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Ch09 Lecture Note
Ch09 Lecture Note
ISSUES TO ADDRESS...
When we combine two elements...
what equilibrium state do we get?
In particular, if we specify...
--a composition (e.g., wt% Cu - wt% Ni), and --a temperature (T )
then...
How many phases do we get? What is the composition of each phase? How much of each phase do we get?
Phase A
Nickel atom Copper atom
Phase B
Chapter 9 - 1
Solubility Limit:
Temperature (C)
L
(liquid)
L
(liquid solution i.e., syrup)
+ S
(solid sugar)
Pure Water
Chapter 9 - 2
Pure Sugar
If Co < 65 wt% sugar: syrup 0 20 40 6065 80 100 If Co > 65 wt% sugar: syrup + sugar. Co =Composition (wt% sugar)
Phases:
The physically and chemically distinct material regions that result (e.g., and ).
AluminumCopper Alloy
80 60 40 20 0
0
L
(liquid)
watersugar system
L
(liquid solution
i.e., syrup)
+ S
(solid sugar)
A (20C,70)
2 phases
Phase Equilibria
Simple solution system (e.g., Ni-Cu solution) Crystal Structure Ni Cu FCC FCC
electroneg
1.9 1.8
Both have the same crystal structure (FCC) and have similar electronegativities and atomic radii (W. Hume Rothery rules) suggesting high mutual solubility. Ni and Cu are totally miscible in all proportions.
Chapter 9 - 5
Phase Diagrams
Indicate phases as function of T, Co, and P. For this course:
-binary systems: just 2 components. -independent variables: T and Co (P = 1 atm is almost always used).
T(C) Phase
Diagram for Cu-Ni system
1600 1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 0 20
liq us uid
2 phases:
L (liquid)
+ s
u lid so
100
wt% Ni
Chapter 9 - 6
Note:The Ni-Cu alloy system shown in the previous slide is a binary isomorphous system; Note: Isomorphous : Having the same structure. In the phase diagram sense, isomorphicity means having the same crystal structure or complete solid solubility for all compositions.
Chapter 9 - 7
Phase Diagrams:
# and types of phases
Rule 1: If we know T and Co, then we know:
--the # and types of phases present.
Examples:
A(1100C, 60): 1 phase: B (1250C, 35): 2 phases: L +
T(C)
1600
L (liquid)
B (1250C,35) 1500 1400 1300 1200
u liq s idu us lid so
L +(FCC solid
solution)
Adapted from Fig. 9.3(a), Callister 7e. (Fig. 9.3(a) is adapted from Phase Diagrams of Binary Nickel Alloys, P. Nash (Ed.), ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1991).
1100 1000 0 20 40
A(1100C,60) 60 80 100
wt% Ni
Chapter 9 - 8
Phase Diagrams:
composition of phases
Rule 2: If we know T and Co, then we know:
--the composition of each phase. T(C) Cu-Ni system
Examples:
A TA Co = 35 wt% Ni tie line dus i l i qu 1300 L (liquid) At T A = 1320C: L+ s Only Liquid (L) B idu TB s ol CL = Co ( = 35 wt% Ni) At T D = 1190C: L+ (solid) 1200 D Only Solid ( ) TD C = Co ( = 35 wt% Ni) 20 30 50 32 35 4043 At T B = 1250C: CLCo C wt% Ni Both and L Adapted from Fig. 9.3(b), Callister 7e. 9.3(b) is adapted from Phase Diagrams CL = C liquidus ( = 32 wt% Ni here) (Fig. of Binary Nickel Alloys, P. Nash (Ed.), ASM C = C solidus ( = 43 wt% Ni here) International, Materials Park, OH, 1991.)
Chapter 9 - 9
Phase Diagrams:
weight fractions of phases
Rule 3: If we know T and Co, then we know:
--the amount of each phase (given in wt%). Cu-Ni system A L (liquid)
tie line dus i l i qu
Examples:
Co = 35 wt% Ni At T A : Only Liquid (L) W L = 100 wt%, W = 0 At T D: Only Solid ( ) W L = 0, W = 100 wt% At T B : Both and L
T(C) TA
1300
TB
1200
B R S D CLCo
L+
s
(solid)
50
us olid
TD
20
WL = W =
43 35 S = = 73 wt % R + S 43 32
30 32 35
40 43
C wt% Ni
R = 27 wt% R +S
Adapted from Fig. 9.3(b), Callister 7e. (Fig. 9.3(b) is adapted from Phase Diagrams of Binary Nickel Alloys, P. Nash (Ed.), ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1991.) Chapter 9 - 10
L (liquid) B
L+
R
L+
TB
1200
(solid)
S
50
idu s ol
20
30C C 40 C L o
M S = M L R
R C CL = 0 R + S C CL
Chapter 9 - 11
wt% Ni
WL =
ML S C C0 = = M L + M R + S C CL
W =
System is:
--binary
i.e., 2 components: Cu and Ni.
A
35
B C D
36
L+
46 43
Cu-Ni system
--isomorphous
i.e., complete solubility of one component in another; phase field extends from 0 to 100 wt% Ni.
(solid)
1100 20 30
Consider
Co = 35 wt%Ni.
35 Co
40
50
wt% Ni
Chapter 9 - 12
Chapter 9 - 13
--Ductility (%EL,%AR)
Elongation (%EL)
60 50 40 30 20 0 20 Cu 40 60 80 100 Ni %EL for pure Cu %EL for pure Ni
300
Composition, wt% Ni
Composition, wt% Ni
--Peak as a function of Co
--Min. as a function of Co
Chapter 9 - 14
Binary-Eutectic Systems
2 components has a special composition with a min. melting T.
T(C)
1200
Cu-Ag system
3 single phase regions L (liquid) 1000 (L, , ) L + 779C Limited solubility: L + 800 TE : mostly Cu 8.0 71.9 91.2 : mostly Ag 600 TE : No liquid below TE + 400 CE : Min. melting TE composition 200 Eutectic transition
0 20 40 60 CE 80
100
L(CE)
(CE) + (CE)
Co , wt% Ag
Adapted from Fig. 9.7, Callister 7e. Chapter 9 - 15
Pb-Sn system
L (liquid) L+
18.3
183C
L +
61.9 97.8
S
+
0 11 20 C
40 Co
60
80
C, wt% Sn
99100 C
Pb-Sn system
L+
R
L (liquid)
S
183C
L +
100
+
0 17 20 C 40 46 60 Co CL 80 100
23 CO - C = WL = = 79 wt% 29 CL - C
C, wt% Sn
Chapter 9 - 17
L
: Co wt% Sn
L+ (Pb-Sn System)
200
TE
100
0 Co
10
20
30
C , wt% Sn
Chapter 9 - 18