6002 l1

6.
002
CIRCUITS AND ELECTRONICS
Introduction and Lumped Circuit Abstraction
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 1
ADMINISTRIVIA Lecturer: Prof. Anant Agarwal Textbook: Agarwal and Lang (A&L) Readings are important! Handout no. 3
http://web.mit.edu/6.002/www/fall00
Web site
Assignments Homework exercises Labs Quizzes Final exam
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 1
Two homework assignments can be missed (except HW11). Collaboration policy Homework You may collaborate with others, but do your own write-up. Lab You may work in a team of two, but do you own write-up. Info handout Reading for today Chapter 1 of the book
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 1
What is engineering? Purposeful use of science
What is 6.002 about? Gainful employment of Maxwells equations From electrons to digital gates and op-amps
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 1
Nature as observed in experiments

V I 3 0.1 6 0.2 9 0.3 12 0.4
6.002
Physics laws or abstractions Maxwells abstraction for Ohms tables of data V=RI Lumped circuit abstraction + R V C L M Simple amplifier abstraction Digital abstraction Operational amplifier abstraction abstraction Combinational logic +
Filters Analog system components: Modulators, oscillators, RF amps, power supplies 6.061
Clocked digital abstraction Instruction set abstraction Pentium, MIPS 6.004 Programming languages Java, C++, Matlab 6.001 Software systems 6.033 Operating systems, Browsers
Mice, toasters, sonar, stereos, doom, space shuttle 6.455 6.170
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 1
Lumped Circuit Abstraction

The Big Jump from physics to EECS I
Consider
?
Suppose we wish to answer this question: What is the current through the bulb?
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 1
We could do it the Hard Way

Apply Maxwells Differential form B Faradays E = t Continuity J = t Others Integral form B E dl = t q J dS = t q E dS =
E = 0
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 1
Instead, there is an Easy Way

First, let us build some insight: Analogy F
a?
I ask you: What is the acceleration? You quickly ask me: What is the mass? I tell you: m F m You respond: a =
Done !! !
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 1
Instead, there is an Easy Way

First, let us build some insight: Analogy
F a?
In doing so, you ignored the objects shape its temperature its color point of force application Point-mass discretization
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 1
The Easy Way

Consider the filament of the light bulb. A B We do not care about how current flows inside the filament its temperature, shape, orientation, etc. Then, we can replace the bulb with a for the purpose of calculating the current.
discrete resistor
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 1
The Easy Way

A B Replace the bulb with a
for the purpose of calculating the current. A I V + and I = V R R B

In EE, we do things the easy way
discrete resistor
R represents the only property of interest! Like with point-mass: replace objects F with their mass m to find a = m
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 1
The Easy Way
A + V B
I R and
V I= R
In EE, we do things the easy way
R represents the only property of interest! R relates element v and i
I=
V R
called element v-i relationship
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 1
R is a lumped element abstraction for the bulb.
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 1
R is a lumped element abstraction for the bulb.

Not so fast, though I A + S
A
V
B
SB
black box Although we will take the easy way using lumped abstractions for the rest of this course, we must make sure (at least the first time) that our abstraction is reasonable. In this case, ensuring that V I are defined for the element
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 1
I
SA SB
V
B
must be defined for the element
black box
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 1
must be defined. True when I into S A
= I out of S B q True only when = 0 in the filament! t J dS

SA
J dS
SB
J dS J dS =
SA SB
q t
from ell w Max
IA
IB
q =0 I A = I B only if t So lets assume this

Lecture 1
6.002 Fall 2000
Must also be defined.

see A&L
So lets assume this too

VAB defined when
So
VAB = AB E dl
B =0 t outside elements
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 1
Lumped Matter Discipline (LMD) Or self imposed constraints:
More in Chapter 1 of A & L
B = 0 outside t q = 0 inside elements t bulb, wire, battery
Lumped circuit abstraction applies when elements adhere to the lumped matter discipline.
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 1
Demo
only for the sorts of questions we as EEs would like to ask!
Lumped element examples whose behavior is completely captured by their VI relationship.
Demo
Exploding resistor demo cant predict that! Pickle demo cant predict light, smell
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 1
So, what does this buy us?

Replace the differential equations with simple algebra using lumped circuit abstraction (LCA). For example
a
R1
b
R2
R3
R4
d R5
c What can we say about voltages in a loop under the lumped matter discipline?
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 1
What can we say about voltages in a loop under LMD?
a
R1
b
R2
R3
R4
d R5
c B under DMD E dl = t 0 E dl + E dl + E dl = 0
ca
+ Vca + Vab + Vbc
ab
bc
= 0
Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL): The sum of the voltages in a loop is 0.

6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 1
What can we say about currents?

Consider
I ca
S a
I da
I ba
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 1
What can we say about currents?

I ca S a I da
I ba q t
S J dS =
I ca + I da + I ba = 0
under LMD 0
Kirchhoffs Current Law (KCL): The sum of the currents into a node is 0. simply conservation of charge
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 1
KVL and KCL Summary

KVL:
j j = 0
loop
KCL:
jij = 0
node
6.002 Fall 2000
Lecture 1

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6.

CIRCUITS AND ELECTRONICS

Introduction and Lumped Circuit Abstraction

6.002 Fall 2000

Assignments Homework exercises Labs Quizzes Final exam

6.002 Fall 2000

6.002 Fall 2000

What is engineering? Purposeful use of science

6.002 Fall 2000

Nature as observed in experiments

Mice, toasters, sonar, stereos, doom, space shuttle 6.455 6.170

6.002 Fall 2000

Lumped Circuit Abstraction

6.002 Fall 2000

We could do it the Hard Way

6.002 Fall 2000

Instead, there is an Easy Way

6.002 Fall 2000

Instead, there is an Easy Way

6.002 Fall 2000

The Easy Way

6.002 Fall 2000

The Easy Way

for the purpose of calculating the current. A I V + and I = V R R B

6.002 Fall 2000

The Easy Way

In EE, we do things the easy way

R represents the only property of interest! R relates element v and i

called element v-i relationship

6.002 Fall 2000

R is a lumped element abstraction for the bulb.

6.002 Fall 2000

R is a lumped element abstraction for the bulb.

6.002 Fall 2000

must be defined for the element

6.002 Fall 2000

must be defined. True when I into S A

= I out of S B q True only when = 0 in the filament! t J dS

from ell w Max

q =0 I A = I B only if t So lets assume this

6.002 Fall 2000

Must also be defined.

So lets assume this too

6.002 Fall 2000

Lumped Matter Discipline (LMD) Or self imposed constraints:

More in Chapter 1 of A & L

B = 0 outside t q = 0 inside elements t bulb, wire, battery

6.002 Fall 2000

Lumped element examples whose behavior is completely captured by their VI relationship.

6.002 Fall 2000

So, what does this buy us?

6.002 Fall 2000

What can we say about voltages in a loop under LMD?

+ Vca + Vab + Vbc

Kirchhoffs Voltage Law (KVL): The sum of the voltages in a loop is 0.

6.002 Fall 2000

What can we say about currents?

6.002 Fall 2000

What can we say about currents?

6.002 Fall 2000

KVL and KCL Summary

6.002 Fall 2000

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