A

Micro-Project

Report on

“Prepare a report on Street lighting system”

Submitted by

Sr. Roll
Name of the Student Class
No No.
1 2319 Mr. Kenjale Omkar Dipak EE6I
2 2320 Miss. Kalebere Rucha Mukund EE6I
3 2321 Miss. Kale Harshada Bapusaheb EE6I

Under the guidance of

Prof. Shridhar U. Kale
Department of Electrical Engineering

Government Polytechnic, Karad

Even Semester 2022-23
 Government Polytechnic, Karad

Certificate

This is to certify that,

Sr.
Roll No. Name of the Student Class
No
1 2319 Mr. Kenjale Omkar Dipak EE6I
2 2320 Miss. Kalebere Rucha Mukund EE6I
3 2321 Miss. Kale Harshada Bapusaheb EE6I

have successfully completed the micro project on “Prepare a report on Street

lighting system” of the subject Electrical Estimation and Contracting (22627) prescribed
by Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education for Sixth Semester (Electrical) during the
year 2022-2023

Prof. Shridhar U. Kale Prof. D. Y. Shingare

Project Guide, I/C Head,

Department of Electrical Engineering Department of Electrical Engineering

Government Polytechnic, Karad. Government Polytechnic, Karad.
 Acknowledgement

We express our deep sense of gratitude towards Prof. Shridhar U. Kale for his consistent
guidance and co-operation for the project we like to thank him for his kind suggestions and support.

We are also thankful of Dr. R. K. Patil (Principal, Government Polytechnic, Karad) for his
support.

We are grateful towards the supporting staff of Electrical Engineering Department, Government
Polytechnic, Karad for providing us the necessary tools and facilities for our project work

Finally, we are thankful to all those who have directly or indirectly helped us for this project.
This project has given us great learning experience and sense satisfaction.
Thanking you,

1. Mr. Kenjale Omkar Dipak (2319)

2. Miss. Kalebere Rucha Mukund (2320)

3. Miss. Kale Harshada Bapusaheb (2321)

 Annexure-II A

Micro-Project Proposal

“Prepare a report on Street lighting System”

1.0 Rationale:
Street lights are the raised source of light on the edge of a road or walkway, which are switched
ON in the evenings near the sunset time to provide the lighting for the passer's by. Street lighting
is required along the road to have safer, comfortable, convenient, and efficient movement of
vehicles at night. While official requirements differ around the world the main principles for
good street lighting are the same; high quality illumination that ensures clear visibility and road
safety. They consume 20% of the total power and also it will contain many hurdles in the
maintenance such as switching on and off daily at particular times, detection of over load and
cost factor is also very high. This project clearly demonstrates Street light poles and Electric
connection, Principles used in Street lighting designing.

2.0 Literature review:

1. Before preparing a report on “Street lighting System" we must know the basic information
related to Street lighting System.
2. We must know basic concept related to Street lighting System.
3. Before explaining the concept of Street lighting System, we must know the advantages and
disadvantages of the Street lighting system.
4. Also, we must know basic Principles related to Street lighting designing.
5. We must know the important terms, important points about Street lighting System.

3.0 Proposed methodology:

1. The topic of micro project assigned to us.
2. We will distribute the work of micro project among the all-group members.
3. First, we will understand the principles used in Street lighting designing.
4. We will search detail information of “Street lighting System."
5. We will verify that information from our teachers.
6. We will prepare a report on “Street lighting System."
7. At last, we will give a presentation of that report to teacher and submitted it.
4.0 Action plan: -
Name of
Planned Start Planned
Details of Activity responsibleteam
Date Finished Date
members
Decide the topic 23/03/2023 24/03/2023 All group members

Distributed of work 28/03/2023 28/03/2023 All group members

Searching information 31/03/2023 03/04/2023 All group members

Write a report 06/04/2023 13/04/2023 All group members

Presentation 18/04/2023 18/04/2023 All group members

5.0 Resources used: -

Name of
Sr. No. Specification Quantity Remark
resources
1 Laptop HP (Ryzen3) 1

2 Mobile Redmi Note 8 1

3 Internet As per required -

Electrical Estimating and
4 Books 1
Contracting – S. M. Chaudhari
 Micro-project Report

“Prepare a report on Street lighting System”

1.0 Rationale: -
Street lighting can be used to promote security in urban areas and to increase the quality of
life by artificially extending the hours in which it is light so that activity can take place. Street
lighting also improves safety for drivers, riders, and pedestrians. Major advantages of street
lighting include: Prevention of accidents and increase in safety. They consume 20% of the
total power and it will contain many hurdles in the maintenance such as switching on and off
daily at times, detection of over load and cost factor is also very high. Automation, Power
consumption and Cost Effectiveness are the important considerations in the present field of
electronics and electrical related technologies. To control and maintain complex street
lighting system more economically, various street light control systems are developed. These
systems are developed to control and reduce energy consumption of a town's public lighting
system using different technologies.

2.0 Aim of the Micro project: -

1. Collect information & prepare report on Street lighting system.
2. To observe Street light poles and Electric connection.
3. To understand the principles used in Street lighting system.
4. To know about Road Lighting code in India (IS 1944) (BIS) / Terminology and types of Road
lighting luminaries.

3.0 Course Outcome Integrated:

1. Prepare estimate of public lighting installation.

4.0 Literature review:

1. Our project is on prepare a report on Street lighting system.
2. Before we preparing a report on these projects, we know the basic information related to
Street lighting system.
3. Street lighting is provided along the road sides to make traffic and obstructions on the
road clearly visible in order promote safety and convenience. Street lights also make the
street more attractive. Street lighting improves the traffic speed and the traffic flow
conditions.
➢ Introduction:
Street lighting design is the design of street lighting such that people can safely continue their
travels on the road. Street lighting schemes never brings the same appearance of daylight, but
provide sufficient light for people to see important objects required for traversing the road.
There are no walls and ceilings which can reflect or defuse light so long and hard shadows
cannot be avoided. Indoor illumination level is much more than street lighting as area to be
illuminated is very vast. Road behaves as defusing surface when an angle of incidence is small
and as reflecting surface when angle of incidence is large. Pedestrians make use of diffusion
principle in perception of object and vehicle drivers make use of specular reflection i.e., the
above property it serves to both. Driver encounters with high angle of incidence whereas
pedestrian perceives at lower angle of incidence. In this system by making small changes there
are many possibilities to develop street light system according to our present-day life without
wasting time, power, and money too. By adding automated and remote-control system, based
on time, which will automatically switch on and off the lights at predefined time and gives the
information to the base station regarding the overload condition using the recent technologies
GSM, by which we can provide simplified management and maintenance issues.

➢ Objectives of Street lighting:

1. To improve the visibility to facilitate the flow of traffic and pedestrian.
2. Reduction in night accidents.
3. Prevention of crime and aid to police protection.
4. To enhance the appearance of roads at night.
5. Promotion of business and working hours in industry during night - The information that a
vehicle.
6. Driver needs to obtain for driving is - part of the road he expects to transverse in the next five
to fifteen seconds.
7. His own position and movement with respect to this part of the road.
8. The position of possible obstacles in this part of the road.
9. The part of the road that is free and fit for driving over, when no obstacles have been observed
by him.
10. The possibility of traffic or pedestrians crossing this part of the road.
11. The classification of road types as per the function of the road is given CIE 115.
➢ Basic Requirements of Street Lighting:
1. There should not be glare
2. Objects shall be clearly visible up to 40 meters to the car vehicle drivers.
3. Objects on road get lesser incident light which is normally seen by the viewer and appear to
be dark against illuminated road and background.
4. Location of lamps, types, surface of road light distribution on the road etc. are equally
important.
5. The road and the background to be illuminated against the objects on the road. Objects are
viewed by contrast.
6. By less lamp power the distant objects on the road should be seen by the drivers.

➢ Important Points for Street lighting:

1. Distance between two poles < 30 m to 35 m.
2. Luminous intensity should be uniform.
3. Height of lamp should be uniform.
4. All the crossings and turns should be provided with street light points.
5. Height of illumination fittings should be based on their spacings and nature of load.
6. A fuse unit should be provided in each lamp circuit.
7. Fuse unit shall be fitted on pole at a safe distance from ground level.
8. Switch/time switch should be used for controlling street mains.
9. Street mains may be drawn along the distribution line.
10. The neutral conductor of LV. system should be used as the return conductor of street lighting
system also.

➢ Street light Poles and Electric Connection:

Steel tubular pole on the street is erected for lighting of streets. Distance from road ends: 1.5
m
Base of pole: Concrete plat-form below base plate.
Earthing: All poles shall be perfectly earthed. Earth wire shall be carried through G.I. pipe for
its protection.
Terminal box: contain fuse, neutral link, and earth thinable. Wires from terminal box to run
through pipe for tube connection.
Base plate: mild steel 30 cm x 30 cm x 1 cm.
Street lighting:
Parks, roads, streets, bridges are to be provided with lighting schemes. The electricity supply
authority is electricity board but maintenance and provision is in municipal corporation.
All these lighting schemes cone under the category "street lighting".
Electric supply:
3-phase 4 wire 415 volts AC supply.
The load is balanced on R-N, Y-N, B-N equally at 230 volts single phase.
Tariff:
It covers the energy consumed replacement may be from corporation /municipal corporation.
➢ Principles used in Street Light Designing:
1. Diffusion principle-
Important accessory in this type is "Reflectors". Such reflectors direct the light downwards
and spread it uniformly on the road.
Reflectors have cut off between 30° to 45° so that filament is not visible this helps in avoiding
glare.
The diffusing nature of road surface causes the reflection of a certain proportion of the incident
light in the direction of the observer and hence the road surface appears bright to the observer.
Illumination at a point on road can be calculated by point-to-point method.
Over certain proportions of the road the surface is illuminated by two lamps and the resultant
illuminated by two lamps and the resultant illumination is the sum of due to the two.
2. Specular reflection-
Surface of the road is matte. When a ray of light falls on road at very high incident angle then
specular reflection takes place.
This gives necessary brightness to the road surface.
If there is any obstruction on road, reflected rays will be cut off from reaching observer and
the obstruction will appear black against bright background is we can call as "Silhouetting" in
technical words.
Thus, object will appear silhouetted against the bright road surface due to lamps road surface
due to lamps at a longer distance.
➢ Electric Lighting Source:
1. Incandescent lamps
2. Mercury vapour lamps
3. Sodium vapour lamps
4. Fluorescent tubes
5. Solar panels to fluorescent tubes
6. LEDS (Newly coming up pattern low wattage high illumination)

➢ Types of Road lighting Luminaries:

Fundamentally there are seven types of road lighting luminaires as given below:
1. Post top integral luminaires.
2. Post top non-integral luminaires.
3. Cut-off integral luminaires.
4. Cut-off non-integral luminaires.
5. Semi-cut-off integral.
6. Non-cut off tubular luminaires.
7. Flood-lighting luminaires.
 Let us know about some these luminaires:
1. "Cut-off Luminaire":
In this type the light distribution is characterized by a rapid reduction of luminous intensity in
the region between 80° and horizontal.
Intensity at 80° is = 30 candela/1000 lumens.
Intensity at horizontal < 10 candela/1000 lumens.
The direction of the maximum intensity should be below 65°.
2. Semi cut off Luminaire:
Its light distribution is characterized by a less server reduction in the intensity in the region
80° to 90° Intensity at the horizontal 50 candela /1000 lumen of flux from the light sources
and intensity at 80% 1000 cd/1000 lumens.
The direction maximum intensity should be below 75%
3. Non-cut-off Luminaires:
In this luminaire the luminous intensity in directions making an angle equal to or greater than
80" from the downward vertical is not reduced materially and the intensity of which at the
horizontal may exceed the values specified for the semi-cut-off distribution, but should not
exceed 1000 candela.
These are considered where some amount of glare is tolerance/acceptable.
Fluorescent street light fittings are the examples of this type.

➢ Road Lighting Codes in India (IS 1944) (BIS)/ Terminology:

Classification Average Type of luminaire

of lighting Type of Road illumination
installation (Lux) Preferred Permitted
Important traffic
Group A1 router carrying 30 Cut off Semi-cut off
traffic
Another main
road carrying.
Group A2 Mixed traffic like 15 Cut off Semi-cut off
main city stations,
through way etc.
Secondary road
with considerable
traffic like Cut off or
Group B1 8 Non-cut-off
principal traffic semi-cut off
route, Shopping
Street etc.
Secondary roads Cut off or
Group B2 4 Non-cut-off
with light traffic semi- cut off
➢ Purpose of Street Lighting:
There are uses of street lights, each requiring different types of lights and placement. Using
the wrong types of lights can make the situation worse by compromising visibility or safety.

1. Beacon lights:
A modest steady light at the intersection of two roads is an aid to navigation because it helps
a driver see the location of a side road as they come closer to it, so that they can adjust their
braking and know exactly where to turn if they intend to leave the main road or see vehicles
or pedestrians. A beacon light's function is to say "here I am" and even a dim light provides
enough contrast against the dark night to serve the purpose. To prevent the dangers caused by
a car driving through a pool of light, a beacon light must never shine onto the main road, and
not brightly onto the side road. In residential areas, this is usually the only appropriate lighting,
and it has the bonus side effect of providing spill lighting onto any sidewalk there for the
benefit of pedestrians. On Interstate highways, this purpose is commonly served by placing
reflectors at the sides of the road.
2. Roadway lights:
Because of the dangers discussed above, roadway lights are properly used sparingly and only
when a particular situation justifies increasing the risk. This usually involves an intersection
with several turning movements and much signage, situations where drivers must take in much
information quickly that is not in the headlights' beam. In these situations (a freeway junction
or exit ramp), the intersection may be lit so that drivers can quickly see all hazards, and a well-
designed plan will have gradually increasing lighting for approximately a quarter of a minute
before the intersection and gradually decreasing lighting after it. The main stretches of
highways remain unlighted to preserve the driver's night vision and increase the visibility of
oncoming headlights. If there is a sharp curve where headlights will not illuminate the road, a
light on the outside of the curve is often justified.
If it is desired to light a roadway (perhaps due to heavy and fast multi-lane traffic), to avoid
the dangers of casual placement of street lights, it should not be lit intermittently since this
requires repeated eye readjustment, which causes eyestrain and temporary blindness when
entering and leaving light pools. In this case, the system is designed to eliminate the need for
headlights. This is usually achieved with bright lights placed on high poles at close, regular
intervals so that there is consistent light along the route. The lighting goes from curb to curb.
3. Cycle path lights-
Policies that encourage utility cycling have been proposed and implemented, including
lighting bike paths to increase safety at night.

4. Railway transport-
Lights like street lights are used on railway platforms at train stations in the open air. Their purpose
is like that of beacon lights: they help a train driver see the location of a station at night as the train
comes closer to it, so that the driver can adjust the braking and know exactly where to stop. A train
station light must never shine directly onto the tracks, and has the bonus side effect of providing
spill lighting onto any platform for the benefit of passengers waiting there.
➢ Advantages of Street lighting:

The advantages of street lighting are as follows:

1. Due to proper street lighting, vehicle drivers, as well as the police, can do patrol at night time
and their job becomes easier and more convenient.
2. Increases the business in a city or town, areas during the night that would otherwise be fully
uninhabited.
3. Architects and town planners have considered lighting as a major source for the beautification
of their projects.
4. Due to good street lighting, the accident rate during the night reduces significantly.
5. The illegal works on the streets and anti-social activities are can be controlled and discouraged
with the help of street lighting techniques.
6. It provides a good atmosphere and increases the aesthetic beauty of the road at night.

➢ Disadvantages:
The disadvantages of street lighting are as follows:
1. Sometimes Street lighting is an expensive process.
2. During fixing, it can affect the road structure.
3. It needs a sufficient volt of electricity.

➢ CONCLUSION:
Street lights are a proven way of reducing robberies, burglaries, property defacement, property
damage, and other crimes that often happen in the dark. By ensuring your property has
adequate lighting around it, you can reduce risks and avoid fostering criminal activity. There
are many factors that need to be taken into considerations including types of lighting, lamp
outages and night lights, park and public area lighting, age of infrastructure, presence of
lighting. A street light, light pole, lamp pole, lamppost, street lamp, light standard, or lamp
standard is a raised source of light on the edge of a road or path. Similar lights may be found
on a railway platform. Illumination level on streets depends on Class of Street lighting
installations. The main objective of street lighting is to produce safe and comfortable vision
at night. In coming days, this will prove a great boon to the world, since it will save a lot of
electricity of power plants that gets wasted in illuminating the street lights. As the
conventional sources are depleting very fast, the its time to think of alternatives.
5.0 Actual Procedure Followed:

1. At first, we searched the subject of micro-project related to " Street Lighting System."

2. We collected detail information regarding this project by visiting different websites and from
books.

3. According to the guidance from our guide, we started working on it.

4. Based on information gathered prepare a report on it.

5. Finally, we prepared the report and submitted it our guide.

6.0 Actual Resources Used:

Name of
Sr. No. Specifications Quantity Remarks
resources
1. Computer HP 01 -
Electrical Estimating and
2. Book 01 -
Contracting- S. M. Chaudhari
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St
3. Internet Links 01 -
reet_light

7.0 Outputs of the Microproject:

1. We are study the Street light poles and Electric connection.
2. We are understanding the different purpose and principles used in designing of street lighting
system.
3. We are understanding the Road Lighting Code in India (IS 1944) (BIS) / Terminology.

8.0 Skill developed / Learning outcomes of the Microproject:

1. We learned about Street lighting system.

2. It improves concept clearness.
3. We developed a skill of collecting appropriate data from internet.
4. We learned about the different purpose and principles used in designing and street light poles
and electric connection.