A

Project Report on
“Automatic street light using LDR”
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the
Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Technology
In Electrical
Engineering

Under Guidance of
Er.Akansha Kaushal

Head of Department
Dr.Deepak Nagariya
Professor
By

Aman Singh (2100430200004)

Anurag Pathak(2100430200006)
Manish Kumar(2100430200023)

Department of Electrical Engineering

Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering & Technology
Jhansi (U.P.) India – 284128
(An Autonomous Institute)
Session 2023-24
Department of Electrical Engineering
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 Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering & Technology
Jhansi (U.P.) India - 284128

CERTIFICATE

I hereby declare the work is presented in this project entitled “Automatic street light using LDR” in
partial fulfillment of the award of degree of Bachelor of technology in Electrical Engineering submitted in the
Department of the electrical engineering, Bundelkhand institute of engineering and Technology Jhansi Uttar
Pradesh, India is our own work carried out under the guidance of Dr. Deepak Nagariya Head of Department of
Electrical Engineering and Er Akansha Kaushal, Faculty Electrical Engineering.

Aman Singh (2100430200004)

Anurag Pathak (2100430200006)
Manish Kumar (2100430200023)

This to certify that above statement made by the candidate are correct to the best of my
knowledge.

Guided By, Head of Department

Er.Akansha Kaushal Dr.Deepak Nagariya

Deptt. Of Electrical Engg. Head of Department of Electrical Engg.
B.I.E.T, Jhansi (U.P), India B.I.E.T, Jhansi (U.P), India

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 DECLARATION
I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in B.Tech Project Based Learning Report
entitled “Automatic street light using LDR as partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree
of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering, submitted to the Department of Electrical
Engineering of Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering & Technology Jhansi (UP), is an authentic
record of my own work carried out during the period under the supervision of Er Akansha Kaushal
in the Electrical Engineering Department.

The matter presented in this project report in full or part, has not been submitted by me for the award
of any other degree elsewhere and is free from plagiarism.

Name :
Aman Singh (2100430200004)
Anurag Pathak (2100430200006)
Manish Kumar (2100430200023)

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The completion of this undertaking could not have been possible without the participation and
assistance of so many people whose names may not all be enumerated. Their contributions are
sincerely appreciated and gratefully acknowledged.

We are sincerely grateful to our head of department Dr. Deepak Nagaria who provided us the
platform to work on our project. He supported us throughout our project journey and enlightened
us. We would also like to thank our mentor Er. Akansha Kaushal supported us at every stage of
this project. He supervised as well as provided all the necessary information regarding the project
and also supported in completing the project. His constant guidance and willingness to share his
vast knowledge made us understand this project. We would like to show our gratitude towards
all the Electrical Engineering Faculty members who always willingly helped us.

We would like to express my gratitude to our parents and family for their kind cooperation and
encouragement which help us in the completion of this project.

Name :
Aman Singh (2100430200004)
Anurag Pathak (2100430200006)
Manish Kumar (2100430200023)

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 ABSTRACT
The Automatic Street Light Control System using Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) is an innovative approach to
efficiently manage street lighting by automatically controlling the ON and OFF of street lights based on the
ambient light conditions. This system aims to conserve energy by ensuring that street lights are only operational
when necessary, thereby reducing electricity consumption and contributing to environmental sustainability
.Urban areas worldwide face the challenge of optimizing energy consumption to ensure both economic
efficiency and environmental sustainability. The Automatic Street Light Control System using Light Dependent
Resistor (LDR) emerges as a transformative solution to address the inefficiencies inherent in traditional street
lighting systems. This paper explores the integration, operation, and potential impacts of this intelligent system
on urban infrastructure. By dynamically responding to ambient light conditions, the system ensures energy
efficiency, cost savings, and a reduced environmental footprint. Additionally, this paper discusses
implementation strategies, encountered challenges, and proposes future enhancements to further elevate the
system's capabilities in fostering smarter, greener cities. Through this innovative approach, urban environments
can achieve a harmonious balance between technological advancement and ecological responsibility. In the
pursuit of sustainable urban development, the Automatic Street Light Control System employing Light
Dependent Resistor (LDR) technology emerges as a beacon of efficiency and environmental consciousness.
This paper delves into the intricacies of the system, unraveling its components, working principles, and the
transformative advantages it brings to urban illumination. By harnessing the adaptability of LDRs, the system
orchestrates a responsive interplay between ambient light conditions and street light activation. Energy
efficiency becomes a cornerstone, as the system intelligently regulates illumination, resulting in notable cost
savings and a diminished carbon footprint. Implementation challenges, ranging from calibration intricacies to
environmental robustness, are explored, providing insights into the practical considerations of deploying such a
system. Looking ahead, this paper envisions a future where the integration of Internet of Things (IoT)
technology and advanced algorithms will propel the system into new frontiers, enabling dynamic, data-driven
decisions for urban lighting. As cities strive for sustainability, the Automatic Street Light Control System using
LDR stands as a testament to the potential of innovative technologies in shaping brighter, greener urban
landscapes.

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 INDEX

Contents Page. No.

Certificate 2
Declaration 3
Acknowledgment 4
Abstract 5

1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 7
2. Components Of LDR……………………………………………………………………….8
3. Working Principle of LDR………………………………………………………………….9
4. Circuit Diagram………………………………………………………………………….....10
5. Advantages of LDR………………………………………………………………………...11
6. Disadvantages of LDR……………………………………………………………………...12
7. Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………..…13
8. References…………………………………………………………………………………...14

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 1. Introduction
In the contemporary landscape of urban development, the effective management of energy
resources stands as a paramount challenge. As cities burgeon with population growth and
infrastructure expansion, the demand for efficient and sustainable systems becomes increasingly
urgent. One significant aspect of urban infrastructure, often overlooked in its energy
consumption, is street lighting. Traditional approaches to street lighting involve continuous
operation, irrespective of ambient light conditions, leading to unnecessary energy expenditure
and heightened environmental impact.

In response to this challenge, the Automatic Street Light Control System using Light Dependent
Resistor (LDR) emerges as a pioneering solution, poised to revolutionize the way we illuminate
our urban spaces. This system leverages the sensitivity of LDRs to ambient light, orchestrating
an intelligent interplay between artificial illumination and natural light conditions. By doing so,
it not only addresses the energy inefficiencies ingrained in conventional street lighting but also
aligns with the global pursuit of sustainable, smart cities.

The Automatic Street Light Control System, elucidating its advantages over traditional systems.
Subsequently, the challenges inherent in its implementation will be explored, providing insights
into the practical considerations of deploying such a system in diverse urban settings. Looking
towards the future, potential enhancements, such as the integration of Internet of Things (IoT)
technology and advanced algorithms, will be discussed, envisioning a paradigm shift in how
urban lighting systems operate and adapt. As we navigate the nuances of this transformative
technology, the goal is to not only shed light on its current capabilities but to illuminate the path
toward a more sustainable and technologically advanced urban future.

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 2. Components of LDR

1.Battery: A battery is a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy through a
chemical reaction. It consists of one or more electrochemical cells, each with a positive electrode
(cathode), a negative electrode (anode), and an electrolyte that facilitates the movement of ions
between the electrodes.

2.Breadboard: A breadboard is a fundamental tool in electronics prototyping and

experimentation. It provides a way to build and test electronic circuits without the need for
soldering. Here are the key features and aspects of a breadboard:

1. Structure:
A breadboard is typically rectangular in shape and has a grid of holes into which
electronic components and wires can be inserted.
The holes are connected internally in a specific pattern that allows for easy circuit
building.

2. Terminal Strips:
The breadboard usually has rows of terminal strips on each side.
Each terminal strip typically consists of multiple connected holes that facilitate the
connection of components.

3. Rows and Columns:

The main body of the breadboard is divided into rows and columns of holes.
The holes in each row are electrically connected, allowing components to be easily
connected without soldering.

4. Power Rails:
There are often two sets of long rows on the sides of the breadboard called power rails.
One rail is typically used for connecting power (usually labeled as "VCC" or "+"), and
the other for ground ("GND" or "-").

3.LED: An LED, or Light Emitting Diode, is a semiconductor device that emits light when an
electric current passes through it. LEDs are widely used in various applications due to their
energy efficiency, longevity, and versatility. Here are some key features and aspects of LEDs:

4.Resistance: Resistance, in the context of electronics, refers to the opposition that a material or
device offers to the flow of electric current. It is a fundamental property in electrical circuits and
is measured in ohms (Ω).

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 3. Working principle of LDR
The working principle of a Light Dependent Resistor (LDR), also known as a photoresistor, is
based on its ability to change its electrical resistance in response to changes in light intensity.
Here's a breakdown of its working principle:

Material Property:
LDRs are typically made of semiconductor materials. The most common material used is
cadmium sulfide (CdS), although other materials like cadmium selenide may be employed.
Semiconductor Behavior:
The semiconductor material in the LDR exhibits a unique property: its electrical resistance
changes with the amount of light falling on it.

Energy Levels and Electron Movement:

When light strikes the semiconductor material, photons (particles of light) transfer energy to
electrons in the material.
This absorbed energy allows the electrons to move to higher energy levels, creating electron-hole
pairs.

Change in Conductivity:
The movement of electrons to higher energy levels reduces the resistance of the semiconductor
material.
As a result, the LDR becomes more conductive when exposed to light.

Inverse Relationship:
There is an inverse relationship between the light intensity and the resistance of the LDR. Higher
light intensity results in lower resistance, and lower light intensity results in higher resistance.

Dark Resistance:
When there is little or no light falling on the LDR (in the dark), it exhibits a higher resistance.
This is known as the dark resistance

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4. Circuit Diagram

Fig:1 Circuit Diagram

Fig:2 Hardware

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 5.Advantages of LDR

Light Dependent Resistors (LDRs) have several advantages, making them widely used in various electronic
applications. Here are some of the key advantages of LDRs:

Light Sensitivity:
LDRs are highly sensitive to changes in light intensity. They can detect subtle variations in ambient light,
making them suitable for applications that require precise light sensing.

Simple Construction:
LDRs have a straightforward construction, typically consisting of a semiconductor material, making them
cost-effective and easy to manufacture.

Passive Components:
LDRs are passive components, meaning they do not require an external power source to operate. They can
be easily integrated into circuits without the need for additional power considerations.

Broad Range of Applications:

LDRs find applications in a wide range of devices and systems, including automatic street lights, camera
exposure control, burglar alarms, and other light-sensitive applications.

Versatility:
LDRs are available in various shapes and sizes, providing versatility in their use. This allows engineers and
designers to choose an LDR that suits the specific requirements of their application.

Low Cost:
LDRs are generally inexpensive, contributing to their widespread use in consumer electronics and other
cost-sensitive applications.

Ease of Integration:
LDRs can be easily integrated into electronic circuits without the need for complex setup or calibration.
Their simplicity makes them suitable for both beginners and experienced engineers.

Energy Efficiency:
As passive components, LDRs consume minimal power in their operation. This is particularly advantageous
in battery-operated devices where energy efficiency is crucial.

Reliability:
LDRs are known for their reliability and longevity. When used within their specified operating conditions,
they can maintain their performance over an extended period.

Compatibility with Analog Circuits:

LDRs work well with analog circuits, providing varying resistance based on the intensity of light. This
makes them suitable for applications where analog signals are utilized.
Real-Time Response

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 6.Disadvantages of LDR

While Light Dependent Resistors (LDRs) have various advantages, they also come with some
disadvantages. It's important to be aware of these limitations when considering the use of LDRs in specific
applications. Here are some common disadvantages of LDRs:

Slow Response Time:

LDRs typically have a slower response time compared to other light sensors. This can be a limitation in
applications where a rapid response to changes in light levels is required.

Nonlinear Response:
The relationship between the resistance of an LDR and the incident light intensity is nonlinear. This
nonlinearity can complicate the calibration process and may require additional circuitry for linearization.

Temperature Sensitivity:
LDRs are sensitive to changes in temperature, and their resistance can be affected by temperature variations.
This sensitivity may lead to inaccurate readings if the temperature is not properly compensated.

Limited Spectral Range:

LDRs are sensitive to visible light, but their response to other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, such as
infrared or ultraviolet, is limited. This makes them less suitable for applications requiring sensitivity beyond
the visible spectrum.

Limited Dynamic Range:

The dynamic range of an LDR, which is the ratio of its maximum to minimum detectable light intensity, can
be limited compared to other light sensors. In high-contrast environments, this limitation may affect the
sensor's ability to distinguish between different light levels.

Aging Effect:
Over time, the sensitivity of LDRs can change due to factors such as aging or exposure to environmental
conditions. This may require recalibration or replacement in some applications.

Reliability in Harsh Conditions:

LDRs may not be suitable for use in harsh environmental conditions or extreme temperatures. Exposure to
moisture or contaminants can affect their performance.

Limited Precision:
LDRs might not provide the level of precision required in certain applications. For highly accurate light
measurements, other types of light sensors with better precision may be preferred.

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 7.Conclusion

In conclusion, the Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) project has been a comprehensive exploration into the
fascinating realm of light-sensing technology, offering valuable insights into the practical applications and
limitations of this semiconductor device. The primary objective of the project, to create an automatic street
light control system utilizing the LDR's responsiveness to changes in ambient light, has been successfully
achieved. The LDR demonstrated commendable sensitivity, efficiently adjusting the street light intensity in
response to varying light conditions. However, challenges were encountered, such as the LDR's relatively
slow response time and the need for careful calibration to address its nonlinear resistance characteristics.
Despite these challenges, innovative solutions were implemented, including refining the circuit design and
employing additional components for improved performance. The project's educational value was immense,
providing a hands-on understanding of semiconductor behavior, circuit design, and the practical
considerations of implementing light-sensing systems. The experience highlighted the importance of
adaptability in overcoming challenges and the iterative nature of the prototyping process. Moving forward,
the project's success suggests potential applications beyond automatic street lighting, such as in home
automation, security systems, or energy-efficient lighting solutions. Future enhancements could involve
optimizing the code for faster response times, exploring alternative sensors for specific scenarios, and
integrating the system into broader smart city initiatives. This project not only achieved its technical goals
but also fostered a deeper appreciation for the intricacies of electronic components and their real-world
implications. It serves as a testament to the significance of experiential learning in the field of electronics,
encouraging continuous exploration and innovation in the pursuit of practical solutions to real-world
challenges.

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 8.References

[1] L. Gupta, M. K. Rathi (2003), Working Principle and Applications"//

DOI :10.15680/IJIRSET.2015.0410052

[2] Paul Scherz, Simon Monk. McGraw-Hill Education /ISBN: 978-

1259587542

[3] Thomas L. Floyd, David M. Buchla, India: A History, Atlantic Monthly Press,
ISBN: 978-0133143638

[4] S. Srinivasan, K. Vinayakumar (1989) [First published 1983]. Modern .

ISBN 0-333-43805-1.

[5] Sen, Sailendra Nath (1 January 1999). Procedia Engineering New Age
International. ISBN 978-81-224-1198-0.

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