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POWER QUALITY

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Index
Introduction Power Quality Pro le!" Power Quality #ea"ure!ent $e%ice" Power Quality Ter!inolo&y Power Quality 'tandard" Un undled Power Quality 'er%ice" Power Quality #onitorin& (ene)it" o) Power Quality *onclu"ion Re)erence"

W+AT I' POWER QUALITY,.-

Power Quality !ean" to .a%e a /er)ect /ower "u//ly. A /er)ect /ower "u//ly would e one t.at i" alway" a%aila le0 alway" wit.in %olta&e and )re1uency tolerance"0 and .a" a /ure noi"e )ree "inu"oidal wa%e ".a/e. It i" a "et o) electrical oundarie" t.at allow" e1ui/!ent to )unction in it" intended !anner wit.out "i&ni)icant lo"" o) /er)or!ance or li)e e2/ectancy. Accordin& to IEEE0 t.e conce/t o) /owerin& and &roundin& "en"iti%e electronic e1ui/!ent in a !anner "uita le )or t.e e1ui/!ent.

Notching

Voltage %wells & sags

Power !alit" Pro#lem

Interr!$tio n

Voltage Transients '

Harmonic Distortion

Power (!alit" $ro#lems

Voltage sags3 4olta&e "a& i" decrea"e in %olta&e to etween 10 and 506 o) no!inal %olta&e )or one7.al) cycle to one !inute .T.ey can e &enerated ot. internally and e2ternally )ro! an end u"er" )acility. Voltage swells: 4olta&e "well" are increa"e in %olta&e a o%e 1106 o) no!inal )or one7.al) cycle to one !inute. Alt.ou&. "well" occur in)re1uently w.en co!/ared to "a&"0 t.ey can cau"e e1ui/!ent !al)unction and /re!ature wear. Harmonics: +ar!onic" are a recurrin& di"tortion o) t.e wa%e)or! t.at can e cau"ed y %ariou" de%ice" includin& %aria le )re1uency dri%e"0 non7linear /ower "u//lie" etc.

Power (!alit" $ro#lems

Transients: Tran"ient" are %ery ".ort duration 8"u 7cycle9 e%ent" o) %aryin& a!/litude. Interruptions: W.en t.e %olta&e dro/" elow 106 o) it" no!inal %alue it i" called an interru/tion or a lac:out. Interru/tion" .a%e t.ree cla""i)ication"3 !o!entary0 te!/orary and "u"tained. Notching3 It i" a di"tur ance o) o//o"ite /olarity to t.e nor!al %olta&e wa%e)or! 8w.ic. i" "u tracted )ro! t.e nor!al wa%e)or!9 la"tin& )or le"" t.an one7.al) cycle. ;otc.in& i" )re1uently cau"ed y !al)unctionin& electronic "witc.e" or /ower conditioner".

Power (!alit" $ro#lems

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-scillosco$ es

Data .oggers and /hart 0ecorders

Power !alit" +eas!rement De,ices Transient Dist!r#anc e 1nal"2er

Harmonic 1nal"2er 8

POWER QUALITY TER#I;OLO<Y

Distortion Qualitati%e ter! indicatin& t.e de%iation o) a /eriodic wa%e )ro! it" ideal wa%e)or! c.aracteri"tic". Distortion factor Ratio o) t.e R#' o) t.e .ar!onic content o) a /eriodic wa%e to t.e R#' o) t.e )unda!ental content o) t.e wa%e0 e2/re""ed a" a /ercent. T.i" i" al"o :nown a" t.e total .ar!onic di"tortion 8T+$9 Flicker 4ariation o) in/ut %olta&e "u))icient in duration to allow %i"ual o "er%ation o) a c.an&e in electric li&.t "ource inten"ity. Quantitati%ely0 )lic:er !ay e e2/re""ed a" t.e c.an&e in %olta&e o%er no!inal e2/re""ed a" a /ercent. =or e2a!/le0 i) t.e %olta&e at a 1>074 circuit increa"e" to 1>5 4 and t.en dro/" to 11? 40 t.e )lic:er0f0 i" calculated a" f@ 100A81>5 B 11?9C1>0 @ D.DD6.

POWER QUALITY TER#I;OLO<Y

Linear loads Electrical load w.ic. in "teady7"tate o/eration /re"ent" e""entially con"tant i!/edance to t.e /ower "ource t.rou&.out t.e cycle o) a//lied %olta&e. Nonlinear load Electrical load t.at draw" current" di"continuou"ly or w.o"e i!/edance %arie" durin& eac. cycle o) t.e in/ut A* %olta&e wa%e)or!. Impulse Traditionally u"ed to indicate a ".ort duration o%er%olta&e e%ent wit. certain ri"e and )all c.aracteri"tic". 'tandard" .a%e !o%ed toward includin& t.e ter! i!/ul"e in t.e cate&ory o) tran"ient"

POWER QUALITY 'TA;$AR$' I; I;$IA

Indian &o%ern!ent electricity re&ulatory aut.oritie" u"e relia ility indice" 8de%elo/ed y IEEE9 "uc. a"3 S stem !"erage Interruption Duration Inde# $S!IDI% 'AI$I i" t.e a%era&e duration o) interru/tion" /er con"u!er" durin& t.e year. It i" t.e ratio o) t.e annual duration o) interru/tion" 8"u"tained9 to t.e nu! er o) con"u!er". I) duration i" "/eci)ied in !inute"0 'AI$I i" &i%en a" con"u!er !inute". 'AI$I @ Total duration o) "u"tained interru/tion" in a year C total nu! er o) con"u!er"

S stem !"erage Interruption Fre&uenc Inde# $S!IFI% 'AI=I i" t.e a%era&e nu! er o) "u"tained interru/tion" /er con"u!er durin& t.e year. It i" t.e ratio o) t.e annual nu! er o) interru/tion" to t.e nu! er o) con"u!er". 'AI=I @ 8Total nu! er o) "u"tained interru/tion" in a year9 C 8Total nu! er o) con"u!er"9

POWER QUALITY 'TA;$AR$' I; I;$IA

'onsumer !"erage Interruption Duration Inde# $'!IDI% *AI$I i" t.e a%era&e duration o) an interru/tion0 calculated a"ed on t.e total nu! er o) "u"tained interru/tion" in a year. It i" t.e ratio o) t.e total duration o) interru/tion" to t.e total nu! er o) interru/tion" durin& t.e year. *AI$I @ Total duration o) "u"tained interru/tion" in a yearCtotal nu! er o) interru/tion". It can al"o e "een t.at *AI$I @ 'AI$IC'AI=I Electricity 'u//ly #onitorin& Initiati%e 8E'#I9 e2ecute" a"ic !onitorin& o) "u//ly continuity and %olta&e le%el" at ordinary con"u!er location"0 in order to &et an idea o) t.e actual "ituation in t.e )ield and to increa"e t.e accounta ility o) electricity utilitie". T.e )ir"t t.ree E'#I data lo&&er" were in"talled in Pune *ity.

IEEE POWER QUALITY 'TA;$AR$'

IEEE DEE 3 'tandard Procedure )or #ea"ure!ent o) Power =re1uency Electric and #a&netic =ield" )ro! A* Power Line". IEEE 518 3 <uide )or t.e In"tallation o) Electrical E1ui/!ent to #ini!iFe Electrical ;oi"e In/ut" to *ontroller" )ro! E2ternal 'ource". IEEE 515 3 Reco!!ended Practice" and Re1uire!ent" )or +ar!onic *ontrol in Electrical Power 'y"te!" IEEE 1100 3 Reco!!ended Practice )or Powerin& and <roundin& 'en"iti%e Electronic E1ui/!ent IEEE 1155 3 Reco!!ended Practice )or #onitorin& Electric Power Quality IEEE 1E1 3 Reco!!ended Practice )or Electric Power $i"tri ution )or Indu"trial Plant" And !any !ore,.

U;(U;$LE$ POWER QUALITY 'ER4I*E'

T.e un undlin& o) /ower 1uality "er%ice"0 de)ined a" /er!ittin& "e%eral le%el" o) /ower 1uality at a di))erentiated co"t0 i" a u"ine"" conce/t t.at ac.ie%e" it" /otential in t.e /re"ence o) tec.nolo&ie" t.at can /ro%ide "/eci)ic cu"to!er" wit. !ore t.an one le%el o) /ower 1uality. T.e re"ult o) t.e /roce"" will lead to )ully inte&rated and di"tri uted /ower "y"te!" G=RIE;$'.

4eat!res o5 5riends
=le2i ility in /ower "y"te! Relia ility o) /ower "u//ly #ulti!enu "er%ice" to allow cu"to!er" to "elect t.e ty/e o) /ower /ro%ided and ot.er "er%ice" o))ered y t.e electric utility Load le%elin& and ener&y con"er%ation ;ew auto!atic &eneration control !et.odolo&ie" 4olta&e re&ulation )unction" =ault current7li!itin& )unction" Pre%ention o) "a&"0 "well"0 and .ar!onic"

QUALITY *O;TROL *E;TER'

One o) t.e !o"t i!/ortant c.aracteri"tic" o) =RIE;$' i" t.at Q** a" a /ower 1uality control )acility i" in"talled %ery clo"ely to cu"to!er" in order to "u//ly "e%eral 1ualitie" o) /ower and ena le" cu"to!er" to c.oo"e t.e 1uality o) /ower. T.e Q**" /lay a %ital role in t.e o/eration o) =RIE;$'0 "uc. a"3 =le2i le c.an&e in "y"te! con)i&uration #ulti/le !enu "er%ice" )or cu"to!er" 8un undled "er%ice"9 In)or!ation !ana&e!ent 8in)or!ation /roce""in& and data e2c.an&e center"9 #onitorin& and controllin& /ower )low y interc.an&e o) in)or!ation etween Q**" "o t.at t.e "y"te! can o/erate in t.e !o"t e))ecti%e and econo!ical way

POWER QUALITY #O;ITORI;<

#onitorin& "y"te! /ro%ide in)or!ation a out t.e 1uality o) t.e /ower and t.e cau"e" o) /ower "y"te! di"tur ance"0 ut it can identi)y /ro le! condition" t.rou&.out t.e "y"te! e)ore t.ey cau"e wide"/read cu"to!er co!/laint"0 e1ui/!ent !al)unction"0 and e%en e1ui/!ent )ailure". Data(ase management )* software0 e1ui//ed wit. "tati"tical analy"i" and /lottin& tool" and wra//ed in a u"er7)riendly inter)ace. It con"i"t" o) two !aHor co!/onent"0 t.e Power Quality $ata #ana&er and t.e Power Quality $ata AnalyFer. Internet+(ased power &ualit monitoring s stem )or re!ote /ower 1uality in"/ectin& and analyFin&.

(E;E=IT' O= POWER QUALITY

Econo!ic i!/act E1ui/!ent relia ility En%iron!ent

/oncl!sion

T.e conce/t o) /ower 1uality i" a 1ualitati%e one )or w.ic. !at.e!atical e2/re""ion" are not a "olutely nece""ary to de%elo/ a a"ic under"tandin& o) t.e i""ue".T.u" t.e !ain o Hecti%e o) t.i" "tudy i" to i!/ro%e t.e 1uality and relia ility o) t.e electricity "u//ly to indu"trial0 co!!ercial and do!e"tic u"er".

0e5erences
A Tec.nical note o) Under"tandin& on Power QualityI y 4.J.<o" ell0 Tec.nical $irector0 Inte&ral Ener&y Power Quality *enter.K1L #at. +.J.(ollen MUnder"tandin& Power Quality Pro le!"M0 IEEE N.T"uHi0 N.;ara0 J.+a"e&aw1 and T.Oya!a0 M=le2i le0 Relia le and Intelli&ent Electric Ener&y $eli%ery 'y"te!3 *once/t" and Per"/ecti%eM0 Proceedin&" o) t.e A!erican Power *on)erence04ol.10 //.50E75110 A/ril D7 80 15550 *.ica&o Illinoi". #et.od o) #ea"urin& Power Quality and $e%elo/!ent o) #onitor $e%ice y '.uyin& Yan&0 IEEE. OPower 1uality !onitorin&I y Eric. <unt.er 8electrote: conce/t"9

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