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Nacomputer Networks 1
Nacomputer Networks 1
The merging of computers and communications has had a profound influence on the way computer systems are organised. DEFINITION: Collection of autonomous computers interconnecte !" a sin#le tec$nolo#". They can be connected by copper wire, fibre optics, microwave, infra red and communication satellite. USES OF COMPUTER NETWORKS: Resource s$arin#: Eg: Group of office workers sharing the same printer, client server communication. Pro%i e po&erful communication me ium amon# emplo"ees: Eg: Email, video conferencing
NETWORK '(RDW(RE:
C)(SSIFIC(TION OF COMPUTER NETWORKS: *ase on transmission tec$nolo#": Two types of transmission technology: 1) roadcast links: !ingle communication channel shared by all the machines on the network. ") #oint to point links: $any connections between individual pairs of machines. *ase on scale:
1) #ersonal area network 2) %ocal area network 3) $etropolitan area network 4) &ide area network 5) 'nternet
us
2) (ing
NETWORK SOFTW(RE
PROTOCO) 'IER(RC'IES:
T"pes of ser%ices:
1) +onnection oriented
0reliable message stream 1eg: !e2uence of pages) 0reliable byte stream 1eg: (emote login) 0unreliable connection 1eg: ,igiti3ed voice)
") +onnection less 0unreliable datagram 1eg: Electronic 4unk mail) 0acknowledged datagram 1eg: (egistered mail) 0 (e2uest5reply 1eg: ,atabase 2uery)
SER.ICE PRIMITI.ES:
REFERENCE MODE)S:
OSI reference mo el:
'"!ri mo el:
Internet:
Usa#e: email, news, remote login, file transfer. (rc$itecture:
ET'ERNET: ) system for connecting a number of computer systems to form a local area network, with protocols to control the passing of information and to avoid simultaneous transmission by two or more systems.
Wireless )(Ns:
NETWORK ST(ND(RDI1(TION:
$ain sectors
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+lasses of $embers
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P'+SIC() )(+ER
,ui e transmission me ia:
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Wireless transmission:
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The Electromagnetic !pectrum (adio Transmission $icrowave Transmission 'nfrared and $illimeter &aves %ightwave Transmission
Electroma#netic spectrum:
Communication satellites:
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Geostationary !atellites $edium5Earth :rbit !atellites %ow5Earth :rbit !atellites !atellites versus .iber
PU*)IC SWITC'ED TE)EP'ONE S+STEM: Types: 1a) .ully5interconnected network. 1b) +entrali3ed switch. 1c) Two5level hierarchy. Structure of telep$one s"stem:
%ocal loops
Trunks
!witching offices
MODEMS:
;#!< ;)$5=>
;)$51=
T"pes of s&itc$in#:
1) +ircuit
2) #acket 3) $essage
.irst5Generation $obile #hones: )nalog -oice !econd5Generation $obile #hones: ,igital -oice Third5Generation $obile #hones: ,igital -oice and ,ata
( %ance mo!ile p$one s"stem: 1a) .re2uencies are not reused in ad4acent cells. 1b) To add more users, smaller cells can be used. C$annel cate#ories: The B?" channels are divided into four categories:
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+ontrol 1base to mobile) to manage the system #aging 1base to mobile) to alert users to calls for them )ccess 1bidirectional) for call setup and channel assignment ,ata 1bidirectional) for voice, fa/, or data
6igh52uality voice transmission $essaging 1replace e5mail, fa/, !$!, chat, etc.) $ultimedia 1music, videos, films, T-, etc.) 'nternet access 1web surfing, wCmultimedia.)
!ervices #rovided to the *etwork %ayer .raming Error +ontrol .low +ontrol
#rovide service interface to the network layer ,ealing with transmission errors (egulating data flow !low receivers not swamped by fast senders
Ser%ices pro%i e to t$e Net&or- la"er: 1a) -irtual communication. 1b) )ctual communication. *it stuffin# 1a) The original data. 1b) The data as they appear on the line. 1c) The data as they are stored in receiverDs memory after destuffing
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)n Enrestricted !imple/ #rotocol ) !imple/ !top5and5&ait #rotocol ) !imple/ #rotocol for a *oisy +hannel
) :ne5 it !liding &indow #rotocol ) #rotocol Esing Go ack * ) #rotocol Esing !elective (epeat