Index

Index....................................................................................................................1 Text (English).......................................................................................................2

DSPGuide - Chapter 3: DC and D C....................................................................................................2

Text (Spanish).....................................................................................................!
DSPGuide - Cap"tul# 3: DC $ D C.......................................................................................................!

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DSPGuide - Chapter 3: ADC and DAC
Introduction 3 6 9 +#st #' the signals dire(tl$ en(#untered in s(ien(e and engineering are continuous: light intensit$ that (hanges ,ith distan(e- .#ltage that .aries #.er ti/e- a (he/i(al rea(ti#n rate that depends #n te/perature0 et(. nal#g-t#-Digital C#n.ersi#n ( DC) and Digital-t#- nal#g C#n.ersi#n (D C) are the pr#(esses that all#, digital (#/puters t# intera(t ,ith these e.er$da$ signals. Digital in'#r/ati#n is di''erent 'r#/ its (#ntinu#us (#unterpart in t,# i/p#rtant respe(ts: it is sampled0 and it is quantized. 1#th #' these restri(t h#, /u(h in'#r/ati#n a digital signal (an (#ntain. This (hapter is a2#ut information management: understanding ,hat in'#r/ati#n $#u need t# retain0 and ,hat in'#r/ati#n $#u (an a''#rd t# l#se. In turn0 this di(tates the sele(ti#n #' the sa/pling 're3uen($0 nu/2er #' 2its0 and t$pe #' anal#g 'iltering needed '#r (#n.erting 2et,een the anal#g and digital real/s. Quantization 4irst0 a 2it #' tri.ia. s $#u 5n#,0 it is a digital (#/puter0 n#t a digit (#/puter. The in'#r/ati#n pr#(essed is (alled digital data0 n#t digit data. 6h$ then0 is anal#g-t#-digital (#n.ersi#n generall$ (alled: digitize and digitization, rather than digitalize and digitalization7 The ans,er is n#thing $#u ,#uld expe(t. 6hen ele(tr#ni(s g#t ar#und t# in.enting digital te(hni3ues0 the pre'erred na/es had alread$ 2een snat(hed up 2$ the /edi(al (#//unit$ nearl$ a (entur$ 2e'#re. Digitalize and digitalization /ean t# ad/inister the heart sti/ulant digitalis. 4igure 3-1 sh#,s the ele(tr#ni( ,a.e'#r/s #' a t$pi(al anal#g-t#-digital (#n.ersi#n. 4igure (a) is the anal#g signal t# 2e digiti8ed. s sh#,n 2$ the la2els #n the graph0 this signal is a voltage that .aries #.er time. T# /a5e the nu/2ers easier0 ,e ,ill assu/e that the .#ltage (an .ar$ 'r#/ 9 t# :.9;< .#lts0 (#rresp#nding t# the digital nu/2ers 2et,een 9 and :9;< that ,ill 2e pr#du(ed 2$ a 12 2it digiti8er. *#ti(e that the 2l#(5 diagra/ is 2r#5en int# t,# se(ti#ns0 the sa/ple-and-h#ld (S=>)0 and the anal#g-t#-digital (#n.erter ( DC). s $#u pr#2a2l$ learned in ele(tr#ni(s (lasses0 the sa/ple-and-h#ld is re3uired t# 5eep the .#ltage entering the DC (#nstant ,hile the (#n.ersi#n is ta5ing pla(e. >#,e.er0 this is not the reas#n it is sh#,n here- 2rea5ing the digiti8ati#n int# these t,# stages is an i/p#rtant the#reti(al /#del '#r understanding digiti8ati#n. The 'a(t that it happens t# l##5 li5e (#//#n ele(tr#ni(s is ?ust a '#rtunate 2#nus. s sh#,n 2$ the di''eren(e 2et,een (a) and (2)0 the #utput #' the sa/ple-and-h#ld is all#,ed t# (hange #nl$ at peri#di( inter.als0 at ,hi(h ti/e it is /ade identi(al t# the instantane#us .alue #' the input signal. Changes in the input signal that #((ur 2et,een these sa/pling ti/es are (#/pletel$ ign#red. That is0 sampling (#n.erts the independent variable (ti/e in this exa/ple) 'r#/ (#ntinu#us t# dis(rete. s sh#,n 2$ the di''eren(e 2et,een (2) and (()0 the DC pr#du(es an integer .alue 2et,een 9 and :9;< '#r ea(h #' the 'lat regi#ns in (2). This intr#du(es an err#r0 sin(e ea(h plateau (an 2e any .#ltage 2et,een 9 and :.9;< .#lts. 4#r exa/ple0 2#th 2.<!999 .#lts and 2.<!991 .#lts ,ill 2e (#n.erted int# digital nu/2er 2<!9. In #ther ,#rds0 quantization (#n.erts the dependent variable (.#ltage in this exa/ple) 'r#/ (#ntinu#us t# dis(rete.

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*#ti(e that ,e (are'ull$ a.#id (#/paring (a) and (()0 as this ,#uld lu/p the sa/pling and 3uanti8ati#n t#gether. It is i/p#rtant that ,e anal$8e the/ separatel$ 2e(ause the$ degrade the signal in di''erent ,a$s0 as ,ell as 2eing (#ntr#lled 2$ di''erent para/eters in the ele(tr#ni(s. There are als# (ases ,here #ne is used ,ith#ut the #ther. 4#r instan(e0 sa/pling ,ith#ut 3uanti8ati#n is used in s,it(hed (apa(it#r 'ilters. 4irst ,e ,ill l##5 at the e''e(ts #' 3uanti8ati#n. n$ #ne sa/ple in the digiti8ed signal (an ha.e a /axi/u/ err#r #' !S" (!east Signi#icant "it0 ?arg#n '#r the distan(e 2et,een ad?a(ent 3uanti8ati#n le.els). 4igure (d) sh#,s the 3uanti8ati#n err#r '#r this parti(ular exa/ple0 '#und 2$ su2tra(ting (2) 'r#/ (()0 ,ith the appr#priate (#n.ersi#ns. In #ther ,#rds0 the digital #utput (()0 is e3ui.alent t# the (#ntinu#us input (2)0 plus a 3uanti8ati#n err#r (d). n i/p#rtant 'eature #' this anal$sis is that the 3uanti8ati#n err#r appears .er$ /u(h li5e random noise. This sets the stage '#r an i/p#rtant /#del #' 3uanti8ati#n err#r. In /#st (ases0 quantization results in nothing more than the addition of a specific amount of random noise to the signal. The additi.e n#ise is uni'#r/l$ distri2uted 2et,een @7 AS10 has a /ean #' 8er#0 and a standard de.iati#n #' 1=B12 AS1 (C9.2; AS1). 4#r exa/ple0 passing an anal#g signal thr#ugh an % 2it digiti8er adds an r/s n#ise #': 9.2;=2<!0 #r a2#ut 1=;99 #' the 'ull s(ale .alue. 12 2it (#n.ersi#n adds a n#ise #': 9.2;=:9;! D 1=1:09990 ,hile a 1! 2it (#n.ersi#n adds: 9.2;=!<<3! D 1=22E0999. Sin(e 3uanti8ati#n err#r is a rand#/ n#ise0 the number of bits deter/ines the precision #' the data. 4#r exa/ple0 $#u /ight /a5e the state/ent: F6e in(reased the pre(isi#n #' the /easure/ent 'r#/ % t# 12 2its.F This /#del is extre/el$ p#,er'ul0 2e(ause the rand#/ n#ise generated 2$ 3uanti8ati#n ,ill si/pl$ add t# ,hate.er n#ise is alread$ present in the anal#g signal.

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4#r exa/ple0 i/agine an anal#g signal ,ith a /axi/u/ a/plitude #' 1.9 .#lts0 and a rand#/ n#ise #' 1.9 /illi.#lts r/s. Digiti8ing this signal t# % 2its results in 1.9 .#lts 2e(#/ing digital nu/2er 2<<0 and 1.9 /illi.#lts 2e(#/ing 9.2<< AS1. s dis(ussed in the last (hapter0 rand#/ n#ise signals are (#/2ined 2$ adding their variances. That is0 the signals are added in 3uadrature: B( 2 G 12) H C. The t#tal n#ise #n the digiti8ed signal is there'#re gi.en 2$: B(9.2<<2 G 9.2;2) H 9.3%! AS1. This is an in(rease #' a2#ut <9I #.er the n#ise alread$ in the anal#g signal. Digiti8ing this sa/e signal t# 12 2its ,#uld pr#du(e .irtuall$ n# in(rease in the n#ise0 and nothing ,#uld 2e l#st due t# 3uanti8ati#n. 6hen 'a(ed ,ith the de(isi#n #' h#, /an$ 2its are needed in a s$ste/0 as5 t,# 3uesti#ns: (1) >#, /u(h n#ise is already present in the anal#g signal7 (2) >#, /u(h n#ise (an 2e tolerated in the digital signal7 6hen isnJt this /#del #' 3uanti8ati#n .alid7 Knl$ ,hen the 3uanti8ati#n err#r (ann#t 2e treated as rand#/. The #nl$ (#//#n #((urren(e #' this is ,hen the anal#g signal re/ains at a2#ut the sa/e .alue '#r /an$ (#nse(uti.e sa/ples0 as is illustrated in 4ig. 3-2a. The #utput re/ains stuck #n the sa/e digital nu/2er '#r /an$ sa/ples in a r#,0 e.en th#ugh the anal#g signal /a$ 2e (hanging up t# G7 AS1. Instead #' 2eing an additi.e rand#/ n#ise0 the 3uanti8ati#n err#r n#, l##5s li5e a thresh#lding e''e(t #r ,eird dist#rti#n. Dithering is a (#//#n te(hni3ue '#r i/pr#.ing the digiti8ati#n #' these sl#,l$ .ar$ing signals. s sh#,n in 4ig. 3-220 a s/all a/#unt #' rand#/ n#ise is added t# the anal#g signal. In this exa/ple0 the added n#ise is n#r/all$ distri2uted ,ith a standard de.iati#n #' 2=3 AS10 resulting in a pea5-t#-pea5 a/plitude #' a2#ut 3 AS1. 4igure (() sh#,s h#, the additi#n #' this dithering n#ise has a''e(ted the digiti8ed signal. E.en ,hen the #riginal anal#g signal is (hanging 2$ less than @7 AS10 the added n#ise (auses the digital #utput t# rand#/l$ t#ggle 2et,een ad?a(ent le.els. T# understand h#, this i/pr#.es the situati#n0 i/agine that the input signal is a (#nstant anal#g .#ltage #' 3.9991 .#lts0 /a5ing it #ne-tenth #' the ,a$ 2et,een the digital le.els 3999 and 3991. 6ith#ut dithering0 ta5ing 190999 sa/ples #' this signal ,#uld pr#du(e 190999 identi(al nu/2ers0 all ha.ing the .alue #' 3999. *ext0 repeat the th#ught experi/ent ,ith a s/all a/#unt #' dithering n#ise added. The 190999 .alues ,ill n#, #s(illate 2et,een t,# (#r /#re) le.els0 ,ith a2#ut ;9I ha.ing a .alue #' 39990 and 19I ha.ing a .alue #' 3991. Ta5ing the a.erage #' all 190999 .alues results in s#/ething (l#se t# 3999.1. E.en th#ugh a single /easure/ent has the inherent @7 AS1 li/itati#n0 the statisti(s #' a large nu/2er #' the sa/ples (an d# /u(h 2etter. This is 3uite a strange situati#n: adding noise provides more information. Cir(uits '#r dithering (an 2e 3uite s#phisti(ated0 su(h as using a (#/puter t# generate rand#/ nu/2ers0 and then passing the/ thr#ugh a D C t# pr#du(e the added n#ise. 'ter digiti8ati#n0 the (#/puter (an subtract the random numbers from the digital signal using floating point arithmetic.

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102 This elegant te(hni3ue is (alled su$tracti%e dither0 2ut is #nl$ used in the /#st ela2#rate s$ste/s. The si/plest /eth#d0 alth#ugh n#t al,a$s p#ssi2le0 is t# use the n#ise alread$ present in the anal#g signal '#r dithering.

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DSPGuide - Cap&tulo 3: ADC ' DAC
Introducci(n Aa /a$#r"a de las seLales 3ue se en(uentran dire(ta/ente en la (ien(ia $ la ingenier"a s#n (#ntinuas: Intensidad de la lu8 3ue (a/2ia (#n la distan(ia0 .#lta?e 3ue (a/2ia (#n el tie/p#0 una rea((iMn 3u"/i(a 3ue depende de la te/peratura0 et(. Nna (#n.ersiMn analMgi(#-digital ( nal#g-t#-Digital C#n.ersiMn0 DC) $ una (#n.ersiMn digital-analMgi(a (Digital-t#- nal#g C#n.ersiMn0 D C) s#n pr#(es#s 3ue per/iten a l#s #rdenad#res digitales intera(tuar (#n las seLales 3ue n#s en(#ntra/#s a diari#. Aa in'#r/a(iMn digital es di'erente de su h#/Ml#ga seLal (#ntinua en d#s aspe(t#s /u$ i/p#rtantes: EstO /uestreada0 $ (#n (alidad. /2as deter/inan (uOnta in'#r/a(iMn p#drO #2tener una seLal digital. Este (ap"tul# tratarO s#2re el trata/ient# de la in'#r/a(iMn: entendiend# 3u) in'#r/a(iMn se ne(esitarO retener0 $ 3u) in'#r/a(iMn se p#drO perder. Su(esi.a/ente0 est# di(ta la ele((iMn de la 're(uen(ia de /uestre#0 nP/er# de 2its $ el tip# de 'iltr# analMgi(# 3ue se ne(esitarO para (#n.ertir entre l# analMgi(# $ l# digital. Cuanti'i(a(iMn Pri/er# un p#(# de Tri.ial. C#/# $a (#n#(es es una (al(ulad#ra digital0 n# una (#/putad#ra de d"git#s. Aa in'#r/a(iMn pr#(esada se lla/an dat#s digitales0 n# d"git#s digitales. QP#r 3u) ent#n(es0 se la lla/a general/ente una (#n.ersiMn de analMgi(# a digital en .e8 de lla/arse digitali8ar $ digitali8a(iMn7 Aa respuesta n# es alg# 3ue te esperar"as. Cuand# se e/pe8M a in.entar ele(trMni(a0 l#s /e?#res n#/2res $a esta2an (#gid#s p#r la (#/unidad /)di(a desde ha("a (asi un sigl#. Digitali8ar $ digitali8a(iMn signi'i(a ad/inistrar l#s est"/ul#s digitalis del (#ra8Mn. Aa 'igura 3-1 /uestra #ndas ele(trMni(as de una (#n.ersiMn analMgi(a-digital. Aa 4igura (a) es la seLal analMgi(a 3ue .a a ser digitali8ada. C#/# se /uestra en las eti3uetas del grO'i(#0 esta seLal es una tensiMn 3ue .ar"a (#n el tie/p#. Para utili8ar nP/er#s /Os sen(ill#s0 asu/ire/#s 3ue la tensiMn .ariarO entre 9 $ :.9;< .#lti#s0 (#rresp#ndientes a l#s nP/er#s digitales entre 9 $ :9;< 3ue se pr#du(en en un pr#(es# digital de 12 2its. K2s)r.ese 3ue el diagra/a de 2l#3ues estO di.idid# en d#s se((i#nes0 el sa/ple-and-h#ld (S=> M SR>)0 $ el (#n.ertid#r analMgi(#-digital ( DC). C#/# pr#2a2le/ente ha$as aprendid# en (lases de ele(trMni(a0 el sa/ple-and-h#ld se ne(esita para /antener la tensiMn guardar la tensiMn en la entrada del DC /ientras se lle.a a (a2# la (#n.ersiMn. Sin e/2arg#0 esta n# es la ra8Mn p#r la 3ue se /uestra a3u"- al di.idir la digitali8a(iMn en estas d#s etapas es un /#del# teMri(# i/p#rtante para entender la digitali8a(iMn. El he(h# de 3ue resulta pare(id# a la ele(trMni(a (#/Pn es un aLadid# p#r (asualidad. C#/# se /uestra en la di'eren(ia entre (a) $ (2)0 la salida del sa/ple-and-h#ld sMl# puede ha(erse a inter.al#s periMdi(#s $ en este (as# se ha(e id)nti(a al .al#r instantOne# de la seLal de entrada. Se ign#ran p#r (#/plet# l#s (a/2i#s 3ue puedan su(eder en la seLal de entrada entre l#s tie/p#s de /uestread#. Es de(ir0 el /uestre# (#n.ierte la .aria2le independiente (el Tie/p# en este e?e/pl#) de una seLal (#ntinua a una dis(reta.

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Aas di'eren(ias 3ue se /uestran entre las 'iguras (2) $ (()0 el (#n.ers#r DC pr#du(e un nP/er# enter# entre 9 $ :9;< p#r (ada una de las regi#nes planas en (2). Est# intr#du(e un err#r0 $a 3ue (ada regiMn plana puede ser una tensiMn entre 9 $ :09;< .#lti#s. P#r e?e/pl#0 20<!999 $ 20<!991 .#lti#s se (#n.ertirOn en el /is/# nP/er# digital0 el 2<!9. Es de(ir0 la (uanti'i(a(iMn (#n.ierte la .aria2le dependiente (el .#lta?e en este e?e/pl#) de una seLal (#ntinua a una seLal dis(reta. 4"?ese 3ue esta/#s e.itand# (#/parar (a) $ (()0 (#/# si est# a/#nt#nar"a el /uestread# $ la (uanti'i(a(iMn. Es i/p#rtante 3ue l#s anali(e/#s p#r separad# p#r3ue pueden degradar la seLal de di'erentes /aneras0 as" (#/# ser (#ntr#lad#s p#r di'erentes parO/etr#s en la ele(trMni(a. Ta/2i)n ha$ (as#s en l#s 3ue se puede utili8ar sMl# un#0 sin pre(isar para ell# del #tr#. P#r e?e/pl#0 el /uestreand# sin (uanti'i(a(iMn se utili8a en 'iltr#s interrupt#res de (#ndensad#res. Pri/er# /irare/#s l#s e'e(t#s de la (uanti'i(a(iMn. Q lguna /uestra la seLal digitali8ada puede tener un err#r /Oxi/# de @ el AS17 (AS1 H Aeast Signi'i(ant 1it0 1it +en#s Signi'i(ati.#0 n#/2re usad# para la distan(ia entre d#s ni.eles ad$a(entes de (uanti'i(a(iMn). Aa 'igura (d) /uestra el err#r de (uanti'i(a(iMn de este e?e/pl#0 3ue se hallM tras restar (2) de (()0 (#n las (#n.ersi#nes apr#piadas. Es de(ir0 la salida digital (()0 es e3ui.alente a la entrada (#ntinua (2) /Os un err#r de (uanti'i(a(iMn (d). Nna i/p#rtante (ara(ter"sti(a de este anOlisis es 3ue el err#r de (uanti'i(a(iMn se pare(e /u(h# (#/# ruid# aleat#ri#. Est# 'i?a la etapa para un /#del# i/p#rtante de (uanti'i(a(iMn. En la /a$#r"a de las #(asi#nes0 la (uanti'i(a(iMn da nada /Os 3ue para aLadir ruid# aleat#ri# a la seLal. QSe distri2u$e este ruid# aleat#ri# de '#r/a uni'#r/e alreded#r del @7 AS1 (el 1it +en#s Signi'i(ati.#)0 3ue es prO(ti(a/ente insigni'i(ante0 $ una des.ia(iMn estOndar de 1=.12 AS1 (apr#x. el 9.2; AS1). P#r e?e/pl#0 una (#n.ersiMn de % 2its aLade un ruid# /edi# (&+S) de 9.2;=2<!0 # s#2re un 1=;99 de la es(ala t#tal. Nna (#n.ersiMn de 12 2its aLade un ruid# de 9.2;=:9;! M 1=1:9990 /ientras 3ue una (#n.ersiMn de 1! 2its ha(e l# pr#pi# (#n 9.2;=!<<3! M 1=22E999. De2id# a 3ue el err#r de (uanti'i(a(iMn es un ruid# aleat#ri#0 el nP/er# de 2its 3ue deter/ina la pre(isiMn de l#s 2its 3ue (#ntengan l#s dat#s. P#r e?e/pl#0 se puede ha(er la siguiente de(lara(iMn. FSe in(re/enta la pre(isiMn de la /edida desde l#s % hasta l#s 12 2itsF. Este /#del# es de gran al(an(e0 pues el ruid# aleat#ri# generad# p#r la (uanti'i(a(i#n se aLadirO a (ual3uier ruid# 3ue $a est) presente en la seLal analMgi(a. P#r e?e/pl# i/agina una seLal analMgi(a (#n una a/plitud /Oxi/a de 1 .#lti#0 $ un ruid# aleat#ri# de 1 /ili.#lti# r/s. l digitali8ar esta seLal (#n % 2its (#rresp#ndiend# 1 .#lti# al nP/er# 2<<0 $ 1 /ili.#lti# se (#n.ierte en 9.12< 2its.

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Glossary
)ngineering (*) SIngenier"aT the dis(ipline dealing ,ith the art #r s(ien(e #' appl$ing s(ienti'i( 5n#,ledge t# pra(ti(al pr#2le/s. +ate (3) SUel#(idadT the relati.e speed #' pr#gress #r (hange. Interact (,) S&ela(i#narseT a(t t#gether #r t#,ards #thers #r ,ith #thers. )%er'da' (-) ST#d#s l#s d"asT suited '#r e.er$da$ use. Counterpart (-) S>#/Ml#g#T a pers#n #r thing ha.ing the sa/e 'un(ti#n #r (hara(teristi(s as an#ther. Chapter (.) SCap"tul#T a su2di.isi#n #' a ,ritten ,#r5- usuall$ nu/2ered and titled. /anagement (.) SGestiMn0 Trata/ient#T the a(t #' /anaging s#/ething. +etain (0) S&e(#rdar0 &etenerT 5eep in #neJs /ind. A##ord (0) SPer/itirse el lu?# deT 2e a2le t# spare #r gi.e up. !ose (12) SPerder0 Kl.idarT 'ail t# 5eep #r t# /aintain- (ease t# ha.e0 either ph$si(all$ #r in an a2stra(t sense. Quantization (1*) SCuanti'i(a(iMnT is the pr#(edure #' (#nstraining s#/ething t# a dis(rete set #' .alues0 su(h as an integer0 rather than a (#ntinu#us set #' .alues0 su(h as a real nu/2er. Vuanti8ati#n in spe(i'i( d#/ains (an ta5e di''erent de'initi#ns. 3irst (13) SPri/er#T 2e'#re an$thing else. Digitalis (1.) SDigitalisT a p#,er'ul (ardia( sti/ulant #2tained 'r#/ '#xgl#.e. 3igure (10) S4iguraT a de(#rati.e #r artisti( ,#r5.

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!a$el (*2) SEti3uetaT a 2rie' des(ripti#n gi.en '#r purp#ses #' identi'i(ati#n. 4otice (*3) SK2s)r.eseT the a(t #' n#ti(ing #r pa$ing attenti#n. 5eep (*,) S+antenerT all#, t# re/ain in a pla(e #r p#siti#n. 6o7e%er (*-) SSin e/2arg#T despite an$thing t# the (#ntrar$ (usuall$ '#ll#,ing a (#n(essi#n). +eason (*8) S+#ti.#T the (apa(it$ '#r rati#nal th#ught #r in'eren(e #r dis(ri/inati#n. Stages (*8) S*i.elT a spe(i'i( identi'ia2le p#siti#n in a (#ntinuu/ #r series #r espe(iall$ in a pr#(ess. 3act (*.) SDe he(h#T state/ent #r asserti#n #' .eri'ied in'#r/ati#n a2#ut s#/ething that is the (ase #r has happened. 9utput (32) SSalidaT signal that (#/es #ut #' an ele(tr#ni( s$ste/. Allo7ed :Allo7; (32) SPer/itid# (Per/itir)T let ha.e (grant per/issi#n). <alue (3*) SUal#rT a nu/eri(al 3uantit$ /easured #r assigned #r (#/puted. Input (3*) SEntradaT enter (data #r a pr#gra/) int# a (#/puter. 3lat (3*) SPlani(ieT ha.ing a h#ri8#ntal sur'a(e in ,hi(h n# part is higher #r l#,er than an#ther. Plateau (3-) S+esetaT a relati.el$ 'lat highland. A%oid (=2) SE.itarT sta$ (lear 'r#/. !ump (=2) S grupar0 Engl#2arT gr#up #r (hun5 t#gether in a (ertain #rder #r pla(e side 2$ side. >ogether (=1) SWunt#0 Nnid#T in (#nta(t ,ith ea(h #ther.

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S7itched (==) SCa/2iad#T the a(t #' (hanging #ne thing #r p#siti#n '#r an#ther. ?argon (=-) SWergaT spe(iali8ed te(hni(al ter/in#l#g$ (hara(teristi( #' a parti(ular su2?e(t. Ad@acent (=8) SC#nt"gu#T near #r (l#se t# 2ut n#t ne(essaril$ t#u(hing. 3eature (,2) SCara(ter"sti(aT a pr#/inent aspe(t #' s#/ething. 4oise (,1) S&uid#T ele(tri(al #r a(#usti( a(ti.it$ that (an distur2 (#//uni(ati#n. Amount (,3) SCantidadT h#, /u(h #' s#/ething is a.aila2le. "et7een (,=) SEntreT in the inter.al. >hrough (,,) S tra.)sT thr#ugh#ut the entire extent. Statement (,0) SDe(lara(iMnT a 'a(t #r asserti#n #''ered as e.iden(e that s#/ething is true. /easurement (-2) S+edidaT the a(t #r pr#(ess #' /easuring. Po7er#ul (-1) SP#der#s#0 P#tenteT ha.ing the p#,er t# in'luen(e #r (#n.in(e. Ahate%er (-*) SCual3uieraT #ne #r s#/e #r e.er$ #r all ,ith#ut spe(i'i(ati#n. Quadrature (-0) SCuadraturaT the (#nstru(ti#n #' a s3uare ha.ing the sa/e area as s#/e #ther 'igure. >here#ore (-0) SP#r tant#0 P#r es#T as a (#nse3uen(e. Due (8*) SDe2id# aT suita2le t# #r expe(ted in the (ir(u/stan(es. AsB (83) SPreguntarT /a5e a re3uest #r de/and '#r s#/ething t# s#/e2#d$.

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>reated :>reat; (8-) STratad# (Tratar)T su2?e(t t# a pr#(ess #r treat/ent0 ,ith the ai/ #' read$ing '#r s#/e purp#se0 i/pr#.ing0 #r re/ed$ing a (#nditi#n. 9ccurrence (8-) S (#nte(i/ient#T an e.ent that happens. +o7 (8.) S4ilaT a linear arra$ #' nu/2ers side 2$ side. >hresholding (.2) SN/2ralT the starting p#int '#r a ne, state #r experien(e. Aeird (.2) S&ar#0 ExtraL#T stri5ingl$ #dd #r unusual. Dithering (Dither) (.1) SKs(ilante0 I/pre(isa0 Ua(ilanteT the pr#(ess #' representing inter/ediate (#l#rs 2$ patterns #' tin$ (#l#red d#ts that si/ulate the desired (#l#r. Impro%ing :Impro%e; (.1) S+e?#rand# (+e?#rar)T t# /a5e 2etter. >oggle (.8) SC#n/utarT a hinged s,it(h that (an assu/e either #' t,# p#siti#ns. 4eCt (01) SDespu)s0 Aueg#T at the ti/e #r #((asi#n i//ediatel$ '#ll#,ing. >hought (01) SPensa/ient# (i/aginad#)T the pr#(ess #' thin5ing (espe(iall$ thin5ing (are'ull$). A%erage (0=) S+edia (arit/)ti(a)T a statisti( des(ri2ing the l#(ati#n #' a distri2uti#n. )%en though (0=) S un3ueT Inherent (0,) SInherenteT in the nature #' s#/ething th#ugh n#t readil$ apparent. Strange (0-) SExtraLaT n#t at ease #r (#/'#rta2le. Quite (0.) S1astanteT t# the greatest extent- (#/pletel$.

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References
http:==,,,.dspguide.(#/= http:==,,,.dspguide.(#/=(h3.ht/ http:==,,,.,#rdre'eren(e.(#/= http:==,,,.,i5ti#nar$.#rg= http:==,,,.g##gle.(#/=language[t##ls XY--- TEZT XY--- TEZT (extra(t ele(ted) XY--- English De'initi#ns XY--- S#/e De'initi#ns XY--- S#/e Translati#ns

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