Asset LTE

Asset LTE- Practical's / Demostrations
Copyright 2011 AIRCOM International
WELCOME
INSTRUCTOR - GRAHAM WHYLEY
LTE Frequency Bands
LTE Frequency Bands
LTE Frequency Bands

Supported Channels (non-overlapping)
E-UTRA Band 1.4 3 1 60 2 60 42 20 3 75 53 23 4 45 32 15 5 25 17 8 6 10 7 70 25 8 35 11 9 35 10 60 11 25 12 18 12 6 13 10 7 3 14 10 7 3 ... 33 20 34 15 35 60 42 20 36 60 42 20 37 20 38 50 39 40 40 100 UE receiver sensitivity can be relaxed Channel bandwidth too wide for the band Not supported Downlink Bandwidth Channel Bandwidth (MHZ) 5 12 12 15 9 5 2 14 7 7 12 5 3* 2* 2* 4 3 12 12 4 10 8 10 6 6 7 4 2* 1* 7 3* 3 6 2* 1* 1* 1* 2 1 6 6 2 5 4 10 15 4 4* 5* 3 X 4 2* 4 1* X X 1 1 4 4 1 3 6 20 3 3* 3* 2 X 3* 1* 3 1* X X X 1 X 3 3 1 2 5
* X -
LTE Frequency Bands

E-UTRA Band Bandwidth UL (MHz) E-ARFCN UL Bandwidth DL (MHz) E-ARFCN DL Duplex Mode 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 ... 1920-1980 1850-1910 1710-1785 1710-1755 824-849 830-840 2500-2570 880-915 1749.9-1784.9 1710-1770 1427.9-1452.9 698-716 777-787 788-798 1900-1920 2010-2025 1850-1910 1930-1990 1910-1930 2570-2620 13000 13599 13600 14199 14200 14949 14950 15399 15400 15649 15650 15749 15750 16449 16450 16799 16800 17149 17150 17749 17750 17999 18000 18179 18180 18279 18280 18379 26000 26199 26200 26349 26350 26949 26950 27549 27550 27749 27750 28249
2110-2170
1930-1990 1805-1880 2110-2155 869-894 875-885 2620-2690 925-960 1844.9-1879.9 2110-2170 1475.9-1500.9 728-746 746-756 758-768 1900-1920 2010-2025 1850-1910 1930-1990 1910-1930 2570-2620
0 599
600 - 1199 1200 1949 1950 2399 2400 2649 2650 2749 2750 3449 3450 3799 3800 4149 4150 4749 4750 4999 5000 5179 5180 5279 5280 5379 26000 26199 26200 26349 26350 26949 26950 27549 27550 27749 27750 28249
FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD FDD TDD TDD TDD TDD TDD TDD
33
34 35 36 37 38
39
40
1880-1920
2300-2400
28250 28649
28650 29649
1880-1920
2300-2400
28250 28649
28650 29649
TDD
TDD
Frame Structures
LTE Frame Structure
Frame Structures-TDD
3 10 ms
19
Frame Structures-TDD
Frame Structures-FDD
10 ms
19
In half-duplex FDD operation, the UE cannot transmit and receive at the same time while there are no such restrictions in full-duplex FDD.
One Subframe = 1 mS
Frame Structures-FDD
LTE Carriers
LTE Carriers
Since the appropriate LTE Frequency Band and LTE Frame Structure have been selected or defined then the Carriers can be defined.

* X -
Bandwidth (MHz)
1.4
10
15
20
# of RBs
Subcarriers
6
72
15
25
50
75
100
180 300 600 900 1200

LTE Carriers
Since the appropriate LTE Frequency Band and LTE Frame Structure have been selected or defined then the Carriers can be defined.

* X -
Assign Carrier to Frequency Band
Bandwidth (MHz) # of RBs Subcarriers
1.4 6 72
3 15 180
5 25 300
10 50 600
15 75 900
20 100 1200
LTE Carriers
LTE Carriers
E-UTRA Band
Bandwidth UL (MHz)
E-ARFCN UL
Bandwidth DL (MHz)
E-ARFCN DL
Duplex Mode
LTE Carriers
1920-1980
13000 13599
2110-2170
0 599
FDD
LTE Carriers
Slot Structure and Physical Resources

ONE slot = 12 consecutive subcarriers One slot = 0.5mS 6 or 7 OFDM symbols (depending upon cyclic perfix size), thus a single resource block is containing either 72 or 84 OFDM symbols 12x 7 = 84 OFDM symbols
Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International Copyright 2011 AIRCOM International
LTE Carriers
Bandwidth (MHz)
1.4
10
15
20
# of RBs
Subcarriers
6
72
15
180
25
300
50
600
75
900
100
1200
E-UTRA Band
Bandwidth UL (MHz)
E-ARFCN UL
Bandwidth DL (MHz)
E-ARFCN DL
Duplex Mode
LTE Carriers
... 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
1900-1920 2010-2025 1850-1910 1930-1990 1910-1930
26000 26199 26200 26349 26350 26949 26950 27549 27550 27749
1900-1920 2010-2025 1850-1910 1930-1990 1910-1930
26000 26199 26200 26349 26350 26949 26950 27549 27550 27749
TDD TDD TDD TDD TDD
2570-2620
1880-1920 2300-2400
27750 28249
28250 28649 28650 29649
2570-2620
1880-1920 2300-2400
27750 28249
28250 28649 28650 29649
TDD
TDD TDD
LTE Carriers
R0 R0 R0 R0
R0 R0 R0 R0
R0 R0 R0 R0
R0 R0 R0 R0
R0 R0 R0 R0
R0 R0 R0 R0
R0 R0 R0 R0
R0 R0 R0 R0
LTE Carriers
R1
R0
R1
R0
R0
R1
R1
R0 R1
R1
R0
R0
R0
R1
R0
R1
Configuration of Carrier- 2 antenna
LTE Carriers
REUSE 1(PRIORITISATION)
15 Mhz
Carrier 1
A1 A1 5 Mhz
A3
A2
A3
Carrier 1 Carrier 1 A2
Each sector divides the available bandwidth into prioritised (one third) and non-prioritised (two third) sections.
15 Mhz Carrier 1 A 1 A 1 5 Mh z A 3 Number of Partitions = 3
A Carrier 1 3
A 2
Carrier 1 A 2
The simplest way to minimize ICI within a Frequency Reuse 1 (FR 1) scenario is by prioritisation of resources. Reuse 1 (Prioritisation) scheme prioritises certain portions of the carrier bandwidth (i.e., number of RBs) in each cell according to a set plan.
The whole bandwidth is still available for transmission in all cells, but the concept is that each cell uses its prioritised RBs more often than its non-prioritised RBs, so that it minimises the interference that it may cause to other cells.
Coordination factor
The improvement of Traffic & Control SINR with the deployment of Prioritisation is dependent on the Cell Loading and on the coordination factor. coordination factor of 0 assumes no coordination at all. No dB improvement. No ICI coordination factor of 1 means perfect coordination. Recommended 0.7
Soft Frequency Reuse
Soft Frequency Reuse Scheme (Power Ratio 50%, Bandwidth Ratio 50%)
inter-cell interference control (ICIC).
The available thresholds are RSRP and Relative RSRP. RSRP is self explanatory while the latter is defined in dBs and can be expressed as the difference between the RSRPs of the serving and the strongest interfering cell
Global Editor
Reuse Partitioning
Reuse Partitioning
Multiple partitions. Two dedicated zones, one for CCUs, the other for CEUs. Each sector can only consume CE resources from its own dedicated CE partition
Comparison
Site Data Base
Bearers
LTE Bearers
LTE Bearers
The Default Uplink and Downlink LTE bearers are defined per CQI providing 15 DL bearers and 4 UL bearers.
CQI is a report sent from the UE to the eNodeB suggesting the appropriate Modulation and Coding to be used by the eNodeB
Channel Quality Indicator Reporting

Each default Bearers has Control & Traffic SINR requirements according to
PDSCH
CQI 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 PUSCH PUCCH 9 10 11 12 13 14 Modulation QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM Actual coding rate 0.07618 0.11719 0.18848 308/1024 449/1024 602/1024 378/1024 490/1024 616/1024 466/1024 567/1024 666/1024 772/1024 873/1024 Required SINR -4.46 -3.75 -2.55 -1.15 1.75 3.65 5.2 6.1 7.55 10.85 11.55 12.75 14.55 18.15
CQI Report
57
The UE may not have PUSCH resources
15
64QAM
948/1024
19.25
Channel Quality Indicator Reporting

CQI 1 Modulation QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM Actual coding rate 0.07618 0.11719 0.18848 308/1024 449/1024 602/1024 378/1024 490/1024 616/1024 466/1024 567/1024 666/1024 772/1024 873/1024 Required SINR -4.46 -3.75 -2.55 -1.15 1.75 3.65 5.2 6.1 7.55 10.85 11.55 12.75 14.55 18.15
15 Defaulf Bearers PDSCH
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
PUSCH
PUCCH
9 10 11 12 13 14
CQI Report
57
The UE may not have PUSCH resources
15
64QAM
948/1024
19.25
Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International Copyright 2011 AIRCOM International
coding rate
CQI Modulation Efficiency Actual coding rate Required SINR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM
0.1523 0.2344 0.3770 0.6016 0.8770 1.1758 1.4766 1.9141 2.4063 2.7305 3.3223 3.9023 4.5234 5.1152 5.5547
0.07618 0.11719 0.18848 308/1024 449/1024 602/1024 378/1024 490/1024 616/1024 466/1024 567/1024 666/1024 772/1024 873/1024 948/1024
-4.46 -3.75 -2.55 -1.15 1.75 3.65 5.2 6.1 7.55 10.85 11.55 12.75 14.55 18.15 19.25
The coding rate indicates how many real data bits are present out of 1024 while the efficiency provides the number of information bits per modulation symbol.
602/1024 = 0.5879 QPSK = 2bits Efficiency= 2x0.5879=1.1758 data bits per symbol
coding rate
CQI Modulation Efficiency Actual coding rate Required SINR
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM
0.1523 0.2344 0.3770 0.6016 0.8770 1.1758 1.4766 1.9141 2.4063 2.7305 3.3223 3.9023 4.5234 5.1152 5.5547
0.07618 0.11719 0.18848 308/1024 449/1024 602/1024 378/1024 490/1024 616/1024 466/1024 567/1024 666/1024 772/1024 873/1024 948/1024
-4.46 -3.75 -2.55 -1.15 1.75 3.65 5.2 6.1 7.55 10.85 11.55 12.75 14.55 18.15 19.25
The coding rate indicates how many real data bits are present out of 1024 while the efficiency provides the number of information bits per modulation symbol.
602/1024 = 0.5879 QPSK = 2bits Efficiency= 2x0.5879=1.1758 data bits per symbol
Coding rate
Bearers
Bearers
MIMO - Multiple Input Multiple Output
MIMO - Multiple Input Multiple Output

The propagation channel is the air interface, so that transmission antennas are handled as input to the channel, whereas receiver antennas are the output of it
MIMO Types
Number of Antennas
SISO
(Single Input Single Output)
MISO
(Multiple Input Single Output
SIMO
(Single Input
Multiple Output)
MIMO
(Multiple Input
Multiple Output)

MIMO
LTE supports downlink transmission on 1, 2 or 4 cell specific antenna ports corresponding either to 1, 2 or 4 cell-specific reference signals. On their turn each one of the RS corresponds to one antenna port.
R0 R0 R0 R0 R0 R0 R0 R0 R0
R0
R0
R0
R0 R0 R0 R0
R0 R0 R0 R0
R0 R0 R0 R0
R0 R0 R0 R0
R0
R0 R0 R0 R0
R0
R0 R0 R0 R0
R0
R0
R1
R1
each antenna is uniquely identified by the position of the reference signals On their turn each one of the RS corresponds to one antenna port.
R1 R1 R1
R1
R1
R0
R1 Copyright 2011 AIRCOM International
MIMO
Single antenna port; port 0 Single User MIMO Transmit diversity Open loop spatial multiplexing Closed loop spatial multiplexing Multi User MIMO Closed-loop Rank=1 pre-coding
Tx diversity:
The first and simplest downlink LTE multiple antenna scheme is : Open-loop Tx diversity. It is identical in concept to the scheme introduced in UMTS Release 99. 010100 T X 010100
010100
R X
SU-MIMO
Closed loop Tx diversity The more complex, closed loop Tx diversity techniques from UMTS have not been adopted in LTE, which instead uses the more advanced MIMO, which was not part of Release 99.
Open-loop spatial multiplexing, no UE feedback required

SU-MIMO includes : conventional techniques such as Delay (cyclic for OFDM) Diversity In open loop in which no feedback is provided from UE configuration collapses to time diversity and relies on Cyclic Delay Diversity (CDD) Creates multi-path on the received signal. Prevents signal cancellation
In case of UEs with high velocity, the quality of the feedback may deteriorate. Thus, an open loop spatial multiplexing mode is also supported which is based on predefined settings for spatial multiplexing and precoding.
Closed loop Tx diversity

SU-MIMO includes :Spatial Multiplexing and Precoded Spatial Multiplexing.
PUSCH
The UE asks for two layersRank Indicator 2 from the enodeB. UE feels it can distinguish between to different layers
Data and Control Multiplexing

Layer Mapping Rate Matching CQI
4 bit 16 CS
PMI
RI Layer 0
Layer 1
Pre Coding
Code Block Segmentation Turbo Coding
Transport Blocks
Data
Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH): This physical channel found on the LTE uplink is the Uplink counterpart of PDSCH
SU-MIMO-Spatial Multiplexing
Spatial multiplexing allows to transmit different streams of data simultaneously on the same resource block(s) SU-MIMO 010
CW0 CW1 010 100 T X 100
R0 R0 R0 R0
R X
R0 R0 R0 R0
R0 R0 R0 R0
R0 R0 R0 R0
Two code-word streams 2x2 SU-MIMO
R0 R0 R0 R0
R0 R0 R0 R0
R0 R0 R0 R0
R0 R0 R0 R0
Depending on the pre-coding used, each code word is represented at different powers and phases on both antennas.
Each antenna is uniquely identified by the position of the reference signals

Single user MIMO principle

4 Closed-loop spatial multiplexing Closed-loop spatial multiplexing. Here the UE reports both the RI and index of the preferred pre-coding matrix.
Spatial Multiplexing does increase throughput but this comes at an expense of higher SINR requirements as shown on the LTE bearers
Rank Indicator (RI) is the UEs recommendation for the number of layers, i.e. streams to be used in spatial multiplexing. RI is only reported when the UE is operating in MIMO modes with spatial multiplexing
Spatial Multiplexing - Rate Gain

Spatial Multiplexing (SM) targets increasing users throughput. Depending on the number of TX and RX antennae the user experiences a Rate Gain

Spatial Multiplexing does increase throughput but this comes at an expense of higher SINR requirements as shown on the LTE bearers SU-MIMO SU-MIMO Tx Diversity
This is the coverage area for SU-MIMO +22dB
Roughly speaking Diversity is used to improve coverage

When applying diversity This is the coverage area for SU-MIMO
Spatial Multiplexing (SM) targets increasing users throughput. Depending on the number of TX and RX antennae the user experiences a Rate Gain
What changes, are the SINR requirements for the bearers that are reduced.
SU-MIMO
SU-MIMO Tx Diversity Roughly speaking Diversity is used to improve coverage
SM is used to increase single users throughput +22dB
Achievable DL Bearer without and with MIMO Coverage Improvement (2TX by 2 RX)
By increasing the coverage for each bearer respectively the result will be larger areas with higher CQI bearers.
Achievable DL Bearer without and with MIMO Coverage Improvement (2TX by 2 RX)
So from a system perspective Diversity not only increases coverage but network throughput as well.
SU-MIMO Diversity
SU-MIMO SU-MIMO Tx Diversity
SM is used to increase single users throughput
+22dB
Roughly speaking Diversity is used to improve coverage
What changes, are the SINR requirements for the bearers that are divided by the corresponding table value
How do we set this up on Asset
Bearers-LTE Parameters
Above this threshold switch to SU-MIMO If enabled Below this threshold switch to SU-MIMO Diversity
SU-MIMO
SU-MIMO Diversity
+22dB
Multi User MIMO
Multi User MIMO

MU-MIMO is used to increase the cells throughput. This is achieved by co-scheduling terminals on the same Resource Blocks.
Multi User MIMO
Applying MUMIMO will make no obvious changes to a network unless it is overloaded.
In order for MUMIMO to be used there is a higher Traffic & Control SINR requirement defined
MU-MIMO
MU-MIMO increases cell throughput and number of terminals

MU-MIMO
Applying MU-MIMO will make no obvious changes to a network unless it is overloaded.
To demonstrate the use of MU-MIMO we will spread terminals and run the SIM in snapshot mode. The density of terminals will be high enough for many of them to fail due to insufficient capacity. Then we will enable MU-MIMO and observe how the network is now capable to serve more of the terminals
MU-MIMO
RSRQ changes when MU-MIMO is deployed because the number of served terminals changes.
DL Data Rate without and with MU-MIMO
large improvements close to the cell edge

DL Cell Throughput without and with MUMIMO

DL Cell Throughout (per cell) when MUMIMO is enabled.
effect of the eNodeB now being capable to serve a higher number of users by scheduling them on the same resources
The following table indicates how a highly loaded network can accommodate extra users by deploying MU-MIMO.
Bearers
Bearers
MU-MIMO is used to increase the cells throughput. In order for MU-MIMO to be used there is a higher Traffic & Control SINR requirement defined Spatial Multiplexing does increase throughput but this comes at an expense of higher SINR requirements as shown on the LTE bearers
How do you set MU-MIMO in Asset
Above this threshold switch to SU-MIMO If enabled Below this threshold switch to SU-MIMO Diversity
SU-MIMO
SU-MIMO Diversity
+22dB
If enabled
MU-MIMO
SU-MIMO Diversity +18dB

Above this threshold switch to MU-MIMO If enabled Below this threshold switch to SU-MIMO Diversity
SU-MIMO
MU-MIMO
Diversity +18dB
+22dB
Diversity
As previously mentioned Diversitys main purpose is to increase coverage and this is done by decreasing the bearers SINR requirements.
The bearers with the decreased SINR requirements are easier to achieve.
When applying diversity the RSRP plot and the SCH/BSC SINR plot stay the same. RSRQ stays the same as well.
R0 R0 R0 R0
R0 R0 R0 R0
What changes, are the SINR requirements for the bearers that are divided by the corresponding table value.
R0 R0 R0 R0
R0 R0 R0 R0
R0 R0 R0 R0
R0 R0 R0 R0
R0 R0 R0 R0
R0 R0 R0 R0
each antenna is uniquely identified by the position of the reference signals
RSRP
RSRP is not affected by cell loads. This is the reason why a network is usually firstly dimensioned to provide adequate signal strength at the desired areas.
WHY?
RSRQ
RSRQ on the other hand is affected by cell loads
WHY? Especially with MUMIMO
Comparing all different options for SUMIMO and how they affect Data Rates.
Summary
Terminal Types
Terminal Types
Terminal Types
Path Loss
Path Loss
Terminal Types
kTB :thermal noise level , in units of dBm, in the specified bandwidth The receiver Noise Figure (NF) is a measure of the degradation of the SINR caused by components in the RF signal chain. This includes the antenna filter losses, the noise introduced by the analogue part of the receiver
SINR (IN) SINR (OUT)
Ref Sens = KTB + NF + SINR
Link Budget- Up link-Thermal noise

Bandwidt Thermal noise h (f) power 1 Hz 10 Hz 100 Hz 1 kHz 10 kHz 100 kHz 174 dBm 164 dBm 154 dBm 144 dBm 134 dBm 124 dBm
Terminal noise can be calculated as:
K (Boltzmann constant) x T (290K) x bandwidth.
180 kHz 360Mhz

200 kHz 1 MHz 2 MHz 6 MHz 20 MHz
121.45 dBm -118.4

120.98 dBm 114 dBm 111 dBm 106 dBm 101 dBm
One LTE resource block Two LTE resource blocks
k = Boltzman constant (1.38*10-23 Joules/Kelvin) T = Temperature in degrees Kelvin R = Resistance in ohms B = Bandwidth in Hz
Terminal Types
Bandwidt Thermal noise h (f) power 180 kHz 121.45 dBm One LTE resource block
Terminal noise can be calculated as: K (Boltzmann constant) x T (290K) x bandwidth

1.38*10-23 x 290000 x 180000=0.0000 0000 000072034 Convert to dBm = 10 log 0.0000 0000 000072034 -121.45 dBm for one resource block (180kHz)
k = Boltzman constant (1.38*10-23 Joules/Kelvin) T = Temperature in degrees Kelvin R = Resistance in ohms B = Bandwidth in Hz
Terminal Types
DLRS TX Power
Downlink Reference Signal
Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ) RSRQ is defined as the ratio NRSRP / (E-UTRA carrier RSSI), where N is the number of RBs of the E-UTRA carrier RSSI measurement bandwidth. The measurements in the numerator and denominator shall be made over the same set of resource blocks.
Terminal Types
Terminal Types
Terminal Types
Terminal Types
Traffic Raster
Services
Intoduction
QoS differentiation, i.e. prioritisation of different services according to their requirements becomes extremely important when the system load gets higher. The most relevant parameters of QoS classes are: Transfer Delay Guaranteed Bit rate: Delay sensitive QoS Classes have guaranteed bit rate requirements. .
Intoduction
Allocation and Retention Priority (ARP):
Within each QoS class there are different allocation and retention priorities.
The primary purpose of ARP is to decide whether a bearer establishment / modification request can be accepted or needs to be rejected in case of resource limitations . In addition, the ARP can be used (e.g. by the eNodeB) to decide which bearer(s) to drop during exceptional resource limitations
Intoduction
Users within the same QoS class and ARP class will share the available capacity. If the number of users is simply too high, then they will suffer from bad quality. In that case it is better to block a few users to guarantee the quality of existing connections, like streaming videos.
Services
When running a simulation, ASSET first attempts to serve the GBR demands of both Real Time and Non-Real Time services, taking into account the Priority values of the different services.
Allocation and Retention Priority (ARP)
Resources are first allocated to the service with the highest priority, and then to the next highest priority service, and so on.
If resources are still available after the GBR demands have been met, then different scheduling algorithms can be employed to attempt to serve the MBR of real time services.
LTE QoS
Services
No carrier defined OR BEARER
When running a simulation, ASSET first attempts to serve the GBR demands of both Real Time and Non-Real Time services, taking into account the Priority values of the different services.
After defining the General Service Parameters one or more Carriers can be related to the Service. Since a supporting Carrier has been assigned to the Service, all UL and DL Bearers will be available for selection as the Supporting Bearers.
Services
A Minimum Bit Rate (Min-GBR) and a Maximum Bit Rate (Max-MBR) have been specified for the service. If a terminal achieves connection to one or more of the available bearers then the eNodeB will firstly allocate enough resources to it in order to achieve the MinGBR. It will keep allocating more resources to it until the terminal either reaches the Max-MBR ceiling or until there not more resources available due to cell loading.
LTE Bearers
The Default Uplink and Downlink LTE bearers are defined per CQI providing 15 DL bearers and 4 UL bearers. The most preferable bearer is DL-CQI-15 and the least preferable bearer is DL-CQI-1
Services
The Default Uplink and Downlink LTE bearers are defined per CQI providing 15 DL bearers and 4 UL bearers
Services
The Default Uplink and Downlink LTE bearers are defined per CQI providing 15 DL bearers and 4 UL bearers
Services
After defining the General Service Parameters one or more Carriers can be related to the Service. Since a supporting Carrier has been assigned to the Service, all UL and DL Bearers will be available for selection as the Supporting Bearers.
Packet Scheduler
Packet Scheduler
If resources are still available after the GBR demands have been met, then different scheduling algorithms can be employed to attempt to serve the Max Bit Rate.
Round Robin Scheduler

UE 1 Data Request
UE 6
UE 1 Data sent
UE 2 Data Request
UE 5
UE 2 Data sent
UE 3 data Request
UE 4
UE 3 Data sent
UE 4 Data Request
UE3
UE 4 Data sent UE 5 Data sent
The aim of this scheduler is to share the available/unused resources equally among the RT terminals
UE 5 Data Request
UE 2
UE 1
UE 6 Data Request UE 6 Data sent
NodeB Buffers
NodeB Packet Scheduler
The Round Robin approach is completely random asit simply allocates the same resources to all terminals in turns.
Proportional Fair If resources are still available after the GBR demands have been met:
Terminals with higher data rates get a larger share of the available resources. Each terminal gets either the resources it needs to satisfy its RT-MBR demand.
Proportional Demand
If resources are still available after the GBR demands have been met: The aim of this scheduler is to allocate the remaining unused resources to RT terminals in proportion to their additional resource demands.
Proportional Demand completely ignores RF conditions

Max SINR
Terminals with higher bearer rates(and consequently higher SINR) are preferred over terminals with lower bearer rates (and consequently lower SINR). This means that resources are allocated first to those terminals with better SINR/channel conditions, thereby maximising the throughput.
where S is the average received signal power, I is the average interference power, and N is the noise power.
Best RF conditions are served first.
Max SINR
Own-signal interference in LTE an occur due to : Inter-symbol interference due to multipath power exceeding cyclic prefix length Inter-carrier interference due to Doppler spread (large UE speed) In LTE, orthogonality is often assumed unity for simplicity: a = 1 is assumed for LTE and hence Iown = 0.
where S is the average received signal power, I is the average interference power, and N is the noise power.
The effect of different schedulers on a fairly loaded network

The effect of schedulers on a heavily loaded network
Max SINR Scheduling will maximise the network throughput as terminals with the best RF conditions are served first.
PCI Planning
PCI
PCI
GROUP
CODE
General
0 1 2 3 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 0
CELL SPECIFIC FREQ SHIFT
0 1 2 3
4
5 6
1
1 2
1
2 0
4
5 0
PCI
GROUP
CODE
PCI
0 1 2 3 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 0
0 1 2 3
4
5 6
1
1 2
1
2 0
4
5 0
PCI
GROUP
CODE
General
0 1 2 3 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 0
0 1 2 3
4
5 6
1
1 2
1
2 0
4
5 0
General
Minmise Groups
Minmise Codes
LTE Network Performance- Coverage and Capacity Predictions
Cell Loads
Option 1 - Cell loads Site Database and specifically under the LTE Parameters tab in the fields of Downlink Load (as a percentage) and Mean UL Interference Level (in dB)..
Cell Loads
The second option is to create a traffic raster spreading the defined LTE Terminal Type(s) and then the cell load levels get calculated by running Simulator Snapshots. In both cases a reference terminal type has to be specified for the calculation process.
Cell load levels get calculated by running Simulator Snapshots.
Cell Loads
The second option is to create a traffic raster spreading the defined LTE Terminal Type(s) and then the cell load levels get calculated by running Simulator Snapshots. In both cases a reference terminal type has to be specified for the calculation process.
You must run a traffic raster first
Creating a Traffic Raster
Creating a Traffic Raster This is usually done per clutter type by assigning a terminal density or a relative weight to each one of the clutters.
Creating a Traffic Raster This is usually done per clutter type by assigning a terminal density or a relative weight to each one of the clutters.
Traffic
LTE Simulation - Resolution

The decision on what resolution should be used for the simulations is based on what propagation models are assigned to the cell antennas. Firstly, it is suggested to use a propagation model at the resolution it has been tuned for.
Resolution
Secondly, it is suggested to use two propagation models. The first one (Primary) should be calculated at high resolution (2-20 meters) and for a relatively small radius (1-3 km). The second one (Secondary) should be calculated at relatively lower resolution (20-100 meters) and for a larger radius (330km).
Array Setting
Path Loss
The first one (Primary) should be calculated at high resolution (2-20 meters) and for a relatively small radius (1-3 km).
The second one (Secondary) should be calculated at relatively lower resolution (20-100 meters) and for a larger radius (3Copyright 2011 AIRCOM International 30km).
Number of covering cells

The number of covering cells mainly affects the accuracy of the interference based calculations.
The more cells taken into account, the more accurate the interference values are.
Results
Best RSRP
Path Loss
Simulator Results
Simulator Results
Simulator Results
Default Beares
BCH/SCH SINR
BCH/SCH SINR is not affected by the cell load. BCH and SCH channels are positioned in the 6 central RBs of the Band Width and effect from interference is small.
RSRQ
RSRQ on the other hand is affected by cell loads. WHY?
Diversity
When applying diversity the RSRP plot and the SCH/BSC SINR plot stay the same. RSRQ stays thesame as well.
SU-MIMO
SU-MIMO Diversity
+22dB
Diversity
When applying diversity the RSRP plot and the SCH/BSC SINR plot stay the same. RSRQ stays thesame as well.
What changes, are the SINR requirements for the bearers.
As previously mentioned Diversitys main purpose is to increase coverage and this is done by decreasing the bearers SINR requirements.
By increasing the coverage for each bearer respectively the result will be larger areas with higher CQI bearers.
So from a system perspective Diversity not only increases coverage but network throughput as well.
SU-MIMO
SU-MIMO Diversity
+22dB
Diversity
Diversity
DL Data Rate Improvement with Spatial Multiplexing
SU-MIMO
SU-MIMO Diversity
+22dB
Adaptive Switching
Diversity and Spatial Multiplexing provide significant gains to the network. Both of them can be deployed at the same time in Adaptive Switching mode by eNodeBs so as to provide higher throughput to users close to the cell and extended coverage to users at cell edge.
SU-MIMO Diversity
SU-MIMO
+22dB
Simulator Results
Cell Edge Threshold
Cell Edge Threshold (Global Editor)

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Asset LTE- Practical's / Demostrations

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INSTRUCTOR - GRAHAM WHYLEY

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LTE Frequency Bands

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LTE Frequency Bands

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LTE Frequency Bands

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LTE Frequency Bands

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LTE Frame Structure

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Supported Channels (non-overlapping)

180 300 600 900 1200

Supported Channels (non-overlapping)

Assign Carrier to Frequency Band

Bandwidth (MHz) # of RBs Subcarriers

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Slot Structure and Physical Resources

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1900-1920 2010-2025 1850-1910 1930-1990 1910-1930

1900-1920 2010-2025 1850-1910 1930-1990 1910-1930

TDD TDD TDD TDD TDD

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Configuration of Carrier- 2 antenna

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Soft Frequency Reuse

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Soft Frequency Reuse

Soft Frequency Reuse

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inter-cell interference control (ICIC).

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Site Data Base

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Channel Quality Indicator Reporting

The UE may not have PUSCH resources

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Channel Quality Indicator Reporting

15 Defaulf Bearers PDSCH

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