2018-MC-

EXPERIMENT NO. 6
OBJECTIVE:
To study the characteristics of analog to digital converter and digital to analog converter.

APPARATUS:
1. ADC Trainer
2. Jumper wires
3. Digital Multimeter
4. Potentiometer as position transducer apparatus
5. Power supply
6. Oscilloscope

Analog to Digital Converter:

An analog-to-digital converter (ADC, A/D, or A-to-D) is a system that converts an analog signal, such
as a sound picked up by a microphone or light entering a digital camera, into a digital signal.

An ADC converts a continuous-time and continuous-amplitude analog signal to a discrete-time and

discrete-amplitude digital signal. The
conversion involves quantization of the input,
so it necessarily introduces a small amount of
error or noise. Furthermore, instead of
continuously performing the conversion, an
ADC does the conversion
periodically, sampling the input, limiting the
allowable bandwidth of the input signal.
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Resolution:

The resolution of the converter indicates the number of discrete values it can produce over the range of
analog values. For example, an ADC with a resolution of 2 bits can encode an analog input to one in 4
different levels (22 = 4). The values can represent the ranges from 0 to 4 (i.e. unsigned integer) or from
−2 to 1 (i.e. signed integer), depending on the application.

Resolution can also be defined electrically in volts. The change in voltage required to guarantee a
change in the output code level is called the least significant bit (LSB) voltage. The resolution Q of the
ADC is equal to the LSB voltage. The voltage resolution of an ADC is equal to its overall voltage
measurement range divided by the number of intervals:

E FSR
Q=
2M

where M is the ADC's resolution in bits and EFSR is the full scale voltage range (also called 'span').

Lab trainer has ADC of 8 bit resolution and

If voltage is 0~8v, find the ADC voltage resolution in volts using above formula

If voltage is -8~8v, find the ADC voltage resolution in volts using above formula

Draw schematic diagram of ADC & DAC trainer.

PROCEDURE:
 Power up the potentiometer position transducer trainer.
 Power up ADC & DAC trainer.
 Use output voltage of position transducer trainer as input to ADC & DAC trainer
 Move slowly the linear potentiometer to get the values
 Set appropriate switches
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ADC

READINGS:
Sr.N Volt (Sect B) Angle (Sect A) ADC Binary ADC Binary Values
o Values (8 Bit) Calc (8 Bit) Measrd
1 0 0
2 2 1.5
3 4 3
4 6 4.5
5 8 8

Digital to Analog Converters:

In electronics, a digital-to-analog converter (DAC, D/A, D2A, or D-to-A) is a system that converts
a digital signal into an analog signal. An analog-to-digital converter (ADC) performs the reverse
function.

DACs and ADCs are part of an enabling technology that has contributed greatly to the digital revolution.
To illustrate, consider a typical long-distance telephone call. The caller's voice is converted into an
analog electrical signal by a microphone, then the analog signal is converted to a digital stream by an
ADC. The digital stream is then divided into network packets where it may be sent along with
other digital data, not necessarily audio. The packets are then received at the destination, but each packet
may take a completely different route and may not even arrive at the destination in the correct time
order. The digital voice data is then extracted from the packets and assembled into a digital data stream.
A DAC converts this back into an analog electrical signal, which drives an audio amplifier, which in
turn drives a loudspeaker, which finally produces sound.

READINGS:
Sr.N Binary Code (Sect A) Binary Code (Sect A) Voltage Calc Voltage Measrd
o
1 00001010 01001110
2 00001011 01001111
3 10000000 10000000
4 10001001 10001111
5 11111110 01111111

Sampling Rate and Aliasing

The analog signal is continuous in time and it is necessary to convert this to a flow of digital values. It is
therefore required to define the rate at which new digital values are sampled from the analog signal. The
rate of new values is called the sampling rate or sampling frequency of the converter. A continuously
varying bandlimited signal can be sampled and then the original signal can be reproduced from the
discrete-time values by a reconstruction filter. The Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem implies that a
faithful reproduction of the original signal is only possible if the sampling rate is higher than twice the
highest frequency of the signal.
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An ADC works by sampling the value of the input at discrete intervals in time. Provided that the input is
sampled above the Nyquist rate, defined as twice the highest frequency of interest, then all frequencies
in the signal can be reconstructed. If frequencies above half the Nyquist rate are sampled, they are
incorrectly detected as lower frequencies, a process referred to as aliasing. Aliasing occurs because
instantaneously sampling a function at two or fewer times per cycle results in missed cycles, and
therefore the appearance of an incorrectly lower frequency.
For example, a 2 kHz sine wave being sampled at 1.5 kHz
would be reconstructed as a 500 Hz sine wave.

Generate three signals of sine wave having following

frequencies in KHz with amplitude of 16 Vpp from
function generator and apply these signals to ADC input
and display input of ADC and reconstructed output on
oscilloscope at two channels simultaneously and check
signal reconstruction and plot below respective signals.

Graph:

__KHz

__KHz

__KHz