Circuits Electronics: Basic Circuit Analysis Method (KVL and KCL Method)

CIRCUITS AND
ELECTRONICS
Basic Circuit Analysis Method

(KVL and KCL method)
Cite as: Anant Agarwal and Jeffrey Lang, course materials for 6.002 Circuits and Electronics, Spring 2007. MIT
OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].
Lecture 2
Breakup of Evaluation -
Class Work 10%

HW (Assignment) 10%
Quizzes 10%
Midterm 22%
Project - 5%
EndTerm-43%
Review
Lumped Matter Discipline LMD:
Constraints we impose on ourselves to simplify
our analysis
B Outside elements

0
t
Inside elements
q
t  0
wires
resistors
sources
Allows us to create the lumped circuit
abstraction
Lecture 2
Review
LMD allows us to create the

lumped circuit abstraction
i
+
v Lumped circuit element
-
power consumed by element = vi
Lecture 2
Review
Maxwell’s equations simplify to

algebraic KVL and KCL under LMD!
KVL:
 j j  0
loop
KCL:
 ji j  0
node
Lecture 2
Review
R1 R4
+ R3
– b d
R2 R5
 vab  vbc  0 KVL

vca
 ida  iba  0 KCL

ica
Lecture 2
Method 1: Basic KVL, KCL method of
Circuit analysis
Goal: Find all element v’s and i’s

1. write element v-i relationships
(from lumped circuit abstraction)
2. write KCL for all nodes
3. write KVL for all loops
lots of unknowns
lots of
equations lots
of fun (?)
solve
Lecture 2
Method 1: Basic KVL, KCL method of
Circuit analysis
Element Relationships
R
For R, V  IR
For voltage source, V  +–
V0 V0
For current source, I  I 0 *
Io
3 lumped circuit elements
Lecture 2
KVL, KCL Example
a
1
R1 4 R4
+ + +– R3 +–
 0  V0 – b d
– + + 3 –
 R2 +
5 R5
2
– –
c
The Demo Circuit
Lecture 2
Associated variables discipline
i
+
ν Element e
-
Current is taken to be positive going

into the positive voltage terminal
Then power consumed

by element e  i is positive
Lecture 2
KVL, KCL Example
a
i1 L2 i4
+ R +
1 1  R4
i0 – R –
+ L b i3 3 4
+0  V – 1 d
i2 +3 – i5
– + +
0  R2  5 R5
–
2
L3 –
c
L4
The Demo Circuit
Lecture 2
Analyze
 0 … 5 , 0 … 12 unknowns
1. Element
5 relationships v,i
v0  V0 given v3  i3 R3 6 equations
v1  i1R1 v4  i4 R4
v2  i2 R2 v5  i5 R5
2. KCL at the nodes
a: i0  i1  i4  0 3 independent
b: i 2  i3  i 1  0 equations
d: i5  i3  i4  0
c:  i0  i2  i5  0
redundant
L1:  v0 
v1  v 2  0 3 independent
3. KVL for loops equations
L2: v v v 0
L3: v31  v35  v4 2  0 ns
tio
L4:  v0  v  v  0 redundant ua owns
eq nkn
4 5
u
12 12

ugh @#!
Lecture 2
Other Analysis Methods
Method 2— Apply element combination rules
R1  R2 …  RN
R1 R2 R3 RN
A … 
B G1 G2 GN  G1  G2 …  N
G 1
Gi  R
i
V1 V 1  V2
C V2  +–
+– +–
D
 I1  I 2
*
*
I1 I2
Surprisingly, these rules (along with superposition, which

you will learn about later) can solve the circuit on page
8
Lecture 2
Other Analysis Methods
Method 2— Apply element combination rules
Example I?
V + R1
–
R2 R3
I I
R1
V +
– V +
– R
R2 R3
R2  R3
R2 R3
R  R1 
R2  R3
V
I R
Lecture 2
Method 3—Node analysis
Particular application of KVL, KCL method
1. Select reference node ( ground)

from which voltages are measured.
2. Label voltages of remaining nodes

with respect to ground.
These are the primary unknowns.
3. Write KCL for all but the ground

node, substituting device laws and
KVL.
4. Solve for node voltages.

5. Back solve for branch voltages and
currents (i.e., the secondary unknowns)
Lecture 2
Example: Old Faithful
plus current source
V0
R1 R R4
3
e2
+ V e1
– 0
R2 R5 I1
Step 1
Step 2
Lecture 2
plus current source
V0
R1 R R4
3
e2
+ V e1
– 0
for
R2 R5 I1 convenience,
*
write
1
Gi  R
i
KCL at e1
(e1 V0 )G1  (e1  e2 )G3  (e1 )G2  0
KCL at e2
(e2  e1 )G3  (e2 V0 )G4  (e2 )G5  I1  0
Step 3
Lecture 2
plus current source
V0
R1 R R4
3
e2
+ V e1
– 0
R2 R5 I1
*
1
Gi  R
i
KCL at e1
(e1 V0 )G1  (e1  e2 )G3  (e1 )G2  0
KCL at
(e2 l2 e1 )G3  (e2 V0 )G4  (e2 )G5  I1  0
move constant terms to RHS & collect unknowns
e1 (G1  G2  G3 )  e2 (G3 )  V0 (G1 )
e1 (G3 )  e2 (G3   G5 )  V0 (G4 )  I1
G4
Solve for e’s
2 equations, 2 unknowns Step 4
(compare units)
Lecture 2
In matrix form:
 G3 ⎡ G1V0 ⎤
⎡G1 G2  G3 ⎤ ⎡e1  ⎢G V  I ⎥
⎢  G3
⎣ G3 G 4 G ⎥5 ⎤⎦ ⎢⎣e 2⎥ ⎣
⎦
4 0 1
conductivity unknown sources

matrix node
voltages
Solve
G3 ⎤ G1V0 ⎤
⎡G3 G4  G5
⎢
⎡ e1 ⎤ ⎣
G G1 G 2  G 3 ⎦ ⎣⎢G4V02 I 1⎥⎥⎡
3
⎢e ⎥  G1  G 2 G  3 G 4 G 
3 G 5 G 3
⎣ 2
⎦
⎦
G G G G V  G G V
e
1 I 
G G  G G  G 3G  G4G 5 G 1G 0  G3 G 4 0G 2  G G 
GG 1 3 1 41 1 5 2 3 2 4 2 5 3 3 4
35
G G  G G GG3 
GG1VG0 G GG1 GG2 G G3 G 1  G G
e2  G G42V0 
G IG
1 3 1 4 1 5 2 3 2 4 2 5 3 3 4 3
5
(same denominator)
Notice: linear in V0 , I1 , no negatives

in denominator
Lecture 2
Solve, given
G1 ⎫ 1 G2 ⎫ 1
 3.9K
1
5  8.2K 4 G 3  1.5K
G G
⎬⎭ ⎬I⎭ 0
1
G G V  G G G G V  
e2 3 1 0 1 G2 G3 G4 0 1
G G G  2
1I 2 3 3 4 5
G
3

G 
 G   1  1  1 
G 1 2 8.2 3.9
3
1.5 1
1 1
G3  G4  G5  1.5  3.9  
8.2 1 1
1 
 1 1
e 2  8.2
1 1.5 1 3.9 0
1
V  1.5 2
e2  0.6V0
If
V0  3V , then e2  1.8V0
Lecture 2

Circuits Electronics: Basic Circuit Analysis Method (KVL and KCL Method)

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CIRCUITS AND

Basic Circuit Analysis Method

Class Work 10%

B Outside elements

LMD allows us to create the

power consumed by element = vi

Maxwell’s equations simplify to

 vab  vbc  0 KVL

 ida  iba  0 KCL

Goal: Find all element v’s and i’s

Current is taken to be positive going

Then power consumed

Surprisingly, these rules (along with superposition, which

1. Select reference node ( ground)

2. Label voltages of remaining nodes

3. Write KCL for all but the ground

4. Solve for node voltages.

conductivity unknown sources

Notice: linear in V0 , I1 , no negatives

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