ha va ng vai tr l mi trng nn h s ca n trong phng trnh khng phi l h s ca qu trnh kh m phi cng thm phn tham gia lm mi trng. Nhng hp cht ng hai vai tr nh vy thng cn bng h s cui cng.
c Cu + 2H2SO4
o +6 tO +2 +4

(qu trnh kh)

Bc 3: Tm h s cho hai qu trnh oxi ha v kh

CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O

+2 -1

Th d 3: Phn ng oxi ha - kh phc tp: c nhiu cht oxi ha hoc kh

FeS2 +
+2 -1

O2

tO

Fe2O3 + SO2
tO +3 -2

( FeS2 )
+4 -2

Bc 1: Xc nh s oxi ha, cht oxi ha , cht kh

FeS2 +
Cht oxi ha : O2 0

O2

Fe2O3 + SO2

104

Cht kh: Fe+2, S-1 (trong FeS2) Bc 2: Vit qu trnh oxi ha, qu trnh kh: Do c hai cht kh l Fe+2, S-1 trong mt phn t nn ln lt vit qu trnh oxi ha ca chng ri cng hai qu trnh li, ch m bo t l s ng uyn t +2 -1 trong phn t FeS2 gia Fe v S l 1:2 1 x 2Fe+2 p 2Fe+3 + 2e 2 x 2S-1 p 2S+4 + 10e 2FeS2 2FeS2 (trong Fe 2O3, Fe+3 c h s 2) (trong FeS 2 , S-1 c h s 2)

p 2Fe+3 + 4S+4 + 22e p 2Fe+3 + 4S+4 + 22e (qu trnh oxi ha )

O0 + 4e p 2O-2 2

(qu trnh kh)

Bc 3: Tm h s cho hai qu trnh oxi ha v kh BSCNN = 44 2 x 2FeS2

p 2Fe+3 + 4S+4

+ 22e

11 x O 0 + 4e p 2O-2 2 Bc 4: t h s cht oxi ha , cht kh vo phng trnh

4FeS2 + 11 O2

+2 -1

tO

2 Fe2O3 + 8 SO2

+3 -2

+4 -2

Th d 4: Phn ng oxi ha - kh ca hp cht hu c

C3H8

O2

tO

CO2 + H2O

Bc 1: Xc nh s oxi ha , cht oxi ha , cht kh

-8/3

C3H8

O2

tO

+4 -2 CO2

+ H2O

-2

Cht oxi ha : C-8/3 (trong C3H8) Cht kh: O 0 2

105

Nhn xt: trong phn ng trn tt c cc nguyn t C u b oxi ha thnh CO2 nn s dng s oxi ha trung bnh cn bng phng trnh ha hc. Bc 2: Vit qu trnh oxi ha, qu trnh kh: 3C-8/3 p 3C+4 + 20e (qu trnh oxi ha ) + 4e p 2O-2 O0 2 (qu trnh kh)

Bc 3: Tm h s cho hai qu trnh oxi ha v kh BSCNN = 20 1 x  3C-8/3 p 3C+4 + 20e 5 x  O0 + 4e p 2O-2 2 Bc 4: t h s cht oxi ha, cht kh vo phng trnh
-8/3

C3H8 + 5O2
CH2 + KMnO4 + H2O

tO

3CO2 + 4H2O

+4 -2

-2

Th d 5: Phn ng oxi ha - kh ca hp cht hu c

CH3 CH CH3 CH OH CH2 + MnO2 + KOH OH

Bc 1: Xc nh s oxi ha, cht oxi ha , cht kh

-1 -2

CH3 CH

CH2 + KMnO4 + H2O

+7

-1

+4

CH3 CH OH

CH2 + MnO2 + KOH OH

Cht oxi ha : C-1 v C-2 (trong CH3-CH=CH2) Cht kh: Mn +7 (trong KMnO4) Nhn xt: trong phn ng trn, ch c hai nguyn t C trong nhm CH v CH 2 b oxi ha, coi hai nguyn t ny l hai cht kh trong mt hp cht vi t l 1:1 v cn bng phn ng tng t nh vi th d 3. Bc 2: Vit qu trnh oxi ha, qu trnh kh: C-1 + C-2 p C0 + C-1 + 2e (qu trnh oxi ha ) Mn+7 + 3e p Mn+4 (qu trnh kh) Bc 3: Tm h s cho hai qu trnh oxi ha v kh

106

BSCNN = 6 3 x  C-1 + C-2 p C0 + C-1 + 2e 2 x  Mn+7 + 3e p Mn+4 Bc 4: t h s cht oxi ha, cht kh vo phng trnh
-1 -2

+ 2KM n

+7

4+

-1

3 CH3 CH OH

CH2 + 2MnO2 + 2KOH OH

+4

(H2O v KOH khng tham gia vo qu trnh oxi ha kh nn cn bng cui cng) VI. iu kin xy ra phn ng oxi ha kh Khi mt cht kh gp mt cht oxi ha liu c xy ra phn ng ha hc trong mi trng hp khng? Thc t khng phi nh vy. Phn ng oxi ha kh xy ra theo chiu: cht oxi ha mnh phn ng vi cht kh mnh to ra cht oxi ha yu hn v cht kh yu hn. Xt hai cp oxi ha - kh: Oxh1/Kh1 v Oxh2/Kh2 Oxh1 + Kh2 p Kh1 + Oxh2 Phn ng trn xy ra khi : Tnh oxi ha : Oxh1 > Oxh2 Tnh kh : Kh2 > Kh1 Th d: Fe c tnh kh mnh hn Cu v ion Cu2+ c tnh oxi ha mnh hn ion Fe2+ nn Fe y c Cu ra khi mui ca n:
Fe
0

C u SO 4 p Fe SO 4  C u

+2

+2

Nhn xt: + T phn ng oxi ha - kh c th so snh c kh nng oxi ha hoc kh ca cc cht. + Hoc nu bit kh nng oxi ha - kh ca cc cht c th d on c mt phn ng oxi ha - kh c xy ra hay khng. VII. Cc cht oxi ha, cht kh thng gp 1. n cht c th l cht oxi ha, c th l cht kh

107

- Cht oxi ha c th l cc n cht phi kim nh: C, N2, O2, Cl2, Br2,.. nhng nguyn t c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ns2np2 (C, Si), ns 2np3 (N, P), ns2np4(O, S), ns2np5 (F, Cl, Br, I). Trong cc halogen v oxi l nhng n cht oxi ha mnh nht. - Trong cc nhm IVA, VA, VIA, VIIA tnh oxi ha gim theo chiu tng dn ca bn knh nguyn t. - Cht kh in hnh l nhng nguyn t c s electron lp ngoi cng cha t mt n ba electron. Cc kim loi kim v kim th cc nhm IA v IIA, l nhng cht kh mnh. Trong tng nhm A, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, bn knh nguyn t ca kim loi tng v kh nng kh ca chng cng tng ln. Th d trong nhm IA, tnh kh yu nht l liti (Li) v tnh kh mnh nht l xesi (Cs) tr nguyn t Fr l nguyn t phng x. Cc phi kim cng th hin tnh kh nh C, Si, H2. - C th tm tt s bin thin tnh cht oxi ha - kh ca cc n cht trong bng tun hon theo bng sau: 2. Cc hp cht c th l cht oxi ha hoc l cht kh. Cc cht oxi ha nh KMnO4 (kali pemanganat), K2Cr2O7 (kali icromat), KClO3 (kali clorat), NaClO (natri hipoclorit),...Cc axit nh H2SO4 c nng, axit HNO3. Cc hp cht cha oxi ca halogen c tnh cht oxi ha bin i theo chiu sau: HClO HClO2 HClO3 HClO4 Chiu tng tnh axit, chiu gim ca tnh oxi ha. Ch : - Vi KMnO4 ty theo mi trng xy ra phn ng m Mn+7 b kh xung cc trng thi oxi ha khc nhau: + Mi trng axit (H+): Mn+7 p Mn+2 (tn ti dng mui Mn2+) + Mi trng trung tnh (H2O): Mn+7 p Mn+4 (tn ti dng MnO2) + Mi trng kim (OH -): Mn+7 p Mn+6 (tn ti dng K2MnO4) Th d: (1) 2KMnO4 + 10KI + 8H2SO4 p 2MnSO4 + 5I2 + 6K2SO4 + 8H2O

108

(2) 2KMnO4 + 6KI + 4H 2O p 2MnO2 + 3I2 + 8KOH (3) 2KMnO4 + H2O2 + 2KOH p 2K2MnO4 + O 2 + 2H2O - Vi HNO3 ty theo bn cht ca cht kh v nng ca axit m N+5 b kh +4 xung cc trng thi oxi ha khc nhau: N (NO2), N+2 (NO), N+1 (N2O), N0 (N2), N-3 (NH4NO3). Th d: (1) Fe + 6HNO3c, nng p Fe(NO3)3 + 3NO 2o + 3H2O (2) Fe + 4HNO3long
p Fe(NO3)3 + NOo + 2H2O

3. Cc hp cht kh nh H2S, NH3, CO, ... 4. Mt s cht va c tnh oxi ha va c tnh kh nh H2O2, SO2, ... B. BI TP C LI GII 4.1 Cho cc phn ng ha hc di y, phn ng no l phn ng oxi ha kh? 1) 2Na + 2H2O p 2NaOH + H2o 2) CO2 + Ca(OH)2 p CaCO3q + H2O
t N2 + 2H2O + 1/2 O 2 3) NH4NO3 p t 4) 2Ag + 2H2SO4 Ag2SO4 + SO 2o + 2H2O p
0 0

5) ZnO + 2HCl p ZnCl2 + H2O 4.2 Cn bng cc phng trnh phn ng sau theo phng php thng bng electron:
t 1) Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + Fe p
0

2) Al + NaNO3 + NaOH + H2O p NaAlO2 + NH3 3) Mg + HNO 3 p Mg(NO3)2 + N2O + NO + H2O. Bit V N 2O : VNO = 1:1
t 4) C6H5-CH3 + KMnO4 p C6H5-COOK + KOH + MnO2 + H2O t 5) KMnO4 p MnO2 + K2MnO4 + O2
0 0

4.3

Hy gii thch v sao a. NH3 ch th hin tnh kh?

109

b. S va th hin tnh oxi ha va th hin tnh kh? c. H2SO4 ch th hin tnh oxi ha? Cho th d minh ho i vi mi trng hp. 4.4 Cho dy sau: Fe2+ Cu2+ Fe3+ Fe Cu Fe2+

Bit rng, theo chiu t tri sang phi tnh oxi ha tng dn v tnh kh gim dn. Hi: a. Fe c th tan trong dung dch FeCl3 v dung dch CuCl2 c khng? b. Cu c th tan trong dung dch FeCl2 v dung dch FeCl3 c khng? 4.5 Xc nh s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t Cl, N, Mn, C trong cc cht sau: a. HCl, Cl2, HClO, HClO2, HClO3, HClO4 b. NH3, N2, N2O, NO, N2O3, NO2, N2O5 c. KMnO4, K2MnO4, MnO 2, MnSO4, Mn d. C, CO2, Na2CO3, CO, Al4C3, CaC2, CH2O Hy nhn xt v s oxi ha ca mt nguyn t? 4.6 Cho 19,2 g Cu tc dng ht vi dung dch HNO3. Tt c lng kh NO sinh ra em oxi ha thnh NO2 ri sc vo nc cng vi dng kh oxi chuyn ht thnh HNO3. Tnh th tch oxi (ktc) tham gia vo qu trnh trn. 4.7 Cho ag hn hp A gm FeO, CuO, Fe3O4 (c s mol bng nhau) tc dng va vi 250ml dung dch HNO3 thu c dung dch B v 3,136 lit hn hp NO2 v NO c t khi so vi hiro l 20,143. Tnh a v CM ca HNO3. 4.8 m g phoi bo st (A) ngoi khng kh sau mt thi gian bin thnh hn hp (B) c khi lng 30g gm Fe v cc oxit FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3. Cho B tc dng hon ton vi axit nitric thy gii phng ra 5,6 lit kh NO duy nht (ktc). Tnh m? 4.9 Ha tan ht 4,431g hn hp Al v Mg trong HNO3 long thu c dung dch A v 1,568lit (ktc) hn hp hai kh (u khng mu) c khi lng 2,59g, trong mt kh b ha nu trong khng kh. 1.Tnh thnh phn % v th tch mi kh trong hn hp. 2. Tnh s mol HNO3 tham gia phn ng.

110

3. C cn dung dch A thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan? 4.10 in phn dung dch cha 0,02 mol FeSO4 v 0,06mol HCl vi dng in 1,34 A trong 2 gi(in cc tr, c mng ngn). Tnh khi lng kim loi thot ra katot v th tch kh thot ra anot (ktc). B qua s ha tan ca clo trong nc v hiu sut in phn l 100%. 4.11 in phn 200ml dung dch hn hp Cu(NO3)2 v AgNO3 trong 4 gi vi dng in 0,402A th kim loi trong dung dch thot ra ht (khng c kh hiro bay ra). Xc inh CM ca mi mui, bit khi lng kim loi thu c l 3,44g. 4.12 Dung dch X cha HCl, CuSO4, Fe2(SO4)3. Ly 400ml dung dch X em in phn bng in cc tr, cng dng in 7,72A, n khi katot thu c 5,12g Cu th dng li. Khi anot c 2,24 lit mt cht kh bay ra (ktc). Dung dch sau in phn tc dng va vi 1,25 lit dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,2M v un nng dung dch trong khng kh cho cc phn ng xy ra hon ton th thu c 56,76g kt ta. 1. Tnh thi gian in phn. 2. Tnh CM ca cc cht trong dung dch ban u. C. BI TP T LUYN 4.13 Xc nh s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t N, S, Zn, Cr, Na, Fe trong cc cht v ion sau: a) NH4+, Li3N, HNO2, HNO3, NO3-, KNO3 b) Na2S, H2S, S, SO 2, H2SO3, SO3, H2SO4, SO42c) Zn, ZnCl2, ZnO, Zn2+, ZnO22d) Cr, CrCl2, Cr 2O3, Cr2SO4, CrO3, K2Cr2O7 e) Na, NaH, NaNO3, Na2O, NaBr f) Fe, Fe(OH)2, Fe(OH) 3, FeCl3, FeS, FeO, Fe 2O3 C nhn xt g v s oxi ha ca cc kim loi? 4.14 Xc nh s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t Mn, Cr, Cl, P trong cc hp cht sau: Na2MnO4, (NH4)2Cr2O4, KClO3, CaOCl2, NaClO, H3PO4, H4P2O7 4.15 Xc nh s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t C trong cc cht sau: a) CH3-CH2-CH3 b) CH3-CH2-CH=CH2

111

c) C6H5-CH3 e) CH3-COO-CH2-CH3 4.16

d) CH3-CH2-CH=O f) HCOOH

Xc nh vai tr ca cc cht trong cc phn ng sau: 1) Fe + H2SO4 p FeSO4 + H2o

t Na2SO3 + H2O 2) SO2 + 2NaOH p t 3) KNO3 p KNO2 + 1/2O2o
0 0

4) BaCl2 + Na2SO4 p BaSO4q + 2NaCl

t SO2 5) S + O 2 p
0

6) 3Al + 3Cl2 p 2Al Cl3 4.17 Phn ng no sau y l phn ng oxi ha kh? Nu l phn ng oxi ha kh hy ch r cht oxi ha, cht kh, s oxi ha v s kh? 1) CaO + H2O p Ca(OH)2
t 2) CuO + H2 p Cu + H2O
0

3) Fe3+ + 3OH- p Fe(OH)3 4) Fe + NO3- + 4H+ p Fe3+ + NO + 2H 2O 5) Cl2 + 2NaOH p NaCl + NaClO + H 2O 6) Ag+ + Cl- p AgClq 4.18 Trong cc qu trnh sau y, qu trnh no l qu trnh oxi ha ? Qu trnh kh ? C qu trnh oxi ha v qu trnh kh? Khng phi qu trnh oxi ha ln qu trnh kh? 1) Na
p Na+ + e

2) Cl2 + 2e p 2Cl3) OH- + H+ p H2O 4) NH3 + H+ p NH4+

t Fe3O4 5) 3Fe + 2O 2 p
0

112

6) Fe2+

p Fe3+ + e

7) MgO + 2HCl p MgCl2 + H2O 4.19 Cc loi phn ng sau: phn ng ha hp, phn ng phn tch, phn ng th c phi l phn ng oxi ha - kh khng? Cho th d minh ho? 4.20 Thit lp cc phng trnh phn ng oxi ha - kh sau theo phng php thng bng electron: Phn ng oxi ha - kh loi khng c mi trng 1) HBr + H2SO4 c. nng p Br2 + SO2 + H2O 2) Cl2 + SO2 + H2O p HCl + H2SO4
0

t 3) C + H2SO4 CO2 + SO 2o + H2O p t , t 4) NH3 + O2 p N2O + H2O

0 o

t 5) Fe3O4 + Al p Al2O3 + Fe
0

t 6) CuO + H2 Cu + H2O p

7) NO2 + O2 + H2O p HNO3 8) O3 + KI + H 2O p O2o + I2 + KOH 9) H2S + Cl 2 + H2O p H2SO4 + HCl 10) H2O2 + PbS p Pb(SO4) + H2O 11) Mg + HCl p MgCl2 + H2o 4.21 Thit lp cc phng trnh phn ng oxi ha - kh sau theo phng php thng bng electron: Phn ng oxi ha - kh loi c mi trng 1) Zn + HNO3 (rt long) p Zn(NO3)2 + NH4NO3 + H2O 2) Zn + HNO3 (long) 3) Zn + HNO3 (c) 4) Al + H 2SO4 (c)
p Zn(NO3)2 + NOo + H2O p Zn(NO3)2 + NO2o + H2O
0

t p Al2(SO4)3 + SO2o + H2O

113

5) Al + NaOH + H 2O p NaAlO2 + H2o 6) Zn + NaOH + H2O p Na2ZnO2 + H2o 7) NaBr + H2SO4 + KMnO4 p Br2 + MnSO4 + K2SO4 + H2O 8) K2Cr2O7 + FeSO4 + H2SO4 p Cr2(SO4)3 + Fe2(SO4)3 + K2SO4 + H2O 9) H2O2 + KMnO 4 + H2SO4 p O2 + MnSO2 + K2SO4 + H2O 10) Cu + KNO3 + H2SO4 p Cu(SO4)2 + NOo + K2SO4 + H2O
t 11) PbO2 + HCl p PbCl2 + Cl2 + H2O
0

4.22 Thit lp cc phng trnh phn ng oxi ha - kh sau theo phng php thng bng electron:
0

t 1) KClO3 p KCl + O 2o
0

t 2) KMnO4 p K2MnO4 + MnO 2 + O2o

3) HNO3 p NO2 + O2o + H2O

0

t 4) KNO3 p KNO2 + O 2o
0

t 5 ) HgO p Hg + O2o

4.23 Vit cc phng trnh phn ng oxi ha - kh sau theo phng php thng bng electron:
0

t 1) NH4NO2 p N2o + H2O

0

t 2) NH4NO3 p N2Oo + H2O

3) NO2 + NaOH p NaNO3 + NaNO2 + H2O 4) Cl2 + NaOH p NaClO + NaCl + H 2O

0

t KClO3 + KCl + H2O 5) Cl2 + KOH p

6) Cl2 + Ca(OH)2 p CaOCl2 + CaCl2 + H2O 7) K2MnO4 + H2O p KMnO4 + MnO 2 + KOH

114

4.24 Hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng oxi ha - kh sau theo phng php thng bng electron: 1) FeS2 + O2 p Fe2O3 + SO2o (Fe : +2 trong FeS2) 2) As2S3 + HNO3 + H2O p H2SO4 + H3AsO4 + NO2o + H2O 3) FeCu2S2 + O2 p Fe2O3 + CuO + SO2 o (Fe : +2; Cu : +1 trong FeCu2S2) 4) FeS + H2SO4 c, nng p Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2o + H2O 5) FeS2 + HNO3 p H2SO4 + Fe(NO3)3 + NO o + H2O 6) FeI2 + H2SO4 c, nng p Fe2(SO4)3 + I2 + SO2o + H2O 7) FexOy + H2SO4 c, nng p Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2o + H2O 8) Fe + HNO3 p Fe(NO3)3 + NmOno + H2O 9) FexOy + HNO3 p Fe(NO3)3 + NmOno + H2O 10)M2(CO3)n + HNO3 c, nng p M(NO3)m + NO2o + CO2o + H2O 4.25 Vit cc phng trnh phn ng oxi ha - kh sau theo phng php thng bng electron .
0

t 1) C2H6O + O2 p CO2 + H2O

2) CH3-CH2-OH + KMnO4 + H2SO4 p CH3-COOH + MnSO4 + K2SO4 + H2O 3) CH2=CH2 + KMnO4 + H2O p CH2OH-CH2OH + MnO 2 + KOH 4) CH3-C|CH + KMnO4 + H2O p CH3-CO-CH3 + MnO2 + KOH 5) C6H5-CH3 + KMnO4 + H2O 6) CH3-CHO + AgNO3 + NH3
0

t p
0

C6H5-COOK + MnO2 + KOH CH3-COOH + Ag + NH 4NO3

t p

4.27 Vit cc phng trnh phn ng oxi ha - kh sau theo phng php thng bng electron: 1) Al + HNO 3 p Al(NO3)3 + NOo + N2Oo + H2O Vi t l th tch VNO : VN O = 3 : 1 2 2) FeO + HNO 3 p Fe(NO3)3 + NO2o + H2O

115

T phn ng (2) c th thit lp ngay phn ng (3) sau khng? 3) Fe3O4 + HNO3 p Fe(NO3)3 + NO2o + H2O Bit Fe3O4 c th vit di dng FeO.Fe2O3 4.28 Vit cc phng trnh phn ng oxi ha - kh sau theo phng php thng bng electron: 1) H2S + SO 2 p ... + H 2O 2) Al + HNO3 (long) p ... + NO o + H2O 3) SO2 + H2O + Br2 p H2SO4 + ... 4) FeSO4 + HNO3 p ... + NO 2 + ... 5) S + H2SO4 p ... + H2O 6) KMnO4 + K2SO3 + KOH p K2SO4 + ... +...
t 7) K2Cr2O7 + HCl p CrCl3 + ... + ... + ... t 8) P + HNO 3 (c) p NO2 + ... + ...
o o

9) Mg + HNO 3 p ... + NH4NO3 + ... 4.29 Ha tan hon ton hn hp FeS2, Fe3O4, FeCO3 bng dung dch HNO3 c nng thu c dung dch A v hn hp kh B gm NO2, CO2. Cho dung dch A tc dng vi BaCl2 thy xut hin kt ta trng. Hp th ton b hn hp kh B v dung dch NaOH d. Vit cc phng trnh ha hc xy ra. 4.30 Dn lung kh H2 d qua bnh ng hn hp Fe3O4 v CuO, thu c cht rn X. Ha tan hon ton X bng dung dch H2SO4 c nng c dung dch Y v kh Z duy nht. Kh Z c kh nng lm mt mu dung dch Br2. Vit cc phng trnh ha hc xy ra. 4.31 Cho t t kh CO qua ng s ng CuO nung nng. Kh ra khi ng c hp th hon ton vo nc vi trong d thu c kt ta B, cht rn cn li trong ng vo dung dch HNO3 long d thu oc kh NO v dung dch C. Cho dung dch NaOH d v dung dch C thu c kt ta D. Nung D ti khi lng khng i thu c cht rn E. Xc nh cc cht v vit phng trnh ha hc xy ra. 4.32 Hy gii thch v sao:

116

a) HNO3 ch c tnh oxi ha ? b) Zn ch c tnh kh? c) SO2 va c tnh oxi ha, va c tnh kh? Cho th d minh ho. 4.33 D on tnh cht oxi ha - kh ca cc cht sau: Na, H2S, H2SO4, HBr, O2, Fe3+, Fe2+, SO2, NH3, Al, FeO, Cl-. Vit phng trnh ha hc minh ho? 4.34 Hy k tn cc cht cha Cl c tnh cht: a) Kh b) Oxi ha c) Va c tnh oxi ha va c tnh kh? 4.35 Mt cht oxi ha gp mt cht kh c nht thit xy ra phn ng oxi ha kh hay khng? Cho th d minh ho? 4.36 Cho cc cp oxi ha kh sau: Fe2+/Fe; Cu2+/Cu; I2/2I-; Fe3+/Fe2+; Ag+/Ag; Br2/2Br-. Theo chiu t tri qua phi tnh oxi ha ca cc ion kim loi, phi kim tng dn; tnh kh ca kim loi v ion phi kim gim dn. Hy hon thnh cc phn ng sau (nu c): 1) Fe + Br 2
p

2) Fe + AgNO3 p 4) Ag + CuSO4 p 6) Fe(NO3)2 + AgNO3p

3) Cu + FeCl3 p 5) KI + FeCl 3 p

4.37 a) V sao kim loi ng trc H trong dy hot ng ha hc ca cc kim loi c th y H2 ra khi dung dch cc axit. b) V sao cc kim loi ng trc y c cc kim loi ng sau ra khi mui ca n? Bit rng trong dy hot ng ha hc ca cc kim loi, tnh kh ca cc kim loi gim dn t tri sang phi. 4.38 Hy sp xp cc kim loi sau theo th t gim dn tnh kh: Zn, Ag, Fe, Cu. Bit: Zn v Fe c th y H2 ra khi dung dch axit cn Cu v Ag th khng. Zn y c Fe ra khi mui ca n. Cu y c Hg ra khi mui ca n, Hg y c Ag ra khi mui ca n.

117

4.39 Tnh nhit ca phn ng CO(NH2)2 (r) + H2O (l) p CO2 (k) + 2NH3 (k), bit: nhit ca cc qu trnh sau: CO (k) + H2O(h) p CO2 (k) + H2 (k) CO (k) + Cl2 (k) p COCl2 (k)
(H1 = - 41,3 kJ (H2 = - 112,5 kJ (H3 = - 201,0 kJ

COCl2 (k) + 2NH3 (k) p CO(NH2)2 (r) + 2HCl (k) hi ca H2O l (H5 = 44,01 kJ/mol.

iu kin ny, nhit to thnh ca HCl(k) l (H4 = - 92,3 kJ/mol v nhit ha Gi : i vi loi ton ny ta nn tm cch t hp t cc qu trnh cho loi i cc cht trung gian v c phng trnh cn tnh nhit phn ng. T cc d kin ca bi ton ta c: CO(NH2)2 (r) + 2HCl (k) p COCl2 (k) + 2NH3 (k) COCl2 (k) p CO (k) + Cl2 (k) CO (k) + H2O(h) p CO2 (k) + H2 (k) H2O (l) p H2O (h) H2 (k) + Cl2 (k) p 2HCl (k) - (H3 = + 201,0 kJ - (H2 = + 112,5 kJ
(H1 = - 41,3 kJ (H5 = 44,01 kJ

2. (H4 = 2.(- 92,3) = - 184,6 kJ

Cng theo tng v cc qu trnh trn v loi i cc cht trung gian, ta thu c phng trnh: CO(NH2)2 (r) + H2O (l) p CO2 (k) + 2NH3 (k) c nhit ca phn ng l (H = ((H3) + (- (H2) + (H1 + (H5 + 2. (H4. Thay s c (H = 131,61 kJ.

4.40 Nhit ta ra khi t chy hon ton 1 mol ru etylic 298K l 277,63 kJ. Hi khi t chy hon ton 1lt ru ny iu kin th lng nhit ta ra l bao nhiu ? Nu dng lng nhit ny un nc (nhit ban u l 200C) th c th un si c bao nhiu lt (hiu sut ca qu trnh ny l 70%). Cho bit khi lng ring ca ru l d = 0,78513 g/cm3, nhit dung ring ca nc l 1cal/g.. Khi lng ring ca nc l 1g/cm3. Mru = 46,07. Gi Khi lng ru em t l 1000 x 0,78513 = 785,13 (g). S mol ru l:

785,13 = 17, 042(mol ) nhit ta ra l 17,042 x 277,63 = 46, 07 4731,37 = 1130,825 (kcal ) . 4,184

4731,37 (kJ); 1kcal = 4,184 kJ

118

Nhit lng cn thit un si 1 lit nc t nhit ban u 200C l: Q = 1000 cm3 x 1g/cm3 x 1cal/g. x (100 - 20 ) x Vy th tch nc c th c un si l: p s : 9,9 lit nc. 4.41 Phn ng nhit phn l g ? Phn ng nhit phn c phi lun lun l phn ng oxi ha-kh khng ? Vit phng trnh phn ng nhit phn KClO3, KMnO4, Fe(OH)3, CaCO3, Cu(OH)2. Nhng phn ng no thuc loi phn ng oxi ha kh? Ti sao? 4.42 Nhit to thnh ca H2O(h) = - 241,8 kJ.mol-1 Nhit ha hi ca H2O(l) = + 44,0 kJ.mol-1 Nhit to thnh ca HCl(k) = - 92,3 kJ.mol-1 Nhit to thnh ca C2H2(k) = + 226,8 kJ.mol-1 Nhit to thnh ca C2H6(k) = - 84,47 kJ.mol-1 Nhit to thnh ca CO2(k) = - 393,5 kJ.mol-1 Hy xc nh nhit ca cc phn ng: a. 4HCl (k) + O2 (k) p 2H2O (l) + 2Cl2 (k) b. 4HCl (k) + O2 (k) p 2H2O (h) + 2Cl2 (k) c. C2H2 (k) + 2H2 (k) p C2H6 (k) d. C2H6 (k) + O2 (k) p 2CO2 (k) + 3H2O (l) p s: a. (Ha = - 202,4 kJ b. (Hb = - 114,4 kJ c. ( Hc = - 311,5 kJ d. (Hd = - 1559,7 kJ 4.43 Hy tnh nhit ca phn ng: C (than ch) + 1 O2 (k) p CO (k), bit: 2

100 = 114.285,71 cal. 70

1130, 825x1000 = 9,9 (lit). 114285, 71

119

C(than ch) + O2 (k) p CO2 (k) CO (k) +

(H1 = - 393,5 kJ (H1 = - 283,0 kJ

1 O2 (k) p CO2 (k) 2

p s: - 110,5 kJ. D. BI TP TRC NGHIM 4.44. Ha tan hon ton 2,4g kim loi Mg vo dung dch HNO3 long, gi s ch thu c V lt kh N 2 duy nht (ktc). Gi tr ca V l A. 0,672 lt B.6,72lt C.0,448 lt D.4,48 lt 4.45. Cho amoniac NH3 tc dng vi oxi nhit cao c xc tc thch hp sinh ra nit oxit NO v nc. Phng trnh ho hc l 4NH3 + 5O2 p 4NO + 6H2O Trong phn ng trn, NH3 ng vai tr A. l cht oxi ho. C. l mt ba . 4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O p 4Fe(OH)3 Kt lun no sau y l ng? A. Fe(OH)2 l cht kh, H2O l cht oxi ho. B. Fe(OH)2 l cht kh, O2 l cht oxi ho. C. O2 l cht kh, H2O l cht oxi ho. D. Fe(OH)2 l cht kh, O2 v H2O l cht oxi ho. 4.47 Trong s cc phn ng sau, phn ng oxi ho- kh ni phn t l A. 4FeS2 +11 O2 p 8SO2 + 2Fe2O3
t B. CaCO3 p CaO + CO2o t C. NH4NO3 p N2O + 2H2O
0 0

B. l cht kh. D. l mt axit.

4.46. Cho phng trnh ha hc phn ng kh hp cht Fe(II) bng oxi khng kh

D. 2KMnO 4 + 10FeSO4 + 8H2SO4 p 5Fe2(SO4)3 + 2MnSO4 + K2SO4

120

4.48 Dn hai lung kh Cl2 i qua hai dung dch (1) KOH long v ngui; dung dch (2) KOH c v un nng. Vit v cn bng phng trnh phn ng oxi ha kh. Nu lng mui KCl sinh ra trong hai dung dch bng nhau th t l th tch clo i qua hai dung dch KOH (1) v (2) bng bao nhiu? A. 3/5 B. 5/3 C. 4/5 D. 5/4 4.49 Cho ba phn ng ha hc di y 1) 2Na + 2H2O p 2NaOH + H2o 2) CO2 + Ca(OH)2 p CaCO3q + H2O
t , MnO2 3) 2KClO3 p 2KCl + 3O2
0

Cc phn ng oxi ha kh l A. 1 B. 2 C. 1 v 2 D. 1 v 3. 4.50 Cho s phn ng Fe3O4 + HNO3 p Fe(NO3)3 + NO + H2O Sau khi cn bng, h s ca phn t cc cht l phng n no sau y? A. 3, 14, 9, 1, 7 C. 3, 26, 9, 2, 13 B. 3, 28, 9, 1, 14 D. 2, 28, 6, 1, 14

4.51Trong cc phn ng di y, phn ng no khng phi l phn ng oxi ho kh? A. Fe + 2HCl p FeCl2 + H2 B. FeS + 2HCl p FeCl2 + H2S C. 2FeCl3 + Cu p 2FeCl2 + CuCl2 D. Fe + CuSO 4 p FeSO4 + Cu 4.52 Trong mi trng H2SO4, dung dch no lm mt mu KMnO4? A. FeCl3 kh)?
t A. 2KClO 3 p 2KCl + 3O2
o

B. CuCl2

C. ZnCl2

D. FeSO4

4.53 Phn ng no sau y thuc loi phn ng t oxi ho, t kh (hay t oxi ho -

121

B. S + 2H2SO4 p 3SO2 + 2H2O C. 4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O p 4HNO3 D. Cl2 + 2KOH p KClO + KCl + H 2O 4.54 Phn ng oxi ho - kh xy ra theo chiu to cht no sau y? A. Cht kt ta B. Cht t in li C. Cht oxi ho mi v cht kh mi D. Cht oxi ho yu hn v cht kh yu hn 4.55 phn ng no sau y, H2O khng ng vai tr cht oxi ho hay cht kh? A. NaH + H2O p NaOH + H2 B. 2Na + 2H2O p 2NaOH + H2 C. 2F2 + 2H2O p 4HF + O 2 D. Al4C3 + 12H2O p 4Al(OH)3 + 3CH4 4.56 Cho phng trnh nhit ho hc

1 1 t ocao I 2  H2 p HI; 2 2

(H = -26,57 kJ

Hi lng nhit to ra l bao nhiu khi cho 0,5 mol phn t iot tc dng hon ton vi hiro? A. 26,57 kJ C. 26,75 kJ 4.57. Cho cc phng trnh ha hc: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. KCl + AgNO3 p AgCl + HNO 3
t p 2KNO 2 + O2 2KNO3 t CaO + C p CaC2 + CO
0 0

B. 27,65 kJ D. 53,14 kJ

2H2S + SO 2 p 3S + 2H2O CaO + H2O p Ca(OH)2 2FeCl2 + Cl2 p 2FeCl3

122

7. 8.

t CaCO3 p CaO + CO2 t CuO + H2 Cu + H2O p

0

Phng n no sau y ch gm cc phn ng oxi ho - kh? A. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 C. 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 nguyn t?

t A. KClO 3 p KCl + O 2
o

B. 2, 3, 4 , 5, 6 D. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8

4.58 phn ng oxi ho - kh no sau y ch c s thay i s oxi ho ca mt

B. KMnO4 p K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2 C. KNO3 p KNO2 + O2

t D. NH4NO3 p N2O + H2O
o

to

to

E. P N V HNG DN GII BI TP 4.44. C 4.49. D 4.54. D 4.45. 4.50. 4.55. B B D 4.46. B 4.51. B 4.56. A 4.47. C 4.52. D 4.57. C 4.48. 4.53. 4.58. B D D

4.1 Hng dn: 1. 2Na + 2H2O p 2NaOH + H2o Phn ng trn l phn ng oxi ha - kh do c s thay i s oxi ha : Na0 p Na+1 H+1 p H0 2. CO2 + Ca(OH)2
+4 -2 +2 -2 +1 +2 +4 -2 +1 -2

CaCO3 + H2O

Phn ng trn khng phi l phn ng oxi ha - kh do khng c s thay i s oxi ha .

123

3.
NH4NO,
-+5 o 1 o N2 + 2H2O + 2 O2

Phn ng trn l phn ng oxi ha - kh do c s thay i s oxi ha : N-3 p N0 N+5 p N0

t 4. 2Ag + 2H2SO4 c p Ag2SO4 + SO2 + H2O
o

Phn ng trn l phn ng oxi ha - kh do c s thay i s oxi ha : Ag0 p Ag+1 S+6 p S+4 5.
+2 -2

ZnO +

+1 -1

2HCl

ZnCl 2

+2 -1

+1 -2

+ H2O

Phn ng trn khng phi l phn ng oxi ha - kh do khng c s thay i s oxi ha . 4.2 Hng dn:

1)

2A l + Fe2O.

+/

tO

A l 2O. + 2Fe

+/

1 x  2Al0 p 2Al+3 + 6e 1 x  2Fe+3 + 6e p 2Fe0

2)

8Al + 3NaNO3 + 5NaOH + 2 H2O

+5

8NaAlO2 + 3NH3

+3

-3

8x  Al0 p Al+3 + 3e 3 x  N+5 + 8e p N-3 3) VN2 O : VNO = 1:1 n N 2O : nNO = 1:1

11Mg + 28HNO3
o +5

11Mg(NO3)2 + 2N2O + 2NO + 14H2O

+2

+1

+2

11 x  Mg0 p Mg+2 + 2e

124

2 x  N+5 + 11e p 2N+1 + N+2

4) C6

03 5CH3 +

2KM n

+7

tO

C6H5COOK + KOH + 2M nO2 + H2O

+3

+4

1 x C-3 p C+3 + 6e 2 x Mn+7 + 3e p Mn+4

+7

5) 2KMnO4

-2

tO

K 2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2

+6

+4

1 x  2O-2 p O20 + 4e 1 x  2Mn+7 + 4e p Mn+6 + Mn+4 4.3 Hng dn: a. Trong phn t NH3, N c s oxi ha -3 l s oxi ha thp nht nn ch c th nhng electron tng s oxi ha tc l ch th hin tnh kh.

-3

3CuO

12

tO

o 2

3Cu

2O

b. V S c s oxi ha 0 l s oxi ha trung gian nn S va c th nhn electron gim s oxi ha va c th nhng electron tng s oxi ha tc l S va th hin tnh oxi ha va th hin tnh kh.

tO tO

21

2S

-2 -2

O2

24

SO2

c. Trong phn t H2SO4, H v S c s oxi ha ln lt l +1 v +6 u l cc s oxi ha cao nht ca cc nguyn t tng ng nn ch c th nhn electron gim s oxi ha , tc l ch th hin tnh oxi ha . Mg + H2SO4 long p MgSO4 + H2o Cu + 2H2SO4 c p CuSO4 + SO2o + 2H2O 4.4 Hng dn: a. Fe c th tan trong c hai dung dch FeCl3 v CuCl2 theo cc phn ng sau:

Fe + 2FeCl 3
Kh OX

+3

+2

3FeCl 2
OX (Kh)

125

V tnh kh : Fe > Fe 2+ tnh oxi ha : Fe3+ > Fe2+

o +2

Fe + CuCl 2
Kh1 Oxh1 V tnh kh : Fe > Cu tnh oxi ha : Cu2+ > Fe2+ b. Tng t ta c:

FeCl 2 + Cu
Oxh2

+2

Kh2

Cu tan trong dung dch FeCl3 nhng khng tan c trong dung dch FeCl2. Cu + 2FeCl3 p CuCl2 + 2FeCl2 4.5 Hng dn: S oxi ha ca cc nguyn t Cl, N, Mn, C ln lt l: a) -1, 0, +1, +3, +5, +7 b) -3, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 c) +7, +6, +4, +2, 0 d) 0, +4, +4, +2, - 4, -1, 0 Nhn xt: S oxi ha ca clo l cc s l 1, 3, 5, 7. 4.6 Hng dn: Cch gii 1: Tnh theo phng trnh 3Cu (mol) 0,3 2NO (mol) 0,2 (mol) 0,2 + O2 0,1 (3) 0,05
p 2 NO2

+ 8HNO3

p 3Cu(NO3)2 + 2NOo + 4H2O

(1) (2)

0,2

4NO2 + 2 H2O + O2 p 4HNO3 VO2 = 22,4(0,1 + 0,05) = 3,36 lit Cch gii 2: Phng php bo ton e Cu - 2e p Cu+2 4x = 0,6

126

0,3 0,6 O2 + 4e p 2O- 2 x 4x 4.7 Hng dn:

x = 0,15

VO2 = 0,15 x 22,4 = 3,36 lit

Cch gii 1: Tnh theo phng trnh t s mol NO2 v NO l x v y. Ta c: x + y = 3,136: 22,4 = 0,14 M trung bnh ca hn hp = (46x + 30y): (x + y) = 20,143 x 2= 40,286 (I) (II)

Gii h ta c x = 0,09 y = 0,05 x : y = 9 : 5 ta s dng t s ny vit phng trnh tng cng to ra NO v NO2 CuO + 2HNO3 9N+5 + 9e 5N+5 + 15e Fe+2 Tng t ta c: 24Fe3O4 + 230HNO3 = 72 Fe(NO3)3 + 9NO2 + 5 NO + 115H2O (FeO, CuO, Fe3O4) Vy
p Cu(NO3)2 p 9 N+4 p 5 N+2 x 1 p Fe+3

+ H2O

(1) (2)

24FeO + 86 HNO3 p 24Fe(NO3)3 + 9 NO2 + 5NO +43H2O

-1e

x 24 (3)

Theo (2) v (3) th c 24 mol FeO (hoc Fe3O4) to ra 14 mol hn hp kh 2 0,14mol

= 0,12

a = 80 x 0,12 + 72 x 0,12 + 232 x 0,12 = 46,08 (g)

n HNO3 = 0,24 + (0,12 x 86): 24 + (0,12 x 230): 24 = 1,82 (mol) Vy C M HNO = 1,82 : 0,25 = 7,28M. 3 Cch gii 2: Phng php bo ton e S mol e cho = s mol e nhn = 0,09 + (0,05 x3) = 0,24 (mol)
S mol Fe +2 = 0,24 mt khc n FeO = n Fe O = 0,12 (mol) 3 4

a = 0,12(80 + 72 + 232) = 46,08

127

n HNO3 = nNO + n NO 2 +3nFe + 2nCu = 0,14 + 3(0,12x4) + 2x0,12 =1,82 (mol) Vy C M HNO 3 = 1,82 : 0,25 = 7,28M. 4.8 Hng dn: Cch gii 1: Phng php i s Cc phng trnh ha hc: Fe 3Fe 2Fe + 1/2O2 p FeO + 2O2
p Fe3O4

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

+ 3/2O2 p Fe2O3
p Fe(NO3)3 + NOo + 2H2O

Fe + 4HNO3

3FeO +10HNO3 p 3Fe(NO3)3 + NOo + 5H2O 3Fe3O4 +28HNO3 p 9Fe(NO3)3 + NOo + 14H2O Fe2O3 +6HNO3
p 2Fe(NO3)3 + 3H2O

C th coi Fe3O4 l FeO.Fe2O3 nn khi c th coi lng B (30g) ch gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 vi s mol tng ng l x, y, > 0. Ta c : 56x + 72y + 160 = 30 nNO = x +y/3 = 0,25 hay 3x + y = 0,75 (II) S mol ca Fe ban u l x + y + 2 , ta lm xut hin biu thc bng cch nhn (II) vi 8 ri cng vi (I) ta c 80(x + y + 2 ) = 36 Vy n Fe = 36: 80 = 0,45 (mol) mA = 0,45 x56 = 25,2g. Cch gii 2: Phng php bo ton e By phng trnh phn ng trn c biu din bng cc qu trnh oxi ha kh sau:
Fe  3e p Fe3
o 3

(I)

 2e p

3 2

N+5 + 3e p N+2 Do s mol N = 0,25 (theo gi thit), s mol Fe l x v s mol nguyn t oxi l y, theo quy tc bo ton e ta c: 3x = 2y + 0,75 (I)

128

Mt khc B ch gm Fe v O nn ta cn c 56x + 16y = 30 (II) gii h ta c x = 0,45 v m = 0,45 x 56 = 25,2 (g). 4.9 Hng dn: 1. Tnh % v th tch ca hn hp kh theo phng php ng cho: Hai kh u khng mu l cc oxit ca nit, trong kh b ha nu trong khng kh chnh l NO (M=30) , M trung bnh ca hn hp kh l 2,59 : 0,07= 37 Vy kh th hai c M > 37 l N2O c M = 44.

129

Ta thit lp ng cho

N2O

M = 44

=37
NO VN 2 O : V NO = 1:1 M = 30 % NO = 50% 7

%N2O = 50%

2. Tnh s mol HNO3 phn ng theo phng php bo ton e: Cc qu trnh oxi ha kh: Mg - 2e p Mg+2 Al - 3e p Al+3 2N+5+ 8e p 2N+1 N+5 + 3e pN+2 Theo nh lut bo ton e ta c s mol e nhng = s mol e nhn. Nu gi n1, n2 l s mol Mg v Al ta c 2 n1 + 3 n2 = (8 x 0,035 ) + (3 x 0,035) = 11 x 0,035 biu thc 2 n1 + 3 n2 cng chnh l s mol HNO3 to thnh mui, ngoi ra, s mol HNO3 chuyn thnh N2O v NO l 3 x 0,035. Vy tng s mol HNO3 l : 14 x 0,035 = 0,49 (mol) 3. Tnh khi lng mui theo phng php bo ton khi lng m mui = m kim loi + m NO = 4,431 + (11 x 0,035x 62) =28,301 (g)
 3

4.10 Hng dn: Cch gii 1: Phng php thng thng Cc phng trnh phn ng in phn: 2HCl p H2 + Cl2 (1) (2)

FeSO4 + H2O p Fe + 1/2O2 + H2SO4 m H 2 = 0,06g = 1,34t1 26,8

t1 = 1,2 gi t 2 = 2,0 - 1,2 = 0,8 gi

mFe = (56 : 2)x(1,34 x 0,8) : 26,8 = 1,12g n Cl 2 = 0,03(mol), n O2 = 1/2 nFe = 0,01(mol)

130

V kh anot = 0,04 x22,4 = 0,896 lit. - in lng Q = It = 1,34 x 2 = 2,68A.h ne = It/F = 2,68 : 26,8 = 0,1 mol Th t in phn katot H+ + 1e p 1/2 H2 (mol) 0,06 0,06 Fe+2 + 2e p Fe (mol) 0,02 Cl- - 1e (mol) 0,06 0,06 H2O - 2e (mol)

Cch gii 2: Phng php bo ton electron

mFe = 0,02 x 56 = 1,12g

Th t in phn anot
p 1/2 Cl2

0,03
p 1/2O2 + 2H+

0,01 n hn hp kh = 0,03 +0,01 = 0,04

Vkh = 0,04 x 22,4 = 0,896 (lit). 4.11 Hng dn: Cch gii 1: Phng php thng thng Cc phng trnh in phn: 2Cu(NO3)2 + 2H2O p O2o + 2Cu + 4HNO3 2AgNO3 + H2O
p 1/2O2 + 2Ag + 2HNO3

(1) (2) (I) (II) (III)

t x, y ln lt l s mol ca Cu v Ag, ta c 64x + 108y = 3,44 Mt khc theo phng trnh Faraday ta c 64x =

64It1 AIt1 = nF 2 v 26,8 108I(4 - t1 ) 26,8

108y = Gii ra ta c x = 0,02; y =0,02

C M Cu(NO3 )2 = 0,1 M C M Ag(NO3 ) = 0,1 M

131

Cch gii 2: Phng php bo ton electron - in lng Q = It = 0,402 x 4 = 1,608 (A.h) - S mol e nhn l 2x + y = 1,608: 26,8 = 0,06 (I) Mt khc, khi lng hai kim loi 64x + 108y = 3,44 (II) Gii ra ta c x = 0,02; y = 0,02

4 4 5u(NO3 ) 2

= 0,1

Ag(NO3 )

= 0,1

4.12 Hng dn: - Qu trnh in ly: (mol) (mol) (mol) - Qu trnh in phn: Katot 2Fe Cu
3+

Fe2(SO4)3 x CuSO4 y HCl

p 2Fe3+ + 3SO42-

2x
p Cu
2+

3x + SO42y

p H+ + Cl -

Anot + 2e p 2Fe
2+

2Cl - 2e pCl2

2+

+ 2e p Cu

Cu thot ra katot, chng t Fe3+ b in phn ht. nCu= 5,12 : 64 = 0,08 (mol) n Cl 2 = 2,24: 22,4 = 0,1(mol), n Ba(OH)2 = 0,2 x 1,25 = 0,25. (mol) (mol) Sau khi in phn xy ra cc phn ng: Ba(OH)2 + SO42- p BaSO4 q + 2OH- (1) (3x +y) (3x +y) Ba(OH)2 + 2HCl p BaCl2 + H2O (mol) (0,25- 3x- y) 2(0,25- 3x- y) Fe2+ + 2OH- p Fe(OH)2 2x 2x 2x (4) Cu2+ + 2OH- p Cu(OH)2 (3) (2)

132

(mol) (y - 0,08) (mol) 2x

(y -0,08) (5) .I.t (m = 7,1g, n = 2) n.F 2x

4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O p 4Fe(OH)3

1. Tnh thi gian in phn theo cng thc m = t= m.n.F 7,1.2 .96500 = = 2500(s) 71.7,72 .I

2. Tnh CM ca cc cht trong dung dch u, p dng phng php bo ton e: - S mol e thu katot = S mol e nhng anot x + 0,08 = 0,1 (mol) (I) Theo cc phn ng (1,3, 4, 5): m kt ta = m6 aSO + m 7u(OH) + m8 e(OH) = 56,76 (g) 4 2 3 233(3x + y) + 98(y - 0,08) + 107 .2x = 56,76 (II) Gii ra ta c x = 0,02, y = 0,14 nHCl = 0,1.2 + 2(0,25 - 3x -y) = 0,3 (mol) CM HCl = 0,3 : 0,4 = 0,75 M, C M Cu9O = 0,14 : 0,4 = 0,35 M 4 F. THNG TIN B SUNG A.L.LAVOADIE. Thuyt oxi ha v s ci t ha hc A.L.Lavoadie (Antoine Laurent Lavoisier), 1745-1794, l nh ha hc ni ting ca Php th k 18. ng hc tp nhiu khoa hc t nhin, c bit l vt l v trong nghin cu khoa hc i su vo ha hc, th hin nhiu ti nng ngay khi cn tr, nm 21 tui c thng huy chng vng ca Vin Hn Lm khoa hc Pari trong mt cuc thi vi ti "Tm phng php tt nht thp sng ng ph ca mt thnh ph ln". Lavoadie l mt y vin trong ban thu thu ca nh vua, l mt t chc thu thu gin tip. ng rt giu, xy dng mt phng th nghim ring c trang b rt y . ng c k hoch thi gian nghim ngt tng ngy dnh cho khoa hc. ng t chc chu o cc th nghim, cn o chnh xc , ghi s liu nghim chnh, c b Lavoadie lm cng tc vin v th k ring ghi chp y (b khng c con). Vo cui nm 1774 v u nm 1775 sau nhiu th nghim v t chy cc cht nung kim loi, v h hp, ng lm

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th nghim tch thy ngn oxit thnh thy ngn v mt kh mi ri th cc tnh cht ha hc c trng ca n. Thng 4/1775, ng c bo co trc Vin Hn Lm khoa hc Pari "Lun vn v bn cht ca cht kt hp vi kim loi khi nung nng v lm tng khi lng ca chng". Trc y Lavoadie cng tin thuyt nhin t, ri t tch dn ra. ng khng nh rng s tng khi lng ca kim loi c nung bng khi lng ca khng kh gim i, nh vy khng phi l cht la thay mt cht bn ngoi no khi kt hp vi kim loi m chnh l khng kh. Khng kh khng phi l mt vt th n gin m l mt hn hp mt s kh c tnh cht khc nhau. Nm 1777, ng cng b kt qu phn tch khng kh bng thy ngn nung nng, kt lun rng khng kh gm hai kh, mt kh th c sau c gi l oxi v mt kh khng th c - sau c gi l azot (t ch Latinh c ngha l khng duy tr s sng). Lavoadi t tn oxi vi ngha l nguyn t sinh ra oxit v ng c quan nim sai lm l c c oxi trong qu trnh chy m vt th no cng to thnh oxit. Nm 1783, Lavoadi xc nh c thnh phn ca nc l hiro v oxi. Nm 1785, Lavoadi c mt bo co cng khai cng kch kc h lit thuyt nhin t: "Cc nh ha hc s dng nhin t nh mt nguyn t m h..., khng c nh ngha mt cch chnh xc, do c th s dng ty tin cho mi cch gii thch m h mun, ... Qu thc, chnh l thn Prtut lun lun thay i v mt ca mnh". Ri ng pht trin thuyt oxi ha ca mnh l thuyt v vai tr ca oxi trong cc qu trnh oxi ha. Cn c vo vai tr ca nguyn t oxi trong s nung kim loi hoc nung qung kim loi, th s tch vi nhin t tr thnh s kt hp vi oxi v s kt hp nhin t tr thnh s tch oxi! Cc biu thc (2) v (3) by gi c hiu ng nh sau:
nung St + oxi p st oxit nung St oxit + cacbon p st + cacbon oxit

Cc kim loi. lu hunh, photpho v nhng n cht khc b thuyt nhin t xem l hp cht by gi, tht ra l nhng n cht, cn cc oxit kim loi, kh sunfur SO2, axit sunfuric H2SO4 khng cn l n cht m l nhng hp cht.

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Nm 1787, Lavoadi cho in sch "Phng php v danh php ha hc" c s cng tc ca ba nh ha hc Php c tn tui l G.Moov, C.L.Bectol, A.F. Fuccroa. Trong danh php ha hc nhm my nh ha hc trnh by mt h thng thut ng ha hc u tin hp l v khoa hc. Trc mi nh ha hc thng dng h thng ring ca mnh, by gi th c mt h thng mi, chung, da trn nhng nguyn tc logic. Th d, theo tn gi ca hp cht c th xc nh cc nguyn t ha hp vi nhau: canxi oxit c cu to t Ca v O, natri clorua t Na v Cl. Mt h thng tin t v hu t c a ra biu din t l cc nguyn t trong thnh phn ca cht: cacbon ioxit giu oxi hn cacbon monooxit, kaliclorat c nhiu oxi hn kaliclorit, kalipeclorat c nhiu oxi hn c cn kaliclorua th khng c oxi. Nm 1789, Lavoadi cho in sch "Khi lun v ha hc" c "trnh by theo mt trt t mi da vo nhng pht minh hin i". Trong cng trnh ny ng h thng ha nhng kin thc tch ly c thi by gi v ha hc, trnh by bng mt ngn ng gin d, d hiu, minh ha bng nhiu hnh v p, chnh xc do b Lavoadi v. Trong bng phn loi cc cht, Lavoadi chia chng lm hai loi cht n gin v phc tp, bng cc cht n gin c chia lm bn nhm: cc kh n gin, cc phi kim, cc kim loi, cc "t". ng sai lm coi nh sng v nhit l hai nguyn t, l hai thc th vt cht. Thuyt oxi ha v sch khi lun v ha hc dn dn c ting vang ln Php ri lan truyn sang cc nc ngoi nh c, H Lan, Italia, Thy in, Ty Ban Nha, Ba Lan,...ri sang n nc Nga. B ch: Prili, cui i mnh, di c sang M sng v tip tc nghin cu khoa hc, c ln ting phn i Lavoadi khng trung thc, khng nh ngi pht minh ra oxi l mnh, nm 1774. ng nhc li rng thng 10 ng k cho Lavoadi nghe l ng tch c thy ngn oxit thnh kh mi v thy ngn, Trong sch ca mnh nm 1789, Lavoadi c vit "l lng" v kh oxi "oxi l kh m chng ti, ng Priti, ng Sil v ti cng pht hin ra gn nh ng thi". Chng ta ngy nay c th nh gi nh th ny? Lavoadi khng phi l

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ngi pht hin ra oxi u tin, nhng l ngi c cng ln trong vic khng nh c bn cht v ngha to ln ca oxi.

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Chng 5 NHM HALOGEN A. TM TT L THUYT I. Cu to nguyn t, tnh cht ca n cht halogen 1. Cu hnh electron nguyn t Flo, clo, brom v iot c cu hnh electron nh sau: F:[He]2s22p5; Cl:[Ne]3s23p5; Br :[Ar]4s24p5; I:[Kr]5s25p5 Ging nhau: Lp electron ngoi cng ca nguyn t cc halogen c 7 electron v c cu hnh ns2np5 (n l s th t ca chu k). Khc nhau: T flo qua clo n brom v iot, bn knh nguyn t tng dn lp electron ngoi cng cng xa ht nhn hn, lc ht ca ht nhn i vi lp electron ngoi cng cng yu hn. Lp electron ngoi cng : flo phn lp 3d c nng lng qu xa cc mc nng lng 2s v sp cho nn khng th b p c bng cc phn ng ha hc, do flo ch c mc oxi ha +1 , cc halogen khc c phn lp d cn trng, nh clo c cc s oxi ha +1, +3, + 5, +7. 2. Cc halogen c m in ln Cc gi tr m in theo thang Paulinh: F: 3,98 ; Cl: 3,16; Br: 2,96; I: 2,66 Trong nhm halogen , m in gim dn t flo n iot 3. Tnh cht ha hc a. Halogen l nhng phi kim c tnh oxi ha mnh : halogen oxi ha hu ht cc kim loi, nhiu phi kim v nhiu hp cht. Khi nguyn t halogen bin thnh ion halogenua vi s oxi ha -1. Th d vi clo: H2 + Cl 2 p 2HCl 2Fe + 3Cl 2p 2FeCl3 Cu + Cl 2 p CuCl2 2NaOH + Cl2p NaCl + NaOCl + H 2O Nc Gia ven. b. Tnh oxi ha ca halogen gim dn t flo n iot.

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c. Flo khng th hin tnh kh, cc halogen khc th hin tnh kh v tnh kh tng dn t clo n iot. II. Hp cht ca halogen 1. Hiro halogenua v axit halogen hiric HF, HCl, HBr, HI Hiro halogenua l cc hp cht kh d tan trong nc to ra cc dung dch axit halogen hiric. T HF n HI tnh cht axit tng dn, HF l mt axit yu. T HF n HI tnh cht kh tng dn, ch c th oxi ha F- bng dng in, trong khi cc ion m khc nh Cl-, Br-, I- u b oxi ha khi tc dng vi cht oxi ha mnh 2. Hp cht c oxi ca halogen Trong cc hp cht c oxi, clo, brom, iot th hin s oxi ha dng cn flo th hin s oxi ha m. Do khng phn ng trc tip vi oxi, cc hp cht c oxi ca halogen c iu ch gin tip. Cc hp cht c oxi quan trng ca clo nh: Nc giaven: NaCl, NaClO, H2O dng lm cht kh trng nc, cht ty trng trong cng nghip dt, giy... Nhc im quan trng nht ca nc giaven l khng bn, khng vn chuyn i xa c. iu ch nc giaven: (in phn dung dch mui n bo ha khng c mng ngn)
dp 2NaCl + 2H2O p 2NaOH + Cl2o + H2o

Cl2

+ 2NaOH p NaCl + NaClO + H 2O nc giaven.

Clorua vi: CaOCl2 c cng dng tng t nc giaven. Tuy nhin, clorua vi c gi thnh r hn v c th vn chuyn i xa, do c s dng rng ri hn. iu ch clorua vi: Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 p CaOCl2 + H2O Mui Bectole: KClO3 c tn quc t l kali clorat. Cht ny c dng lm dim, iu ch oxi trong phng th nghim. iu ch kali clorat:
70 100 C 6KOH + 3Cl 2 p KClO3 + 5KCl + 3H 2O
0

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Cc axit c oxi ca clo: HClO HClO 2 HClO3 HClO4 Chiu tng tnh axit v bn, chiu gim ca tnh oxi ha. B. BI TP C LI GII 5.1 Nguyn t clo c 2 ng v bn
35 17

Cl v

37 17

Cl . Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca

clo trong bng tun hon l 35,45. Hy tnh % cc ng v trn. 5.2 Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t flo, clo, brom, iot. Da vo cu hnh electron hy gii thch ti sao flo lun c s oxi ha m cn cc nguyn t halogen khc ngoi s oxi ha m cn c th c s oxi ha dng (+1, +3, +5, +7)? 5.3 Cu hnh ngoi cng ca nguyn t ca mt nguyn t X l 5p5 . T s ntron v s in tch ht nhn bng 1,3962 . S ntron ca X bng 3,7 ln s ntron ca nguyn t nguyn t Y . Khi cho 4,29 gam Y tc dng vi lng d X th thu c 18,26 gam sn phm c cng thc l YX. Hy xc nh in tch ht nhn Z ca X v Y vit cu hnh electron ca X v Y. 5.4 Dng thuc th thch hp nhn bit cc dung dch sau y: a) BaCl2, KBr, HCl, KI, KOH b) KI, HCl, NaCl, H 2SO4 c) HCl, HBr, NaCl, NaOH d) NaF, CaCl2, KBr, Mgl2. 5.5 C bn cht bt mu trng tng ng nhau l : NaCl, AlCl3, MgCO3, BaCO3. Ch c dng nc cng cc thit b cn thit (l nung, bnh in phn v.v...) Hy trnh by cch nhn bit tng cht trn. 5.6 Khng dng ha cht no khc hy phn bit 4 dung dch cha cc ha cht sau: NaCl, NaOH, HCl, phenoltalein. 5.7 Mt loi mui n c ln tp cht CaCl2, MgCl2, Na2SO4, MgSO4, CaSO4. Hy trnh by cch loi cc tp cht thu c mui n tinh khit. 5.8 Nguyn t R l phi kim thuc phn nhm chnh trong bng tun hon. T l gia phn trm nguyn t R trong oxit cao nht v phn trm R trong hp cht

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kh vi hiro bng 0,5955. Cho 4,05 gam mt kim loi M cha r ha tr tc dng ht vi n cht R th thu c 40,05 gam mui. Xc nh cng thc ca mui M. 5.9 in phn nng chy a gam mt mui A to bi kim loi v phi kim ha tr I (X) thu c 0,896 lit kh nguyn cht ( ktc). Ha tan a gam mui A vo 100ml dung dch HCl 1M cho tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3 d thu c 25,83 gam kt ta. Dung dch AgNO3 d cho tc dng vi 100 ml dung dch HCl 1M. Xc nh tn phi kim cng thc tng qut ca mui A. 5.10 Cho 31,84 gam hn hp NaX, NaY (X, Y l hai halogen 2 chu k lin tip) vo dung dch AgNO3 d, thu c 57,34 gam kt ta. a) Tm cng thc ca NaX, NaY. b) Tnh khi lng mi mui. 5.11 Mt mui c to bi kim loi M ha tr II v phi kim ha tr I. Ha tan m gam mui ny vo nc v chia dung dch lm hai phn bng nhau: - Phn I: Cho tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3 c d th c 5,74 gam kt ta trng. - Phn II : Nhng mt thanh st vo dung dch mui, sau mt thi gian phn ng kt thc khi lng thanh st tng ln 0,16 gam. a) Tm cng thc phn t ca mui. b) Xc nh tr s ca m. 5.12 X, Y l hai nguyn t halogen thuc hai chu k lin tip trong h thng tun hon. Hn hp A c cha 2 mui ca X, Y vi natri. a) kt ta hon ton 2,2 gam hn hp A, phi dng 150 ml dung dch AgNO 3 0,2M. Tnh khi lng kt ta thu c? b) Xc nh hai nguyn t X, Y. 5.13 Ha tan mt mui kim loi halogenua cha bit ha tr vo nc c dung dch X. Nu ly 250 ml dung dch X (cha 27 gam mui) cho vo AgNO 3 d th thu c 57,4 gam kt ta. Mt khc in phn 125 ml dung dch X trn th c 6,4 gam kim loi bm catot. Xc nh cng thc mui.

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5.14 Mt hn hp ba mui NaF, NaCl, NaBr nng 4,82 gam ha tan hon ton trong nc c dung dch A. Sc kh clo d vo dung dich A ri c cn hon ton dung dch sau phn ng thu c 3,93 gam mui khan. Ly mt na lng mui khan ny ha tan vo nc ri cho phn ng vi dung dch AgNO3 d th thu c 4,305 gam kt ta. Vit cc phng trnh xy ra v tnh thnh phn phn trm khi lng mi mui trong hn hp ban u. 5.15 Hn hp A gm 3 mui NaCl, NaBr v NaI: * 5,76 gam A tc dng vi lng d dung dch brom, c cn thu c 5,29 gam mui khan. * Ha tan 5,76 gam A vo nc ri cho mt lng kh clo sc qua dung dch. Sau mt thi gian, c cn th thu c 3,955 gam mui khan, trong c 0,05 mol ion clorua. a) Vit cc phng trnh phn ng. b) Tnh thnh phm phn trm khi lng mi mui trong A. 5.16 C hn hp gm hai mui NaCl v NaBr. Khi cho dung dch AgNO3 va vo hn hp trn ngi ta thu c lng kt ta bng khi lng AgNO3 tham gia phn ng. Tm % khi lng mi mui trong hn hp ban u. 5.17 Hai bnh cu cha amoniac v hiroclorua kh. Cho t t nc vo y mi bnh kh, th thy kh cha trong hai bnh tan ht. Sau trn dung dch trong hai bnh li vi nhau. Hy xc nh nng mol/l ca cc cht trong dung dch sau khi trn ln, bit rng bnh cha hiroclorua c th tch gp 3 ln th tch cha amoniac, cc kh o ktc. 5.18 Hn hp A gm KClO3, Ca(ClO3)2, Ca(ClO)2, CaCl2 v KCl nng 83,68 gam. Nhit phn hon ton A ta thu c cht rn B gm CaCl2, KCl v 17,472lit O2 . Cho cht rn B tc dng vi 360ml dung dch K2CO3 0,5M (va ) thu c kt ta C v dung dch D. Lng KCl trong dung dch D nhiu gp KCl c trong A. a) Tnh khi lng kt ta A. b) Tnh % khi lng ca KClO3 trong A. 22 ln lng 3

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5.19 T mt tn mui n c cha 10,5% tp cht, ngi ta iu ch c 1250 lit dung dch HCl 37% (D = 1,19 g/ml) bng cch cho lng mui n trn tc dng vi axit sunfuric m c v un nng. Tnh hiu sut ca qu trnh iu ch trn. 5.20 Khi un nng mui kali clorat, khng c xc tc, th mui ny b phn hy ng thi theo hai phng trnh ha hc sau: a) b) Tnh : 2KCIO3 p 2KCl + 3O2o 4KClO3 p 3KClO4 + KCl - Bao nhiu % khi lng b phn hy theo (a) - Bao nhiu % khi lng b phn hy theo (b) Bit rng khi phn hy hon ton 73,5 gam kaliclorat th thu c 33,5 gam kaliclorua. 5.21 Ha tan 1,74 gam MnO2 trong 200ml axit clohiric 2M. Tnh nng (mol/l) ca HCl v MnCl2 trong dung dch sau khi phn ng kt thc. Gi thit kh clo thot hon ton khi dung dch v th tch ca dung dch khng bin i. 5.22 iu ch mt dung dch axit clohiric bng cch ha tan 2 mol hiroclorua vo nc. Sau un axit thu c vi mangan ioxit c d. Kh clo thu c bng phn ng c tc dng vi 28 gam st hay khng? 5.23 Ha tan 7,8 gam hn hp bt Al v Mg trong dung dch HCl d. Sau phn ng khi lng dung dch tng thm 7,0 gam. Khi lng nhm v magie trong hn hp u l bao nhiu gam? 5.24 Nung mA gam hn hp A gm KMnO4 v KClO3 ta thu c cht rn A1
o

v kh O2. Bit KClO3 b phn hy hon ton theo phn ng :

t 2KClO3 p 2KCl + 3O2o

cn KMnO4 b phn hy mt phn theo phn ng :

t 2KMnO4 K2MnO4 + MnO2 + O2o p
o

Trong A1 c 0,894 gam KCl chim 8,132% khi lng. Trn lng O2 thu c trn vi khng kh theo t l th tch V;2 : V:: ! 1: 3 trong mt bnh kn ta c hn hp kh A2.

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Cho vo bnh 0,528 gam cacbon ri t chy ht cacbon thu c hn hp kh A 3 gm 3 kh, trong CO2 chim 22,92% th tch. a) Tnh khi lng mA. b) Tnh % khi lng ca cc cht trong hn hp A. Cho bit: Khng kh cha 80% N2 v 20% O2 v th tch. 5.25 Cho lng axit clohiric, thu c khi ch ha 200 gam mui n cng nghip (cn cha mt lng ng k tp cht), tc dng vi MnO2 d c mt lng kh clo phn ng vi 22,4 gam st kim loi. Xc nh hm lng % ca NaCl trong mui n cng nghip. C. BI TP T LUYN 5.26 Nu hin tng v vit phng trnh phn ng nu c khi cho HCl c tc dng vi cc cht sau: KMnO4, KClO3 . 5.27 Nu cch tinh ch : a) Mui n c ln MgCl2 v NaBr b) Axit clohiric c ln axit H2SO4. 5.28 Cn bao nhiu gam KMnO4 v bao nhiu ml dung dch axit clohiric 1M p s: m<Mn=4 ! 9,48g ; VHCl ! 480ml 5.29 Ha tan 1,74 gam MnO2 trong 200 ml axit clohiric 2M. Tnh nng (mol/l) ca HCl v MnCl2 trong dung dch sau khi phn ng kt thc. Gi thit kh clo thot hon ton khi dung dch v th tch ca dung dch khng bin i. p s: CM HCl ! 1,6 M ; CM MnCl ! 0,1 M 2 5.30 Hon thnh s bin ha sau :
t KClO 3 AB p
0

c kh clo tc dng vi st to nn 16,25 gam FeCl3 ?

A  MnO 2  H 2 SO4 p C  D  E  F
pnc A p G C t G  H 2 O p L  M v C  L KClO 3  A  F p
0

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5.31 in phn nng chy mt mui clorua kim loi ha tr I thu c catot 6,24 gam kim loi v anot 1,792 lit kh (ktc). a) Xc nh cng thc phn t mui. b) Cho cht kh sinh ra tc dng vi H2 trong iu kin nh sng c sn phm X. Ha tan X vo nc c dung dch 1. t chy kim loi trn, cho sn phm sinh ra ha tan vo nc c dung dch 2. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng. Cho 1 mu qu tm vo dung dch 1, k thm vo t t dung dch 2. Quan st hin tng v gii thch. p s: Cng thc mui l KCl. 5.32 Ha tan 5,37 gam hn hp gm 0,02 mol AlCl3 v mt mui halogenua ca kim loi M ha tr II vo nc, thu c dung dch A. Cho dung dch A tc dng va vi 200 ml dung dch AgNO3, thu c 14,35 gam kt ta. Lc ly dung dch cho tc dng vi NaOH d, thu c kt ta B. Nung B n khi lng khng i c 1,6 gam cht rn. Xc nh cng thc phn t mui halogenua kim loi M. p s: Cng thc phn t ca mui l CuCl2. 5.33 C hn hp NaI v NaBr. Ha tan hn hp trong nc. Cho brom d vo dung dch. Sau khi phn ng thc hin xong, lm bay hi dung dch, lm kh sn phm th thy khi lng sn phm nh hn khi lng hn hp 2 mui ban u l m gam. Ha tan sn phm trong nc v cho kh clo i qua cho n d. Lm bay hi dung dch v lm kh cht cn li, ngi ta thy khi lng cht thu c nh hn khi lng mui phn ng l m gam. Xc nh % v khi lng ca NaBr trong hn hp u. p s: % NaBr = 3,7%; %NaI = 96,3% 5.34 em in phn 200 ml dung dch NaCl 2M (d = 1,1g/ml) vi in cc bng than c mng ngn xp v dung dch lun lun c khuy u. Sa u mt 0 thi gian catot thot ra 22,4 lit kh o iu kin 20 C, 1atm. Hp cht cha trong dung dch sau khi kt thc in phn l cht g? Xc nh C% ca n. p s: C%NaOH = 8,32%

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5.35 in phn nng chy a gam mui A to bi kim loi M v halogen X ta thu c 0,96 gam kim loi M catt v 0,896 lit kh ( ktc) ant. Mt khc ha tan a gam mui A vo nc, sau cho tc dng vi AgNO3 d th thu c 11,48 gam kt ta. Hi X l halogen no ? p s: X l clo 5.36 in phn 200 ml dung dch KCl 1M (d=1,15g/ml) trong bnh in phn c mng ngn xp vi cng dng in I=20A, sau thi gian t kh thot ra catt l 1,12 lit. Tnh nng % ca cc cht trong dung dch sau in phn. (Coi th tch dung dch khng thay i v nc cha b in phn) p s: C KOH = 2,474% , CKCl = 3,29% . 5.37 Hn hp A gm: NaOH, Na2CO3 v Na2SO4. Ly 1 gam A ha tan vo nc ri thm dung dch BaCl2 cho n d, thu c kt ta B v dung dch C. Thm t t dung dch HCl vo dung dch C cho n khi c dung dch trung tnh, cn dng 24 ml dung dch HCl 0,25M. Mt khc, 2 gam A tc dng vi dung dch HCl d, sinh ra c 0,224 lit kh (ktc). a) Xc nh thnh phn phn trm tng cht trong hn hp A. b) Tnh th tch dun dch HCl 0,5M phn ng va vi 0,5 gam A. c) Tnh th tch dung dch HCl 0,5M tc dng vi kt ta B. p s: a) Thnh phn ca A: 53% Na2CO3 ; 24% NaOH; 23% Na2SO4. b) 16ml dung dch HCl. c) 20ml dung dch HCl 0,5M. 5.38 Dung dch X c to thnh bng cch ha tan 3 mui KCl, FeCl3, BaCl2. Nu cho 200 ml dung dch X phn ng va vi 100 ml dung dch Na2SO4 1M , hoc vi 150 ml dung dch NaOH 2M; hoc vi 300 ml dung dch AgNO 3 2M . Trong mi trng hp u thu c kt ta ln nht. a) Tnh nng ca mi mui trong dung dch X. b) Tnh khi lng mui khan thu c khi c cn 200 ml dung dch X. p s: [BaCl2]=[KCl]=[FeCl 3]=0,5M; m=44,5g.

145

5.39 Ha tan m gam hn hp gm NaBr v NaI vo nc c dung dch A. Cho A phn ng vi brom d sau c cn dung dch thu c duy nht mt mui khan B c khi lng (m - 47) gam. Ha tan B vo nc v cho tc dng vi clo d sau c cn dung dch thu c duy nht mt mui khan C c khi lng (m-89) gam. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng ha hc v tnh % khi lng ca mi mui trong hn hp ban u. p s: 40,71% NaBr v 59,29%NaI 5.40 Mt khong vt c cng thc tng qut l: aKCl.bMgCl 2.cH2O. Nung 27,75 gam khong vt trn n khi lng khng i thy khi lng cht rn gim 10,8 gam. Ha tan cht rn vo trong nc ri cho tc dng vi AgNO3 d th thu c 43,05 gam kt ta. Lp cng thc ca khong vt trn. p s: KCl.MgCl2.6H2O. 5.41 Mt dung dch l hn hp cc mui NaCl, NaBr, NaI. Sau khi lm kh 20ml dung dch ny thu c 1,732 gam cht rn. Ly 20ml dung dch mui phn ng vi brom ri lm bay hi thu c 1,685 gam cht rn kh. Sau cho clo tc dng vi 120ml dung dch trn, sau khi bay hi thu c 1,4625 gam kt ta kh. a) Tnh nng CM ca tng mui trong dung dch. b) Tnh khi lng brom v iot c th iu ch c t 1m3 dung dch. p s: NaCl 1M; NaBr 0,2M; NaI 0,05M. m Br2 ! 16kg; m I 2 ! 6,35kg 5.42 Chia 8,84 gam hn hp MCl v BaCl2 thnh hai phn bng nhau. Ha tan phn 1 vo nc ri cho phn ng vi AgNO3 d thu c 8,61 gam kt ta. em o in phn nng chy phn 2 n hon ton thu c V ml kh X 27,3 C v 0,88 atm. Nu s mol MCl chim 80% s mol trong hn hp, xc nh kim loi M v tnh thnh phn % khi lng hn hp u. Tnh V. p s: Kim loi l Na %m NaCl ! 52,94% %m BaCl 2 ! 47,06% V = 0,84lit

146

5.43 T mt tn mui n c cha 5% tp cht, ngi ta iu ch c 1250 lit dung dch HCl 37% (d = 1,19 g/ml) bng cch cho lng mui n trn tc dng vi axit sunfuric m c v un nng. Tnh hiu sut ca qu trnh iu ch trn. p s: D. BI TP TRC NGHIM 5.44 Phn ng no sau y c dng iu ch clo trong phng th nghim ?
pnc A. 2NaCl p 2Na + Cl2

H% = 92,85%

p H2 + 2NaOH + Cl2 B. 2NaCl + 2H2O m.n

t C. MnO2 + 4HClc p MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2H2O
o

pdd

D. F2 + 2NaCl p 2NaF + Cl2 5.45 Clorua vi l mui ca kim loi canxi vi 2 loi gc axit l clorua Cl- v hipoclorit ClO-. Vy clorua vi gi l mui g? A. Mui trung ho C. Mui ca 2 axit B. Mui kp D. Mui hn tp

5.46 Kh Cl2 iu ch bng cch cho MnO2 tc dng vi dd HCl c thng b ln tp cht l kh HCl. C th dng dd no sau y loi tp cht l tt nht? A. Dd NaOH B. Dd AgNO3 C. Dd NaCl D. Dd KMnO4 5.47 Dng loi bnh no sau y ng dung dch HF? A. Bnh thu tinh mu xanh C. Bnh thu tinh khng mu A. F2 B. Cl2 C. Br2 B. Bnh thu tinh mu nu D. Bnh nha teflon (cht do) D. I2

5.48 Cht no sau y ch c tnh oxi ho, khng c tnh kh? 5.49 C 4 cht bt mu trng l vi bt, bt go, bt thch cao (CaSO4.2H2O) bt vi (CaCO3). Ch dng cht no di y l nhn bit ngay c bt go? A. Dung dch HCl C. Dung dch Br2 B. Dung dch H 2SO4 long D. Dung dch I2

147

5.50 dung dch cha 1g HBr vo dd cha 1g NaOH. Dung dch thu c lm cho qu tm chuyn sang mu no sau y? A. Mu C. Khng i mu nghim? A. H2 + Cl2 p 2HCl B. Cl2 + H2O p HCl + HClO C. Cl2 + SO2 + 2H2O p 2HCl + H2SO4 D. Na H  H2S
(r n) to

B. Mu xanh D. Khng xc nh c

5.51 Phn ng no sau y c dng iu ch kh hiro clorua trong phng th

( c)

p NaHSO4 + HCl 4

to

5.52 Trong cc phn ng ho hc, chuyn thnh anion, nguyn t ca cc nguyn t halogen nhn hay nhng bao nhiu electron? A. Nhn thm 1 electron C. Nhng i 1 electron A. NaOH B. NaCl B. Nhn thm 2 electron D. Nhng i 7 electron C. Ca(OH) 2 D. NaBr

5.53 Clo khng phn ng vi cht no sau y? 5.54 Nhn nh no sau y sai khi ni v flo? A. L phi kim loi hot ng mnh nht B. C nhiu ng v bn trong t nhin C. L cht oxi ho rt mnh D. C m in ln nht 5.55 Nhng hiro halogenua c th thu c khi cho H2SO4 c ln lt tc dng vi cc mui NaF, NaCl, NaBr, NaI l A. HF, HCl, HBr, HI C. HF, HCl, HBr no sau y? B. HF, HCl, HBr v mt phn HI D. HF, HCl .

5.56 t nng mt si dy ng ri a vo bnh kh Cl2 th xy ra hin tng

148

A. Dy ng khng chy B. Dy ng chy yu ri tt ngay C. Dy ng chy mnh, c khi mu nu v mu trng. D. Dy ng chy m rt lu 5.57 Hn hp kh no sau y c th tn ti bt k iu kin no? A. H2 v O2 dch hiro halogenua? A. HI > HBr > HCl > HF C. HCl > HBr > HI > HF B. HF > HCl > HBr > HI D. HCl > HBr > HF > HI B. N2 v O2 C. Cl2 v O2 D. SO2 v O2 5.58 Dy no sau y sp xp ng theo th t gim dn tnh axit ca cc dung

E. P N V HNG DN GII BI TP 5.44. C 5.49. D 5.54. B 5.1 Hng dn: p dng cng thc: 5.45. 5.50. 5.55. D B D 5.46. C 5.51. D 5.56. C 5.47. D 5.52. A 5.57. C 5.48. 5.53. 5.58. A B A

A!
Trong

aA  bB 100
l nguyn t khi trung bnh

a, b l % ng v , B l nguyn t khi ca ng v Theo u bi ta c h phng trnh sau: a.35  b.37 35,45 ! 100 100 ! a  b Gii h phng trnh ta c : a = 77,5% b = 22,5%

149

5.2 Hng dn: Nguyn t F Cl Br I Cu hnh electron 2s22p5 3s23p5 4s24p5 5s25p5

Flo lun c s oxi ha m bi v: Lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t flo khng c obitan d, cn mc 2p v mc 3s chnh lch nng lng qu cao nn flo khng c trng thi kch thch hnh thnh s oxi ha dng. Mt khc flo c m in ln nht nn ngay c s oxi ha +1 cng khng xut hin. Cc nguyn t halogen khc ngoi s oxi ha m cn c th c s oxi ha dng(+1, +3, +5, +7) bi v: cc electron ns v np c kh nng b kch thch chuyn sang nd, +1
oq oq oq o

+3

oq

oq

+5

oq

+7

150

5.3

Hng dn: Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t X l: 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p5 T rt ra ZX = 53 = pX (s proton) Theo u bi ta c:

nX ! 1,3962 pX

>

n X ! 74

(s ntron)

AX = p X + nX = 53 + 74 = 127 mt khc : nX ! 3,7 nY

>

n Y ! 20

phn ng ca X v Y: Y + X p YX 4,29 AY AY 4,29 ! M YX 18,26 18,26 MYX

>

AY 4,29 ! A Y  127 18,26

A Y ! 39

A Y ! p Y  n Y 39 ! p Y  20 p Y ! 19 ! Z Y
Vy cu hnh electron ca nguyn t Y l: 1s22s22p63s23p64s1 Vy X l iot v Y l kali. 5.4 Hng dn: a) Dng qu tm nhn bit HCl, KOH. Dng dung dch H2SO4 nhn bit BaCl2 cn li KI, KBr. Dng kh Cl2 phn bit cc dung dch KI v KBr. b) Dng qu tm nhn bit HCl, H2SO4. Dng dung dch BaCl2 phn bit HCl v H2SO4. Dng dung dch AgNO3 phn bit dung dch KI v NaCl (AgIq mu vng ti; AgClq mu trng). Hoc t : KI ngn la mu tm; NaCl ngn la mu vng.

151

c) Dng qu tm nhn bit dung dch cc dung dch NaOH, HCl, HBr. Dng Cl2 phn bit HCl v HBr hoc dng AgNO3 cng phn bit c AgBrq (mu vng) v AgClq (mu trng). d) Cho bn mu th tc dng vi dung dch Na2CO3 c hai mu th c phn ng to kt ta l CaCl2 v MgI2. Phn bit hai mu th CaCl2 v MgI2 bng Cl2. Cn li phn bit NaF v KBr cng bng Cl2. 5.5 Hng dn: Ly tng lng mui nh lm th nghim: - Ha tan vo H2O, to thnh 2 nhm: + Nhm I : Tan trong H2O l NaCl v AlCl3 + Nhm II : Khng tan l MgCO3 v BaCO3 - in phn dung dch cc mui nhm I (c mng ngn) :
P c mngngn 2NaCl + 2H2O p 2NaOH + Cl2o + H2 o P c mngngn 2AlCl3 +6H2O p 2Al(OH)3q + 3Cl2o + 3H2o
?

Khi kt thc in phn, vng catot ca bnh in phn no c kt ta keo xut hin, l bnh cha mui AlCl3, bnh kia l NaCl. - Thu kh H2 v Cl2 thc hin phn ng : H2 + Cl2 p 2HCl Ha tan mui nhm II vo dung dch HCl : MgCO3 + 2HCl p MgCl2 + CO2o + H2O BaCO3 + 2HCl p BaCl2 + CO 2o + H2O in phn dung dch NaCl (c mng ngn) thu dung dch NaOH. Dng dung dch NaOH phn bit mui MgCl2 v BaCl2. T tm c MgCO3 v BaCO3 : MgCl2 + 2NaOH p Mg(OH)2q + 2NaCl BaCl2 + 2NaOH p Ba(OH)2 + 2NaCl 5.6 Hng dn:

152

- Ta nh ln lt mt mu th vo ba mu th cn li n khi no thy 2 mu th nh vo nhau bin thnh mu hng th cp l dung dch NaOH v phenolphtalein. Cn li l dung dch NaCl v dung dch HCl. Chia ng nghim c mu hng thnh hai phn. Ly hai mu th ng dung dch NaCl v dung dch HCl, mi mu th vo mt ng nghim mu hng, mu no lm mu hng mt i l dung dch HCl (v axit trung ha ht NaOH, nn mi trng trung tnh, phenolphtalein khng i mu). Ta phn bit c dung dch HCl v dung dch NaCl. - ng nghim t mu hng chuyn sang khng mu, lc ny ch cha NaCl v phenolphtalein. Ta dng n nhn bit dung dch NaOH bng cch nh vo mt trong hai ng nghim cha bit, ng nghim no bin thnh mu hng l NaOH, ng cn li l phenolphtalein. 5.7 Hng dn: - Ha tan mui n vo nc ct. - Thm BaCl2 d loi ion SO42- dng BaSO4 kt ta trng. Phng trnh phn ng: BaCl2 + Na 2SO4 p BaSO4q + 2NaCl BaCl2 + MgSO4 p BaSO4q + MgCl2 BaCl2 + CaSO4 p BaSO4q + CaCl2 - Lc b kt ta BaSO4. - Thm Na2CO3 d loi ion Mg2+, Ca 2+, Ba2+d MgCl2 + Na2CO3 p 2NaCl + MgCO 3q CaCl2 + Na 2CO3 p 2NaCl + CaCO3q BaCl2 + Na 2CO3 p 2NaCl + BaCO3q - Lc b kt ta MgCO3, CaCO3, BaCO3. - Thm dung dch HCl loi b Na2CO3 d Na2CO3 + 2HCl p 2NaCl + CO2o + H2O - C cn dung dch ta thu c mui n tinh khit. 5.8 Hng dn:

153

t ha tr ca R l x v nguyn t lng l R Hp cht vi oxi c cng thc R2Ox Hp cht vi hiro c cng thc RH8-x
2R

Theo u bi : 2R  16x ! 0,5955

R R  8 x

2 .R  8  x
2R  16x

! 0,5955

R! 1 -5,53 loi

11,528 .x - 16 0,809 2 8,72 loi 3 22,97 loi 4 37,22 loi 5 51,47 loi 6 65,72 loi 7 79,97 nhn

x R nghim

Vy R l brom, vit phng trnh M tc dng vi Br2, lp phng trnh tm cng thc mui M + theo ptp: theo u bi:

y Br2 p MBry 2 (M + y.80) gam 40,05 gam

M gam 4,05 gam M = 9y 1 9 loi 2 18 loi

40,05.M = 4,05.(M + y.80)

y M nghim

3 27 nhn

Vy M l nhm
Cng thc ca mui l AlBr3

154

Hng dn: K hiu M, X ln lt l khi lng nguyn t ca kim loi M v phi kim X, n l ha tr ca kim loi.
MX n p M 
PNC

n 2

X2 o

(1)

(mol) x

xn 2

MXn + nAgNO3 p M(NO3)n + nAgXq (2) (mol) x mol HCl + AgNO 3 (mol) 0,1v1 = 0,1
p AgClq +

nx mol HNO 3 0,1

Khi lng kt ta AgX l : 25,83 - (0,1 v 143,5) = 11,48 (g) n X 2 c trong mui A :

0,896 ! 0,04 (mol) 22,4

nAgX thu c (phng trnh 2) = 0,08 (mol) M AgX ! 11,48 ! 143,5 0,08

X = 143,5 - 108 = 35,5 ; X l Cl Vy mui A c cng thc tng qut MCl. 5.10 Hng dn: a) Phng trnh phn ng ca NaX v NaY vi AgNO3. NaX + AgNO3 p AgXq + NaNO3 a b a b s mol NaY: bmol) NaY + AgNO3 p AgYq + NaNO3 - Lp h phng trnh (gi s mol NaX: amol;

(23  X)a  (23  Y)b ! 31,84 a  b . 23  X ! 31,84 (108  X)a  (108  Y)b ! 57,34 a  b . 108  X ! 57,34

155

 V X

X ! 83,13

YX

83,13 Y

X = 80 < 80,13 nn X l brom v Y = 127 > 83,13 nn Y l iot.

Cng thc ca 2 mui l: NaBr v NaI. b) mNaBr = 0,28 v 103 = 28,84 (g) mNaI = 0,02 v 150 = 3 (g) 5.11 Hng dn: a) Gi cng thc phn t mui ca kim loi M ha tr II v phi kim X ha tr I l MX2. MX2 + 2AgNO3 p 2AgXq + M(NO3)2 MX2 + Fe
p

Mq + FeX2

Da vo phng trnh phn ng rt ra: MM ! 0,16.M X  178 2,87

V X l phi kim ha tr I v mui AgX l kt ta trng X l nguyn t halogen tr F. Nguyn t halogen: Cl MX : MM : 35,5 64 Chn Chn MX = 35,5 X l Cl v MM = 64 M l Cu Cng thc phn t mui l CuCl2. b) S mol ca 1/2 lng mui ban u l: a ! 0,16 ! 0,02 (mol) 64 - 56 Br 80 66,5 loi I 127 69,1 loi

156

(a l s mol MgX2 trong 1/2 lng mui ban u) Khi lng mui CuCl2 ban u: m = 2 v (0,02 v 135) = 5,4 (g) 5.12 Hng dn: a) n AgNO3 ! 0,2.0,15! 0,03 Cc phng trnh phn ng: NaX + AgNO3 p NaNO3 + AgXq NaY + AgNO3 p NaNO3 + AgYq p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c: mA + m AgNO3 = m NaNO3 + mkt ta 2,2 + 0,03.170 = 0,03.85 + mkt ta mkt ta = 4,75 (g) b)

t X > M > Y Na M + nAgNO3 p NaNO3 + Ag M q

n AgNO3 ! n Ag M ! 0,03 M Ag M !

4,75 } 158,3 0,03

M = 158,3 -108 = 50,3

X v Y l cc halogen lin tip, vy phi l brom (M = 80) v clo (M = 35,5) 5.13 Hng dn: t k hiu kim loi l B. t k hiu halogen l X. Cng thc ca mui s l BXn BXn + AgNO3 p nAgXq + B(NO3)n 27g 57,4g

157

13,5g BXn 13,5g

28,7
dpdd p B

+ nX 7,1g

6,4g

Trong 13,5 (g) BXn c 7,1 (g) X, vy trong 28,7 (g) AgX cng ch c 7,1 (g) X
mAg = 28,7 - 7,1 = 21,6 (g) nAg = 0,2 (mol).

Trong AgX t l kt hp theo s mol nAg : nX = 1 : 1 nX = 0,2 (mol). MX ! Suy ra X l clo BCln + nAgNO3 p nAgClq + B(NO3)n (mol) 7,1 ! 35,5 0,2

0,2 n
M BCln ! 13,5 ! 67,5n 0,2 n

0,2

MB + 35,5n = 67,5n ; MB = 32n MB = 32 MB = 64 (loi) B l Cu.

* Nu n = 1 * Nu n = 2 5.14 Hng dn:

Khi sc kh Cl2 vo dung dch cha hn hp mui NaF, NaCl, NaBr ch c NaBr tc dng. t s mol hn hp ban u: NaF : a (mol) ; NaCl: b (mol); NaBr: c (mol). Vit cc phng trnh phn ng v lp h phng trnh. 42a 58,5b 103c! 4,82 42a 58,5b 58,5c! 3,93 b  c 4,305 2 ! 143,5 ! 0,03

158

Gii h phng trnh ta c: a ! 0,01 p %mNaF ! b ! 0,04 p %mNaCl ! c ! 0,02 p %mNaBr ! 5.15 Hng dn: t s mol NaCl: a (mol); NaBr: b (mol); NaI: c (mol) a) Cc phn ng vi brom d: 2NaI + Br2 p 2NaBr + I 2 c mol Hn hp A: c mol 58,5a + 103b + 150c = 5,76
47c = 0,47

0,01v 42 ! 0,087 hay 8,7% 4,82 0,04v 58,5 ! 0,485 hay 48,5% 4,82 0,02v 103 ! 0,427 hay 42,8% 4,82

sau phn ng vi brom: 58,5a + 103 (b + c) = 5,29 * Cc phn ng vi Cl2 2NaBr + Cl2 p 2NaCl + Br2 2NaI + Cl2 p 2NaCl + I2 (mol) 0,01 0,01 Nu Cl2 ch phn ng vi NaI th khi lng hn hp mui sau phn ng vi Cl2 l 5,76 - 1,5 + 0,585 = 4,845g. Theo bi hn hp sau phn ng ch c 3,955 (g). Vy Cl2 phn ng vi c NaBr. mhn hp = 3,955 (g), trong c 0,05 (mol) NaCl v cn li l NaBr. nNaBr cn li = 3,955 0,05v 58,5 ! 0,01(mol) 103

Tnh s mol NaBr tham gia phn ng.

159

1 mol NaBr thay th bng 1 mol NaCl khi lng gim 44,5 g. x mol NaBr thay th bng x mol NaCl khi lng gim 4,845 - 3,955 = 0,89 (g)

x!

0,89 ! 0,02 44,5

S mol NaBr c trong 5,76g = 0,02 + 0,01 = 0,03

n NaCl !

5,76 3,09 1,5 1,17 ! ! 0,02 58,5 58,5

NaCl: 20,3%; NaBr: 53,66%; NaI: 26,04%

% theo khi lng 5.16. Hng dn: NaCl + AgNO3 p AgCl + NaNO 3 (mol) (mol) a b 26,5a = 18b a b a b NaBr + AgNO3 p AgBr + NaNO 3 170a - 143,5a = 188b - 170b

a 18 ! b 26,5 m NaCl 18v 58,5 1053 ! ! m NaBr 26,5v 103 2729,5

%NaCl =

1053 v 100%! 27,84% 3782,5

%NaBr = 100 - 27,84 = 72,16% 5.17 Hng dn: t th tch ca amoniac l V Bnh cu cha hiroclorua l 3V

V sau khi trn = 4V

160

Phng trnh phn ng: NH3 + HCl p NH4Cl phn ng theo t l 1:1 v s mol theo t l 1:1 v th tch
Sau phn ng lng HCl cn d

2V mol 22,4

?HClA!

2V ! 0,0223M 22,4. 4V V ! 0,01116M 22,4. 4V

?NH 4 ClA!

5.18 Hng dn: Cc phn ng khi nhit phn: 2KClO 3 p 2KCl  3O 2 o Ca(ClO 3 ) 2 p CaCl 2  3O 2 o Ca(ClO) 2 p CaCl 2  O 2 o
t (CaCl2 p CaCl2 ) t (KCl p KCl)
0 0

(1) (2) (3)

CaCl2  K 2 CO3 p CaCO 3 q  2KCl (4) Tnh: n O2 ! n CaCl2 17,472 ! 0,78 (mol) 22,4 ! n K 2CO 3 ! n CaCO 3 ! 0,36 . 0,5 ! 0,18 (mol)

a) Khi lng kt ta C = 0,18 . 100 = 18 (g) b) Gi x v y l s mol KClO3 v KCl trong A. Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng tng s mol KCl trong B = x + y !

83,68 0,78. 32  0,18. 111 ! 0,52 74,5

(trong 32 v 111 l KLPT ca O2 v ca CaCl2). Mt khc :

161

x  y  0,18 . 2 !

22 y 3

Gii h phng trnh, ta c: x = 0,4

Vy% KClO 3 !

0,4. 122,5. 100 ! 58,55% 83,68

5.19 Hng dn: Lng NaCl nguyn cht: 1000kg v 89,5% = 895kg Lng HCl thu c theo l thuyt : 2NaCl + H2SO4 p Na2SO4 + 2HCl 58,5 g 895kg Lng HCl thu c theo thc t: 1250 lit v 1,19kg/lit v 37% = 550,375 kg Hiu sut ca qu trnh iu ch: H% = 5.20 Hng dn:
t 2KClO3 p 2KCl + 3O2o
o

36,5g x = 558,42kg

550,375 v 100% ! 98,55% 558,42

(a)

(mol)

a
o

a (b)

t 4KClO3 3KClO4 + KCl p

(mol)

b 73,5 ! 0,6 a b ! 122,5 b 33,5 ! 0,45 a ! 4 74,5

b 4

3b ! 0,15 b ! 0,2 v a = 0,4 4

162

%m phn hy theo (a) :

122,5 v 0,4 ! 66,67% 73,5

%m phn hy theo (b) : 33,33% 5.21

MnO2 1 mol 0,02mol

 4HCl p

MnCl2 1 mol 0,02mol

 Cl 2 o  2H 2 O

4 mol 0,08mol

S mol MnO2 c ha tan trong axit clohiric l :

1,74 ! 0,02 (mol) 87

S mol HCl c trong dungdch l : 2 v 200 ! 0,4(mol) 1000

Nhn vo phng trnh phn ng, ta thy 1mol MnO2 tc dng vi 4 mol HCl to nn 1mol MnCl2. Vy 0,02mol MnO2 tc dng vi 0,08mol HCl to nn 0,02mol MnCl2. S mol HCl cn li trong dung dch l : 0,4 - 0,08 = 0,32 (mol) Nng ca HCl cn li trong dung dch l : CM HCl =

0,32v 1000 ! 1,6(mol/l) 200

Nng ca MnCl2 trong dung dch l :

C MnCl2 =
5.22

0,02v 1000 ! 0,1 (mol/l) 200

Hng dn: 4HCl  nO 2 p nCl 2  Cl 2 o  2H 2 O (1) (2) 3Cl 2  2 e p 2 eCl 3

Theo (1)

163

1 1 n HCl ! . 2 ! 0,5 mol 4 4 28 ! 0,5 mol C : n F@ ! 56 n Cl2 !

Theo (2) : Nu Fe phn ng ht th cn : n Cl2 ! 3 3 n FA ! . 0,5 ! 0,75 mol 2 2

M Cl 2 (1) ! 0,5 mol

0,75 mol

Lng Cl2 thu c sau phn ng (1) khng ha tan 28 (g) Fe.

5.23

Hng dn: 2Al + 6HCl p 2AlCl3 + 3H2o (1) (2)

Cc phng trnh ha hc (mol) x (mol) y 27x + 24y = 7,8 (I) (1,5x + y)2 = 0,8 (II) gii ra ta c x = 0,2, y = 0,1 Vy m Al = 0,2 x 27 = 5,4 (g) v m Mg = 0,1x24 = 2,4 (g). 5.24 Hng dn: a) Cc phn ng nhit phn
t 2KClO3 p 2KCl + 3O2o t 2KmnO4 p K2MnO4 + MnO 2 + O2o
o o

1,5x y

Mg + 2HCl p MgCl2 + H2o

t x, y ln lt l s mol ca Al v Mg trong hn hp, theo bi ra ta c:

(1) (2)

Gi n l tng s mol O2 thot ra t (1) v (2). Sau khi trn n mol O2 vi 3n mol khng kh (trong c 4 3n ! 0,6n mol O2 v .3n ! 2,4n mol N 2 ) ta thy tng s 5 5

164

0,528 ! 0,044, v theo iu kin 12 bi ton, sau khi t chy thu c hn hp 3 kh, nn ta c 2 trng hp: mol O2 bng (1 + 0,6) n = 1,6n. V s mol cacbon ! Trng hp 1: Nu oxi d, tc 1,6n > 0,044, th cacbon ch chy theo phn ng C + O2 p CO2 lc nytng s mol kh sauphn ngbng Cc kh gm: oxi d, nit, CO2

(3) 0,044. 100 ! 0,192 22,92

(1,6 n - 0,044) + 2,4n + 0,044 = 0,192

n!

0,192 ! 0,048 (mol) 4

Khi lng mA = khi lng cht rn cn li + khi lng oxi thot ra.

mA !

0,894. 100  32 . 0,048! 12,53(g) 8,132

C + O2 p CO2 2C + O2 p 2CO (3) (4)

Trng hp 2: Nu oxi thiu, tc 1,6n < 0,044, th cacbon chy theo 2 phn ng:

Cc kh trong hn hp c N2 (2,4n), CO2 (n') v CO (0,044 - n'). Nh vy tng s mol kh = 2,4n + 0,044. Theo cc phn ng (3), (4) th (0,044 n' ) 2

n O2 = 1,6n ! n'
p n' ! 3,2n  0,044 ! Gii ra c n = 0,0204

22,92 (2,4n  0,044) 100

Vy m'A !

0,894. 100  0,0204. 32 ! 11,647(g) 8,132

b) Tnh % khi lng cc cht trong A.

165

Theo phn ng (1): n KClO = 122,5 . 0,012 = 1,47 (g) 3 i vi trng hp 1:

%KClO3 !

1,47.100 ! 11,7% 12,53 p %KMnO4 ! 100  11,7 ! 88,3%

i vi trng hp 2:

%KClO !

1,47.100 ! 12,6% 11,647 p %KMnO4 ! 100  12,6 ! 87,4%

p

5.25

Hng dn: Cc phn ng ha hc:

NaCl  H 2 SO4 1 mol x ! 2,4 mol 4HCl 4 mol 2,4 mol 3Cl2  3 mol 0,6 mol 2F 2 mol 0,4 mol
p 

NaHSO 4

HCl 1 mol 2,4 mol

MnO2

MnCl2

 2H 2 O  Cl 2 o

1 mol 0,6 mol 2F Cl3

S mol Fe cn tc dng vi clo l:

22,4 ! 0,4 mol 56

Theo ba phng trnh phn ng trn ta thy 2 mol Fe phn ng vi 3 mol Cl2 ; 1 mol Cl2 c to nn t 4 mol HCl v 1 mol HCl c to nn t 1 mol NaCl. Vy 0,4 mol Fe phn ng vi 0,6 mol Cl2 ; 0,6 mol Cl2 c to nn t 2,4 mol HCl v 2,4 mol HCl c to nn t 2,4 mol NaCl. Khi lng NaCl c trong mui n cng nghip l : 58,5 . 2,4 = 140,4 (g) Hm lng phn trm ca NaCl trong mui n cng nghip l :

166

140,4v 100 ! 70,2% 200 F. THNG TIN B SUNG

CLO

Mui n, NaCl, l hp cht c cha clo c loi ngi bit n t tha xa xa. Thi trung c, cc nh gi kim thut bit iu ch cc axit clohidric bng cch cho axit sunfuric tc dng ln mui n Chng ta biu din bng phng trnh ha hc tng qut sau: H2SO4 + 2NaCl Na2SO4 + 2HCl Vo th k 16, nh ha hc c Glauber nhn xt l khi dng nc cng toan ha tan kim loi hay khong vt th thy c khi mu lc thot ra. Ngy nay chng ta hiu thc cht nc cng toan nh sau HNO3 + 3HCl 2Cl + NOCl + 2H 2O 2Cl Cl2 Tt c nhng iu ni trn mi ch l tia sng con ngi ln bc i tm clo. Nm 1774, nh ha hc ti nng Thy in Sile ln u tin tm ra c nguyn t clo. ng dng axit clohidric tc dng ln khong vt pirolu it (MnO2) 4HCl + MnO2 MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2 ng m t cht kh thot ra c mu vng lc, v c mi nh mi nc cng toan un nng. Rt c th trong s nhng c gi ham mun hiu bit ha hc, c ngi s hi Sile lm sao m c c khong vt trn. Cu hi nh vy l rt cn thit i vi nhng ngi nghin cu khoa hc. Nh bc hc tn tui Php, Pasteur, ngi tm ra vacxin chng bnh ch di, ni rng bit ngc nhin ng lc trn bc ng nghin cu l bt u ca s pht minh. Gia th k 18, Thy in l mt nc ni ting ca Chu u trong vic cung cp kim loi en ho hng. Luyn kim v ngh m rt thnh vng Thy in. Cho nn rt d hiu rng, cc nh ha hc lun lun i tm qung mi .Li c mt em hc sinh no thc mc: Sile c bit rng mnh tm ra nguyn t ha hc mi khng?

167

Mt cu hi tht l thng minh, khng d g tr li ngn gn c. Oxi l nguyn t ha hc cng ngy sinh vi clo, tc gi tm ra oxi cng ch bit m t iu mt thy, ch khng bit rng mnh tm ra nguyn t mi. S phn Clo cng nh vy. Tm ra oxi trong lch s ha hc, l m mang cho s thng li ca thuyt oxi v s chy v s sp ca thyt nhin t (hay thuyt Phlogittn) Tm ra clo, trong lch s ha hc m mn cho mt quan nim ng n v y hn v axit (Lavodi nhm rng h axit l u cha oxi) c gi c th tm hiu k vn ny trong lch s ha hc. Chng ti ch ni thm rng: Nh ha hc Php Lavoadi cho rng tnh cht ca axit l do oxi sinh ra. Vn nu ra khng gp ngi tranh ci, bi v phn ln axit (H2SO4, HNO3, H3PO4 u c cha oxi, nhng khi bt u tm ra clo v tng ng vi n l axit clo hiric, th ngi ta vn quyt on l trong axit phi c oxi(hai nh ha hc kin tr nht quyt kin ny l Lavoadi v Bec eniut). Th l bao nhiu nh bc hc b cng tm kim oxi trong axit ny, nhng tt thy u v hiu. Phi ch cho n khi tm ra hai nguyn t in hnh na trong nhm Halogen l brom v iot (na u th k 19), ng vi chng l axit HBr, HI th thuyt oxi sinh axit mi chu thua hon ton (1870). Vn l th ko theo sau vic tm ra clo l: Trong phn ng iu ch kh clo t khong vt MnO2, khi c mui cn li, ngi ta thy cn li nhng tinh th mu hng. Mu sc l lng ny, gy s ch ca cc nh khoa hc. S tm ra clo dn n s tm ra nguyn t mi Mangan. Dng qung MnO2 iu ch clo l mt phn ng t tin ch c dng trong cc phng th nghim hin nay, khng th dng cho cng nghip c. Clo c nhu cu ln trong vic ty trng vi si, cho nn cc nh ha hc tm cch iu ch clo cng nghip cho r hn. Ngi ta tm cch thay Pirolu it bng vi ti, cn oxi th ly khng kh, tc l ly ca cng! Phng php iu ch u tin l ca Veldon, phng trnh c dng tng qut 12HCl + 4Ca(OH)2 + O2 4CaCl2 + 2Cl2 + 10H2O Phng php th hai l phng php Dicon, c phn u im hn

168

4HCl + O2 2Cl2 + 2H2O, cht xc tc trung gian l mui ng clorua. Vi s pht trin ca cng nghip in ha, ngy nay ngi ta sn xut NaOH t mui n v thu c sn phm ph l kh clo. nc ta, nh my ha cht Vit Tr thc hin phn ng ny bng phng php in phn 2NaCl + 2H2O 2NaCl + H2 + Cl2 Sn phm ph hai in cc l kh clo v kh hiro, chng ta vn nghe ni axit clohidric ca nh my. Chnh v h tn dng sn phm ph thc hin phn ng tng hp sau y: H2 + Cl2 2HCl u chin tranh th gii ln th nht, kh clo b gii qun s c s dng lm cht c ha hc. Hng nghn binh lnh Php cht v ht phi kh clo. Tn gi clo l l ly t ting Hi Lp "Cloros" c ngha l "vng _ lc". Nm 1811, nh ha hc c I. Shweiger ngh gi l "Halogen", theo ting Hi Lp c ngha "to mui". Tht vy, clo (cng nh nhng nguyn t cng nhm) rt d dng ha hp vi kim loi to thnh mui. Clo dng lng c nh vt l kim ha hc Anh Faraday tm ra nm 1823

169

Chng 6 NHM OXI - LU HUNH A. TM TT L THUYT I. Tnh cht ca oxi v lu hunh Cu hnh electron Nguyn t oxi c cu hnh electron 1s22s22p4, c 2 electron c thn. Nguyn t S c cu hnh electron: 1s22s22p63s23p4, c hai electron c thn. Nguyn t S c phn lp 3d trng, khi b kch thch c th 1 electron t phn lp 3p sang 3d khi c 4 electron c thn:
oq oq oq oq oq oq o o o o

1s2

2s2

2p6

3s2

3p3

3d1

Hoc thm 1 electron na t phn lp 3s sang 3d, lc ny S* c 6 electron c thn.

oq oq oq oq oq o o o o o o

1s2

2s2

2p6

3s1

3p3

3d2

2.Tnh cht vt l Oxi l mt cht kh khng mu, khng mi, hi nng hn khng kh. Oxi t tan trong nc, oxi ha lng khi b nn p sut cao v nhit thp. Oxi lng l mt cht lng mu xanh nht, si -183oC. Oxi c dng th hnh l o on (O3). Tng kh o on l tm o gip che ch Tri t khi cc tia cc tm, bo v s sng trn hnh tinh xanh. Lu hunh l cht rn mu vng, nhit nng chy tng i thp (113 C). Lu hunh khng tan trong nc, nhng tan c trong cc dung mi hu c. Khi b un nng lu hunh thnh do, mu hi nu, sau nu tip tc un nng mnh s to ra hi lu hunh c mu nu sm.
o

3. Tnh cht ha hc Oxi v lu hunh l cc phi kim c tnh oxi ha mnh. Nguyn t oxi c m in ln th hai, ch sau flo. Oxi c th oxi ha hu ht cc kim loi (tr

170

vng v bch kim) v mt s phi kim, trong cc phn ng s oxi ha ca oxi gim t 0 xung -2.Lu hunh tc dng vi nhiu kim loi v mt s phi kim. Trong cc phn ng s oxi ha ca lu hunh bin i t 0 xung -2 (hp cht vi kim loi v hiro) v t 0 ln +4 hay +6 (hp cht vi oxi, axit, mui). II. Tnh cht cc hp cht ca oxi, lu hunh Nc (H2O) l hp cht quan trng nht ca oxi, c vai tr v cng quan trng i vi ton b s sng trn Tri t. Phn t nc c lin kt cng ha tr phn cc, l dung mi tt cho nhiu cht. Gia cc phn t nc c cc lin kt hiro, vi nng lng lin kt nh hn nhiu so vi lin kt cng ha tr nhng c nh hng quan trng n cc tnh cht vt l ca nc nh nhit nng chy, nhit si cao. Loi ngi ang ng trc nguy c cn kit ngun nc sch, do cc hot ng sn xut thi cc cht c hi lm nhim ngun nc sng ngi, ao h v i dng. Hiro peoxit (nc oxi gi, H2O2) va c tnh cht oxi ha va c tnh kh. Cht ny c nhiu ng dng trong cng nghip, lm cht ty trng, bo v mi trng, kh trng trong y t... 3. Hp cht quan trng nht ca S l axit sunfuric H2SO4 trong lu hunh c s oxi ha +6. Axit sunfuric H2SO4 l mt trong nhng ha cht c bn, ng dng rng ri trong sn xut phn bn ha hc, cht ty ra, sn, cht do, luyn kim, phm nhum, dc phm, ha du... Tnh cht axit H2SO4 + H2SO4 + H2SO4 + 2NaOH p Na2SO4 + 2H2O CuO
p CuSO4 + H2O p FeSO4 + H2o

H2SO4 long + Fe

Na2CO3 p Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2o

o pt CuSO4 + SO2o + 2H2O o pt 3MgSO4 + Sq + 4H2O

Tnh cht oxi ha mnh ca H2SO4 c, nng. 2H2SO4 c + Cu 4H2SO4 c + 3Mg

H2SO4 c l mt cht rt ho nc, c th lm kh c nhiu cht kh m.

171

Oleum l dung dch H2SO4 hp th SO3, c cng thc H2SO4.nSO3 (n c th nhn gi tr nguyn hoc thp phn). 4. Lu hunh cn c cc hp cht nh H2S (c trong thnh phn mt s sui nc khong nng nh M Lm - Tuyn Quang), SO2 v axit H2SO3, cc mui sunfua, sunfit, sunfat. Dung dch H2S trong nc gi l axit sunfuhiric. y l mt axit yu, hai nc. B. BI TP C LI GII 6.1 Trong t nhin oxi c 3 ng v bn
16 8

O;

17 8

O v

18 8

O . Nguyn t khi

ca oxi trong bng tun hon l 15,999. Ti sao c s mu thun ny. 6.2 C 5 l ng kh ring bit cc kh sau: O2, Cl2, HCl, O3, SO2. Lm th no nhn ra tng kh?. 6.3 Mt hp cht c to thnh t cc ion M+ v X22-. Trong phn t ca M2X2 c tng s ht proton, ntron v electron l 164. Trong s ht mang in nhiu hn ht khng mang in l 52. S khi ca M ln hn s khi ca X l 23 n v. Tng s ht electron trong M+ nhiu hn trong X22- l 7 ht. - Xc nh cc nguyn t M, X v vit cng thc ca phn t M2X. - Vit cu hnh electron (dng ch v dng obitan) ca nguyn t X 6.4 Cho 100 lit hn hp A gm H2, O2, N2. em t hn hp ri a v nhit v p sut ban u, sau khi cho H2O ngng t thu c hn hp B c th tch 64 lit. Trn vo B 100 lit khng kh (20% th tch O2) ri t v tin hnh tng t trn th thu c hn hp C c th tch 128 lt. Hy xc nh th tch cc cht trong hn hp A, B, C. Bit cc th tch o cng iu kin. 6.5 C 4 l mt nhn ng 4 dung dch : HCl, H2SO4, BaCl2, Na2CO3, hy nhn bit l no ng dung dch g m khng c dng bt c thuc th no. 6.6 Mt loi mui n c ln tp cht CaCl2, MgCl2, Na2SO4, MgSO4, CaSO4. Hy trnh by cch loi cc tp cht thu c mui n tinh khit. 6.7 Ch dng qu tm lm th no phn bit c dung dch cc cht sau y: Na2SO4, Na2CO3, NH4Cl.

172

6.8 C 6 l khng nhn ng ring bit tng dung dch sau: K2CO3, (NH4)2SO4, MgSO4, Al2(SO4)3, FeSO4 v Fe2(SO4)3. Dng dung dch xt hy nhn bit dung dch trong mi l? 6.9 Dung dch A cha cc ion : SO42-, SO32-, CO32-. Bng nhng phn ng ha hc no c th nhn bit tng loi anion c trong dung dch. 6.10 Cho mt lng Cu2S tc dng hon ton vi dung dch HNO3 un nng. Phn ng to thnh dung dch A1 v lm gii phng ra kh A2 khng mu, b ha nu trong khng kh. Chia A1 thnh 2 phn. Thm dung dch BaCl2 vo phn 1, thy to thnh kt ta trng A3 khng tan trong axit d. Thm lng d dung dch NH3 vo phn 2, ng thi khuy u hn hp, thu c dung dch A 4 c mu xanh lam m. a) Hy ch ra A1, A2, A3, A4 l g? b) Vit cc phng trnh phn ng trong cc qu trnh ha hc va nu trn. 6.11 Cho bit tng s electron trong anion AB32- l 42. Trong cc ht nhn A cng nh B s proton bng s ntron. a) Tnh s khi ca A, B b) Vit cu hnh v s phn b electron trong cc obitan ca cc nguyn t A, B. 6.12 Hai nguyn t A, B c cc oxit th kh tng ng l AOn, AOm, Bm v BOi. Hn hp (I) gm x phn t gam AOn v y phn t gam AOm c khi lng phn t trung bnh l 37,6. Hn hp (II) gm y phn t gam AOn v x phn t gam AOm c khi lng phn t trung bnh l 34,4. Bit t khi hi ca Bm so vi BOi l 0,8 v x < y. a) Xc nh cc ch s n, m, i v t s x/y. b) Xc nh cc nguyn t A, B v cc oxit ca chng. c) Cho bit tnh tan ca cc cht trn trong nc v tnh cht ha hc c bn ca cc dung dch ca chng. 6.13 t chy cht X bng O2 va ta thu c hn hp kh duy nht l CO2 v SO2 c t khi so vi hiro bng 28,667 v t khi hi ca X so vi khng kh nh hn 3. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X.

173

6.14 Cho mt lng cht A tc dng ht vi mt lng dung dch H2SO4 va , to ra cht B, C v 7,458 lit kh D 300C, 1 atm. cng nhit , p sut, t khi hi ca D so vi hiro bng 2,286 ln t khi hi ca nit so vi hiro. a) A, B, C l cht no? Vit phng trnh phn ng c th cho qu trnh trn. Bit rng trong cc phn ng cc cht u c h s nh nhau trong cc phng trnh; A c th l mt trong cc cht K2CO3, K2SO3, KHCO3, KHSO3. b) Tnh khi lng cc cht: A, B, C v H2SO4 nguyn cht. 6.15 Trong mt bnh kn dung tch khng i cha a mol SO2 , a mol O2 v mt t bt xc tc V2O5; p sut v nhit trong bnh l P atm v t0C. Nung nng bnh mt thi gian, sau a nhit bnh v t0C, p sut trong bnh lc ny l P. Lp biu thc P theo P v h (hiu sut phn ng). Hi P c gi tr trong khong no, bit rng t0C cc cht u th kh. 6.16 Cho m gam hn hp bt Fe v S vi t l s mol st bng 2 ln s mol lu hunh, ri em nung (khng c oxi), thu c hn hp A. Ha tan A bng dung dch HCl d thu c 0,4 gam cht rn B, dung dch C v kh D. Sc kh D t t qua dung dch CuCl2 d thy to ra 4,8 gam kt ta en. a) Tnh hiu sut phn ng to thnh hn hp A (theo S). Tnh m. b) Cho dung dch C tc dng vi H2SO4 c, nng d. Tnh th tch kh thot ra iu kin tiu chun. 6.17 Cho a gam hn hp gm FeS2 v FeCO3 vi s mol bng nhau vo mt bnh kn cha lng d oxi. p sut trong bnh l p1 atm. un nng bnh phn ng xy ra hon ton ri a bnh v nhit ban u, p sut kh trong bnh l c ny l p2 atm, khi lng cht rn thu c l b gam. Bit rng th tch cht rn trong bnh trc v sau phn ng l khng ng k. Hy xc nh cc t s p1/p2 v a/b. 6.18 Hn hp ban u SO2 v O2 c t khi hi i vi H2 bng 24. Cn thm bao nhiu lit O2 vo 20 lit hn hp ban u hn hp mi c t khi hi so vi H2 bng 22,4. Thc hin phn ng vi hn hp mi v xc tc V2O5. Hi sau phn ng hn hp c kh g v th tch hn hp l bao nhiu? (Bit rng th tch cc kh o trong iu kin tiu chun, hiu sut phn ng 100%).

174

6.19

T 800 tn qung pirit st (FeS2) cha 25% tp cht khng chy, c th

sn xut c bao nhiu m3 dung dch H2SO4 93% (D = 1,83 g/ml) ? Gi thit t l hao ht l 5%. 6.20 Ha tan 0,4 gam SO3 vo a gam dung dch H2SO4 10% thu c dung dch H2SO4 12,25%. a) Tnh a. b) Thm 10 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,5 M vo dung dch thu c trn lc kt ta thm tip 50 ml dung dch NaOH 0,8 M vo nc lc ri cho bay hi thu c 6,44 gam cht rn X. Xc nh cng thc ca X. c) Ly 48,3 gam X ha tan trong V ml H2O thu c dung dch 8%. Tnh V. ( D H O = 1g/ml). 2 C. BI TP T LUYN 6.21 X, Y l hai nguyn t lin tip nhau trong mt nhm A. Cu hnh e ngoi cng ca X l 2p4. a) Vit cu hnh e v xc nh v tr X, Y trong bng tun hon. b) Vit cng thc e v cng thc cu to ca phn t to nn t X v Y 6.22 Dung dch hiropeoxit c nng 30% v khi lng ring 1,51g/cm3. Dung dch hiropeoxit b phn hy theo phn ng sau:
xt 2H 2 O 2 p 2H 2 O  O 2 o

Tnh th tch kh oxi thu c (ktc) khi cho 100ml hiropeoxit trn phn hy. p s: 14,92 lt oxi 6.23 Hn hp kh o on v oxi c t khi hi so vi hiro bng 20. Hy xc nh thnh phn phn trm theo th tch ca cc kh trong hn hp. Dn 2,24 lit hn hp kh trn i qua dung dch KI d. Tnh khi lng iot to thnh. p s:

VO2 ! 50%;VO3 ! 50%; m I 2 ! 12,7gam

6.24 Ngi ta c th iu ch oxi t cc cht sau: KMnO4, KClO3, H2O2, H2O. Hy vit cc phng trnh phn ng minh ha v so snh th tch kh oxi thu c (trong cng iu kin) khi phn hy cng mt khi lng cht ban u.

175

6.25 Nu hin tng v vit phng trnh phn ng nu c khi cho H2SO4 c tc dng vi cc cht sau: KMnO4, KClO3, H2O2, H2O.. 6.26 Mi ng nghim cha mt trong cc dung dch sau: KI, BaCl2, Na 2CO3, Na2SO4, NaOH, (NH4)2SO4, nc clo. Khng dng thm cht khc, hy trnh by cch nhn bit mi cht trn. 6.27 Cho hn hp gm FeS v CuS vi t l mol 1 : 1 tc dng vi dung dch HNO3 thu c dung dch A v khi B. A to thnh kt ta trng vi BaCl2; trong khng kh B chuyn thnh mu nu B1. Cho dung dch A tc dng vi dung dch amoniac to ra dung dch A1 v kt ta A2. Nung A2 nhit cao c cht rn A3. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng dng phn t. 6.28 Tnh lng FeS2 cn dng iu ch mt lng SO3 tan vo 100 gam H2 SO4 91% thnh oleum cha 12,5% SO3 . Gi thit cc phn ng c thc hin hon ton. p s: mFeS2 = 45gam 6.29 Trn 400ml HCl vi 100ml H2SO4 c dung dch A. trung ha 10ml dung dch A cn 40ml dung dch NaOH 0,4M. C cn dung dch sau khi trung ha c 1,036 gam mui khan. Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch HCl, H2SO4 v ca cc mui trong dung dch sau trung ha. p s: [HCl] = 0,875M; [H2SO4] = 2,25M; [NaCl] = 0,14M; [Na2SO4] = 0,09M; 6.30 Hn hp A gm FeCO3 v FeS2. A tc dng vi dung dch axit HNO3 63% (khi lng ring 1,44 g/ml) theo cc phn ng sau: FeCO3  HNO 3 p mui X  CO2  NO 2  H 2 O FeS 2  HNO 3 p mui X  H 2 SO 4  NO 2  H 2 O (1) (2)

c hn hp kh B v dung dch C. T khi ca B i vi oxi bng 1,42 5. phn ng va ht vi cc cht trong dung dch C cn dng 540 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,2M. Lc ly kt ta, em nung n khi lng khng i, c 7,568 gam cht rn (BaSO4 coi nh khng b nhit phn). Cc phn ng xy ra hon ton.

176

a) X l mui g ? Hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng (1) v (2). b) Tnh khi lng tng cht trong hn hp A. c) Xc nh th tch dung dch HNO3 dng (gi thit HNO3 khng b bay hi trong qu trnh phn ng). m FB CO3 ! 4,64 (g) p s: m FB S2 ! 0,96 (g) V HNO3 } 23,89 (ml) 6.31 un nng hn hp gm 5,6 gam bt st v 3,2 gam bt lu hunh sau phn ng thu c hn hp A. Cho A tc dng vi dung dch HCl d thu c 2,24 lit hn hp kh B v m gam cht rn C. Cho bit t khi hi ca B so vi hiro l 13. a) Xc nh thnh phn phn trm theo th tch ca cc kh trong B. b) Tnh hiu sut ca phn ng st v lu hunh; tnh gi tr ca m. p s: VH 2 S ! 75%;VH 2 ! 25%; H ! 75%; mC ! 0,8gam

6.32 T 100 tn qung pirit st (FeS2) cha 15% tp cht khng chy, c th sn xut c bao nhiu m3 dung dch H2SO4 98% (d = 1,84) ? Gi thit t l hao ht l 10%. p s: V
H 2SO 4 98 C

} 69,3m3

6.33 Cho 9,52 gam hn hp Na2SO4, Na2SO3 v NaHSO3 tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 long d, thu c 1,008 lit kh A (ktc). Mt khc 9,52 gam hn hp trn phn ng va vi 72 ml dung dch NaOH 0,5M. 1- Tnh khi lng mi cht trong 9,52 gam hn hp trn. 2- Kh A lm mt mu va 200 ml dung dch nc brom. Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch nc Br2 dng? p s: m Na 2 SO4 ! 4,642g; mNa 2 SO3 ! 1,134g; m NaHSO4 ! 3,744g; CM Br2 ! 0,225M.

177

D. BI TP TRC NGHIM 6.34. Khi cho 20 lt kh oxi i qua my to o on, c 9% th tch oxi chuyn thnh o on. Hi th tch kh b gim bao nhiu lt? (cc iu kin khc khng thay i) A. 2 lt 6.35. Trong phn ng B. 0,9 lt C. 0,18 lt D. 0,6 lt

2H 2O2 p 2H 2O  O2
Pht biu no sau y ng khi ni v phn t H2O2? A. L cht oxi ho B. L cht kh C. Va l cht oxi ho, va l cht kh. D. Khng l cht oxi ho, khng l cht kh 6.36. phn ng no sau y H2O2 va ng vai tr cht oxi ho, va ng vai tr cht kh? A. H2O2 + 2KI p I2 + 2KOH B. Ag2O + H2O2 p 2Ag + H2O + O2 C. 2H2O2 p 2H2O + O2 D. H2O2 + KNO2 p H2O + KNO 3 6.37. Cho n hn hp gm 2ml hiro v 6ml oxi trong bnh kn. Hi sau khi n, a bnh v nhit phng, nu gi nguyn p sut ban u, trong bnh cn kh no vi th tch bng bao nhiu? A. 4ml O2 A. 35oC C. 117oC A. Cu2S v Cu2O C. Cu2S v CuO B. 2ml O2 B. 48oC D. 120oC B. CuS v CuO D. Khng c cp no. C. 1ml H 2 D. 5ml O 2 6.38. Nu 1gam oxi c th tch 1 lt p sut 1atm th nhit bng bao nhiu?

6.39. Cp cht no sau y c phn trm khi lng ng nh nhau?

178

6.40. Dng 300 tn qung pirit (FeS2) c ln 20% tp cht sn xut axit H2SO4 c nng 98%. Bit rng hiu sut phn ng l 90%. Khi lng axit H2SO4 98% thu c l A. 320 tn B. 335 tn C. 350 tn D. 360 tn 6.41. t chy hon ton 8,96 lt H2S (ktc) trong oxi d, ri dn tt c sn phm vo 50 ml dung dch NaOH 25% (D= 1,28). Nng % mui trong dung dch l A. 47, 92% B. 42, 96% C. 42,69% D. 24,97% 6.42. Cho s ca phn ng H2S + KMnO4 + H2SO4 p H2O + S + MnSO 4 + K2SO4 H s ca cc cht tham gia phn ng l dy s no trong cc dy sau? A. 3, 2, 5 B. 5, 2, 3 C. 2, 2, 5 D. 5, 2, 4

  6.43. Cho cc cht v ion sau Cl, Na2S, NO2, Fe2+, SO2, Fe3+, NO3 , SO2 4 ,  SO2 3 , Na, Cu. Dy cht v ion no sau y va c tnh kh, va c tnh oxi ho?

A. Cl, Na2S, NO2, Fe2+

 C. Na2S, Na2S, NO3 , NO2

 B. NO2, Fe2+, SO2, Fe3+, SO2 3

D. Cl, Na2S, Na, Cu

6.44. Dy cht v ion no sau y ch th hin tnh kh trong cc phn ng ha hc? A. H2S v ClC. Na v S2B. NH3 v ID. Fe2+ v Cl-

6.45. Tnh cht c bit ca dd H2SO4 c, nng l tc dng c vi cc cht trong dy no sau y m dd H2SO4 long khng tc dng? A. BaCl2, NaOH, Zn C. Fe, Al, Ni B. NH 3, MgO, Ba(OH)2 D. Cu, S, C 12H22O11 (ng saccaro )

6.46. Cho 21 gam hn hp Zn v CuO vo 600 ml dung dch H 2SO4 0,5mol/L, phn ng va . % khi lng ca Zn c trong hn hp ban u l A. 57% B. 62% C. 69 % D. 73%

179

6.47. Hai bnh cu c th tch bng nhau. Np oxi vo bnh th nht. Np oxi c o on ha vo bnh th hai. Nhit v p sut hai bnh nh nhau. t hai bnh trn hai a cn thy khi lng ca hai bnh khc nhau 0,21 gam. S gam o on c trong bnh oxi c o on ha l A. 0,63 B. 0,65 C. 0,67 D. 0,69 6.48 tr nm thc vt, ngi ta dng dung dch CuSO4 0,8%. Lng dung dch CuSO4 0,8% pha ch c t 60 gam CuSO4.5H2O l: A. 4800 gam B. 4700 gam C. 4600 gam D. 4500 gam E. P N V HNG DN GII BI TP 7.34. D 7.39. C 7.44. C 7.35. 7.40. 7.45. C D D 7.36. C 7.41. B 7.46. D 7.37. D 7.42. B 7.47. A 7.38. 7.43. 7.48. C B A

6.1 Hng dn: Trong t nhin oxi c 3 ng v bn

16 8

O,

17 8

O v

18 8

O . Nguyn t khi ca oxi

trong bng h thng tun hon l 15,999. iu mu thun ny xy ra do s ht khi. Khi hnh thnh ht nhn nguyn t, mt phn khi lng ca cc ht proton v ntron chuyn thnh nng lng. Theo cng thc ca Anhxtanh: E = mc2, trong E l nng lng, m l khi lng v c l tc ca nh sng. 6.2 Hng dn: Kh Cl2 c mu vng lc nht. Dng giy tm h tinh bt v dung dch KI nhn bit c O3: O3 + 2KI + H 2O p O2 + I2 + 2KOH I2 lm h tinh bt chuyn mu xanh. Dng qu tm m nhn bit c HCl v SO2. Cn li l kh O2. - Phn bit l kh HCl v SO2 bng dung dch nc brom. SO2 lm mt mu dung dch brom. SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O p 2HBr + H2SO4 6.3 Hng dn:

180

Gi p, , n l s proton, s electron v s ntron trong mt nguyn t M. p, , n l s proton, s electron v s ntron trong mt nguyn t X. Theo iu kin bi ton ta c phng trnh: 2(2 + n) + 2(2 + n) = 164 (4 + 4 ) - 2(n + n) = 52 ( + n) - ( + n) = 23 (2 + n - 1) - 2(2 + n) + 2 = 7 Cng thc phn t ca hp cht l K2O2 Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t X O
oq oq oq o o

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Gii h (1), (2), (3), (4) ta c = 19 M l kali: = 8 X l oxi.

1s2

2s2

2p4

6.4 Hng dn: Phn ng : 2H2 + O2 p 2H2O lng (1) Sau ln phn ng (I) hn hp c th tch gim : 100 - 64 = 36 (lit) Suy ra VH ( phn ng) + 2 VO ( phn ng) = 36 (lit) 2 2 Trong VH ( phn ng) = 2 VO = 24 (lit) 2 2 Sau ln phn ng (II) hn hp c th tch tip tc gim: 100 + 64 - 128 = 36 (lit) Chng t trong B cn H2 d, suy ra O2 trong hn hp A c 12 (lit) v phn ng ht. ln phn ng (II): VH 2 (cng phn ng) = 24(lit)

VO2 phn ng = 12(lit)

100 ! 20 (lit) > 12 (lit) O2 phn ng, 5 chng t sau phn ng (II) H2 ht, v O2 d. M VO2 trong 100 (lit) khng kh =

181

VO2 d = 8(lit) vy sau 2 ln phn ng VH 2 : 24 + 24 = 48 (lit) Kt lun : hh A c : 48 (lit) H2 ; 12 (lit) O2; 40 (lit) N2 hh B c : 24 (lit) H2 ; 40 (lit) N2 hh C c : 8 (lit) O2 d; 120 (lit) N2 6.5 Hng dn: Ln lt cho mu th tc dng vi ba mu th cn li ta c kt qu : HCl 1 2 3 4 HCl H2SO4 BaCl2 Na2CO3 CO2o BaSO4q CO2o BaCO3q BaSO4q H2SO4 BaCl2 Na2CO3 CO2o CO2o BaCO3q

Da vo bng trn ta thy khi cho mt mu th nh vo 3 mu th kia s xy ra mt trong bn trng hp. Trong cc trng hp trn, duy nht ch c Na2CO3 hai ln th c kh v mt ln c kt ta. BaCl2 c hai ln th c kt ta. H2SO4 vo 3 mu th cn li, mt ln c kt ta v mt ln c kh bay ra. HCl vo 3 mu th cn li, ch c mt ln c kh bay ra. H2SO4 + HCl p dung dch trong sut. H2SO4 + BaCl2 p BaSO4q + 2HCl H2SO4 + Na2CO3 p Na2SO4 + CO2o + H2O 6.6 Hng dn: - Ha tan mui n vo nc ct. - Thm BaCl2 d loi ion SO42- dng BaSO4 kt ta trng. Phng trnh phn ng: BaCl2 + Na 2SO4 p BaSO4q + 2NaCl

182

BaCl2 + MgSO4 p BaSO4q + MgCl2 BaCl2 + CaSO4 p BaSO4q + CaCl2 - Lc b kt ta BaSO4. - Thm Na2CO3 d loi ion Mg2+, Ca 2+ MgCl2 + Na2CO3 p 2NaCl + MgCO3q CaCl2 + Na 2CO3 p 2NaCl + CaCO3q - Lc b kt ta MgCO3, CaCO3. - Thm dung dch HCl loi b Na2CO3 d Na2CO3 + 2HCl p 2NaCl + CO2o + H2O - C cn dung dch ta thu c mui n tinh khit. 6.7 Hng dn: Cho mt mu qu tm vo cc mu th, mu th no lm qu tm ha xanh l dung dch Na2CO3, qu tm ha l dung dch NH4Cl, qu tm khng i mu l Na2SO4 v: Na2CO3 l mui ca ba mnh (NaOH) axit yu nn thy phn to ra dung dch c tnh ba . Na2CO3 + H2O NaHCO3 + NaOH

NH4Cl l mui ca axit mnh (HCl) v ba yu nn thy phn to ra dung dch c tnh axit. NH4Cl + H2O NH3 + H2O + HCl

Na2SO4 l mui ca axit mnh (H2SO4) v ba mnh (NaOH) nn khng b thy phn. 6.8 Hng dn: Ly t mi dung dch mt t lm th nghim. - Nh dung dch NaOH vo tng dung dch: + Dung dch no khng c hin tng g l K2CO3. + Dung dch no thy phn ng xy ra c kh mi khai bay ra. l (NH4)2SO4

183

(NH4)2SO4 + 2NaOH p 2NH3o + Na2SO4 + 2H2O + Dung dch no thy c kt ta xut hin, lu ngoi khng kh kt ta khng i mu. l MgSO4: MgSO4 + 2NaOH p Mg(OH)2q + Na2SO4 + Dung dch no thy c kt ta keo trng xut hin, nh tip NaOH n d, kt ta tan . l Al2(SO4)3. Al2(SO4)3 + 6NaOH p 2Al(OH) 3q + 3Na2SO4 Al(OH)3 + NaOH d p NaAlO2 + 2H2O + Dung dch no thy xut hin kt ta trng v kt ta dn dn chuyn sang mu nu khi ngoi khng kh. l FeSO4. FeSO4 + 2NaOH p Fe(OH)2q + Na2SO4 4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O p 4Fe(OH)3q(mu nu ) + Dung dch no thy xut hin kt ta mu nu. l Fe2(SO4)3. Fe2(SO4)3 + 6NaOH p 2Fe(OH)3q(mu nu ) + 3Na2SO4 6.9 Nhn bit tng loi anion trong dung dch A: Ta c th tin hnh theo nhiu cch khc nhau. Sau y gii thiu 2 cch. Cch 1 : - Cho dung dch A tc dng vi dung dch axit HCl: Dung dch A + HCl p hn hp kh + dung dch B SO32- + 2H+ p SO2o + H2O CO32- + 2H+ p CO2o + H2O - Cho hn hp kh ln lt qua dung dch KMnO4 v sau l dung dch Ca(OH)2. Ta thy: + Dung dch KMnO4 b nht mu do phn ng: 5SO2 + 2KMnO4 +2H2O p K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 2H2SO4 Chng t trong hn hp kh c SO2, suy ra dung dch A c SO32-. + Dung dch Ca(OH)2 b vn c hoc vn c ri tr nn trong sut do cc phn ng:

184

CO2 + Ca(OH)2 p CaCO3q + H2O CO2 + CaCO3 + H2O p Ca(HCO3)2 Chng t trong hn hp c kh CO2, suy ra trong dung dch A c CO32-. - Dung dch B tc dng vi BaCl2 thy c kt ta: SO42- + BaCl2 p BaSO4q + 2ClChng t trong dung dch A c ion SO42-. Cch 2: - Dung dch A + BaCl2 p hn hp kt ta C: SO42 + Ba2+ p BaSO4q SO32- + Ba 2+ p BaSO3q CO32- + Ba2+ p BaCO3q - Cho kt ta C tc dng vi axit HCl: + Cht khng tan l BaSO4, suy ra dung dch A c ion SO42-. + Cht tan l BaSO3 v BaCO3: BaSO3 + 2HCl p BaCl2 + SO2o + H2O BaCO3 + 2HCl p BaCl2 + CO2o + H2O Nhn bit kh SO2, CO2 suy ra c ion SO32- v CO32- nh cch 1. 6. 10 Hng dn : A1 l dung dch gm Cu(NO3)2, H2SO4 v HNO3 d. A2 l kh NO A3 l kt ta BaSO4 A4 l dung dch cha ion phc [Cu(NH3)4]2+ b) Cc phng trnh phn ng: 3Cu2S + 22HNO3 p 6Cu(NO3)2 + 3H2SO4 + 10NOo + 8H2O 2NO + O2 p 2NO2 a) Ch ra cc cht

185

H2SO4 + BaCl2 p BaSO4q + 2HCl NH3 + H+ p NH4+ Cu2+ + 4NH3 p Cu(NH3)4)2+ 6.11 Hng dn : a) Gi x, y: s proton trong cc ht nhn ca A, B ta c: x + 3y = 42 - 2 = 40

40 ! 13,33 B phi thuc chu k 2. V l phi kim (to anion) 3 nn B ch c th l F, O hoc N.

Do y < + Nu l F: (y = 9) th x = 40 - (3 v 9) = 13 Al (loi) + Nu l O:(y = 8) th x = 40 - (3 v 8) = 16 l S (ng) + Nu l N: (y = 7) th x = 40 - (3 v 7) = 19 ng vi K (loi) Vy: A l S c s khi: 16 + 16 = 32 B l O c s khi : 8 + 8 = 16 b) Cu hnh electron v s phn b electron ca: S
oq oq oq oq oq oq oq o o

1s2

2s2

2p6

3s2

3p4

oq

oq

oq

O 6.12

1s2 Hng dn :

2s2

2p4

a) Xc nh cc ch s n, m, i v t s x/y. t khi lng mol nguyn t ca 2 nguyn t A, B ln lt l A, B. * Hn hp : x mol AOn v y mol AOm c khi lng mol phn t trung bnh M1 .

M1 ! 186

x(A  16n) y(A  16m) ! 37,6 xy

A

16(nx  my) ! 37,6 (x  y)

(1)

* Hn hp II: x mol AOm v y mol AOn c khi lng mol phn t trung bnh
2

x(A  16m)  y(A  16n) ! 34,4 xy

(2)

A

16(mx  ny) ! 34,4 (x  y)

(1) - (2)

16(nx  my  mx  ny) ! 3,2 (x  y)

(m  n)(y  x) ! 0,2 xy

(3)

V x + y > 0 v x < y (theo bi) Nn m - n > 0 m > n * T khi hi ca BOm so vi BOi : d!

(4)

B  16m ! 0,8 B  16i i (6)

(5)

B  16m 1 m B  16i

So snh (4); (6) ta c : n < m < i Cc oxit th kh thng c dng tng qut XOK trong 1 e K e 3

1 e n < m < i e 3 n = 1; m = 2 v i = 3

(2) T s x/y Thay n = 1; m = 2 vo (2) ta c :

y x x 2 ! 0,2 0,8y ! 1,2x ! x y y 3 187

b) Xc nh A, B v cc oxit ca chng. * Thay n = 1; m = 2 v x !

2 y vo (1) th c: 3

A = 12. Vy A l cacbon * Thay m = 2 v i = 3 vo (5) th c : B = 32. Vy B l lu hunh. Vy cc oxit tng ng ca A l: CO v CO2. Cc oxit tng ng ca B l : SO 2 v SO3. c) Tnh tan ca cc oxit v tnh cht ha hc c bn ca cc dung dch. CO : rt t tan trong nc. C tnh kh :
t Fe2O3 + 3CO p 2Fe + 3CO2
o

CO2 :

t tan trong nc: Dung dch c tnh axit yu, khng bn: CO2 + H2O

H2CO3

SO2 :

tan nhiu trong nc. Dung dch c tnh axit, khng bn SO2 + H2O H2SO3

Dung dch c tnh kh hoc c tnh oxi ha H2SO3 + Br2 (dd) + H2O p H2SO4 + 2HBr (tnh kh) H2SO3 + 2H2S p 3S + 3H2O (tnh oxi ha ) SO3: tan nhiu trong nc to thnh axit mnh SO3 + H2O p H2SO4 Dung dch H2SO4 long c tnh axit mnh H2SO4 + Zn p ZnSO4 + H2o Dung dch H2SO4 m c nng c tnh oxi ha mnh. 6.13 Hng dn:

188

M hn hp kh CO2 v SO2 : 28,667 v 2 = 57,334

Trong hn hp kh : Gi s mol CO2 l x, s mol SO2 l y x 1 44x  64y ! 57,334 ! y 2 xy n CO2 n SO2 ! 1 . 2

Suy ra trong hp cht X s mol nguyn t C l 1 v s mol nguyn t S l 2. Cng thc n gin (CS2)nOD. n ch c th = 1 v nu n = 2; = 0 th MX = 152 So vi khng kh MX " 3 . Tri vi gi thit 28 MX " 3 cng tri vi gi thit. 28

n = 1 v = 1 th MX = 92 so vi khng kh

Vy cng thc CS2 (cacbon isunfua)l cng thc ca X. CS2 + 3O2 p CO2 + 2SO2 6.14 Hng dn:

MD a) Theo gi thit : 2 ! 2,286 M D ! M N 2 v 2,286! 64 M N2 2

A l mt trong cc cht K2CO3, K2SO3, KHCO3, KHSO3. Vy khi tc dng H2SO4 kh c gii phng s l CO2 hoc SO2 vi M = 64 th D l SO2 vy A l mt trong hai cht K2SO3 hoc KHSO3. b) Tnh khi lng cc cht A, B, C v H2SO4 nguyn cht. * A l K2SO3 PVT0 P0 V 0 PV ! V0 ! P0 T T0 T

189

S mol kh D : n D !

V0 ! 0,3mol 22,4 + SO 2 o 0,3 mol

K2SO3 + H2SO4 p K2SO4 + H2O 0,3 mol 0,3 mol 0,3 mol 0,3 mol m A (m K 2 SO3 ) ! 0,3v 158 ! 47,4gam

m B (m K 2 SO 4 ) ! 0,3 v 174 ! 52,2 gam

m H 2 SO4 ! 0,3v 98 ! 29,4 gam

mC (mH 2O ) ! 0,3v 18 ! 5,4gam

* A l KHSO3 KHSO3 + H2SO4 p KHSO4 + H2O 0,3 mol 0,3 mol 0,3 mol 0,3 mol + SO 2o 0,3 mol

m A (mKHSO3 ) ! 0,3v 120 ! 36(g)

m B (m KHSO4 ) ! 0,3v 136 ! 40,8(g)

mC (mH 2O ) ! 0,3v 18 ! 5,4(g)

m H 2 SO4 ! 0,3v 98 ! 29,4 (g) 6.15 Hng dn: Biu thc tnh P theo P v h (hiu sut phn ng) 2SO2 Ban u : Phn ng vi: Hiu sut h% a mol ah mol + O2 a mol ah/2 mol

2SO3 0 ah mol

ah Cn bng (a - ah) mol a  mol 2

ah mol

- Tng s mol ban u nt = a + a = 2a (mol)

190

- Tng s mol sau phn ng: ns = a - ah + a n S ! 2a  Ta c :

ah  ah 2

ah a(4  h) ! 2 2

Ps n s 4 h P' a(4  h) 4  h ! P'! P ! ! Pt n t P 2 v 2a 4 4 * Nu h = 0 (khng phn ng): P = P * Nu h = 1 (hiu sut 100%): P'! 3P 41 P! 4 4

Vy P phi c gi tr trong khong:

3P P' P 4
6.16 Hng dn : a) Gi x l s mol S c trong m gam hn hp. Suy ra s mol Fe s l 2x. Gi x1 l s mol S tham gia phn ng khi nung: Ta c : Fe (mol) x1 (x - x1) mol S (2x - x1) mol Fe v x1 mol FeS - Ha tan A trong axit HCl d: Fe + 2HCl p FeCl2 + H2o FeS + 2HCl p FeCl2 + H2So Cn li 0,4 gam cht rn B l lu hunh d (2) (3) + S x1
t p
o

FeS x1

(1)

Sau khi nung, trong hn hp A c :

191

nS = x - x1 =

0,4 ! 0,0125 (mol) 32

(I)

Dung dch C gm HCl d v FeCl2 vi s mol l 2x. Kh D gm H2 v H2S Sc kh D t t vo dung dch CuCl2 d, ch c H2S phn ng: CuCl2 + H2S p CuSq + 2HCl Kt ta en to thnh l CuS. Theo (1), (2), (4): nCuS = x1 = 4,8 ! 0,05 mol 96 (II) (4)

Kt hp (I) v (II) ta c : x - x1 = 0,0125 x = 0,0125 + 0,05 = 0,0625 - Hiu sut phn ng to thnh hn hp A: Theo S : h% =

0,05 v 100% ! 80% 0,0625

b) Dung dch C gm HCl d v FeCl2 vi s mol l 0,125 . Cho dung dch C tc dng vi H2SO4 c, nng d ch c FeCl2 phn ng. 2FeCl2 + 4H2SO4 p Fe2(SO4)3 + SO2o + 4HCl + 2H2O 2mol 0,125
VSO ! 0,0625.22,4 ! 1,4l 2

1mol x! 0,125.1 ! 0,0625 2

6.17

Trong a gam hn hp gm x mol FeCO3 v x mol FeS2 Cc phng trnh phn ng t chy:
t 4FeCO3 + O2 p 2Fe2O3 + 4CO2o
o

(1)

1 x 4
o

1 x 2

x (2)

t 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2o 4FeS2 + 11O2 p

192

11 x 4

1 x 2

2x

11 1 x ! 3x mol O2, nhng x  4 4 li to ra 3x mol kh CO2 v SO2. Do , s mol kh trong bnh trc v sau phn Nh vy sau phn ng (1), (2) dng ht ng khng thay i. Nh vy, ti cng mt nhit th p1 = p 2 hay Theo (1), (2) : a = 116x + 120x = 236x (g) b = 0,5x v 160 + 0,5x . 160 = 160x (g) a 236x ! ! 1,475 b 160x 6.18 Hng dn : Trong hn hp SO2, O2 c M 1 = 24 v 2 = 48 gi n SO2 l x v n O l y 2 p1 ! 1. p2

64x  32y x 1 ! 48 ! xy y 1

n SO2 chim 50% hn hp. n O2 chim 50% hn hp Trong 20 lt hn hp VSO2 ! VO2 ! 10 lt hay n SO2 ! n O2 ! 10 mol. 22,4

Gi th tch O2 thm vo l a hn hp sau khi thm O2 c d H 2 ! 22,4 M 2 = 22,4 v 2 = 44,8

10 10 a .64)  ( .32)  ( .32) 22,4 22,4 22,4 ! M 2 ! 44,8 10 10 a   22,4 22,4 22,4

193

 a = 5 lit

Phng trnh phn ng:

2SO 2
(mol)

2O5 O 2 V p 2SO 3

10 22,4

5 22,4

10 22,4

theo trn ta c oxi d sau phn ng hn hp c kh SO3 , O2 .

s mol kh b gim

5 mol th tch b gim 5 lit. 22,4

Th tch hn hp sau phn ng 20 + 5 - 5 = 20 (lit) 6.19 Hng dn:Phn ng t chy pirit st:
t 4FeS2 + 11O2 p 2Fe2O3 + 8SO2o
o

4 mol Cc phn ng chuyn SO2 thnh H2SO4

V2 O 5 2SO 2  O 2 p 2SO 3

8 mol

SO 3  H 2 O p H 2 SO 4
Lng FeS 2 c trong 800 tn qung: 800 - (800. 0,25) = 600 tn = 600000000g S mol FeS2 = 600000000 ! 5000000mol 120

S mol FeS2 thc t chuyn thnh SO2: 5000000 - (5000000 . 0,05) = 4750000 mol theo cc phng trnh phn ng ta c s mol SO2 bng s mol H2SO4 v bng 2 ln s mol FeS2 phn ng: 4750000 . 2 = 9500000 mol Lng H2SO4 c to thnh : 98 . 9500000 = 931000000g = 931000 kg

Th tch cadungdch H 2 SO4 93%:

6.20 Hng dn :

931000 ! 547 m3 1,83v 0,93

194

a. Khi ha tan SO3 vo dung dch xy ra phn ng: SO3 + H2O p H2SO4 Khi lng ca H2SO4: m ! mm i  mc ! 0, 4.98 a.10%  ! 0, 49  0,1a (g) 80 100%

Khi lng dung dch: mdd = 0,4 + a. Ta c: C% ! 0,49  0,1a .100 0,4  a ! 12,25
a = 19,6 gam

b. S mol H2SO4 l

y!

0,4 19,6.10%  ! 0,025 mol 80 100%.98

S mol Ba(OH)2 l x = 0,01.0,5 = 0,005 mol; S mol NaOH l = 0,05.0,8 = 0,04 mol. Khi thm cc dung dch trn ta c phn ng: Ba(OH)2 + H2SO4 p BaSO4q + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2SO4 p Na2SO4 + 2H2O (1) (2)

Theo phng trnh phn ng (1) v (2) x + /2 = 0,025 = y do H2SO4 phn ng hon ton, lc b kt ta BaSO4 th trong dung dch ch cn Na2SO4 vi s mol l: 0,02 mol. Khi cho bay hi dung dch thu c Na2SO4.nH2O (X). Vy MX = 6,44/0,02 = 322 (g). MX = (2.23 + 96 + 18n) = 322 Vy X l Na2SO4 .10H2O c. Khi ha tan 48,3 gam X (Na2SO4 .10H2O) nX = 48,3/322 = 0,15 mol mct = 0,15.142 = 21,3 gam. Ta c: m dd ! m ct .100% 21,3.100% ! ! 266,25 gam C% 8% n = 10

Vy khi lng ca nc cn ly l: m = 266,25 - 48,3 = 217,95 (g)

195

V = m/D = 217,95 ml. F. THNG TIN B SUNG Nguyn t lu hunh L nguyn t phi kim th hai c bit n t thi rt xa xa. Trong thin nhin, nhiu ni c m lu hunh. cng l l do con ngi sm bit lu hunh Vo thi Hme (Khong th k 12-9, TCN), nhng ngi c Hi Lp bit t lu hunh ty u nh ca, dng kh thot ra (SO 2) ty trng si vi. Ngi xa tin rng, ci mi v mu xanh ca ngn la lu hunh c th xua ui c ma qu..... Lu hunh t sinh c thy nhng ni gn cc ni la hat ng. Cc kh thot ra t ming ni la thng l hp cht ca lu hunh, nn c gi thuyt cho rng lu hunh t sinh l kt qu ca phn ng ca cc cht kh 2H2S + SO2 3S + 2H2O Ngoi ra s hot ng lu bn ca cc vi sinh vt trong t cng l nguyn nhn to thnh lu hunh t sinh. Nhng m lu hunh ny thng xa ni la v khng c cha tp cht asen. L do ng tin cy ch, trong qu trnh hot ng chuyn cc hp cht sunfua thnh lu hunh, cc vi sinh vt trnh khng ng n asen, mt cht c vi chng. Vo thi Home (khong th k 12- 9, TCN), nhng ngi c Hi Lp bit t lu hunh ty u nh ca, dng kh thot ra (SO 2) ty trng si vi. Ngi xa tin rng, ci mi v mu xanh ca ngn lu lu hunh c th xua ui c ma qu Thi trung c bit dng lu hunh v hp cht ca lu hunh iu ch m phm v cha bnh ngoi da. Thuc sng c tn "Hi Lp" m ngi Hi Lp nm 670 dng t chy chin thuyn ca Ai cp, c thnh phn (Lu hunh, than, dim tiu) v t l gn nh thuc sng ngy nay Tnh cht chy c v kh nng ha hp d dng vi nhiu kim loi cho lu hunh c v tr u i i vi cc nh gi kim thut thi trung c.

196

Thi trung c cc nh gi kim thut tin tng m qung rng: Cc kim loi c cu to t s kt hp ca Thy Ngn v Lu hunh. S kt hp theo nhng t l khc nhau th to thnh cc kim loi khc nhau v c bit l to thnh kim loi vng th phi pha trn thy ngn v lu hunh theo mt t l "hon ho nht". Hn 1000 nm, cc nh gi kim thut tm kim trong v vng cc t l hon ho nhm iu ch c Vng.

197

Chng 7 TC PHN NG V CN BNG HA HC A. TM TT L THUYT I. Tc phn ng ha hc 1. Khi nim v tc phn ng ha hc - Tc phn ng l bin thin nng ca mt trong cc cht phn ng hoc sn phm trong mt n v thi gian. Th d: Nng ban u ca N2O5 l 2,33M, sau 184 giy nng l 2,08M. Tc trung bnh ca phn ng trong khong thi gian 184 giy tnh theo N2O5 l: N2O5 p N2O4 + V!

1 O2 2

2,33  2, 08 ! 1,36.103 mol / l.s 184

+ Cng thc tng qut tnh tc phn ng : V !

C2  C1 (C hay V ! t2  t1 (t

V : tc trung bnh
Trong : - Tng qut: + Nu: A + B p C +D
V = K. ?AA. ?BA V = K. ?AAn. ?BAm ( C: bin thin nng (t: bin thin thi gian

+ Nu : nA + mB p pC + qD

(trong K l hng s tc phn ng) - Theo qui c: nng tnh bng mol/l, thi gian c th l giy, pht, gi. - Tc phn ng c tnh bng thc nghim. 2. Cc yu t nh hng n tc phn ng a. nh hng ca nng Khi tng nng cht phn ng, tc phn ng tng.

198

b. nh hng ca p sut i vi phn ng c cht kh tham gia, khi tng p sut, tc phn ng tng. c. nh hng ca nhit Khi tng nhit , tc phn ng tng. d. nh hng ca din tch b mt i vi phn ng c cht rn tham gia, khi tng din tch b mt, tc phn ng tng. e. nh hng ca cht xc tc Cht xc tc l cht lm tng tc phn ng, nhng khng b tiu hao trong phn ng. 3. ngha thc tin ca tc phn ng: Cc yu t nh hng n tc phn ng c vn dng nhiu trong i sng sn xut nh: + Nhit ngn la axetilen chy trong oxi cao hn rt nhiu so vi chy trong khng kh, nn to nhit hn cao hn. + Nu thc phm trong ni p sut nhanh chn hn so vi nu p sut thng. + Than, ci c kch thc nh s chy nhanh hn than, ci c kch thc ln. + Dng cht xc tc, chn nhit thch hp, tng p sut chung ca h khi tng hp NH3 t N2 v H2. II. Cn bng ha hc 1. Phn ng mt chiu, phn ng thun nghch v cn bng ha hc a. Phn ng mt chiu - Th d: Phn hy KClO3 c xc tc MnO2, phn ng xy ra nh sau:
MnO2 2KClO3 p 2KCl + 3O 2o t0

Phn ng ny ch xy ra theo mt chiu t tri sang phi. Phn ng nh th c gi l phn ng mt chiu. Dng mi tn ch chiu phn ng. b. Phn ng thun nghch

199

- Trong cng iu kin phn ng xy ra theo hai chiu tri ngc nhau gi l phn ng thun nghch.
Phn ng thun

Th d: Cl2 + H2O

Phn ng nghch

HCl + HClO

- Nhn xt: Cl2 phn ng vi H2O to HCl va HClO, ng thi HCl v HClO sinh ra cng tc dng li vi nhau to li Cl2 v H2O. c. Cn bng ha hc - Cn bng ha hc l trng thi ca phn ng thun nghch khi tc phn ng thun bng tc phn ng nghch (Vthun =Vnghch). Th d: H2(k) + I2(k) 2HI(k) d. Hng s cn bng (tnh theo nng ) ca phn ng thun nghch: Nu : A + B C +D pC + qD
p q

K !

?C A.?D A ?AA.?B A

Tng qut: nA + mB K

?C A ?D A ! n m ?AA ?BA

2. S chuyn dch cn bng ha hc - S chuyn dch cn bng ha hc l s di chuyn t trng thi cn bng ny sang trng thi cn bng khc do tc ng ca cc yu t t bn ngoi ln cn bng. 2NO2 (kh mu nu ) 3. Cc yu t nh hng n cn bng ha hc a. nh hng ca nng - Khi tng hoc gim nng mt cht trong cn bng, th cn bng bao gi cng dch chuyn theo chiu lm gim tc dng ca vic tng hoc gim nng cht . b. nh hng ca p sut N2O4(kh khng mu)

200

- Khi tng hoc gim p sut chung ca h cn bng, th cn bng bao gi cng dch chuyn theo chiu lm gim tc dng ca vic tng hoc gim p sut . c. nh hng ca nhit - Phn ng ta nhit ( (H < 0 ): l phn ng xy ra c ta nng lng di dng nh sng hoc sc nng. - Phn ng thu nhit ( (H > 0 ): l phn ng xy ra c hp th nng lng. - Phng trnh nhit ha hc: l phng trnh ha hc c ghi c hiu ng nhit. - Khi tng nhit , cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu phn ng thu nhit, ngha l chiu lm gim tc dng ca vic tng nhit v khi gim nhit , cn bn g chuyn dch theo chiu phn ng ta nhit, chiu lm gim tc dng ca vic gim nhit . Kt lun (nguyn l L-Sa-t-li): Mt phn ng thun nghch ang trng thi cn bng khi chu mt tc ng t bn ngoi nh bin i nng , p sut, nh it , s chuyn dch cn bng theo chiu lm gim tc ng bn ngoi . d. Vai tr ca cht xc tc - Cht xc tc lm tng tc phn ng thun v nghch vi s ln nh nhau, cho nn khng lm nh hng n cn bng ha hc. 4. ngha ca tc phn ng v cn bng ha hc trong sn xut ha hc. - Qu trnh sn xut axit H2SO4, dng lng d khng kh (tng nng oxi) phn ng: 2SO2 + O2 2SO3 , (H < 0 chuyn dch theo chiu thun. 2NH3(k), (H < 0 - Tng hp NH3 trong cng nghip theo phn ng: N2(k) +3H2(k)

Ngi ta phi thc hin phn ng ny nhit thch hp, p sut cao v dng cht xc tc. B. BI TP C LI GII 7.1 Trong qu trnh t chy cc nhin liu nh than , du m v kh thin nhin, lm th no nng cao hiu sut cung cp nhit ?

201

7.2 Cc yu t nh nhit , p sut cht kh, cht xc tc v din tch b mt cht rn c nh hng ln n tc phn ng ha hc. Ty theo phn ng ha hc c th m vn dng mt, mt s hay tt c cc yu t trn tng hay gim tc phn ng. Trong nhng trng hp di y, yu t no trong s cc yu t trn nh hng n tc phn ng? a. S chy din ra nhanh v mnh hn khi cc vin than t ong c p vi cc hng l rng . b. Khi cn bp than, ngi ta y np bp l lm cho phn ng chy ca than chm li. c. Phn ng oxi ha lu hunh ioxit to thnh lu hunh trioxit din ra nhanh hn khi c mt vanai (V) oxit (V2O5). d. vi c p nh, chn nhanh v u hn khi nung vi dng cc ln. e. Thc n s nhanh chn hn nu c nu trong ni p sut. 7.3 Nghin cu s ph thuc ca tc phn ng tng hp hiro iotua vo nhit , trong mt khong nhit xc nh, ngi ta bit rng khi nhit tng ln 250C th tc ca phn ng ha hc ny tng ln 3 ln. Hi: a. Tc phn ng ha hc trn tng ln bao nhiu ln khi nhit tng t 250C ln 750C ? b. Tc phn ng ha hc trn gim bao nhiu ln khi nhit gim t 1700C xung 950C ? 7.4 Bng s liu sau y cho bit th tch kh hiro thu c theo thi gian phn ng gia km d vi axit clohiric. Hy v th biu din s ph thuc th tch kh hiro theo thi gian. a. T th hy cho bit khong thi gian no phn ng xy ra nhanh nht? thi im phn ng kt thc, hnh dng th nh th no? Thi gian (s) Th tch H2(ml) 0 0 20 20 40 30 60 35 80 38 100 40 120 40 140 40

b. Nu xc nh c nng ca axit clohiric theo thi gian phn ng, th th biu din s ph thuc c dng nh th no?

202

7.5 Khi bt u phn ng, nng ca mt cht l 0,024 mol/l. Sau 20 giy phn ng, nng ca cht l 0,020 mol/l. Hy tnh tc trung bnh ca phn ng ny trong thi gian cho. 7.6 Cho phn ng ha hc: H2(k) + I2(k) 2HI(k)

Cng thc tnh tc ca phn ng trn l v = k [H2] [I2]. Tc ca phn ng ha hc trn s tng bao nhiu ln khi tng p sut chung ca h ln 3 ln? 7.7 Hy cho bit ngi ta s dng bin php no tng tc phn ng ha hc trong cc trng hp sau y: a. Rc men vo tinh bt c nu chn (cm, ng, khoai, sn...) ru. b. Dng qut thng gi trong b l rn. c. Nn hn hp kh nit v hiro p sut cao tng hp amoniac. d. Nung hn hp bt vi, t st v thch cao nhit cao sn xut clinke, trong cng nghip sn xut xi mng. e. Dng phng php ngc dng, trong sn xut axit sunfuric. Hi SO3 i t di ln, dung dch axit H2SO4 c i t trn nh thp hp th xung. 7.8 Trong mi cp phn ng sau, phn ng no c tc ln hn? a. Fe + ddHCl 0,1M v Fe + ddHCl 2M cng mt nhit . b. Al + ddNaOH 2M 250C v Al + ddNaOH 2M 500C. c. Zn (ht) + ddHCl 1M 250C v Zn (bt) + HCl1M 25 0C. d. Nhit phn KClO3 v nhit phn hn hp KClO3 vi MnO2. 7.9 Cho phn ng ha hc: A2 + 2B 2AB Tc ca phn ng trn c xc nh bi biu thc: v = k . [A2].[B]2. Hi tc phn ng trn s thay i nh th no khi: a. tng p sut chung ca h ln 10 ln. b. tng nng ca B ln 3 ln. c. gim nng A2 xung 4 ln. 7.10 Cho phn ng ha hc ang trng thi cn bng:

203

N2(k) + O 2(k)

n ti a l a i p 2NO(k);

(H > 0

Hy cho bit s chuyn dch cn bng ha hc trn khi tng nhit ? 7.11 T th k XIX, ngi ta nhn ra rng trong thnh phn kh l cao (l luyn gang) vn cn kh cacbon monoxit (CO). Ngi ta tm mi cch phn ng ha hc xy ra hon ton, tuy nhin kh l cao vn cn CO. Hy cho bit nguyn nhn ca hin tng trn? A. L xy cha cao. B. Nhit ca l cn thp. C. Phn ng luyn qung thnh gang khng hon ton. D. Mt nguyn nhn khc. 7.12 Cho phng trnh ha hc 2SO2 (k) + O 2(k)
F2OG Ht

2SO3 (k);

(H = -192kJ

Cn bng ha hc ca phn ng s chuyn dch v pha no khi: a. Tng nhit ca bnh phn ng? b. Tng p sut chung ca hn hp? c. Tng nng kh oxi ? d. Gim nng kh sunfur ? 7.13 Sn xut amoniac trong cng nghip da trn phng trnh ha hc sau :

p xt
2N2(k) + 3H2(k) 2NH3(k) ;
( H = -92kJ

Cn bng ha hc s chuyn dch v pha to ra amoniac nhiu hn khi thc hin nhng bin php k thut no? Gii thch. 7.14 Phn ng ha hc sau t trng thi cn bng: 2NO2 A. Tng nhit ? B. Tng p sut chung ? C. Thm kh tr agon v gi p sut khng i ? N2O4 ; (H = -58,04kJ.

Cn bng ha hc s chuyn dch theo chiu no khi:

204

D. Thm cht xc tc? Hy gii thch s la chn . 7.15 S tng p sut nh hng nh th no n trng thi cn bng ca cc phn ng ha hc sau: a) 3O2(k) p 2O3(k) n 2HBr(k) 2NO2(k) Ca(HCO3)2

b) H2(k) + Br2(k) c) N2O4(k) CO2 + H2O + CaCO 3

7.16 Phn ng ha hc sau, din ra trong t nhin ang trng thi cn bng:

Khi tng lng CO2 cn bng ha hc s chuyn dch sang chiu no? 7.17 Trong cng nghip, iu ch kh than t, ngi ta thi hi nc qua than ang nng . Phn ng ha hc xy ra nh sau : C (r) + H2O (k) iu khng nh no sau y l ng? A. Tng p sut chung ca h lm cn bng khng thay i. B. Tng nhit ca h lm cn bng chuyn sang chiu thun. C. Dng cht xc tc lm cn bng chuyn sang chiu thun. D. Tng nng hiro lm cn bng chuyn sang chiu thun. 7.18 Clo tc dng vi nc mt phn nh theo phng trnh ha hc sau: Cl2(k) + H2O(l) HClO + HCl CO(k) + H2(k);
(H = 131kJ

Hai sn phm to ra u tan tt trong nc to thnh dung dch. Ngoi ra mt phn ln kh clo tan trong nc to thnh dung dch c mu vng lc nht gi l nc clo. Nc clo, ng trong bnh kn, dn dn b mt mu theo thi gian, khng bo qun c lu, vn dng nhng hiu bit v chuyn dch cn bng ha hc hy gii thch hin tng trn. 7.19 Sn xut vi trong cng nghip v th cng nghip u da trn phn ng ha hc: CaCO3(r)

to

CaO(r) + CO2(k),

(H = 178kJ

205

a. Hy phn tch cc c im ca phn ng ha hc nung vi. b. T nhng c im , hy cho bit nhng bin php k thut no c s dng nng cao hiu sut ca qu trnh nung vi. 7.20 Mt phn ng ha hc c dng: A(k) + B(k) 2C(k);
(H > 0

Hy cho bit cc bin php cn tin hnh chuyn dch cn bng ha hc sang chiu thun? 7.21 Cho cc phn ng ha hc C(r) + H2O (k) 2SO2(k) + O2(k)
I2 OJ

CO(k) + H2(k); ( H = 131kJ (1) 2SO3(k);

(H = -192kJ (2)

a. Hy so snh cc c im ca hai phn ng ha hc trn. b. Nu cc bin php k thut lm tng hiu sut sn xut. 7.22 Cho phn ng ha hc: 2NO(k) + O2(k) p 2NO2(k) Tc phn ng ha hc trn c tnh theo cng thc v = k [NO]2[O2]. Hi nhit khng i, p sut chung ca h tng bao nhiu ln khi tc ca phn ng tng 64 ln? 7.23 Ngi ta s dng nhit ca phn ng t chy than nung vi: C(r) + O 2 (k)
p

CO2(k);

( H = - 393,5kJ (1)

CaCO3(r)

tK

CaO(r) + CO2(k) ; (H = 178kJ (2)

Bin php k thut n sau y khng c s dng tng tc phn ng nung vi? A. p nh vi vi kch thc thch hp. B. Duy tr nhit phn ng thch hp. C. Tng nhit phn ng cng cao cng tt. D. Thi khng kh nn vo l nung vi.

206

7.24 th no sau y biu din s bin i tc phn ng thun theo thi gian? S bin i tc phn ng nghch theo thi gian? Trng thi cn bng ha hc? v a. t (thi gian) v c. t (thi gian) 7.25 Trong nc ngm thng c ion Fe2+ di dng mui st II hirocacbonat v st II hiroxit. Nc sinh hot c cha Fe2+ nh hng xu n sc kho ca con ngi. loi b Fe2+, trong mt phng php n gin, r tin, ngui ta dng oxi khng kh oxi ha Fe2+ thnh hp cht Fe3+ (c tan trong nc nh) ri lc thu nc sch. tng tc ca phn ng oxi ha Fe2+ ngi ta s dng bin php k thut no? Gii thch. 7.26 Gn y, khi thm him Nam cc, cc nh khoa hc tm thy nhng hp do cc on thm him trc li. Mc d qua hng trm nm, nhng cc thc n trong nhng hp vn trong tnh trng tt, c th n c. Hy gii thch v lin h vi vic bo qun thc phm bng cch p hay dng t lnh. 7.27 Trong phng th nghim, tng tc ca mt s phn ng ha hc, ngoi cc bin php nh tng nng , nhit , ngi ta cn dng my khuy. Tc dng ca my khuy l g? 7.28 Hy trnh by th nghim t chy dy st mnh trong bnh kh oxi. Vn dng l thuyt phn ng ha hc gii thch cch tin hnh th nghim trn. v b. t (thi gian)

207

7.29 Lm th no iu khin cc phn ng ha hc theo hng c li nht cho con ngi?

0 7.30 Tc ca phn ng tng bao nhiu ln nu tng nhit t 200 C n 0 0 240 C, bit rng khi tng 10 C th tc phn ng trn tng hai ln.

C. BI TP T LUYN 7.31 Hy chn t hoc cm t cho sn trong bng di y vo ch trng trong cu sau : Tc phn ng l bin thin ...(1)... ca mt trong...(2)... hoc sn phm phn ng trong ...(3)... thi gian. A. (1) (2) (3) khi lng cc cht phn ng mt khong B. nng cc cht to thnh mt n v C. th tch cc cht bay hi mt D. phn t khi cc cht kt ta mi khong

7.32 Chn cc t, cm t cho di y in vo ch trng (1), (2),... cho thch hp. Tc phn ng l ...(1)...ca mt ...(2)....phn ng hoc ...(3)... trong mt ...(4).... thi gian. Tc phn ng ha hc ph thuc vo nhit , nng v p sut i vi ...(5)... A. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) s thay i trong cc cht cht xc tc chu k cht lng B. bin thin giai on cht trung gian khong cht rn 2.... 3... C. tng s cht cht ban u n v cht kh 4..... 5..... D. gim loi hp cht sn phm phn ng bin thin cht tan

Th t in t: 1...

7.33 Chn cc t, cm t cho di y in vo ch trng (1), (2),... cho thch hp.

208

Khi tng nng cht phn ng, tc phn ng ...(1)... i vi phn ng c cht kh tham gia, khi tng p sut, ...(2)... phn ng tng. i vi phn ng c cht rn tham gia, khi tng ....(3)... b mt, tc phn ng ...(4).... Lu i vi phn ng ha hc c cht ...(5)....tham gia, nng ca chng khng nh hng n tc ca phn ng. A (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) gim khi lng din tch bin i Lng B. khng i tc kch thc tng kh C. bin i hiu sut hnh dng gim Rn D. tng th tch dy khng i tan

Th t ghp ni: 1...

2....

3...

4.....

5......

7.34 Hy ghp mnh ct A vi ct B sao cho ph hp. Ct 1 1 i vi phn ng c cht kh tham gia, khi tng p sut 2 i vi phn ng c cht kh tham gia, khi gim p sut 3 i vi phn ng ta nhit, khi tng nhit 4 i vi phn ng ta nhit, khi gim nhit e d cn bng ha hc chuyn dch theo chiu nghch. cn bng ha hc khng b chuyn dch. Th t ghp ni: 1. .............. 2. .............. 3. .............. 4. ............... c b cn bng ha hc chuyn dch theo chiu thun. tc phn ng tng. a Ct 2 tc phn ng gim.

209

7.35 Khi t 19,4 gam mui sunfua ca mt kim loi ha tr II th cn va 6,72 lt kh oxi (ktc) th thu c kh A. Kh A sinh ra c oxi ha tip bng kh oxi c xc tc V2O5 to thnh cht lng B iu kin thng. Ha tan B vo nc thu c dung dch lm giy qu tm. a. Xc nh kim loi trong mui sunfua. b. Tnh s ml dung dch KOH 33,6% (d = 1,33g/ml) cn dng trung ha lng axit thu c trn. c. Cho bit cc bin php k thut cn thit tng hiu qu qu trnh oxi kh A trong cng nghip? p s: a. Kim loi ha tr II l Zn b. 50,12 9(ml). c. Dng xc tc, tng nng oxi, duy tr nhit thch hp. 7.36 Nn 2,0 mol N2 v 8,0 mol H2 vo mt bnh kn c th tch 2,0 lt (ch cha sn cht xc tc vi th tch khng ng k) c gi nhit khng i. Khi phn ng t ti cn bng, p sut cc kh trong bnh bng 0,8 ln p sut ban u (khi mi cho cc cht vo bnh cha xy ra phn ng). Tnh nng cc cht trng thi cn bng. p s:

?N 2 A !

1 (mol/l); 2

?H 2 A !

5 (mol/l); 2

?NH 3 A ! 1 (mol/l).

7.37 Hi tc mt phn ng ha hc tng bao nhiu ln khi nhit tng t 250C n 850C. Bit khi tng nhit ln 100C, tc ca phn ng trn tng ln 3 ln. Ngi ta ni rng h s nhit ca phn ng cho bng 3. p s: Tc phn ng tng 36 ln = 729 ln. 7.38 Trong cc cn bng sau, cn bng no s chuyn dch v chuyn dch theo chiu no khi gim dung tch ca bnh phn ng xung nhit khng i. a) CH4(k) + H 2O(k) b) CO2(k) + H2(k) c) SO2(k) + O2(k) d) N2O4(k) CO(k) + 3H2(k) CO(k) + H2O(k) 2SO3(k) 2NO2(k)

210

7.39 Hy cho bit ngi ta li dng yu t no tng tc phn ng trong cc trng hp sau: a) Dng khng kh nn, nng thi vo l cao t chy than cc (sn xut gang). b) Nung vi nhit cao sn xut vi sng. c) Nghin nguyn liu trc khi a vo l nung sn xut clanhke (sn xut xi mng) 2SO3 tng ng 7.40 Nng ban u ca SO2 v O2 trong h: 2SO2 + O2 l 4 mol/l v 2 mol/l. nhit khng i, nu tng p sut hn hp phn ng ln hai ln th cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu no? (tr li theo kt qu tnh ton). 7.41 Kh NO2 nh hp theo phn ng thun nghch: 2NO2 NO2 l kh mu nu; N2O4 l kh khng mu. Gii thch. b) Khi ngm bnh cha NO2 vo nc , thy mu nu ca bnh nht dn. Hy cho bit phn ng ta nhit hay thu nhit? Gii thch. 7.42 Cho 15 gam axit CH3COOH tc dng vi 9,6 gam ru CH3OH c xc tc l H2SO4 c. Chia hn hp sau phn ng thnh hai phn bng nhau: Phn 1: Cho tc dng vi lng d BaCl2 thu c 23,3 gam kt ta. Phn 2: Cho tc dng vi KHCO3 thu c 5,6 lt kh CO2( ktc). Tnh hng s cn bng ca phn ng. 7.43 Cho kh HI vo mt bnh kn c dung tch l 5 lt, ri un nng n nhit H2 (kh) + I2(kh) ; (H =- 52kJ. Nu xc nh th xy ra phn ng: 2HI(kh) nng ban u ca HI l 0,5 mol, khi trng thi cn bng nng mol/l ca cc cht trong phn ng ?HIA, ?H2A v ?I2A ln lt l bao nhiu? 7.44 Cho nng lng lin kt ca H2O l 971 kJ/mol; ca H2 l 435,9 kJ/ mol. ca O2 l 498,7 kJ/mol. Nhit ca phn ng: 2H2O p 2H2 + O2 l bao nhiu? N2O4. Trong :

a) Khi gim p sut ca h phn ng, cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu no?

211

7.45 Khi t chy 2,0 mol hiro photphua (PH3) th to thnh iphotphopentoxit (P2O5), nc v gii phng 2440 kJ. Hy tnh nhit to thnh PH3, bit nhit to thnh P2O5 l 1548 kJ/mol v nhit to thnh H2O l 286 kJ/mol. 7.46 Trong mt bnh kn cha kh propan c ng kn bng pittong. t nng bnh ln ti 5270C , phn ng xy ra trong bnh: C3H8 a) Tnh thnh phn % th tch ca C3H6 v H2. b) Tnh nng cc cht lc cn bng v p sut ca h ti nhit cho. c) Nu s dng pittong nn th tch bnh cn mt na th tch ban u ti nhit khng i. Tnh p sut cn bng trong bnh. D. BI TP TRC NGHIM 7.47 Cho phn ng ha hc: Fe, P N2 + 3H2 C3H6 + H2 Vi hng s cn bng l 1,3 . 10-3. Ti thi im cn bng C3H8 chim 80% th tch.

2NH3 ; (H < 0.

Trong phn ng tng hp amoniac, yu t no sau y khng lm thay i trng thi cn bng ha hc? A. Nng ca N2 v H2. B. p sut chung ca h. C. Cht xc tc Fe. D. Nhit ca h. 7.48 S tng p sut c nh hng nh th no n trng thi cn bng ha hc ca phn ng: H2 + Br 2 2HBr A. Cn bng chuyn dch sang chiu thun. B. Cn bng dch chuyn theo chiu nghch. C. Cn bng khng thay i. D. Phn ng tr thnh mt chiu. 7.49 Cho phn ng : X
p Y

212

Ti thi im t1 nng ca cht X bng C1, ti thi im t2 (vi t2" t1), nng ca cht X bng C2. Tc trung bnh ca phn ng trong khong thi gian trn c tnh theo biu thc no sau y ? A. v !

C1  C2 t1  t 2

B. v !

C2  C1 t 2  t1

C. v !

C1  C2 t 2  t1

D. v ! 

C1  C2 t 2  t1

7.50 Khi cho cng mt lng dung dch axit sunfuric v o hai cc ng cng mt th tch dung dch Na2S2O3 vi nng khc nhau, cc ng dung dch Na2S2O3 c nng ln hn thy kt ta xut hin trc. iu chng t cng iu kin v nhit , tc phn ng: A. Khng ph thuc vo nng ca cht phn ng. B. T l thun vi nng ca cht phn ng. C. T l nghch vi nng ca cht phn ng. D. Khng thay i khi thay i nng ca cht phn ng. Hy chn p n ng. 7.51 i vi cc phn ng c cht kh tham gia, khi tng p sut, tc phn ng tng l do A. Nng ca cc cht kh tng ln. B. Nng ca cc cht kh gim xung. C. Chuyn ng ca cc cht kh tng ln. D. Nng ca cc cht kh khng thay i. Hy chn p n ng. 7.52 th di y biu din s ph thuc ca tc phn ng vo nhit .
Tc phn ng

Nhi t

T th trn, ta thy tc phn ng:

213

A. Gim khi nhit ca phn ng tng. B. Khng ph thuc vo nhit ca phn ng. C. T l thun vi nhit ca phn ng. D. T l nghch vi nhit ca phn ng. 7.53 th di y biu din s ph thuc ca tc phn ng vo nng cht phn ng.
Tc phn ng

Nng cht phn ng

T th trn, ta thy tc phn ng A. Gim khi nng ca cht phn ng tng. B. Khng ph thuc vo nng ca cht phn ng. C. T l thun vi nng ca cht phn ng. D. T l nghch vi nng ca cht phn ng.
y Cho cc phng trnh ha hc s dung cho cc bi tp 7.54, 7.55, 7.56 sau :

a)

2SO2 (k) + O2(k)

2SO2 (k) 2HI(k) CaO (r) + CO2 (k) 4Fe (r) + 3CO2 (k) FeO (r) + H 2 (k) 2NH3 (k) 2HCl (k) + S (r) 2Fe (r) + 3CO 2 (k)

b) H2 (k) + I2(k) c) CaCO3 (r) d) 2Fe2O3 (r) + 3C (r) e) Fe (r) + H 2O (h) f) N2 (k) + 3H2 (k) g) Cl2 (k) + H2S (k) h) Fe2O3 (r) + 3CO (k)

7.54 Cc phn ng c tc phn ng tng khi tng p sut chung ca h l:

214

A. a, f. B. a, g. A. a, b, e, f, h. B. a, b, c, d, e. A. a, b, e, f. B. a, b, c, d, e. Hy chn p n ng. 7.57 nh ngha no sau y l ng ?

C. a, c, d, e, f, g. D. a, b, g. C. b, e, h. D. c, d. C. b, e, g, h. D. d, e, f, g.

7.55. Cc phn ng c tc phn ng gim khi tng p sut ca h l

7.56. Cc phn ng c tc phn ng khng thay i khi tng p sut ca h l

A. Cht xc tc l cht lm thay i tc phn ng, nhng khng b tiu hao trong phn ng. B. Cht xc tc l cht lm tng tc phn ng, nhng khng b tiu hao trong phn ng. C. Cht xc tc l cht lm tng tc phn ng, nhng khng b thay i trong phn ng. D. Cht xc tc l cht lm thay i tc phn ng, nhng b tiu hao khng nhiu trong phn ng. 7.58 Khi cho cng mt lng nhm vo cc ng dung dch axit HCl 0,1M, tc phn ng s ln nht khi dng nhm dng no sau y? A. Dng vin nh. B. Dng bt mn, khuy u. C. Dng tm mng. D. Dng nhm dy. Hy chn p n ng. 7.59 Khi cho axit clohiric tc dng vi kali pemanganat (rn) iu ch clo, kh clo s thot ra nhanh hn khi: A. Dng axit clohiric c v un nh hn hp. B. Dng axit clohiric c v lm lnh hn hp.

215

C. Dng axit clohiric long v un nh hn hp. D. Dng axit clohiric long v lm lnh hn hp. 7.60 Trong mt bnh kn cha 10 lt nit v 10 lt hiro nhit 00C v 10 atm. Sau phn ng tng hp NH3, li a bnh v 00C. Bit rng c 60% hiro tham gia phn ng, p sut trong bnh sau phn ng l: A. 10 atm B. 8 atm C. 9 atm D. 8,5 atm 7.61 Tc ca phn ng s tng ln bao nhiu ln khi tng nhit t 20oC n 100oC, nu h s nhit ca phn ng cho bng 2? A. 256 ln A. Nng B. 265 ln B. p sut C. 275 ln C. Nhit D. 257 ln D. Cht xc tc. 7.62 Hng s cn bng Kc ca phn ng ch ph thuc vo yu t no sau y? 7.63 Bit nhit to thnh ca Ca(OH)2, H2O, CaO tng ng l -985,64;-286; - 635,36 (kJ). Nhit phn ng to ra khi ti 56 gam vi l A.- 46,28 kJ B.-64,82kJ C.- 64,28 kJ D.- 46,82 kJ 7.64 Mt phn ng thun nghch t n trng thi cn bng khi no? A. Phn ng thun kt thc B. Phn ng nghch kt thc C. Tc ca phn ng thun v nghch bng nhau. D. Nng ca cc cht tham gia phn ng v ca cc cht sn phm phn ng bng nhau 7.65 Xt phn ng thun nghch sau: p 2HI (k) H2 (k) + I2 (k) n th biu din s bin thin tc phn ng thun v phn ng nghch theo thi gian:

216

 th biu din s ph thuc vn tc vo thi gian

25 20 vn tc 15 10 5 0 0 5 10 thi gian (s) 15 20 vn tc phn ng nghch vn tc phn ng thun

Ti thi im no phn ng t trng thi cn bng? A. 0 giy B. 5 giy C. 10 giy D. 15 giy 7.66 Cho hnh v v cch thu kh trong phng th nghim bng cch di nc . Hnh v bn c th p dng thu c nhng kh no trong cc kh sau y? A)H2, N2, O2, CO2, HCl, H2S B)O2, N2, H2, CO 2, SO2, C)NH3, HCl, CO2, SO2, Cl2 D)NH3, O2, N2, HCl, CO 2 7.67 Nhn nh no sau y ng? A. Hng s cn bng KC ca mi phn ng u tng khi tng nhit B. Phn ng mt chiu khng c hng s cn bng KC. C. Hng s cn bng KC cng ln, hiu sut phn ng cng nh. D. Khi mt phn ng thun nghch trng thi cn bng c chuyn sang mt trng thi cn bng mi nhit khng i, hng s cn bng KC bin i. 7.68 Cho phn ng nung vi CaCO3 p CaO + CO2 tng hiu sut ca phn ng th bin php no sau y khng ph hp? A. Tng nhit trong l C. p nh vi B. Tng p sut trong l D. Gim p sut t rong l

7.69 Cho phn ng 2SO2 + O2 p 2SO3

217

Nng ban u ca SO2 v O2 tng ng l 4 mol/L v 2 mol/L. Khi cn bng, c 80% SO2 phn ng, hng s cn bng ca phn ng l A. 40 B. 30 C. 20 D. 10 7.70 Phn ng gia hai cht A v B c biu th bng phng trnh ha hc sau A + B p 2C Tc phn ng ny l V = K.?AA.?BA. Thc hin phn ng ny vi s khc nhau v nng ban u ca cc cht: Trng hp 1 Nng ca mi cht l 0,01 mol/l. Trng hp 2 Nng ca mi cht l 0,04 mol/l Trng hp 3 Nng ca cht A l 0,04 mol/l, ca cht B l 0,01 mol/l. Tc phn ng trng hp 2 v 3 ln hn so vi trng 1 s ln l A. 12 v 8 B. 13 v 7 C. 16 v 4 D 15 v 5 7.71 Bit nhit to thnh CH4 l -75kJ/ mol; ca CO2 l -393 kJ/mol v ca H2O l -286 kJ/ mol. Nhit ca phn ng CH4 + O2 p CO2 + 2H2O l A. -900 kJ B. -890 kJ. C. -880 kJ D. -870 kJ 7.72 Cho phng trnh ho hc p 2NO(k); N2(k) + O2(k) n
tia lua i n

(H > 0

Hy cho bit cp yu t no sau y u nh hng n s chuyn dch cn bng ho hc trn? A. Nhit v nng C. Nng v cht xc tc
Dd HCl c MnO2 Eclen sch thu kh Clo

B. p sut v nng D. Cht xc tc v nhit

7.73 Cho hnh v m t s iu ch clo trong phng th nghim nh sau:

dd NaCl

dd H2SO4 c

218

Vai tr ca dung dch NaCl l: A.Ha tan kh clo. C.Gi li hi nc B.Gi li kh hiroclorua. D.C 3 p n trn u ng.

7.74 Kh hiroclorua l cht kh tan rt nhiu trong nc to thnh dung dch axit clohdric.Trong th nghim th tnh tan ca kh hidroclorua trong nc, c hin tng nc phun mnh vo bnh cha kh nh hnh v m t di y. Nguyn nhn gy nn hin tng l do: A. kh HCl tc dng vi nc ko nc vo bnh. B. HCl tan mnh lm gim p sut trong bnh. C. trong bnh cha kh HCl ban u khng c nc. D.Tt c cc nguyn nhn trn u ng 7.75 Cho dung dch HCl c vo ng nghim ng MnO2. Dng c th nghim

c lp nh hnh v bn. Hin tng xy ra trong th nghim bn l: A.C kh mu vng sinh ra, ng thi c kt ta B.Ch c kh mu vng thot ra C.Cht rn MnO2 tan dn D.C B v C
7.76 Cho th nghim c lp nh nh hnh v sau:

dd HCl c

Mn O

ng nghim 1 ng HCl v Zn, ng nghim nm ngang cha bt S, ng nghim2 cha dung dch Pb(NO3)2 . Phn ng xy ra trong S ng nghim nm ngang l: A.Zn + 2HCl ZnCl2 + H2 B.H2 + S H2S C.H2S + Pb(NO 3)2 PbS + 2HNO3
Zn + HCl

1 2
dd Pb(NO3)2

D.2HCl + Pb(NO3)2 PbCl2 + 2HNO3

219

E. P N V HNG DN GII BI TP 7.47. C 7.52. C 7.57. B 7.62. C 7.67. A 7.72. A 7.48. C 7.53. C 7.58. B 7.63. C 7.68. B 7.73. B 7.49. C 7.54. A 7.59. A 7.64. C 7.69. A 7.74. B 7.50. B 7.55. D 7.60. B 7.65. C 7.70. C 7.75. D 7.51. A 7.56. C 7.61. A 7.66. B 7.71. B 7.76. B

7.1 nng cao hiu sut cung cp nng lng cn t cc nhin liu vi cc bin php k thut sau: - Dng d khng kh cung cp oxi cho phn ng chy hon ton. - p nh than n kch thc thch hp tng din tch tip xc gia than v kh oxi. - S dng cc ng c ieden v cc ng c t trong nng cao hiu sut s dng du m v kh thin nhin. 7.2 Cc yu t nh hng n tc phn ng trong mi trng hp cho l: a. Tng din tch b mt ca cht rn tham gia phn ng (than ) lm tng tc phn ng. b. Gim nng cht tham gia phn ng (kh oxi) lm gim tc phn ng. c. V2O5 l cht xc tc, lm tng tc phn ng. d. Gim kch thc ht tng tc phn ng. e. Thc n s nhanh chn hn nu c nu trong ni p sut, ngi ta s dng yu t nhit v p sut cao tng tc ca phn ng ha hc. 7.3 a. T 250C ln 750C, nhit ca phn ng ha hc tng thm l: 75 0C - 250C = 500C. Do , tc phn ng tng thm = 32 = 9 (ln). b. T 1700C xung 950C, nhit ca phn ng ha hc gim i l: 1700C - 950C = 750C. Do , tc phn ng gim = 33 = 27 (ln)

220

7.4

a.
45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0

VH2 (ml)

Thi gian t (s)

T 0 n 20 giy l on th dc nht, khong thi gian c tc phn ng cao nht. on th nm ngang, khi th tch hiro t cc i (40ml) l khi phn ng ha hc kt thc, axit clohiric phn ng ht. b. CM HCl

0 thi gian t (s) Dng th biu din s ph thuc ca nng axit HCl theo thi gian. 7.5 Tc phn ng trung bnh: v = C1 - C 2 0, 024  0, 020 = 0,0002 (mol/L.s) ! t 20

7.6 Gii: v = k [3H2] [3I2] = 9.k. [H2] [I2] Nh vy tc phn ng tng 9 ln. 7.7 a. Men ru l mt loi xc tc sinh hc. Cht xc tc c s dng tng tc ca phn ng ha hc. b. B l rn c mc ch tng nng ca oxi khng kh, do lm tng tc ca phn ng chy ca than .

221

c. Nn hn hp kh nit v hiro p sut cao tng nng ca hai cht kh, lm tng tc ca phn ng ha hc. d. Dng bin php tng nhit tng tc ca phn ng ha hc. e. Dng phng php ngc dng, anhirit sunfuric i t di ln, axit sunfuric 98% i t trn nh thp hp th xung tng din tch tip xc gia cc cht, do , lm tng tc ca phn ng ha hc. 7.8 a. cng mt nhit , cp cht Fe + ddHCl 0,1M c tc phn ng xy ra chm hn so vi cp cht Fe + ddHCl 2M, do nng HCl nh hn.. b. Hai cp cht Al + ddNaOH 2M 250C v Al + ddNaOH 2M 500C ch khc nhau v nhit . Cp cht th hai c nhit cao hn nn c tc phn ng cao hn. c. Hai cp cht Zn (ht) + ddHCl 1M 250C v Zn (bt) + HCl1M 250C ch khc nhau v kch thc ht. Cp cht th hai c kch thc ht nh hn, do c tc phn ng cao hn. d. Nhit phn KClO3 v nhit phn hn hp KClO3 vi MnO2. Trng hp th hai c xc tc nn c tc phn ng cao hn. 7.9 Khi tng p sut chung ca h ln 10 ln th nng ca mi cht cng tng 10 ln, do v2 = k[10A2][10B]2

V2 = 10 x 102 = 1000 (ln). V V2 = 32 = 9 (ln). V V3 1 = tc phn ng V 4

b. Tng nng ca B ln 3 ln, tng t ta c

c. Gim nng A2 xung 4 ln, tng t ta c gim 4 ln. 7.10 Xt phng trnh ha hc: N2 (k) + O2(k) p 2NO (k); n
(H > 0

c im ca phn ng ha hc trn l thun nghch, phn ng thun thu nhit v tt c cc cht tham gia v to thnh u l cht kh. Tuy nhin, tng s

222

mol kh trc v sau phn ng khng thay i, do p sut khng nh hng g n s chuyn dch cn bng. Khi tng nhit phn ng cho chuyn sang chiu nghch. 7.11 p n C. Phn ng ha hc kh st oxit bng cacbon monoxit l khng hon ton. Do , d c tng chiu cao ca l n bao nhiu i na th ch gy lng ph, trong thnh phn ca kh l cao vn c kh CO. 7.12 Xt phng trnh ha hc p 2SO3 (k) 2SO2 (k) + O 2(k) n
(H = -192kJ

a. Khi tng nhit ca bnh phn ng cn bng ha hc ca phn ng s chuyn dch v pha nghch, v phn ng thun ta nhit. b. Khi tng p sut chung ca hn hp cn bng ha hc c a phn ng s chuyn dch v chiu thun v sau phn ng c s gim th tch. c. Khi tng nng kh oxi cn bng ha hc ca phn ng s chuyn dch v pha thun. d. Khi gim nng kh sunfur cn bng ha hc ca phn ng s chuyn dch v chiu nghch. 7.13 thu c nhiu amoniac, hiu qu kinh t cao c th dng cc bin php k thut sau y: Tng nng N2 v H2. Tng p sut chung ca h ln khong 100 atm, v phn ng thun c s gim th tch kh. Dng nhit phn ng thch hp khong 400 -4500C v cht xc tc tng tc phn ng to thnh NH3. Ch rng cht xc tc khng lm chuyn dch cn bng. Tn dng nhit ca phn ng sinh ra sy nng hn hp N2 v H2 Tch NH3 ra khi hn hp cn bng v s dng li N2 v H2 cn d.

7.14 a. Khi tng nhit cn bng ha hc ca phn ng s chuyn sang chiu nghch. Bi v phn ng thun ta nhit.

223

b. Khi tng p sut chung cn bng ha hc ca phn ng s chuyn sang chiu thun. Bi v sau phn ng thun c s gim th tch kh. c. Khi thm kh tr agon v gi p sut khng i th nng ca hai kh u gim, tuy nhin tc phn ng thun s gim nhanh hn v do cn bng ha hc ca phn ng s chuyn sang chiu nghch. d. Khi thm cht xc tc khng lm chuyn dch cn bng ha hc. 7.15 nh gi tc ng ca p sut cn so snh s bin i ca th tch kh trc v sau phn ng. Nu sau phn ng c s gim th tch th p sut tng lm cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu thun v ngc li, p sut khng c nh hng ti cn bng ca cc phn ng khng thay i th tch kh. a) 3O2(k) b) H2(k) + Br 2(k) O3(k) 2HBr(k)

Phn ng (a) c s gim th tch, cn bng chuyn theo chiu thun khi p sut tng.

Phn ng (b) khng c s thay i th tch, cn bng khng ph thuc vo p sut. c) N2O4(k) 2NO2(k)

Phn ng (c) c s tng th tch, cn bng chuyn theo chiu nghch khi p sut tng. 7.16 Cc hot ng ca con ngi ang lm tng hm lng CO2 trong kh quyn. Nh cn bng ny trong t nhin iu tit, chuyn sang chiu thun cho nn lm chm qu trnh nng ln ton cu. 7.17 p n B. Tng nhit ca h lm cn bng chuyn sang chiu thun. 7.18 Nc clo dn dn b mt mu theo thi gian, khng bo qun c lu l do qu trnh phn hy HClO p HOCl + HCl Cl2(k) + H2O(l) n p 2HCl + O2o 2HClO n (1) (2)

Phn ng (2) lm cho [HClO] gim, cn bng ha hc ca phn ng (1) chuyn dch theo chiu thun, clo s phn ng vi nc cho n ht, do nc clo khng bn.

224

7.19 Sn xut vi trong cng nghip v th cng u da trn phn ng ha hc: p CaO(r) + CO2(k), (H = 178kJ CaCO3(r) n a. Cc c im ca phn ng ha hc nung vi: Phn ng thun nghch. Phn ng thun thu nhit. Phn ng thun ca cht rn c to ra mt cht kh. Chn nhit thch hp. Tng din tch tip xc ca cht rn (CaCO3) bng cch p nh vi n kch thc thch hp. Thi khng kh nn (trong cng nghip) hay chn hng gi thch hp tng nng kh oxi cung cp cho phn ng t chy than, ng thi lm gim nng kh cacbon ioxit. A(x) + B(x) 7.21 a. So snh cc c im ca hai phn ng ha hc: Phng trnh ha hc C(r)+H2O (k) CO(k)+ H2(k);
(H = 131kJ (1)

b. Nhng bin php k thut nng cao hiu sut nung vi:

7.20

2C(x)

(H > 0

Phn ng trn khng c s thay i v s mol kh trc v sau phn ng, do p sut khng c nh hng n s chuyn dch cn bng. Phn ng thun thu nhit, do tng nhit lm cn bng chuyn sang chiu thun. Tng nng cc cht A v B hay gim nng C cng lm chuyn dch cn bng sang chiu thun.

Ging nhau Phn ng thun nghch

Khc nhau - Phn ng thun thu nhit. - Sau phn ng thun tng th tch kh.

225

2SO2(k)+O2(k)

L2O M

2SO3(k);

(H = -192kJ(2)

Phn ng thun nghch

- Phn ng thun ta nhit. - Sau phn ng thun gim th tch. - Cn cht xc tc.

b. Cc bin php k thut lm tng hiu sut sn xut. - i vi phn ng (1) : Tng nhit , tng nng ca hi nc. - i vi phn ng(2) : Nu gim nhit cn bng chuyn sang chiu thun, tuy nhin nhit thp tc ca phn ng thp lm cho qu trnh sn xut khng kinh t. Ngi ta chn nhit thch hp, dng cht xc tc 2ON v tng p sut chung ca phn ng. 7. 22 t x l s ln tng ca p sut. Theo bi ra ta c 7.23 Chn p n C. 7.24 th a biu din s bin i tc phn ng thun theo thi gian. th b biu din s bin i tc phn ng nghch theo thi gian. v a. t(thi gian) th c biu din trng thi cn bng ha hc. v v b. t(thi gian) v2 = 64 = x3 x = 4. v1

c, t(thi gian)

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7.25 loi b Fe2+, trong mt phng php n gin, r tin, ngui ta dng oxi khng kh oxi ha Fe2+ thnh hp cht Fe3+ (c tan trong nc nh) ri lc thu nc sch. tng tc ca phn ng oxi ha Fe2+ ngi ta s dng gin ma. Nc ngm sau khi ht ln b cha c qua gin ma vi mc ch tng din tch tip xc ca nc vi oxi khng kh. 7.26 Nam cc l ni lnh nht Tri t. Nhit vng ny c th xung hng chc di khng. nhit , cc phn ng ha hc phn hy thc n hu nh khng xy ra. iu ny gii thch v sao qua hng trm nm, nhng cc thc n trong nhng hp vn trong tnh trng tt, c th n c. gim tc phn ng phn hy thc n, ngi ta bo qun thc phm bng cch p hay dng t lnh. 7.27 Trong phng th nghim, tng tc ca mt s phn ng ha hc, ngoi cc bin php nh tng nng , nhit , s dng cht xc tc..., ngi ta cn dng my khuy. My khuy l mt thit b cho php tng tc khuch tn ca cc cht tham gia phn ng, do tng kh nng tip xc ca cc ch t v tng tc phn ng ha hc. Ngi ta thng dng my khuy trong trng hp cc cht phn ng cn c trn l cc cht lng khc nhau, hay cht lng v cht rn. 7.28 Dy thp c qun thnh hnh l xo tng b mt tip xc ca dy thp vi oxi. Mu than nng c tc dng khi mo phn ng. Than chy cung cp nhit, nng nhit ca dy thp n nhit chy. Dy thp chy trong oxi km theo hin tng ta nhit mnh, cc ht st t oxit (Fe3O4) nng bn tung te. Do , y bnh cn c mt lp nc mng nhm bo v bnh thy tinh trnh b nt, v. 7.29 iu khin cc phn ng ha hc theo hng c li nht cho con ngi, trc ht cn bit r c im ca phn ng ha hc:      Phn ng mt chiu hay thun nghch? Phn ng thu hay ta nhit? Phn ng c s tng hay gim th tch kh? Phn ng cn cht xc tc? Phn ng ng th (cng trng thi rn, lng, kh) hay d th?

227

Cn c vo c im ca phn ng tc ng theo hng tng tc phn ng, chuyn dch cn bng theo chiu c li nht. 7.30 Gii Gi V200 l tc phn ng 2000C Vy V210 = 2V200 V220 = 2V210 = 2.2V200 = 22.V200 V230 = 2V220 = 2.2V210 = 2 x 2 x 2V200 = 23.V200 V240 = 2V230 = 2.2V220 = 2 x 2 x2 V210 = .2.2.2.2V200 = 2 4.V200 Vy tc phn ng tng 24 = 16 ln. F. THNG TIN B SUNG 1. Liu lng oxi trn tri t c ht khng? Hng ngy, ngi, vt, cy c... u ht vo mt lng oxi v thi CO2. Hy c ly mt ngi trng thnh lm th d, mi ngy anh ta th ra trn di 400 lt CO2. Liu lu di, c lc no lng oxi trong khng kh dng ht v th gii ch cn li CO2 hay khng? Vo nm 1898, nh vt l hc ngi Anh l Kenvin t ra lo lng: "Do s pht trin ca cng nghip v dn s gia tng, 500 nm sau, lng oxi trn mt t s b s dng ht v loi ngi s dit vong?". Lc , Kenvin ch xem xt vn t mt pha: tiu hao oxi v sn sinh CO2, nhng cn pha khc l tiu hao CO2 v sinh ra O2. Nh khoa hc Thy S Cheniba lm th nghim sau: Cho l cy xanh vo nc ri di nh mt tri. Khng lu sau, t cc l cy thot ra nhiu bng kh nh. Khi Cheniba dng ng nghim nh thu kh thot ra ri cho mt que dim tt vo, que dim bng chy mnh lit. Cn c vo ng cho rng chnh l oxi v ch c oxi mi duy tr s chy. Sau Cheniba lin thi kh CO2 vo nc. ng nhn thy, khi lng CO2 thi qua cng nhiu th cc bng kh t l cy xanh thot ra cng mnh. T , Cheniba kt lun: "Di tc dng ca nh sng mt tri, l cy xanh hp th CO 2 v thi ra kh oxi".

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Nh vy, ng c, rng bin mnh mng c n du mt b mt sau y: "Di tc dng ca nh sng mt tri, cht dip lc ca cy c hp th CO2 trong khng khi, CO2 s cng vi nc do r cy ht ln ha hp thnh tinh bt, ng, ng thi thot ra O2, ngi ta gi qu trnh ny l quang hp". Theo tnh ton, c 3 cy ln mi ngy hp th va ht kh CO2 do ngi ln th ra. Mi nm, cc loi cy xanh trn ton th gii hp th n hng vn tn CO2. Cn c mt tc nhn khc kh thy hn, l t . Ch n cn bng ha hc: CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 Ca(HCO3)2

Cc loi t b gi ma mi mn, lu ngy b phong ha nh ngi ta thng ni: Nc chy mn. Nh CaCO3 trong vi di tc dng ca CO2 v nc s ha tan CaCO3, sau c nc ma cun i vo sng ri ra bin. Di tc dng ca nhit li to thnh CaCO3 v lng xung y bin to thnh lp nham thch mi. Hng nm do s phong ha c th tiu tn t 40 n 70 triu tn CO2 . Ngi ta tnh ton v thy rng kh nng iu chnh lng CO2 trong kh quyn ca bin v cc i dng l rt ln, c th ln n hng trm triu tn CO2 trong mt nm. Nh vy, th gii nht nh s khng bin thnh mt th gii y CO 2. Theo kt qu o c ca my trm nm tr li y, hm lng CO2 trong bu kh quyn c tng ln, nhng tng chm. Vic tng hm lng CO 2 l mt nguy c lm cho Tri t nng ln, gy ra nhng bin i bt thng v kh hu. Cc kt qu quan st cho bit trong 100 nm va qua, nhit trung bnh ca Tri t tng 0,60 C. Sp ti lc cc c dn Bc Cc phi s dng t lnh v iu ha nhit , nu nh tnh hnh khng c ci thin. V vy nu ta khng ch coi trng vic bo v mi trng, hm lng CO2 trong kh quyn cao vt qu gii hn nht nh, iu s tn hi ln cho con ngi. Nhng trn bo ln gn y nh Katrina M, bo Sao Mai Trung Quc l mt s cnh bo nghim khc ca thin nhin i vi s ph hy mi trng ca con ngi. Cng c Kyoto quy nh duy tr mc thi CO2 ngang vi nm 1997. Tuy nhin thc hin c iu khng phi d dng, ngui ta c tnh chi ph cho nc M duy tr lng CO2 thi ra kh quyn nh 1997 l bng khong 2% GDP nm, tc l trn 200 t USD, iu ny ng ngha vi vic phi ng ca nhiu nh

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my gy nhim, hng lot cng nhn tht nghip, li nhun ca nh u t st gim... . chnh l l do ln nht m nc M, cho n thi im hin ti (2006) vn cha ph chun cng c Kyoto. 2. Cht xc tc l g ? 1. Xc tc Cht xc tc l nhng cht lm tng tc phn ng ha hc, nhng khng b tiu hao sau phn ng. C nhiu cch phn loi xc tc, da trn cc tiu ch khc nhau. Nu da vo chc nng xc tc, c th chia xc tc thnh nhng loi sau: - Xc tc axit - ba . - Xc tc oxi ha - kh - Xc tc lng chc... Cn nu da vo trng thi phn tn ca xc tc, c th chia xc tc thnh - Xc tc ng th (cht phn ng v cht xc tc cng pha) - Xc tc d th (cht phn ng v cht xc tc khc pha) Cc cht xc tc trn th gii c gi tr thng mi khong 5 t SD/nm (1997), to ra mt lng hng ha khong 5000 t SD, tc l bng khong 1/2 tng thu nhp quc dn ca nc giu nht th gii l Hoa K. 2. Xc tc - trong cng nghip ha hc v c Trong cng nghip Ha hc v c c ba quy trnh xc tc c p dng quy m ln, l: Tng hp amoniac (NH3). Oxi ha amoniac thnh cc oxit ca nit sn xut axit nitric (HNO3). Oxi ha kh sunfur thnh anhiric sunfuric sn xut axit sunfuric (H2SO4).

a. Tng hp amoniac (NH3). N2 + 3H2 2NH3; (H = - 92kJ

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Ngi ta tm kim mt cht xc tc hot ng tt v n nh chuyn h n trng thi cn bng nhit thp nht c th. Trong khong nhng nm 1905 - 1910, cc nh ha hc nh Haber, Bosch v Miltasch ti phng th nghim BASF c nhng c gng bn b tm cht xc tc thch hp. Cc kt qu nghin cu cho thy mt s kim loi c hot tnh xc tc nh wonfam, urani, st, ruteni v osimi. Tuy nhin bn ca cc cht xc tc k trn khng cao. Sau nhiu nm nghin cu vi cc qung st, ngi ta t c tin b vt bc vi mt loi qung st n t vng Gallivare Thy in. Phn tch thnh phn ca loi xc tc ny, thy rng c mt t oxit nhm v oxit kali. T ngi ta cho rng Al2O3 v K2O l nhng cht tr xc tc cho st. Bt u t nm 1914, loi xc tc Fe/ Al2O3 v K2O c s dng quy m ln nc c. Loi xc tc ny cho n nay vn cn c s dng. b. Oxi ha amoniac 4NH3 + 5O2 p 4NO + 6H2O Bng pht minh u tin v xc tc cho phn ng oxi ha NH 3 l do Kuhlman nm 1938. Cht xc tc c s dng l mui bch kim (Pt). ng dng cng nghip u tin ca xc tc ny phi ch n khi ngi ta sn xut c amoniac c sch cao. bo v xc tc nhit cao, ngi ta s dng hp kim ca Pt vi 10% Rh, vt liu ny tt hn nhiu so vi Pt nguyn cht. Ngi ta dt xc tc thnh li, ng knh si l 0,06mm, vi 1050 l /cm2. c. Xc tc oxi ha lu hunh ioxit. 2SO2 + O2 p 2SO3 Phn ng oxi ha SO2 l mt cng on trong qu trnh sn xut axit H2SO4. Trc y ngi ta dng xc tc Pt trn cht mang. Tuy nhin loi xc tc ny rt d b ng c bi cc hp cht ca asen. Ngy nay, xc tc cho phn ng oxi ha SO2 c iu ch bng cch lm nng chy V2O5 trong oxit ca kim loi kim.

231

Mc lc

LI NI U ................................ ................................ ................................ ... 3 Chng 1 ................................ ................................ ................................ ........... 4 NGUYN T................................ ................................ ................................ ..... 4 A. TM TT L THUYT ................................ ................................ ............... 4 B. BI TP C LI GII ................................ ................................ ............... 7 C. BI TP T LUYN................................ ................................ ................. 12 D. BI TP TRC NGHIM ................................ ................................ ........ 14 E. P N V HNG DN GII BI TP ................................ ............. 16 F. MT S THNG TIN B SUNG ................................ ............................. 26 Chng 2 ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 28 BNG TUN HON CC NGUYN T HA HC ................................ . 28 V NH LUT TUN HON ................................ ................................ .... 28 A. TM TT L THUYT ................................ ................................ ............. 28 B. BI TP C LI GII ................................ ................................ ............. 32 C. BI TP T LUYN................................ ................................ ................. 38 D. BI TP TRC NGHIM ................................ ................................ ........ 40 E. P N V HNG DN GII BI TP ................................ ............. 43 F. THNG TIN B S NG ................................ ................................ ............... 63 Chng 3 ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 65 LIN KT HA HC ................................ ................................ .................... 65 A. TM TT L THUYT ................................ ................................ ............. 65 B. BI TP C LI GII ................................ ................................ ............. 68 C. BI TP T LUYN................................ ................................ ................. 72 D. BI TP TRC NGHIM ................................ ................................ ......... 73 E. P N V HNG DN GII BI TP ................................ ............. 78 F. THNG TIN B SUNG ................................ ................................ .............. 96 Chng 4 ................................ ................................ ................................ ......... 98 PHN NG HA HC................................ ................................ .................. 98 A. TM TT L THUYT ................................ ................................ ............. 98 B. BI TP C LI GII ................................ ................................ ............109 C. BI TP T LUYN................................ ................................ ................111 D. BI TP TRC NGHIM ................................ ................................ .......120 E. P N V HNG DN GII BI TP ................................ ............123 F. THNG TIN B SUNG ................................ ................................ ............133 Chng 5 ................................ ................................ ................................ ........137 NHM HALOGEN................................ ................................ ........................ 137 A. TM TT L THUYT ................................ ................................ ............137 B. BI TP C LI GII ................................ ................................ ............139 232

C. BI TP T LUYN................................ ................................ ................143 D. BI TP TRC NGHIM ................................ ................................ .......147 E. P N V HNG DN GII BI TP ................................ ............149 F. THNG TIN B SUNG ................................ ................................ ............167 Chng 6 ................................ ................................ ................................ ........170 NHM OXI - LU HUNH ................................ ................................ .........170 A. TM TT L THUYT ................................ ................................ ............170 B. BI TP C LI GII ................................ ................................ ............172 C. BI TP T LUYN................................ ................................ ................175 D. BI TP TRC NGHIM ................................ ................................ .......178 E. P N V HNG DN GII BI TP ................................ ............180 F. THNG TIN B SUNG ................................ ................................ ............196 Chng 7 ................................ ................................ ................................ ........198 TC PHN NG V CN BNG HA HC................................ .....198 A. TM TT L THUYT ................................ ................................ ............198 B. BI TP C LI GII ................................ ................................ ............201 C. BI TP T LUYN................................ ................................ ................208 D. BI TP TRC NGHIM ................................ ................................ .......212 E. P N V HNG DN GII BI TP ................................ ............220 F. THNG TIN B SUNG ................................ ................................ ............228 Mc lc ................................ ................................ ................................ ...........232

233