PEM-COPPE-UFRJ COM 710 Fundamentos de Mecnica dos Fluidos Prof. Gustavo Bodstein Al.: Lista de Exerccios 1 - (maro de 2004).

. 1) Given the velocity field U (x,y ) = y i + x j , show that streamlines are hyperboles x 2 y 2 = C.

dx U = 0

dx dy = u v

dx dy = y x

x dx = y dy ;
1 2 (x - y 2 ) = C 2 - C 1 = C 3 , 2C 3 = C ; 2

x dx =

y dy

x2 y2 + C1 = + + C2 2 2

x 2 - y 2 = C (family of curves).

2) Given the velocity field U (x 1, x 2 ) = [(1 + t )- 1x 1 ]e 1 + [2 (2 + t )- 1x 2 ]e 2 , calculate:

i) the pathline of a particle located at (1 , 2), at t = 0; ii) the streamline at instant t, through point (x1 (0), x2 (0)); iii) the streakline of particles that have passed through point (x1 (0), x2 (0)) at t0;
dx i ; dt dx u1 = 1 dt

i) u i =

x1 dx dx dt ; ln (x 1) + C = ln (1 + t ) + C = 1 1= (1 + t ) dt x1 1+ t / / / / ln (x1) + ln (C ) = ln (1 + t ) + ln (C ) ln (x1) - ln (1 + t ) = ln (C ) - ln (C );

/ / / C ln (x1 / (1 + t )) = ln (C ) = ln (C 1)

x1 = C 1 (1 + t ) ;

C.I.: t = 0: x1 = C 1 = s 1 ;
dx 2 dt

x 1 = s 1 (1 + t )

(I).

u2 =

2 x2 (2 + t )

dx 2 dt

dx 2 = x2

2 + t dt

ln (x 2 ) + C = 2[ln (2 + t ) + C ];

/ / ln (x 2 ) + ln (C ) = ln (2 + t )2 + ln ( C )2
2

/ / ln (x 2 ) - ln (2 + t )2 = ln ( C )2 - ln (C ); x 2 = C 2 (2 + t )2 ;

/ / /C ln (x 2 / (2 + t )2 ) = ln ( C ) = ln ( C 2 )

C.I.: t = 0: x 2 = 4C 2 = s 2 ;
( I) , x 2 =

x2 =

s2 (2 + t )2 4

(II).

s2 (2 + t )2 ( II) 4 Using Eqs. (I) and (II) to eliminate t , a relationship can be written as follows: x 1 = s 1 (1 + t )

x2 =

y2 y x y x (2 + t )2 = 2 (2 + ( 1 - 1))2 = 2 (1 + 1 )2 ; 4 4 y1 4 y1
x2 1 x = (1 + 1 )2 . s2 4 s1

pathline of a particle located at (1 , 2), at t = 0.

ii) dx U = 0 ;

dx1 dx 2 = u1 u2

dx 1 (1 + t )- 1x 1

dx 2 2(2 + t )- 1x 2

(2 + t ) dx 2 dx 1 (1 + t )- 1 dx 2 ; = = x1 2(1 + t ) x 2 2(2 + t )- 1 x 2

dx1 = x1

A(t ) x 2

dx 2

ln (x1) + C 1 = A(t )[ln (x 2 ) + C 2 ] ;

/ 1) = A(t ) ln (x 2 ) + A(t ) ln (C / 2) ln (x1) + ln (C

/ 2 )A (t ) - ln (C / 1) ln (x 1) - ln (x 2 )A (t ) = ln (C

/ 2 ) - ln (C / 1) ; ln (x1) - A(t ) ln (x 2 ) = A(t ) ln (C

/ 2A (t ) / C / 1) ; ln (x 1 / x 2A (t ) ) = ln (C

/ 2A(t ) / C / 1) = B (t ) (x1 / x 2A(t ) ) = (C

x 1 = B (t ) x 2A (t ) ;

C.C.: x 1(0) = B (t )[x 2(0)]A (t ) ; B (t ) = x 1(0)[x 2(0)]- A (t ) ;

x 1 = B (t ) x 2A (t ) = {x 1(0)[x 2(0)]- A (t ) } x 2A (t ) ;
A (t ) (2 + t ) x2 x1 = ; A (t ) = . x 1(0) 2(1 + t ) x 2 (0) streamline at instant t, through point (x1 (0), x2 (0)).

iii) From item i, we found,

x1 = C 1 (1 + t ) .and x 2 = C 2 (2 + t )2 ;

then, for particles that have passed through point (x1 (0), x2 (0)) at t0:

x1 = C 1 (1 + t )
x 2 = C 2 (2 + t )2

x1(0) = C 1 (1 + t 0 )
x 2 (0) = C 2 (2 + t 0 )2

C1 =
C2 =

x1(0) ; (1 + t 0 )
x 2(0) (2 + t 0 )
2

x1 =

x 1(0) (1 + t ) (1 + t 0 )

; x2 =

x 2(0) (2 + t 0 )
2

(2 + t )2

streakline at instant t of particles that have passed through point (x1(0), x2(0)) at different instants t0 which vary for each particle.