SIMULATION REPORT

DIGITAL TELECOMMUNICATION

13 / JTD 2C Class
Hillyatul Aulia

STUDY PROGRAM DIGITAL TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
STATE POLYTHECNIC OF MALANG
2020
 TABLE OF CONTENT

TABLE OF CONTENT....................................................................................................................i
TABLE OF FIGURE.......................................................................................................................ii
MULTISIM SIMULATION OF DELTA MODULATION TECHNIQUE...................................1
1.1 Objectives.............................................................................................................................1
1.2 Basic Theory.........................................................................................................................1
1.3 Experiment Apparatus..........................................................................................................5
1.4 Procedures.............................................................................................................................5
1.5 Results and Discussion.........................................................................................................6
1.6 Conclusion............................................................................................................................8
1.7 Reference..............................................................................................................................8

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 TABLE OF FIGURE

Figure 1. ADC Converter............................................................................................................................1

Figure 2. Analog to Digital Conversion Process..........................................................................................2
Figure 3. Sampling Rate of ADC.................................................................................................................3
Figure 4. Block Diagram of Delta Modulator..............................................................................................4
Figure 5. Diagram of Delta Modulator........................................................................................................4
Figure 6. Result of Delta Modulation Demodulation Simulation.................................................................8

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 MULTISIM SIMULATION OF DELTA MODULATION
TECHNIQUE

1.1 Objectives
1. To understand the operation theory of Delta Modulation
2. To simulate Delta Modulation using Matlab

1.2 Basic Theory

1. Analog to Digital Converter
Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) is an electronic integrated circuit used to convert
the analog signals such as voltages to digital or binary form consisting of 1s and 0s. Most
of the ADCs take a voltage input as 0 to 10V, -5V to +5V, etc. and correspondingly
produces digital output as some sort of a binary number.

Figure 1. ADC Converter

Analog to Digital Conversion Process

Analog to Digital Converter samples the analog signal on each falling or rising edge
of sample clock. In each cycle, the ADC gets of the analog signal, measures and converts
it into a digital value. The ADC converts the output data into a series of digital values by
approximates the signal with fixed precision
In ADCs, two factors determine the accuracy of the digital value that captures the
original analog signal. These are quantization level or bit rate and sampling rate. Below
figure depicts how analog to digital conversion takes place. Bit rate decides the resolution
of digitized output and you can observe in below figure where 3-bit ADC is used for
converting analog signal.

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 Figure 2. Analog to Digital Conversion Process

Assume that one-volt signal has to be converted from digital by using 3-bit ADC as
shown below. Therefore, a total of 2^3=8 divisions are available for producing 1V
output. This results 1/8=0.125V is called as minimum change or quantization level
represented for each division as 000 for 0V, 001 for 0.125, and likewise up to 111 for 1V.
If we increase the bit rates like 6, 8, 12, 14, 16, etc. we will get a better precision of the
signal. Thus, bit rate or quantization gives the smallest output change in the analog signal
value that results from a change in the digital representation. Suppose if the signal is
about 0-5V and we have used 8-bit ADC then binary output of 5V is 256. And for 3V it is
133 as shown below.
28 x V a
D out =
V ref
256 → 5V
?←5V
256 x 3
Ex 1 : D out = =133
5V
There is an absolute chance of misrepresenting the input signal at output side if it is
sampled at different frequency than desired one. Therefore, another important
consideration of the ADC is the sampling rate. Niquest theorem states that the acquired
signal reconstruction introduces distortion unless it is sampled at (minimum) twice the
rate of the largest frequency content of the signal as you can observe in the diagram. But
this rate is 5-10 times the maximum frequency of the signal in practical.

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 Figure 3. Sampling Rate of ADC

2. Delta Modulation – Demodulation basic principle

The type of modulation, where the sampling rate is much higher and in which the step
size after quantization is of a smaller value Δ, such a modulation is termed as delta
modulation. The type of modulation, where the sampling rate is much higher and in
which the step size after quantization is of a smaller value Δ, such a modulation is termed
as delta modulation. Delta Modulation is a simplified form of DPCM technique, also
viewed as 1-bit DPCM scheme. As the sampling interval is reduced, the signal
correlation will be higher.
Delta Modulator
The Delta Modulator comprises of a 1-bit quantize and a delay circuit along with two
summer circuits. Following is the block diagram of a delta modulator.

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 Figure 4. Block Diagram of Delta Modulator

The predictor circuit in DPCM is replaced by a simple delay circuit in DM. Delay
unit output is an Accumulator output lagging by one sample. A Stair-case approximated
waveform will be the output of the delta modulator with the step-size as delta (Δ). The
output quality of the waveform is moderate.
Delta Demodulator
The delta demodulator comprises of a low pass filter, a summer, and a delay circuit.
The predictor circuit is eliminated here and hence no assumed input is given to the
demodulator.
Following is the diagram for delta demodulator.

Figure 5. Diagram of Delta Modulator

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 A binary sequence will be given as an input to the demodulator. The stair-case
approximated output is given to the LPF.
Low pass filter is used for many reasons, but the prominent reason is noise
elimination for out-of-band signals. The step-size error that may occur at the transmitter
is called granular noise, which is eliminated here. If there is no noise present, then the
modulator output equals the demodulator input.

1.3 Experiment Apparatus

1. Matlab Software
1.4 Procedures
1. Type the following script onto M-File

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 2. Change the frequency f into my presence number, which is 13.
3. Observe the result

1.5 Results and Discussion

1. Characteristic of Delta Modulation Technique
a. Sampling Speed is the sampling speed of an ADC stating, how often analog
signals are converted to digital signals at certain intervals. The sampling speed is
usually expressed in samples per second (SPS).
b. The ADC resolution determines the accuracy of the value of the ADC conversion
result. For example: An 8bit ADC will have an output of 8 digital data bits, this
means the input signal can be expressed in 255 (2n - 1) discrete values. The 12bit
ADC has 12 digital data output bits, this means the input signal can be expressed
in 4096 discrete values. From the example above the 12-bit ADC will provide a
much better accuracy of the conversion value than the 8-bit ADC.
2. Matlab source code to generate the modulated signal, including explanation of each code
line

clc; %clean screen

clear all; %clean text on command window
close all; %clean project
f=13; %frequency
fs=100*f; %sampling frequency
t=0:1/fs:2/f; %time
A=1; %amplitude
m=A*sin(2*pi*f*t; %sine signal

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subplot(3,1,1) %set up figure
plot(t,m,'k-') %line plot
title('Sinyal Carier') %add title to current axis
xlabel 'Time (sec)', ylabel 'Amplitude (volt)' %x-axis as periode
%y-axis as amplitudo
grid on;
% axis ([0 200 -2.5 2.5])
d=1/f; %step size
% start delta mod
for n=1:length(m)
if n==1
e(n)=m(n);
eq(n)=d*sign(e(n));
mq(n)=eq(n);
else
e(n)=m(n)-mq(n-1);
eq(n)=d*sign(e(n));
mq(n)=mq(n-1)+eq(n);
end %end process
end %end process

subplot(3,1,2) %set up figure

stairs(t,mq,'r-'); %plot staircase approximation of information
signal m
title('Sinyal Informasi') %add title to current axis
xlabel 'Time (sec)', ylabel 'Amplitude (volt)' %x-axis as periode
%y-axis as amplitudo
grid on; %turns on grid lines
% axis ([0 200 -2.5 2.5])
% start binary representation of staircase signal
diff=m-mq;
comp=zeros(1, size(diff,2));
for i=1:numel(diff)
if diff(i)>0
comp(i)=1;
elseif diff(i)<0
comp(i)=0;
else
if i==1
comp(i)=0;
else
comp(i)=comp(i-1);
end %end process
end %end process
end %end process
hold on
subplot(3,1,3) %set up figure
plot(t,comp,'b-') %line plot
title('Deltamodulasi') %add title to current axis
xlabel 'Time (sec)', ylabel 'Amplitude (volt)' %x-axis as periode
%y-axis as amplitudo
grid on; %turns on grid lines
% axis ([0 200 -2.5 2.5])

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 Simulastion Result:

Figure 6. Result of Delta Modulation Demodulation Simulation

1.6 Conclusion
1. Delta modulation is a method for converting analog signals into digital signals by
encoding analog signals with binary bits. Whereas delta demodulation is the opposite of
delta modulation that is converting digital signals into analog signals.
2. Characteristics of delta modulation technique are the ADC sampling speed and ADC
resolution.

1.7 Reference
Tutorials Point, “Digital Communication – Delta Modulation”, Without year. [Online].
Available:https://www.tutorialspoint.com/digital_communication/digital_communication_del
ta_modulation.htm [Accessed on: 29 April 2020]

Unknown, “How to Convert the Analog Signal to Digital Signal by ADC Converter”,
Without year. [Online]. Available: https://www.elprocus.com/analog-to-digital-adc-
converter/ [Accessed on: 29 April 2020]