ENGR-22 Lec-19 Sp07 GDT Tolerancing-1

Engineering 22
Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing

Bruce Mayer, PE
Licensed Electrical & Mechanical Engineer
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu
Engineering 22 Engineering Design Graphics
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Bruce Mayer, PE
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu ENGR-22_Lec-19_GDT-1.ppt
Skill-Development Goal
To learn how to effectively tolerance parts such that
The Parts Function Correctly Fabrication Cost Is Kept To A Minimum
Apply Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing (GD&T); in particuluar

Position, Size
Flatness, Circularity
Perpendicularity, Parallelism
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Bruce Mayer, PE
Geometric Dims & Tolerancing

Uses Standard Symbols To Indicate Tolerances That Are Based On The Features Geometry. Sometimes Called Feature-Based Dimensioning & Tolerancing, Or True Position Dimensioning & Tolerancing Uses Feature Control Frames To Indicate Tolerance(s) State of the Art for Tolerances
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Bruce Mayer, PE
Geometric?
The G in GD&T refers to Geometric Forms
e.g., plane, circle, cylinder, sq, or hexagon
Theoretically these forms are Perfect but any REAL Form will be Imperfect In GD&T The Limits of Real Variation (tolerance) are Specified by the Diameter/Width of a Planer, Cylindrical, Annular, or Spherical Zone
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Bruce Mayer, PE
History of Tolerancing
In the 1800s, manufacturing used the cut & try, file & fit approach. The plus-minus (or coordinate) system of tolerancing was next developed. In the 1900s, the first GD&T standards came out to improve the quality & utility of engineering drawings. In 1966, the united GD&T standard was published ANSI - Y14.5M
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Bruce Mayer, PE
GD&T Definitions - 1
Feature
General term applied to a physical portion of a part, such as a surface, hole, or slot.
Feature of Size (FOS)

One cylindrical or spherical surface, or a set of parallel surfaces, associated with a size dimension. (Can be external or internal)
Location Dimension
Locates the centerline or centerplane of a part feature relative to: another part feature, centerline, or datum.
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Bruce Mayer, PE
Tolerance Zones
all geometric tolerances have imaginary tolerance zones that are the basis for acceptance or rejection of the product have specific shapes depending on the geometric tolerance and feature being controlled
Actual Local Size

the value of any individual distance at any cross section of a FOS
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Bruce Mayer, PE
Actual Mating Envelope (AME)
a similar perfect feature counterpart that can be circumscribed/inscribed about/within the feature so it just contacts the surfaces at the highest & lowest points It is derived from an actual part Used When Calculating a Bonus Tolerance
More on this Next Time

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Bruce Mayer, PE
Envelope Principle
Proper Tolerancing establishes the ENVELOPE of the perfect part Any deviation in FORM is acceptable, as long as it remains within the limits of size

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Bruce Mayer, PE
Limits of Size
A variation in form is allowed between the least material condition (LMC) and the maximum material condition (MMC).
SIZE DIMENSION ENVELOPE PRINCIPLE MMC (2.007)
Envelope Principle defines the size and form relationships between mating parts.
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LMC (2.003)
ENVELOPE OF SIZE
Bruce Mayer, PE
Limits of Size LMC & MMC

Clearance & Allowance
ENVELOPE PRINCIPLE
LMC CLEARANCE
MMC ALLOWANCE
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Bruce Mayer, PE
Limits of Size @ X-Section

The ACTUAL size of the feature at ANY CROSS SECTION must be within the size BOUNDARY.
MMC LMC
CROSS Sections are what we measure with Calipers or Micrometers

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Bruce Mayer, PE
Limits of Size - Boundary

No portion of the feature may be outside a PERFECT FORM BARRIER at maximum material condition (MMC).
Most Common
The Surface can also be ROUGH

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Bruce Mayer, PE
GD&T Feature Control Frame
From ASME Y14.5M-1994

Some ACAD Feature-Frames from Y14.5-1982
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Bruce Mayer, PE
ANSI/ASME Y14.5 Rev.s
Responsibility for Maintenance of the Standard Shifted ANSI ASME after the 1994 Version
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Bruce Mayer, PE
GD&T Form & Profile

GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTIC CONTROLS
14 characteristics that may be controlled
TYPE OF FEATURE
TYPE OF CHARACTERISTIC SYMBOL TOLERANCE

FLATNESS
INDIVIDUAL (No Datum Reference)
STRAIGHTNESS FORM CIRCULARITY CYLINDRICITY
INDIVIDUAL or RELATED FEATURES
LINE PROFILE PROFILE SURFACE PROFILE

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Bruce Mayer, PE
GD&T Orient, RunOut, Loctn

GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTIC CONTROLS
14 characteristics that may be controlled
TYPE OF FEATURE
TYPE OF CHARACTERISTIC SYMBOL TOLERANCE

PERPENDICULARITY
ORIENTATION ANGULARITY
PARALLELISM RELATED FEATURES (Datum Reference Required) CIRCULAR RUNOUT RUNOUT TOTAL RUNOUT CONCENTRICITY
LOCATION
POSITION SYMMETRY

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Bruce Mayer, PE
Understanding Tolerance Zones

Traditional type of tolerancing describes a SQUARE zone for acceptable locations.
GD&T describes a CIRCULAR zone around the theoretically exact location for the feature.

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Bruce Mayer, PE
Basic Dimension
A theoretically exact dimension used to locate features in GD&T
The Dimension From Which the Limits of Variation are Derived
Basic dimensions are UNtoleranced
These NOMINAL Dims Basic Dims Identified are THEORETICALLY by Enclosure in a Exact FRAME
Bruce Mayer, PE

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Std-Tol vs GD&T - 1
Standard Tolerance
Not Well Known: Actual hole-ctr distances, angle of hole-ctrs

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Bruce Mayer, PE
Std-Tol vs GD&T - 2
GD&T
Specs for Hole Centers and Angularity

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Bruce Mayer, PE
Cylindrical Tolerance Zone
Line Connecting the Centers of the Circles at the Top & Bottom Surfaces Must Fall Completely Within The Tolerance Cylinder
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Bruce Mayer, PE
Measure Position Tolerance
.500
Acutually Need TWO Measurement Fixtures

A Go-Gage with 0.496 Pins
A NoGo-Gage with 0.504 Pins

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Bruce Mayer, PE
Material Conditions
Maximum Material Condition (MMC) M
largest acceptable size for external feature smallest acceptable size for internal feature object weighs the most
Least Material Condition (LMC) L Regardless of Feature Size (RFS) S

No Bonus Tolerance Applied Default when no Circle Modifier Applied
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Bruce Mayer, PE
Maximum Material Condition
Given
Holes at MMC
Holes at LMC
Smallest Holes at narrow Position accept 0.493 Gage Pins

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Same Gage Pins for LMC Holes w/ Wide-Spacing allow Larger Pos Tol.
Bruce Mayer, PE
Datums
Datums are features on the object that are used as reference surfaces from which other measurements are made.
Not every GD&T feature requires a datum. Datum Reference Symbols
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ANSI 1982
ASME 1994
Bruce Mayer, PE
ISO
ANSI Datum Frame

Still Widely Used
By ACAD for Example...

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Bruce Mayer, PE
Datums Illustrated
A
B
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A
B
Bruce Mayer, PE
Flatness

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Bruce Mayer, PE
Straightness

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Bruce Mayer, PE
Circularity (Roundness)

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Bruce Mayer, PE
Cylindricity

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Bruce Mayer, PE
Perpendicularity

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Bruce Mayer, PE
Parallelism

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Bruce Mayer, PE
Angular Tolerances
Traditional methods for tolerancing angles require that angled surfaces be very accurate near the vertex of the angle, but can vary more along the length of the angled feature.
That is, the allowable DISPLACEMENT in inches or mm INCREASES with DISTANCE from the VERTEX
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Bruce Mayer, PE
GD&T Angular Tolerance Zone
In (b) Notice How the Width of the Tolerance Zone Expands with Distance From the Vertex
GD&T Eliminates The Zone Expansion

Angles Typically Given as Basic or Theoretical (c) Tolerance Zones are Then CONSTANT Width (d)
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Bruce Mayer, PE
Profile

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Bruce Mayer, PE
Concentricity
Similar to Cylindrical Tolerance, but related to a DATUM Cylinder

The ENTIRE Axis of the Concentric Feature Must Lie within the Tolerance Zone Relative to the Datum centerline
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Bruce Mayer, PE
RunOut
Note that the CAUSE of the RunOut is NOT Known
In CIRCULAR Case Could be some Combo of Circularity & Concentricity In TOTAL Case add Straightness to the list
Circular Total

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Bruce Mayer, PE
Industrial Example

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Bruce Mayer, PE
GD&T Caveat Use with Care

GDT is VERY Powerful, BUTIt it can be Quite CONFUSING and ESOTERIC Many Degreed Engineers, as well as Most Drafters/Designers, and Some Machinists have only a Vague Notion About Meaning of GDT Symbols
MisApplication and Confusion-Induced Delays are COMMON
e.g. Try asking what MMC or RFS means
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Bruce Mayer, PE
GD&T Bottom Line

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Bruce Mayer, PE
All Done for Today GD&T is Not for Everyone

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Bruce Mayer, PE
Engr/Math/Physics 25
Appendix
f x 2 x 7 x 9x 6
3 2
Bruce Mayer, PE
Licensed Electrical & Mechanical Engineer
BMayer@ChabotCollege.edu

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Bruce Mayer, PE
GD&T Datum Surfaces and Features

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Bruce Mayer, PE

ENGR-22 Lec-19 Sp07 GDT Tolerancing-1

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Engineering 22

Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing

Apply Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing (GD&T); in particuluar

Geometric Dims & Tolerancing

Feature of Size (FOS)

Actual Local Size

Engineering 22 Engineering Design Graphics

Engineering 22 Engineering Design Graphics

Limits of Size LMC & MMC

Limits of Size @ X-Section

Engineering 22 Engineering Design Graphics

Limits of Size - Boundary

The Surface can also be ROUGH

Engineering 22 Engineering Design Graphics

GD&T Feature Control Frame

From ASME Y14.5M-1994

ANSI/ASME Y14.5 Rev.s

GD&T Form & Profile

TYPE OF CHARACTERISTIC SYMBOL TOLERANCE

INDIVIDUAL (No Datum Reference)

STRAIGHTNESS FORM CIRCULARITY CYLINDRICITY

INDIVIDUAL or RELATED FEATURES

LINE PROFILE PROFILE SURFACE PROFILE

Engineering 22 Engineering Design Graphics

GD&T Orient, RunOut, Loctn

TYPE OF CHARACTERISTIC SYMBOL TOLERANCE

Engineering 22 Engineering Design Graphics

Understanding Tolerance Zones

Engineering 22 Engineering Design Graphics

Basic dimensions are UNtoleranced

Engineering 22 Engineering Design Graphics

Not Well Known: Actual hole-ctr distances, angle of hole-ctrs

Specs for Hole Centers and Angularity

Cylindrical Tolerance Zone

Measure Position Tolerance

Acutually Need TWO Measurement Fixtures

A NoGo-Gage with 0.504 Pins

Least Material Condition (LMC) L Regardless of Feature Size (RFS) S

Maximum Material Condition

Smallest Holes at narrow Position accept 0.493 Gage Pins

ANSI Datum Frame

Engineering 22 Engineering Design Graphics

Engineering 22 Engineering Design Graphics

Engineering 22 Engineering Design Graphics

Engineering 22 Engineering Design Graphics

Engineering 22 Engineering Design Graphics

Engineering 22 Engineering Design Graphics

Engineering 22 Engineering Design Graphics

GD&T Angular Tolerance Zone

GD&T Eliminates The Zone Expansion

Engineering 22 Engineering Design Graphics

Similar to Cylindrical Tolerance, but related to a DATUM Cylinder

Engineering 22 Engineering Design Graphics

Engineering 22 Engineering Design Graphics

GD&T Caveat Use with Care

GD&T Bottom Line

Engineering 22 Engineering Design Graphics

All Done for Today GD&T is Not for Everyone

Engineering 22 Engineering Design Graphics

Engineering 22 Engineering Design Graphics

GD&T Datum Surfaces and Features

Engineering 22 Engineering Design Graphics

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