Lab # 1

Bernoulli’s theorem
OBJECTIVE:
 To show and verify the Bernoulli’s theorem by applying steady flow of water in variable
tube.

APPARATUS:
 Bernoulli's apparatus
 Hydraulic bench

INTRODUCTION:
The flow of a fluid has to conform with a number of scientific principles in particular the
conservation of mass and the conservation of energy. The first of these when applied to a
liquid flowing through a conduit requires that for steady flow the velocity will be inversely
proportional to the flow area. The second requires that if the velocity increases then the
pressure must decrease. Bernoulli's apparatus demonstrates both of these principles and can
also be used to examine the onset of turbulence in an accelerating fluid stream. Both
Bernoulli's equation and the continuity equation are essential analytical tools required for the
analysis of most problems in the subject of mechanics of fluids.

Bernoulli's principle 
In fluid dynamics, Bernoulli's principle states that an increase in the speed of a fluid occurs
simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy.

Bernoulli's equation is applicable to the steady flow of an incompressible and in viscous

fluid. Bernoulli's equation shows that the sum of the three quantities:

Which are constant. Therefore, the three terms must be interchangeable so that, for example,
if in a horizontal system the velocity head is increased then the pressure head must decrease

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Bernoulli's Theorem Apparatus (AIM 656-B)
The equipment is designed and fabricated to demonstrate the Bernoulli's theorem. It consists
of a test section made of acrylic. It has convergent and divergent sections. Pressure tapping
are provided at different locations in convergent and divergent section. Present set-up is self-
contained water re-circulating unit, provided with a sump tank, centrifugal pump etc. An
arrangement is done to conduct the experiment on different flow rates. Flow rate of water is
measured with the help of measuring tank and stopwatch.

Figure1.1: Bernoulli's apparatus

Hydraulic Bench:
The Basic Hydraulic Bench is of volumetric type and has been designed to provide
continuous and controlled supply of water to conduct various experiments using auxiliary
modules in typical Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Laboratory. The unit is an ideal service
unit for conducting student projects. Once filled, no external water supply is required. Water
is recycled between the Experiment Module, Measuring Tank and the Storage Tank by
the Centrifugal Pump. Several experiments in Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics require
continuous and controlled supply of water. The Basic Hydraulic Bench provides a controlled
recirculation water supply to conduct experiments. The Basic Hydraulic Bench is a very
important module and is recommended for all Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Laboratories
in Educational Institutions. It is a basic module for flow related experiments using auxiliary
modules.

Figure1.2: Hydraulic Bench

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PROCEDURE:
 We started the pump and initiated a flow of water through the test section.
 Then we regulated the flow to the inlet head tank so that there was a small but steady
overflow from inlet tank.
 We measured the height of the water level in each manometer tube by marking the paper
positioned behind the tubes and record on the test sheet.
 We also measured the time taken to fill the bench measuring tank from zero to 30cm and
record by stopwatch.
 Then increased the differential head between the inlet and outlet head tanks, until the
water level in the center manometer tubes drops off the scale. For each condition, record
the heights of2 liquid in the manometer tubes by once again marking the paper positioned
behind the tubes and measure the flow rate.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:

Calculation of Ideal pressure distribution according to equation is given below in table 1.1:

Diameter of cross-
Points section d2/dn (a2/an)2 (a2/an)- (a2/an)2
dn (m)

Measurement of (h1-h2) and of Flow rate (Q) is given below in table 1.2:

Sr. No Vol T h1 h2 104*Q (h1-h2) (h1-h2)1/2

(m3) (s) (m) (m) (m3/s) (m) (m)1/2
1
2
3
4

Experimental report table is given below in table 1.3:

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 Points Diameter of cross- Area Manometer
section (3.14*d2)/4 h (m) 10-4-*Q V
-4 2 3
dn (m) 10 m (m /s) (m/s)

Equation of C:
−1
Q 2 g ( h1−h2 ) 2
C= { }
A A2 2
1−
( )
A1

Value of C derived through experimental data is given below in table 1.4:

Sr. No Q * 10-4 (h1 - h2)1/2 C

3 1/2
m/s (m)
1
2
3

Experimental report for pressure distribution is given below in table 1.5:

Q= Q=
Points V22/2g = V22/2g =
hn hn - h1 hn - h1/(V22/2g) hn hn - h1 hn - h1/ (V22/2g)
(m) (m) (m) (m)

Questions:

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Question#1: What happens when the diameter of the tube decreases at the
center?
Answer:

Question#2: If the input pressure i.e. P1 changes, does Bernoulli equation

become inapplicable?
Answer:

Question#3: What is the relation between pressure and velocity of fluid?

Answer:

Conclusion:
From this lab I become familiar with the working of venture tube I observed that when fluid
reaches the center of tube where area decreases the pressure of the fluid decreases as a result
the velocity of liquid remains the same to maintain the flows rate.

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