GLOBALIZATION AND IT EFFECTS ON CULTURAL INTEGRATION: THE CASE OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC.

INTRODUCTION I. AN OVERVIEW. With the growing standards of the world and the existing concepts and complexities in political, economic and socio-cultural ideologies, man has always and continuously pondered over the aspects of his nature. Unity, equality, trade and commerce are at the forefront of man's complexities. With these thoughts in mind, man has moved through history trying to satisfy his desires in relation to others. The advent of the twenty-first century gave birth to the idea of ma ing the world a single village, thus, globali!ation. "lobali!ation is the most tal -about issues in the #$st century. %owever, there is the difficulty of the world to come up with a single and uniform definition. This is because, so many people doubt if the happenings in the world today are as a result of globali!ation. Thus, due to these global differences of what this concept actually is about, globali!ation has grown to involve aspects not only of economy, but politics and other socio-cultural issues. "lobali!ation affects almost every human being, this is because the process of globali!ation is said to have expanded almost through out the entire world either through transport, commerce, and communication. &n addition, man's activities on the globe are all located under these sectors.

(ulture, as a way of living of man, is identified by every one immediately after birth and was often seen as distinct from one another. %owever, with advent of the process of globali!ation, there is now the integration and homogeni!ation of cultures. )%omogeni!ation of cultures is the loss of diversity of culture between two or more cultural groups*. Thus, our topic, )globali!ation and its effects on cultural integration in the (!ech +epublic* The (!ech +epublic is a country with a rich cultural heritage with wor s of art seen in theatres, cinemas, libraries, globally recogni!ed galleries, museums and concert halls and with well-maintained traditions especially, in the villages of the ,oravian--ilesian region. These villages remain as a sign of the cultural taste of the specific areas. II. THE PROBLEM. %uman beings with unlimited quest for wants have let to the advent of the process of globali!ation. This has come through a dramatic expansion in the volume and variety of cross-border transactions in goods and services. The development of new technologies used for information, communication and transportation. and the huge increase in international flow of capital, has gone a long way to affect the economic, political, environmental and socio-cultural sectors of many countries in the world, both positive and negative. /ffects on globali!ation on cultural integration being our topic of discussion, in recent years there have been programs carried out by the government bodies, United 0ations, the /uropean Union and the 0on-governmental organi!ations for the integration of immigrants and foreigners in the (!ech +epublic. 1s a way of encouraging integration, the ministry of culture represents intercultural dialogue within the state policy. The ministry also give support to cultural activities of members of national minorities living in the country, support for integration of members of the +oma community and immigrants. The 2epartment of 1rts, 3ibraries, 2epartment of ,edia, and 1udiovisual 4olicies have also supported intercultural pro5ects. 0ongovernmental organi!ations such as6 7rgani!ation for 1id to +efugees, 874U9, 4eople in 0eed, and (!ech ,obility (enter and )/thnic :riendly employer*.

III. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY. The main ob5ective of this study is to examine globali!ation and its effects on cultural integration in the (!ech +epublic. 7ther ob5ectives are to examine the effects of globali!ation on the economic, political and socio-cultural domains in the (!ech +epublic in general. To determine how globali!ation has contributed to the transformation of the national sovereignty to global sovereignty. &t is also to examine the current rate of integration and the characteristics of the people in the cultural integration process. :urthermore, the study is intended to identify and describe the techniques in which people become culturally integrated and the number of questions being raised. &t is also aimed at examining the role of government, the United 0ations the World ;an , the 0"7s, the :oreigners, &mmigrants, in the cultural integration process. :inally, it is to examine the constraints and consequences of cultural integration, since the long-term results are leaving a legacy positively and negatively. 1s we move towards the third millennium, a rational planning scheme and utili!ation of cultures should remain the ma5or pre-occupation of the society. IV. HYPOTHESES

&n order to carry out the study and achieve the stated ob5ectives, a number of hypotheses were advanced to address the problem. i9 "lobali!ation and cultural integration form an interrelated spiral. There is, the more there the futures of globali!ation, the more there is cultural integration. ii9 &ntensification of trade and commerce and communication is the main cause of cultural integration in the (!ech +epublic. <

V. SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY. The later part of the #=th century has seen a remar able growth in the level of popular concern for environmental, political, economic and socio-cultural issues, which have come as a result of the advent of the globali!ation process. &t is becoming increasingly clear that if the present environmental crisis is not confronted immediately, we stand the ris of having serious and irreversible effects on our world. The (!ech +epublic has an interest in its cultural protection. That is why the government in order to preserve the (!ech culture organi!es annual cultural festivals in the country. %owever, there is little evidence that sufficient steps have been ta en to ensure effective protection is done. This is due to the fact that the local communities, which are directly concerned with the culture, are not often considered when ma ing policies concerning their culture, management and protection. %ence, a study of this nature could have results, which are beneficial in a number of ways. -ome of these include. To raise awareness of the community on the significance and ways of proper management of cultural issues, To address a number of problems, caused by globali!ation and its effects on the cultural integration, To provide policy ma ers and research institutions with the basic data, this would help in designing new program that will be real and problem specific, To provide citi!ens of not only the (!ech +epublic but /uropean Union members as well on the currents effects of changes on cultural issues as a result of globali!ation. VI. METHODOLOGY

>

VI.II

Data Colle t!o"

1lthough the writer has interacted for some time in this area, and has grown up with a wealth of nowledge of the (!ech culture, a further reading was carried out in order to further nowledge of the recent changes in the (!ech culture due to the advent of globali!ation. The theoretical and empirical research was most based on secondary sources and official websites li e the (!ech -tatistical 7ffice, the ,inistry of 3abor ?ouths and -ports and /urostat. ,ost of the research was mostly on secondary sources were mostly consulted. -everal textboo s, 5ournals, unpublished dissertations and other related publications on the sub5ect were also consulted. VI.II. Data A"al#$!$ The descriptive techniques were used in analy!ing the data collected from sources such as the (!ech statistical 7ffice, and /urostat website. These techniques included the use of tables and graphs with the calculations of percentages, and averages. &n addition to this, the data was illustrated in bar charts, and histograms. This can be seen in chapter three. VII. L!%!tat!o"$ o& t'e St()# The first limitation is that even when the researcher tried to carry a review on some research in the libraries on the effects of globali!ation on cultural integration in the (!ech +epublic, there of few textboo s, which have dealt with this topic. -econdly, even with the few ones, some there were mostly in other languages li e the (!ech language. -o due to the scarcity on text boo s on the topic and the hindrance to consult some of the available ones most of the materials were been extracted from official websites li e the (!ech -tatistics 7ffice, /urostat, the ,inistry of ?ouths and -ports. 1nother constraint on the research was that of finance. -ome of materials found on the &nternet were on sale, and couple with the financial constraints, the researcher was unable to reach all of the available materials.

VIII. BAC*GROUND OF THE STUDY AREA The study area is situated between latitude >AB >@ 0 of the equator and longitude $@ C <= / of the "reenwich ,eridian. C+e ' Re,(-l! is found in the central /urope, bordered in east by -lova ia, in the south by 1ustria, in the north by 4oland and in the west by "ermany. &t has a land cover of DE,EF> sq. ilometers with a population of $=.# million inhabitants. ,a5or cities include, 4rague 8the capital city9, ;rno, 4l!en, 7lomouc, Garlovy Hary, (es e ;ude5ovice, (es y Grumlov, 3iberec, %radec Gralove, ;echyne, Golin, 4elhrimov, -umper , Trebon , Uhers e %radiste and ;runtal. The main ethnic groups in the (!ech +epublic include. the (!ech who are about A.#@ million of the population, the ,oravian 8more than <E=,===9, the -lova about 8$A<.===9, the +oma about 8$D$.===9, the -ilesians 8$$.===9, the 4olish 8@#.===9, the "ermans 8<A.===9, the U rainian 8##.===9 and the Hietnamese 8$E.===9 ;ureau of /uropean and /urasian 1ffairs 8Ianuary #==E9. ,ap $ The ,ap 7f The (!ech +epublic

-ource6 World 1tlas.com.

CHAPTER ONE: DEFINITION OF TERMS. "oing bac to the topic of our thesis, )"lobali!ation and effects on cultural integration in the (!ech +epublic*, there is the need to define what globali!ation actually is. With the growing debate of what when the globali!ation phenomenon began and it actual meaning, some social science theorists have come forth with the definition of globali!ation both from the classical and the contemporary era. ... De&!"!t!o" o& Glo-al!+at!o" Walters says the Webster's dictionary is the first ma5or dictionary to mention the word globali!ation in $AF$. The dictionary defines globali!ation as )to render global* or )the act of globali!ing* cited in ,alcolm Walters 8#==$6#9. The concept globali!ation has now being use by many academics and there has been a debate on when the concept of globali!ation actually began. There are some who have perceived the concept of globali!ation has been in to existence before this period. Thus, the below mentioned are some of the definitions of globali!ation posed by various social science theorists. ,arx 8$ADD9 is considered by social theorists as the first author to focus on the dimensional approach in the explanation of the concept of globali!ation. %e explained the globali!ation phenomenon, basing his argument on the economic factor. ,arx in his

dependency theory saw that the political-territorial boundaries remain intact and will disappear under a future proletarian supremacy. This is seen because, immediately after his death on $>th of ,arch $EE<, his ideas began to invo e a ma5or influence on wor ers revolts in the world such as, ;olshevi s movement also nown as the 7ctober revolution in +ussia in 7ctober #@ $A$D. Wallerstein 8$AD>9 is another diamensionalist, who focuses on the economic view on the definition of globali!ation. Ta ing from the wor s of ,arx's dependence theory, in his world systems theory where he developed a theoretical framewor to understand the historical changes involved in the rise of the modern world, defines globali!ation as, )an increasing level of interdependence between national systems by way of trade, military alliance and domination, and cultural imperialism* cited in Walters 8#==$6>9. +obertson +oland has been considered as one of the most prominent writers of issues of globali!ation. %e explains globali!ation in the cultural domain. &n is text, Globalization as a Problem in The Globalization Reader says Jglobali!ation as a concept refers both to the compression of the world and the intensification of consciousness of the world as a whole* Cited in :ran 3echner and Iohn ;oli 8#==>6A>9 :or Wallerstein, the world started going compression since the beginning of the sixteenth century, but +obertson. he argues that the history of globali!ation is far longer. :or +obertson, through an increase in world wide consciousness a person is loo ed at and is examined by the whole world and not 5ust by his or her own local environment in which heKshe lives. %owever, both Wallerstein and +obertson's ideas of the intensification of the world wide consciousness is said to match. 1ccording to "iddens globali!ation is seen as )the intensification of world wide social relations which lin distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa* "iddens 8$AA=6>9. These local happenings were said to be may be influenced by distant events and not 5ust the local events, which all have been influenced by the forces of globali!ation.

3oo ing at "iddens 8$AA=9 and +obertson's 8$AA#9 definitions, "iddens believes modernity has come as a result of globali!ation. That is, he considers modernity to be inherently globali!ing. :or "iddens globali!ation is said to have started during the sixteenth century onwards and in /urope in particular. %owever, in +obertson's opinion, the problem of globali!ation is not new. %e believes the social compression of the world has begun before the sixteenth century as predicted by "iddens. %e predicts modernity and the rise of capitalism to be the cause of the rise of globali!ation. That is for +obertson, moderni!ation has an influence on globali!ation. &n addition, because of this, it led to a high level of consciousness and the present situation where we in the present day are unable to trace the diffusion of globali!ation across a large number of areas in the different parts of the world. %owever, what can be said is that both "iddens and +obertson have tried to show that people are now able to see and understand issues beyond their immediate environments due to the emergence of the concept of globali!ation. 3uhmann in his explanation of globali!ation focuses more on communication. :or him communication is the ma5or factor of globali!ation. %e thus defines globali!ation as )the transition from integration to differentiation, from territorial society to world society. from identity to difference. from Jstratified' differentiation to Jfunctional'* 3uhmann 8$AE#6$<<, ##A9. 1rmand refers globali!ation as )one of those tric y words, one of those instrumental notions that, under the effects of mar et logics and without citi!ens being aware of it have been naturali!ed to the point of becoming indispensable for establishing communication between people of different cultures* 1rmand 8#===6AD9. :or 1rmand, globali!ation has a dominant role in organi!ing and decoding the meaning of the world. &n a similar manner, ;eynon Iohn and 2un erley 2avid in their general introduction to globali!ation6 the reader, made the claim that )globali!ation is impacting on the lives of everyone on the L globali!ation might 5ustifiably be claimed to be the defining features

of human society at the state of the twenty-first century* ;eynon Iohn and 2un erley 2avid 8#===6 <9. ;ec on his text, What is globali!ation, he says globali!ation is the )blan et term* and thus describe it to be )the processes through which -overeign national states are crisscrossed and undermined by transnational actors with varying prospects of power, orientation, identities and networ s* ;ec 8#===6$$9. ;ec also referred globali!ation as the )intensification of transnational space, events, problems, conflicts and biographies* 8ibid6 ED9. %e argues that we are moving into a Jsecond modernity' that is seen through growth of the economy, the information and communication technologies, civil society communications and the changes in the environment. %e sees globali!ation to be discontinuous, conflictual and ill reversible because for him, it not different from any other historical process.

$=

1lthough ;ec contributed in the explanation of modernity 5ust li e other social scientists li e "iddens and ,arx, he never saw any good in this process. %e thus focused more of his attention on the bad side of modernity, which he called a )ris society*. That is, the new modernity is only concern with the )prevention, minimi!ation and channeling of ris * (ited in +it!er 8#===6###9. Waters ,alcolm defines globali!ation in a less political approach as Ja social process in which the constraints of geography on economic, political, social, and cultural arrangements recede, in which people become increasingly aware that they are receding and in which people act accordingly' Walters 8#==6$@9. The idea that people are conscious that they are receding 8been carried away can to some how be argued. This is because. at time, some people are not always conscious of the fact that the processes globali!ation is affecting them. 4eople may be moving or acting through the forces of globali!ation unconscious. %eld and ,c"rew also defines globali!ation as a )process 8or set of processes9 which embodies a transformation in the spatial organi!ation of social relations and transactions - assessed in terms of their extensity, intensity, velocity and impactgenerating transcontinental or inter-regional flows and networ s of activity* %eld and ,c"rew 8$AAA6$F9.

$$

Thus, considering the views of the above-cited authors, globali!ation can be defined as intensification of economic, political, and socio-cultural relations in the localities of the world. 1lternatively, it can be seen as the development of equal opportunities in the political, economic, socio-cultural realms of all nations in the world. &t's also related to the spread of moderni!ation throughout the world. "lobali!ation indicates increase lin ages between people, goods and technology. &t is a process whereby, national business enterprises and mar ets become world wide or international. That is, a situation whereby businesses which were been carried out within a particular country are now been extended to other countries across the globe. "lobali!ation is the process of ma ing the village a single entity. That is with the advent of globali!ation there is the continuity of the homogeneity of culture, economy, social and environmental aspects of the world. ../ Glo al!+at!o". The tem glocali!ation comes from a combination of two words, 8globali!ation and locali!ation9 +obertson and 3ash defines glocali!ation as )the process which overrides locality, including large-scale locality* +obertson and 3ash 8$AA@6#F9. That is glocali!ation is a situation where by, goods and services produced satisfy people in a local environment are also exported to countries abroad. /xample of globali!ation involves the continuous changes in most menus of some restaurants in order to appease the customers and the use of different languages in the brochures to explain the content of the goods or services to satisfy the customers. 1 ma5or importance of glocali!ation is that it )empowers local communities, lin ing them to global resources and facilitating initiatives of peace and development, while providing opportunities for the local communities to direct positive social change in the areas that most directly affect them* 8&bid6 <9.$

The "locali!ation ,anifesto 8-eptember #==>6<9. 81ccessed #>K=>K#==A9. http://www.glocalforum.org/mediagallery/mediaDownload.php? mm=/warehouse/documents/the_glocalization_manifesto.pdf.http://209. !."29."#2/search?
$=cache:f%&o'mc(hz)*: www.glocalforum.org/mediagallery/mediaDownload.php+#,mm +#D/warehouse/documents/the_glocalization_manifesto.pdf-glocalization.cd=/.hl=en.ct=cln0

http://www.glocalforum.org/mediagallery/mediaDownload.php? mm=/warehouse/documents/ the_glocalization_manifesto.pdf.

$#

..0 Glolo al!+at!o" :riedman defines glolocali!ation is )Jthe ability of a culture' when it encounters other strong cultures to resist those things that are truly alien and to compartmentali!e those things that, while different, can nevertheless be en5oyed and celebrated as different* :riedman 8#===6#A@9. The difference between glolocali!ation and globali!ation is that, glolocali!ation helps to absorb )those aspects of globali!ation that adds to your growth and diversity without overwhelming them*# 8ibid9. ..1 Glo-al!$% +it!er viewed globalism as a situation whereby )the world is dominated by economies and that we are witnessing the emergence of the hegemony of capitalist world mar et and the neo-liberal ideology that under pins it* +it!er 8#===6@D#9. That is globalism involves a single economic factor, which is now ta ing control over the entire globe. 1n example is the huge multi- national corporations, which even own capitals more than some countries. ..2 Glo-al!t#. ;ec defines globality as a )no world state* or )world society without a world state and without a world government* ;ec 8#===6$$D9. &t means, )from now on nothing which happens in our planet is only a limited event, all inventions, victories and catastrophes affect the whole world*. 8&bid6 $$9. 1n example of this is the -eptember $$ #==$ coordinated suicide attac on the United -tates by al-Maeda. This catastrophe did not affect only the United -tates of 1merica. &t affected the world at large in its politics economic social cultural and environmental aspects. Iust li e when at $#6#F pm. /-T, :ebruary #= #==E the U- navy 1/"&- warship shot down a decaying satellite in its final orbit before returning to earth over the 4acific 7cean. The victory was not 5ust for the U-

Further Reading Thomas L. Friedman. The 3exus and the 7live Tree. 1nchor boo s, #===. http6KK#=A.E@.$#A.$<#KsearchN qOcache6xacMgy$1n3gI6www.cob.s5su.eduKfruinPmKfruinnewK3exus Q#Folive.docRglolocali!ation.ScdO<ShlOcsSctOcln SglOc! http://www.co1.s2su.edu/fruin_m/fruinnew/3e(us.oli4e.doc

$<

but also to the world at large. This is because if left to fall on earth, the catastrophe could have been worldwide, affecting both man, animals and the environment. ..3 M Do"al)!+at!o" The term ,c2onaldi!ation was first coined by +it!er "eorge in his text )the McDonaldization of Society. (ited in Taylor -tephen and 3yon 4hil 8$AA@9, he defines ,c2onaldi!ation as Tthe process by which the principles of the fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of 1merican society as well as the rest of the worldT<. The dimensions of ,c2onaldi!ation +it!er noted include, efficiency, predictability, calculability 8or an emphasis on quantification9, and control 8especially through inhuman technologies9, +it!er says ,c2onaldi!ation is Ta largely one-way process in which a series of 1merican innovations are being aggressively exported too much of the rest of the worldT 8ibid6 E9. ;ec defines ,c2onaldi!ation as, )the convergence of global cultural thesis*. That is, the )resemblance of life styles, cultural systems and transnational mode of behavior ;ec 8#===6>#9 1 situation whereby )a single world culture is pushed to its outer limits where local cultures die out and ever one consumes, eats, sleeps, loves, dresses, argue and dream in accordance with a single schema of 8however9 neatly divided by profits* 8ibid6 >F9. ..4 A%e5! a"!+at!o". 1mericani!ation is a situation in the $A=='s whereby immigrants were integrated in to 1merican society. %owever, today this term has a different but similar meaning, which is referred to the United -tates globali!ation of the world>. ..6 Mo)e5"!+at!o"
<

-tephen Taylor, 4hil 3yon $AA@ international Iournal of contemporary hospitality management. Holume6 D &ssue6 #K< page F>-FE. U+36 http6KKwww.emeraldinsight.comK$=.$$=EK=A@AF$$A@$==E==#> 81ccessed #$K=>K#==A9
>

,illet, :rederic (. )1mericani!ation* :urther reading https6KKwww.msu.eduKUmillettfKamericani!ation.html 81ccessed #K=@K#==A9

$>

The encyclopedia ;ritannica dictionary defines moderni!ation as the )transformation of a society from a rural and agrarian condition to a secular, urban, and industrial one*. @ ,oderni!ation is mostly associated to )industriali!ation*. This is because when there is industriali!ation there is division of labor and speciali!ation. &n addition, when there is division of labor and speciali!ation, it signifies presence of moderni!ation. ,oderni!ation is a situation whereby there is a fall in the traditional values of the people. &t is also a situation whereby there is an increase in similarities between different cultural groups. ..7 De&!"!t!o" o& C(lt(5e. 2efining the term culture has for many years stood the test of time for many authors. This is because, culture with its very broad nature have always been without a precise definition. %owever, some authors have tried to come up with some definitions of what they consider the culture of a people can be. (ulture is defined by (lyde Gluc homn as )the total way of life of a people*. )The social legacy an individual acquires from his group*, )a way of thin ing, feeling and believing*. )1n abstraction from behavior* or )a theory on the part of the anthropologist about the way in which a group of people in fact behave*. )a store house of pooled learning*. )a set of standardi!ed orientations to recurrent problems*. )learned behavior*. )a mechanism for the normative regulation of behavior*. )a set of techniques for ad5usting both to the external environment and to other men*. )a precipitate of history*. and turning, in desperation, to similes, as a map, as a sieve, and as a matrix 8(ited in (lifford "eert! $AD<9 (ulture is also referred by as )an acted document* "eert! 8$AD<6$=9 and so it was considered by him to be public. 1n example "eert! gave was win , which is read by the public as boo . (ulture is said not to exist in some one's head. That is, when we are born as we grow, through learning from either our parents or schools or the environment we grow, we now culture.

The ;ritannica encyclopedia definition of moderni!ation http6KKwww.britannica.comK/;chec edKtopicK<ED<=$Kmoderni!ation 81ccessed #DK=>K#==A9

$@

"iddens referred culture to be )the way of life of the members of the society* or )of groups within a society* "iddens 8#==#6##9. &t includes how they dress, their marriage customs and family, their patterns of wor , religious ceremonies and leisure pursuits. The above definition by (lifford "eert! is considered by "iddens as a sociological definition of culture. The sociologists believe culture is only learned. That is )those aspects of human societies which are learned* 8ibid9. %owever, "iddens believes that culture is inherited and it comprises both intangible aspects of life li e the beliefs, ideas and values, which form the content of culture. &n addition, the tangible aspects li e the ob5ects, symbols or technology, which represents that content. (ulture according to Garl ,arx )is not only a code or mode of communication, is also a form of domination, an ideology at the service of the dominant classes* (ited in IirV 8#==F6$#9. ,ar considers culture as that entity that helps individuals or man ind to interact within them. %e also sees culture as that act that helps to enslave the wea er communities under the stronger communities. 1n example of this is the present day 1merican cultures of 1mericani!ation and ,c2onaldi!ation. 2escribed by +it!er as the )fast food restaurants* +it!er, 8#==<6##=9. Thus, from the above-mentioned definitions of culture, & sum up to say, culture is either beliefs or some form of religion of a person. That is, either the environment one fines him or her self, one area of origin, how one acts and main activities carried on in the local environment. (ulture is a situation whereby a particular group of people or community tends to loo at certain things to have the same meanings. :or example, certain cultures li e the beyang culture of ,amfe ,anyu 2ivision of (ameroon, turns to see a rainbow to signify an on coming death of elite in a community. While to the scientists, a rainbow is considered an optional and meteorological phenomenon that causes a spectrum of light to appear in the s y. "reenler says, )&t appeared when sunlight fell in on raindrops* "reener 8$AA=6$9. Therefore, some cultural aspects can mean something different between different groups of people.

$F

The culture of the (!ech +epublic has over some years now seen some changes in its composition due to the advent of the phenomenon of globali!ation and for this reason a loo on it changing aspects is due to be loo ed at in the next chapters.

CHAPTER TWO: THE HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION AND CULTURAL INTEGRATION. ..2 THE HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION. Trying to tal about the origins of globali!ation, & thin it necessary to start with. 1dam -mith in the text the world of nations has been considered )the father of economics*. 8-mith $DDF9 says division of labor involves an almost endless increasing production because of free trade and unlimited desires of human wants. (onsidering -mith's, it can be said that he was one of those proponents to tal about the issues relating to globali!ation when he mentions of the limits of the mar et to the world of nations. ,arx Garl ta ing from the perspectives of 1dam -mith, he wrote The )(ommunist ,anifesto*. %e argues that is, )the need of a constantly expanding mar et for its products chases the bourgeoisie over the whole surface of the globe. &t must nestle everywhere, settle everywhere, and establish connections everywhere*.F )The bourgeoisie has through its exploitation of the world-mar et given a cosmopolitan character to production and
F

3arson -imeon and 0issen ;ruce. 8$AED6#A9. Theories of the labor movement 4ublished by Wayne -tate University 4ress, <A@ pages. http6KKboo s.google.comKboo sNidOH77t5T>F>(,(SpgO41#ASlpgO41#ASdqO Q##constantlyRexpandingRmar etRforRitsRproductsRchasesRtheRbourgeoisieRover Q##SsourceOblSotsO":G> "b - SsigO>w0$s:ulw$$0@d&WGt?&Ts(MuccShlOenSeiObbvF-f7-:?U PMalxr%I;1SsaOXSoiOboo PresultSctOresultSresnumO$

$D

consumption in every country*. This is cited in 3arson -imeon and 0issen ;ruce 8$AED6#A9. ,arx made us to understand that due a continuously expanding mar et of the capitalist mar et, the proletariat would one day rise against the bourgeoisie Walters also believes that, that many theories of globali!ation ta e their lead from ,arx because he stressed on the economic foundations of globali!ation. %e thus writes, )(apitalism is clearly the vehicle of economic internationali!ation because its peculiar spectrum of institutions-financial mar ets, commodities contractuali!ed labor alienable property- are highly mobile and fluid, facilitating economic exchange over great distances* Walters 8#===6#D9. ,arx analysis is said to be a reflection of the happenings of the world today especially when it come to the global mar et economy in its endless production system. This is said to be occurring because of the process of globali!ation. :riedrich /ngels, who is said to be the co-author of the T(ommunist ,anifesto,T he wrote with ,arx Garl wrote that,T )a newly )invented machine in /ngland* has stopped )millions* of wor ing people of their )livelihood within a year's time*. 1nd because of this, the big production has brought all the people of the earth into contact with each other and helping to bring together all local mar ets into one world mar et. 3eading to increased development and progress everywhere, ensuring that whatever happens in civili!ed countries will have effects in all other countries 8,a!lish ;ruce < Ianuary #==<9D. &t is quite ama!ing that most of :riedrich's writings were seen and are now being seen in some of the forces of globali!ation as, science, capitalism, and technology.

,a!lish ;ruce < Ianuary #==<. ?ale "lobal. 3oo ing at %istory in the 3ight of "lobali!ation http://yaleglo1al.yale.edu/display.article?id=502

$E

The /conomist also says the term )globali!ation* 8#==$6$@@9 was probably coined in the $AE=s but the idea has been around for a long time and so it not new. That globali!ation has been accelerating for the past three decades after the anti-trade bac slash in the $A#=s and $A<=s. That goods, ideas and people have moved across the world for millennia. That is, even though with the present modern technologies especially the &nternet, there have existed the train and steamship form the $Ath century were as important global economic integration. &n addition, they reduced cost of transport 5ust as communication cost is now being reduced in the present day. Therefore, what is different now is that is it )moving in a different gear altogether* 8ibid6 ix9. The /conomist tries to tal of the existence of globali!ation with relation to time period. That is, in past $A#=s and in the present day $AE=s. %e therefore assumes that the process of globali!ation has been in existence in the past and is 5ust intensifying in the present day and so he considers it not to be a new phenomenon. Tony -chirato, Ien, Webb and /brary says globali!ation is the Jname' that is often used to designate the power relation, practices and technologies that characteri!e and have helped bring into being, the contemporary world. Tony et al 8#==<. %e ma es us to understand that although the word globali!ation has been use only since the early $AF=s, some writes see it as dating from the empires of the ancient world while of others globali!ation is coterminous with the modern era and the process of globali!ation or even the post-moderni!ation. Therefore because of these confusion at when globali!ation actually began, there is also confusion in its meaning and global definition both in the general and in the academic fields. 1ccording to 1rmand ,attetart 8#===9, globali!ation emerged out of enlightenment and liberalism. %e argued that both )enlightenment and liberalism aimed at the construction of an unrestricted global arena to achieve universal democracy and or a universal mar et* (ited by Tony et al 8#==<6#F9. ,attelart located the neo-liberal pro5ect of globali!ation in a particular historical moment, and tied it up with historical interests, and tracing how this particularity came to universali!e itself as the defining character of western society politics and culture. $A

7ne of those theorists of ,arxism who tired to trace the origin of globali!ation is Wallerstein. 1ccording to Wallerstein, )globali!ation does not constitute a new phenomenon*, Wallerstein 8$AAE6<#9 is the process, completed in the #=th century by which the capitalist world system spread across the actual globe, which since its development, the world system had maintained some of it features over several centuries. -o according to him, globali!ation is the )ideological celebration of socalled globali!ation is in reality the swan song of our historical system*E. %e focuses on the economic sphere. %e believes the world has being going social compression since the beginning of the sixteenth century. %e says the world is experiencing acceleration globali!ation, which is cultural and reflexive in character to an extent that it can be regarded as an accomplishment. %e traces the origins of globali!ation starting form the human societies. %e argued that the defining characteristic of all social system is the division of labor in economic of exchange. Wallerstein ma es readers to understand that there are only two ways in which societies are organi!ed. That is the mini and the world systems. The mini system he said refers where there is division of labor and economic exchange occurs only within discrete group li e the traditional and isolated hunter-gathering societies. %e believes those societies were rare and are now virtually in nonexistence. While "iddens tal s of Jtime-space distanciation', Wallerstein tal s of Jtime-space realities'.

Wallerstein's 8$AAE6<#9 thoughts on globali!ation :urther reading.ttp6KKwww.sociology.emory.eduKglobali!ationKtheories=$.htm

#=

The origins of globali!ation are analy!ed according to "iddens under four dimensions. That is, )capitalism, military order, surveillance, and industriali!ation* "iddens 8$AA=6D=-DE9. %e believes that the liberation of time and space is an entirely moderni!ing development and is a prerequisite for globali!ation. Thus, moderni!ation according to "iddens is a direct consequence of moderni!ation. "iddens says, JThe concept of globali!ation is best understood as expressing the fundamental aspects of time-space distanciation' "iddens 8$AA=, $AA$9. &n addition, time- space distanciation was believed by "iddens to be the first step towards the process of globali!ation. :or "iddens, it has come with the advent of moderni!ation. &n addition, when there is time space distanciation and disembedding 8that is the lifting of social relations out of the local environment9, there is the development of complex relationships between local activities and interaction across distances. %e believes globali!ation is directly allied to the development of modern societies to the industriali!ation and the accumulation of material resources, and is a continuation of modernity rather than a brea with it. The contemporary period "iddens terms it high modernity, by which he means modernity has now moved into a global stage. -ociety has become a Jworld society' and social institutions that have become global confront the individual. 4eople everywhere cannot avoid coming into contact with the global through #=th century brand mar eting, imagery and fashions. %e defines three factors in the #=th century that in his opinion, have resulted in contemporary globali!ation. 0ineteenth century /uropean nations deployment of forces to conquer tribal societies, coloni!e them and then establish ruling colonial communities, The comparative peace of the $Ath century allowed ;ritain particularly to invest resources in advancing colonies ambitions, /uropean bureaucratic s ills allowed them to develop diplomatic networ transnational political and businesses agencies. and

#$

7n the contrary, +obertson believes that the problem of globali!ation is not new. That it dates bac modernity and the rise of capitalism. Thus, in opposition to "iddens, globali!ation is not equated with or seen as a direct consequence on modernity. &n addition, in opposition to Wallerstein, +obertson believes the social compression of the world has begun before the sixteenth century but was not regarded as globali!ation and with some interruptions. %e says the focus on globali!ation theory is a recent phenomenon. That is, became recogni!ed in academic fields only in the early or even the middle $AE=s in reaction to new forms of capitalist supremacy 8+obertson, $AA#9. 1ppradurai believes that moderni!ation is Jvernacularly' called globali!ation. %e says Jglobali!ation is itself a deeply historical, uneven, and locali!ing process. +eferring him self as Jone born of the ruling class' understood the existence of globali!ation during the fifties and sixties. That is 5ust of recent that Jmany of the wor ing people and the poor' are reali!ing its existence. %e says a professional anthropologist, predisposes that Jglobali!ation is not the story of cultural homogeni!ation' 1ppradurai 8$AAD6$=-$D9. That is, globali!ation does not necessarily or even frequently imply homogeni!ation of 1mericani!ation. (ulture stands as the ey to many practices. %eld and ,c"rew 8#===6#9 in the text )the global transformation readerL*:ocusing on the economic sphere, tal s of two main types of groups in the debate of the origins of globali!ation. That is, the Jglobalists' 8believers that globali!ation is real and have significant historical developments9. 1nd the Jsceptics', 8are those who consider that what we are experiencing at the present is simply a continuation of trends that developed in the period of /uropean colonial expansion.

##

1nother theorist who loo s at globali!ation similar to %eld et al is ;usch 8#===6<=-$9. They agree that there are globali!ing tendencies which can be identified and measured, but that they are not as all-encompassing as the literature might imply, and nor are they all operating without resistance, and without exceptions. That writers of globali!ation as either Jliberal' who start from the premises that globali!ation is unquestionably real, and move on to insist that it brings only benefits to all- or Jsceptics'- for whom global tendencies necessarily have negative political and economic outcomes. (onsidering the views of 7'+our e and Williamson globali!ation is not a new phenomenon. They alluded that globali!ation refers to economic historians who attach the 'big bang' significance of globali!ation bac to the years $>A#8when (olumbus landed in the 1mericas in search of species9 and $>AE 8when Hasco da "ama 5ourneyed around 1frica9. 7'+our e and Williamson 8#===6$9 %owever, Williamson is of the opinion that the first globali!ation boo too place in the late nineteenth century when the benefits of revolutionary brea throughs in transportation and communication where reali!ed. The result was a rapid growth in trade. ,ichael Heseth and 3ouis Uchitelle have made us to understand that )globali!ation is both very new and surprisingly old* Heseth ,ichael and Uchitelle 3ouis 8#==#6 Hii9. This view can be ta en in to consideration when loo ing at the origins of globali!ation because for example, the events occurring in the #$st century seem to reflect the events which occurred during the #=th century li e the present credit crunch of the #$st century loo s much li e great depression during the late $A#=s and $A<=s. Iust li e the present day wars in &raq, 1fghanistan, &srael, (ongo, &ran are similar to war which too place in &taly, "ermany, :rance, +ussia and so on. &n my opinion, globali!ation refers to collapse in the borders between countries in terms of trade, education, capital, politics and culture. "lobali!ation is said to be the process of ma ing the world appear to be one. That is either through the development of transport and communication technology li e, 8air transport, television, telephone, and internet9.

#<

0ow is not a matter of time space distance. Through the air transport man is now able to move to far distances within a shorter time, messages can now be gotten either through the internet or the telephone and television in most parts of the world today. "lobali!ation may also be referred to that process that has led to a fall in the hands of the government over public service ownership to the rise of the private sector ownership. That is, through the advent of the process of globali!ation, there had been a fall in most planned economies to rise of unplanned economies or mar ets economies in most countries Trying to actually come out with as specific meaning and origin of globali!ation can eep writers wanting because first, this term did not come li e an eruption or earthqua e which historians can eep trac of its date of occurrence. -econdly, another person can see what one sees as a period of globali!ation as a period of moderni!ation. Thirdly, societies continuously change and individuals are influenced by the change of their social and natural environments. %owever, these changes are often very difficult to be trapped in human beings even though it is easy to now that changes have ta en place. Therefore, without pondering on its actual origin, a loo on its effects on cultural integration in the (!ech +epublic is of absolute importance. The (!ech +epublic after the fall of the communist government is said to have been experiencing some culture integration through the forcing of globali!ation that has encouraged the free movement of people and the use of information technology. %owever, the level of cultural integration has been very slow due to some factors that are going to loo in our next chapter. /./ THE HISTORY OF CULTURAL INTEGRATION ;efore the word integration came into existence, what existed was assimilation. 1ssimilation is an unreasonable course of action, in which immigrants and their offspring give up their culture and become accustomed wholly to the society they have migrated in

#>

to.A The policy of assimilation occurred in the United -tates where by, the foremost cultural group called W1-4s 8White 1nglo--axon 4rotestants9 forcefully made others immigrants to adopt the language, culture, and social structure of the 1merican people, restricting them from using their own cultural artifacts. 1nother example was in the :rench policy of assimilation in her colonies in West 1frica li e -enegal during the late sixteenth century. The :rench colonial masters made them to wor and thin li e :rench men. %owever, with the development of spirit of nationalism, and the laws on human rights, see ing a rise in confidence and cultural dignity of minorities, the policy of assimilation was banned. Then, leading to what is now called integration today. :arley 8$AE#9 argues, )There is no doubt that the dominant norm in the United -tates through nearly all our history has been cultural assimilation. That is, the prevailing cultural group in the United -tates has been the so-called W1-4s6 White 1nglo -axon 4rotestants.$= This group has the influence on 1merican culture. 1nd many social scientists describe the cultural pattern of the United -tates as 1nglo-conformity6 1ll other groups in 1merica have been expected to adopt the language, culture, and social structure of the white northern /uropeans 8(ited in "ordon, $AF>9. &t is reali!ed that when people migrate in to a country or a city, they change the si!e and the composition of that country, city, or society that receives them. 1fter that the new immigrant populations react by adapting to the institutions and policies of that host country of population li e wise the host country to the immigrant population. This form of behavior is what has been termed by social scientists as integration. The term integration is very difficult to define because of it mean many things to many different people and there is a doubt from many authors on if integration is a condition, a process or a combination of both. %owever, some scholars and authors have sorted some definitions to the term integration.
A

,ac2onald Gevin 8 #==#9 The culture of critique6 1n /volutionary 1nalysis of Iewish &nvolvement in Twentieth-(entury intellectual and 4olitical ,ovements. 4ublished by 4raeger in $AA>. reissued by $st boo s in #==#. :urther reading. http6KKwww.scribd.comKdocK>=@$A#>K(ulture-7f-(ritique-1n-/volutionary-1nalysis-ofIewish-&nvolvement-in-#=th-(entury-&ntellectual-and-YdocumentPmetadata 8 +etrieved #@1pril #==A9 $= Wolfgang ;osswic and :riedrich %ec mann 8##=F6>9 &ntegration of migrants6 (ontribution of local and regional authorities. /uropean :oundation for the &mprovement of 3iving and Wor ing (onditions http://www.eurofound.europa.eu/pu1docs/200//22/en/"/ef0/22en.pdf.

#@

&ntegration is understood as )the process of inclusion of immigrants in the institutions and relation of the host society*$$. -ociologically, it is the stability of relations )within a clearly defined social system). &t is )the stability of relations among parts within a system-li e whole* and which )borders* are said to be )clearly separated from it environment* $# %ec mann and -chnapper referred integration as the insertion of new inhabitants in to existing societal structures of the immigration nation.$< 7ther processes concerning integration include. the procedure of lin ing single elements to one another and, out of these, forming a new association. adding single elements or part of the structures to the existing structure, to form an interrelated whole. improving relations within a system or structure 8;osswic W. and %ec mann :, #==F9. 2eutsch et al said )by integration we mean the attainment, within a territory, of a 'sense of community' and of institutions and practices strong enough and widespread enough to assure, for a Jlong' time, dependable expectations of Jpeaceful change'*$> 2eutsch et al 8$AFF6 #9. %ere they considered integration to be a condition. ,eanwhile, contradicting Garl's idea, /rnst defined integration as )the process whereby political actors in several distinct national settings are persuaded to shift their loyalties, expectations and political activities towards a new center, whose institutions process or demand 5urisdiction over the pre-existing national states* ,arx 8$A@E6$F9 %e considers integration as a process.

$$

Wolfgang ;osswic and :riedrich %ec mann 8#==F6$9 &ntegration of migrants6 (ontribution of local and regional authorities /uropean :oundation for the &mprovement of 3iving and Wor ing (onditions http6KKwww.eurofound.europa.euKpubdocsK#==FK##KenK$Kef=F##en.pdf $# 8ibid9. $< %ec mann and -chnapper 8#==<6$=9 The &ntegration of &mmigrants in /uropean -ocieties. http6KKboo s.google.comKboo sN idOlAyTt(1nMWw(SpgO41>FSlpgO41>FSdqOaddingRsingleRelementsRorRpartialRstructuresRtoRanRe xistingRstructureSsourceOwebSotsOG34igf@v+<SsigO%?P!TX/q5IoIW-bnP4Wmf!7p-;>ShlOenSsaO XSoiOboo PresultSresnumO#SctOresult $> /uropean -ocial &ntegration. :ebruary #==>.;estell-0r.K7der 0o #=$. www.w!-berlin.de or http://s0ylla.wz1.eu/pdf/2006/i06720".pdf.

#F

&n addition, Wallace defines integration as )the creation and maintenance of intense and diversified patterns of interaction among previously autonomous units, the act or process of integrating, or a state of becoming integrated* Wallace 8$AAA6A9. That is, the bringing of people of different racial or ethnic groups in unrestricted and equal association, as in society or organi!ation desegregation 8/quality among all people9. 2ear ,ichael defines integration )as mutually-agreeable contact leading to interdependencies that cause little or no change in contact partners and does not require their geographical proximity, merging, or ad5acency* 2ear ,ichael 8#==@9.$@ %e ma es us to understand that even when there is integration between of different people their establishment never really changes. /ven though with above-mentioned definition of the term integration, there is no generally accepted definition of the term because it's meaning comes with a lot of complexities from a lot of people. %owever, some sociological theorists instead of defining the term have to come out with an explanation of what is integration. These theorists include6 /mile 2ur heim 8$A@$9 and 4arsons Talcott 8$A@$9 /.0 THEORIES OF INTEGRATION &ntegration is defined by 2ur heim 8$A@$9 as Jthe coordination or interconnection of various parts, including the individuals and groups of social system in an effective manner*. %e focuses on morality in the explanation of integration with the on set of modernity. %e believes morality help in the determination of social integration. &n addition, that sociali!ation is seen as a tool for societal integration. That what eeps a society unified in the primitive days was the )non-material social facts* cited in +it!er 8#===6$E9 li e the common morality between people. -ocial facts are )forces and structures that are external to and coercive of individual* 8ibid6 $F9.

$@

,ichael 2ear 8#==@9 (ultural &ntegration 1nd %ybridi!ation 1t The U.-.-,exico ;orderlands. http6KKwww.usc.eduKdeptK31-KhistoryKhistorylabK31P7sa aKenKreportsKTransnational Q#=-ymposiumK1bstract-2ear.htm

#D

Tal ing on the division of labor, he ma es us to understand that society is thereby integrated through conviction of the same rules, which he explained in his distinction between organic and mechanical solidarity. %e says in the organic solidarity people are unified because are generalists. They are all engaged in similar activities and have similar responsibilities, which results in competition among them. While in the mechanical solidarity, people are held together because of the difference among people. They have different tas s and responsibilities. &n addition, because they perform narrow range of tas s, they need many people in order to survive. there is cooperation in mechanical solidarity because of differentiation. %owever, 2ur heim fell that the rise of the issue of division of labor in modern day has brought with it some negative consequences li e suicide 8&bid6 $E9. 4arsons 8$A@$9 in his explanation of integration theories in the modern era, he was more interested on social order. :or 4arsons, a social system can only maintain its balance, if a number of basic functions are in order6 That is, social goals have to be set up through the 1"&3 scheme. Was referred in +it!er as, )a complex set of activities directed towards meeting a need or the need of the system* cited in +it!er 8#===6#<<9. This scheme included adaptation goal, attainment, integration and latency for a system to survive. Thus, focusing on our topic that relates to integration, 4arsons say for a system to integrate, it must )regulate the interrelationship of its component parts, &t must manage the relationships among the other three functional imperatives* 8ibid6 #<<9, that is adaptation, goal attainment and latency. This means, for an individual to be integrated in to society the above mentioned 1"&3 scheme must be in existence in order to motivate the individual in to sociali!ation. %owever, loo ing at the conflicting views in the definition of integration, we as readers are been have left to consider for ourselves what actually is the meaning of the concept integration. Thus, considering our topic, globalization and its effects on c lt ral integration! there is a need to now what cultural integration is.

#E

Iust li e, as there is difficulty in the definition of integration, so too it is in the definition of cultural integration. ,any authors have referred cultural integration to be a )new wave of cultural imperialism brought by globali!ation. Girstina Woff in the ;lac well encyclopedia agues that globali!ation has created a new vehicle through which cultural imperialism is occurring often with little resistance or nowledge that it is happening, ;lac well encyclopedia 8#==D6A=D9. Therefore, trying to ma e a sense of what cultural integration is, some scholars have tried to sort some definitions for it. Wwingie, / $AAA6<<9 7f the 0ational "eography of global interactions, considering multicultural society to reflect cultural integration at wor , defines cultural integration as )the process where the issues of class, gender, race, and ethnicity are denoted simply by what brand of clothing we wear, by what we live, by what music we listen to and what cultural events we attend*.$F %ec mann and -chnapper defined cultural integration as )a precondition of participation and refers to social processes of cognitive, cultural, behavioral and attitudinal changes of persons* %ec mann and -chnapper 8#==<6$=9. &n my opinion, cultural integration may by be regarded as situation whereby, one culture willingly turns to learn the ideas of other cultures either in production or consumption aspects. &t can also be said to be a situation whereby, tangible and intangible cultural aspects of people become related. Tangible culture refers to those aspects of technology in the society li e, television, computers, airplanes and cars. While intangible culture includes norms and values in the society. &n cultural integration, both the tangible and the intangible cultures have a great impact on each other. :or example, the culture of a people influences what they wear, eat, drin or behave. Iust li e the way people eat, dress, drin or behave influences their culture.
$F

Wwingie, /. 1ugust $AAA6<<. 0ational "eography http://209. !."29."#2/search?$=cache:r_0897 !2/0*:www.hi.com.au/geogglo1al"/pdf/glo1al"_2_6.pdf-:he-;ational-<eography-of-<lo1al-int eraction.-=>ugust-"999.cd="0.hl=en.ct=cln0 http://www.hi.com.au/geogglo1al"/pdf/glo1al"_2_6.pdf.

#A

3oo ing at the definition of cultural integration, this does not mean all cultures are brought together as one abruptly. The process of integration occurs gradually with time. Where by different cultures through time is being selected absorbed and integrated with other cultures. Thus, with the advent of globali!ation, influence by the development of transport, communication and trade, the (!ech +epublic is said to have being witnessing cultural integration. (ultural integration is occurring in the (!ech +epublic through two ways. That is, the (!echs are both absorbing and containing of other cultures or other cultures are absorbing and containing the (!ech culture. 1 closer loo of this is discussed in chapter three.

/.1 BARRIERS TO CULTURAL INTEGRATION IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC. The first main difficulty of the (!ech towards cultural integration is because the (!echs have had almost no personal experience from life in a multiethnic society, and so the immigrants are always seen as a threat to both by the citi!ens and by the state authorities. 1ccording to the public opinion surveys carried out during the $AA=s, more than D@Q of the respondents were of the opinion that )there are too many foreigners* in the (!ech +epublic. &n addition, these views were among older people, less educated people, wor ing class and among left-oriented people from smaller towns and Hillages 8The ministry of interior of the (!ech +epublic9.$D 1 close loo at the (!echs when it comes to their regards to national and ethnic

minorities, they turn to accept -lova s, Iews and 4oles than the "ypsies, Hietnamese and (hinese whom they loo at them to be a threat to their lives. This is because there will be an increase of criminality, fear of 5ob loss due to increased unemployment and fear of )inadaptability* of and national minorities which would lead to loss of traditional character of the (!ech culture$E 84ublic opinion survey from 2ecember #==$9.
$D

+ad a %avlova .The +ole of (ivil -ociety in 7vercoming (ultural 2ifferences and 4romoting &ntercultural 1wareness and Tolerance in the (!ech +epublic 846 <9 8born 3anghammerova9 University of /conomics 4rague, (!ech +epublic 8accessed on #$K=<K#==A9. http6KKwww.istr.orgKconferencesKcapetownKvolumeKhavlova.pdf :urther reading www.mvcr.c!. $E 8ibid6#9

<=

4ublic opinion surveys also revealed that more then >EQ (!echs perceive immigrants and refugees negatively and more than F@Q of the respondents support a harder immigration policy and restrictions of immigration in the (!ech +epublic. T,ore than @@Q of (!echs are of the opinion that a )refuge camp* should not constructed closer to their residences. 8%avlova +ad a9$A. Which all these hinder integration. %owever, at the same time more than F=Q of the respondents are against racism and over F@Q of the respondents consider themselves tolerant towards national and ethnic minorities )if they are able to adapt to our life style.* This attitude is also seen even in the state authorities who very strict to immigrants and asylum see ers in the country. The (!ech official structure defines national minorities in the 1ct 0o. #D<K#==$ (oll. #= With regards to this 1ct. a group of people must fulfill the following characteristics to be considered a national minority6 4ermanent residence and citi!enship in the (!ech +epublic. (ommon ethnic, cultural and language characteristics different from the ma5ority of the state. (ommon wish to be considered a national minority to protect and develop their own identity, cultural traditions and language and 3ong-term, firm and permanent relation to the territory of the (!ech +epublic and the people who live here. 1ll these hinder cultural integration not 5ust to the new comers but also to those who have settled in the country for some time. This is because most often than the immigrants see the conditions as an exam, which they need to pass before, they can be considered (!ech national minorities. Therefore, they turn to be lu ewarm about the whole process and therefore isolate themselves from things that will ma e them to come together. 1nother problem of integration is when it comes to discrimination. :or example, the -lova s are preferred more than other national minorities. /ven though in the past #==$ census proof most "ypsies prefer to be regarded )(!echs* or ),oravians* the (!ech still
$A #=

8ibid6 >9 8ibid6@9

<$

do not have a good notion about them because of their )inadaptable* life styles, high crime rate and their generally passive attitude to wor and dependence on the state social security system. -lova s are allowed to use their language in education than other national minorities li e the gypsies language. The gypsy children where sent to schools called Jspecial schools' separate from the (!ech children. This hinders cultural integration. 3ac of a common language or common concept of world images lead to the misinterpretation of each other's action or message, misunderstanding and unintended action consequences, hampers in coordination or efficiency by force perception and belief of the actors 8-taffan $AA>6 <9. &n addition, matters concerning foreigners are always handled by a foreign police officer in a very strict manner. &n addition, because of the language barrier between the foreigner and police officers and the unreliability of information, their approach to the foreign at times ends up so harshly and thus discouraging any integration. 1ccess to wor permit is very complicated, the possibility to get a trade license, in the contrary, is not quite easy. %igh social insurance and minimum or the absence of social benefits discourages the foreigners from any legal participation in the labor mar et. 1ll these factors act as a hindering integration. &n addition, because it ta es a long time usually ten years for an alien to be granted a permanent residence in the (!ech +epublic, it ma es the foreigners to feel still as stranger and so discourages integration with the host community. The absence of good terms in the 1lien 1ct for the settlement of families, ma es it difficult for children to ta e part any health insurance system. ,oreover, ma es them to scare from the other children because of their vulnerability and thus, hindering any cultural mix. 1nother problem reali!ed in cultural integration in the (!ech +epublic is that even when the asylum holders, that is, those who have already been granted refugee status and

<#

process the same rights and obligations as (!echs, they are still discriminated when it comes to voting. 8The asylum holders are exempted from voting in to the parliament9. Therefore, the effort of the process of globali!ation to influence cultural integration is still with some doubts within in the (!ech +epublic. 1nother difficulty of integration of foreigners in the country is that of the insufficient mastery of the (!ech language and finding a 5ob. &n addition, this problem has made some foreigners to thin the future ahead of them is quite blea . ,oreover, because of this, some are forced to do either mind 5obs or fa e deals 5ust to accommodate themselves. The presence of some obstacles in the integration of the (!ech society with other national minorities li e the refugees, immigrants and foreigners had led to the opening up of some institutions by the government and non-governmental organi!ations to help influence the integration of the (!ech society to other nationalities living in the country. ;elow are some institutions of integration. /.2 INSTITUTIONS ENCOURAGING CULTURAL INTEGRATION IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC The role of the state in overcoming cultural differences and in promoting intercultural awareness and tolerance in the (!ech +epublic is of paramount importance. This is because the presence of cultural integration contributes towards the economic growth of the country. &mmediately after the Helvet +evolution in $AEA and the fall of the communist government in $AA#, there was a big change in the composition of the (!ech population because of the coming the first immigrants and asylum see ers. ;y the year #==> immigrants came from different countries li e U rainian, -lova , Hietnam, 4oland, +ussia, "erman, ;ulgaria, ,oldavia, (hina, 1merica, ;yelorussia, +umania, Ga!a hstan 1ustria and others li e the +omany population which have existed for many years during the communist regime.#$

#$

Iit a 2voZ[ ov[ Holume F, 0umber $,#==@, $ - $=F 6DF Iournal of %ealth -ciences ,anagement and 4ublic %ealth 0ational &nstitute of %ealth and -ocial 1ffairs, "eorgia The University of -cranton, 4ennsylvania, U-1 <<

-een from these diversities in cultures and nationalities, is there going to be any unity between those called the foreigners and the (!echsN The answer will obviously be no to some extend. Thus, trying to resolve this problem, the country under government resolution number @ of @ Ianuary #==@, the following ministries were actively involved in implementing the strategy in the integration of foreigners in the (!ech +epublic. 1nd these included. the ,inistries of 3abor and -ocial 1ffairs 8,o3-19, the ,inistry of the &nterior 8,o&9, the ,inistry of /ducation ?outh and -ports, the ,inistry of &ndustry and Trade, the ,inistry of (ulture, the ,inistry for +egional 2evelopment, the ,inistry of %ealth, and the ,inistry of :inance. 7ther bodies and institutions 8for example the (!ech -tatistical 7ffice, social partners of the (ouncil of /conomic and -ocial 1greement, and non-profit ma ing \ non-governmental organi!ations, the 1ssociation of +egions, the Union of ,unicipalities, the 1cademy of -ciences9, the ;ritish council and the :rench alliance are all involved in the integration of foreigners in the country as well. /./.. T'e Role o& t'e Go8e5"%e"t. The ministry of 3abor and -ocial 1ffairs 8,o3-19## is one of those ministries, which is helping to encourage integration in the (!ech +epublic. The ministry seeing from experience that integration is mostly carried out at the local level, it in the year #==@ entered into contact with representatives from individual regions and some municipalities with the aim of involving foreigners in integration programs. The ,inistry in the year #==D included )an amendment to 1ct 0o. $$DK$AA@ (oll.,#< on -tate -ocial -upport, 1nd a draft act which tal of equal treatment and official solutions for the protection of the foreigners against discrimination. There also programs carried out to teach the foreigners on issues regarding of the (!ech +epublic, and )1ct 0o. $=EK#==F (oll., on the provision of -ocial -ervices*. The year #==E also saw the amendment of )1ct 0o. ><@K#==> (oll., on /mployment 81ct 0o. <=FK#==E (oll9*.#>
##

#<

http6KKwww.mpsv.c!KenK$F=E System of Integration in the Czech Republic, in the Denmark and in the Netherlands

http://209.85.129.132/search? q=cache:X0k6Q2OqHYcJ:medportal.ge/eml/publichealth/2005/n1/vol_06_n1.pdf+the+journal+for+health+sciences, +management,+and+public+health+2005+in+the+Czech+republic&cd=2&hl=en&ct=clnk

http6KKmedportal.geKemlKpublichealthK#==@Kn$KvolP=FPn$.pdf
#>

(!ech presidency of the council of the /U. &ntegration of foreigners in the (!ech +epublic 8#==A6#9 :urther readings www.eu#==A.c! http6KKwww.c!so.c!KcsuKci!inci.nsfK apitolaKci!PpocetPci!incu

<>

There is also the ease in the treatment of foreigners' residence with the armament 1ct 0o. <#FK$AAA (oll., on the +esidence of :oreigners in the country. This act allows, ):oreigners whose employment is terminated, without their fault, before the expiration of the wor permit to stay on the territory of the (!ech +epublic and use the protection period 8of F= days9 to loo for a new 5ob, provided they comply with applicable requirements. :or foreigners who have wor ed in the (!ech +epublic for a certain period of time and lost their 5ob without their fault, their long-term residence permit for wor purposes can be withdrawn only if no new wor permit is issued to them within F= days after the day following after the employment termination date*#@ &n addition, as a way of encouraging foreigners to live in the country, the government extends the validity of wor permits. )With the adoption of the amendment to 1ct 0o. ><@K#==> (oll. on /mployment 81ct 0o. <=FK#==E (oll.9, wor permits can be issued or renewed, as appropriate, for a period of up to two years, effective as of $ Ianuary #==A 8the current regulation provides for issuance of permits for a period of not more than $ year9*.#F 1s a way of encouraging foreigners to learn the (!ech language for easy communication and integration, the ,inistry of 3abor, -ocial 1ffairs 8,o3-19 in year #==F and during #==D, cooperated with the ,inistry of /ducation, ?outh and -ports and the ,inistry of &nterior 8,o&9 )in order to define the conditions for teaching and testing the nowledge of the (!ech language. 4ursuant to 1ct 0o. <#FK$AAA (oll., on the +esidence of :oreigners in the (!ech +epublic, a foreigner is \ from $ Ianuary #==A \ required to submit a permanent residence application accompanied also by a certificate proving that heKshe has successfully passed a (!ech language test*#D 1s a way of encouraging foreigners, the government is developing and )regularly updating local lists of 5obs or professions, as appropriate*.#E ;ut this is however, not gainful to the foreigners because most often than not the 5obs and forms are listed in the
http6KKwww.mpsv.c!Ksearch.php
#@ #F

8ibid6#9 8ibid6#9 #D 8ibid6#9 #E 8ibid6#9 Url: http://www.mpsv.cz/files/clanky/6601/integration_foreigners.pdf

<@

(!ech 3anguage which ma es it difficult for the foreigners to either read or fill in their details. The government has also tried as much as possible to ma e things easy in the acquisition of wor permit for foreigners. Under )the amendment to 1ct 0o. ><@K#==> (oll, on /mployment 81ct 0o. <=FK#==E (oll9, no longer requires a medical certificate on the foreigner's health condition to be attached to the wor permit application form. &n addition, this amendment facilitates the employment of foreigners-graduates of secondary schools and universities in the (!ech +epublic, who no longer need wor permits. The amendment includes also certain simplifications as regards the arrangements for posting foreigners-employees to wor outside of the wor location specified in the wor permit*.#A 1nother institute encouraging integration is the +esearch &nstitute for 3abor and -ocial 1ffairs 8+&3-19, which is in collaboration with the :aculty of -ocial -tudies at the ,asary University in ;rno. This institute is )implementing a pro5ect on JMigrants in the Czech Re" blic # Position on $abor Mar%et and Social &ntegration' \ the completion date has been set for Iune #=$=*<=. The (ommission of the ,inister of 3abor and -ocial 1ffairs 8which was after referred to as )the (ommission*9 was established within the ,inistry of 3abor and -ocial 1ffairs as an advisory body to the ,inister of 3abor and -ocial 1ffairs. The (ommission assists the ,inister with creating conditions for preparing and implementing governmental policy in the field of integration of foreigners and meeting tas s resulting from "overnment +esolutions adopted in the respective areas. &n the year #==@, the (ommission members or members of its expert consulting groups discussed important materials regarding the issue of the integration of foreigners. 1s a form of encouragement, the ,inistry of 3abor and -ocial 1ffairs has operated since #==> its web site called www.ci!inci.c!, updated in #==@, which this information is useful to the civil servants, 0"7s and foreigners. The ,inistry of 3abor and -ocial
#A <=

8ibid6#9 8ibid68A9

<F

1ffairs also, as a coordinator of integration of foreigners, concentrated its wor both at the national and international level. &n #==@, it entered, within its competencies, into contact with /uropean Union institutions, namely with the /uropean (ommission in expert wor ing groups nown as 0ational (ontact 4oints on &ntegration. The ,inistries also try to gives assistance for employment to U rainian citi!ens in the country letting them to now the ris of being employed illegally. <$ Under the program coordinated by the ministry of interior, )non-governmental and nonprofit organi!ations provide (!ech language courses to the asylum see ers, free of charge, and develop teaching materials in cooperation with the ,inistry of /ducation, ?outh and -ports*<# The ,inistry of the &nterior paid attention in #==@ to meeting strategic ministerial tas s in the field of promoting the integration of foreigners. &n this context, the &ntegration 4olicy 4lan of the ,inistry of the &nterior 8#==> \ #==F9<< was updated with the aim of expanding coordination and implementation of strategic and practical measures adopted by the ,inistry in order to support the integration of foreigners and to continuously removing legislative obstacles preventing the integration of foreigners in the (!ech +epublic. 1dvisory services were provided in other relevant areas, for example in the area of social and health security and labor-law relations, and it also aimed at assisting foreigners when dealing with authorities. 1ctivities funded by the ,inistry of the &nterior also focused on analy!ing the most frequent problems of foreigners, on overall support for increasing information for and the orientation of foreigners in the (!ech legal framewor , and on providing foreign nationals with information regarding basic societal and cultural standards.
<$

?zech @residency of the ?ouncil of the )&. Antegration of foreigners in the ?zech 8epu1lic =20096>9 :urther readings www.eu#==A.c! http://www.czso.cz/csu/cizinci.nsf/0apitola/ciz_pocet_cizincu

http://www.mps4.cz/search.php 8ibid6#9 << 2usan 2rbohlav, ,ilada %ora ova, /va Ians a 8-eptember #==@6$9. (urrent &mmigration 2ebates in /urope6 1 4ublication of the /uropean ,igration 2ialogue http6KKwww.migpolgroup.comKmultiattachmentsK#AF$K2ocument0ameK/,2P(!echP#==@.pdf
<#

<D

1dditional activities of the ,inistry of the &nterior concentrated on supporting curricula at secondary police schools aimed at improving the education of police officers in the field of relations with foreigners, gathering data and findings for implementing further measures to eliminate the illegal employment of foreigners in possession of illegal residence permits.<> The ,inistry of /ducation, ?outh and -ports 8,/?-9 is the central authority of state administration for overall strategy, educational policy and the preparation of appropriate legislative standards and also executive and operational activities. &t as way of encouraging integration opens up )upper-secondary and special schools and appoints their school heads9.<@ &t deals with, on an ongoing basis, the issue of education of foreigners, since the preparedness of the education system and its ability to respond to changing conditions ran s unambiguously among the principal prerequisites for the successful integration of foreigners. &n conformity with "overnment +esolution 0o. @ of @ Ianuary #==@, the 4lan of &ntegration 4olicy of the ,inistry of /ducation, ?outh, and -ports for the ?ears #==>-#==F was updated<F. The ,inistry of /ducation, ?outh, and -ports 8,/?-9 every year calls for pro5ects to support activities in the field of integration of foreigners in the (!ech +epublic. The topics of which focus on promoting the multicultural education of children and youth, teaching and learning the (!ech language as a foreign language, and studies relating to the issue of the education of migrating foreigners as well as on organi!ing seminars dealing with education of foreigners. The implementation of pro5ects contributes to removing communication barriers and facilitates the integration of child foreign nationals in every day life whilst respecting differences between individual ethnic groups, their culture, religion, customs, and so on.
<>
<@

,inistry of the &nterior of the (!ech +epublic, #==@ ,iroslav Gostic8#F.=F.#==D9 ,inistry of /ducation, ?outh and -ports of the (!ech +epublic http6KKwww.msmt.c!Kindex.phpNlchanO$SlredO$
<F

(!ech 4residency of the (ouncil of the /U. &ntegration of foreigners in the (!ech +epublic 8#==A6F9 :urther readings www.eu#==A.c! http6KKwww.c!so.c!KcsuKci!inci.nsfK apitolaKci!PpocetPci!incu http6KKwww.mpsv.c!Ksearch.php http6KKcordis.europa.euKerawatchKindex.cfmNfuseactionOorg.documentSuuidOD2ED(1F<-A1=;-2#@<#:1A(;A/;=(A1=D=96

<E

1nother ob5ective of the pro5ect is to assist teachers in acquiring s ills necessary for their wor with foreign children, especially for teaching them (!ech, integrating such children in out-of-the school activities, or solving respective conflicts arising from mutual misunderstanding. 7n @ 1pril #==@ the ,inistry of /ducation, ?outh, and -ports approved the allocation of subsidies to the pro5ects organi!ed within the 4rogram on 4romoting 1ctivities in the :ield of :oreigners' &ntegration in the (!ech +epublic in #==@. 1ltogether, sixteen pro5ects were selected and these were subsidi!ed with amount two million (!ech crowns 8,inistry of the &nterior of the (!ech +epublic, #==@9<D. The ,inistry of /ducation, ?outh and 4hysical education in the 0o. FK$AA@ bulleting also published arrangement of (!ech language courses for persons with status of a refugee in the territory of the country. This was to brea the communication barrier and easy integration of foreigners. <E /././ T'e Role o& t'e U"!te) Nat!o"$. The United 0ations as an international organi!ation see s to protect refugees in the world. 1s a result of this, the (!ech +epublic as a member of the U0 is bound to respect the U0 refugee act. The (!ech +epublic thus amended the status of asylum see ers, their rights duties and ad5usted problems of asylum facilities. 1ll these have helped in the integration of the refugees to the (!ech society.<A /./.0 T'e Role o& t'e E(5o,ea" U"!o".

<D

(!ech 4residency of the (ouncil of the /U. &ntegration of foreigners in the (!ech +epublic 8#==A6E9 :urther readings www.eu#==A.c! http6KKwww.c!so.c!KcsuKci!inci.nsfK apitolaKci!PpocetPci!incu http6KKwww.mpsv.c!Ksearch.php http6KKcordis.europa.euKerawatchKindex.cfmNfuseactionOorg.documentSuuidOD2ED(1F<-

9A0B-D253-2FA9CB9EB0C9A070
<E

Iit a 2vor[ ov[ 8#==@6DD9 -ystem of integration in the (!ech +epublic, 2enmar and the 0etherlands. Iournal of health sciences, management and public health http6KKwww.healthministry.geKemlKpublichealthK#==@Kn$KA.pdf
<A

'syl m 'ct ('mendment of the 'ct )o. *+,-./// Coll.! on 'syl m and 'mendment to 'ct )o. +0*-.//. Coll.! on the Police of the Czech Re" blic! as amended by 'ct )o. +-+11+ Coll.! 'ct )o. +.2-+11+ Coll.! 'ct )o. *+1-+11+ Coll. and 'ct )o. ,./-+11+3 ](!ech +epublic^. $ Ianuary #==<, available online in U0%(+ +efworld at6 http6KKwww.unhcr.orgKrefworldKdocidK<aeFbF$==.html ]accessed $ ,ay #==A^

<A

Wal!er, focusing his attention upon cultural differences as a source of ob5ection and resistance to integrating processes argues, )the citi!en's point of reference is the political community, but as a man he has other memberships other references and these he sometimes sets against the state*. Wal!er 8$AD=6$A>9 can be readily extended to the /uropean Union and the context of the different attachments of citi!ens here, to the /uropean Union as well as to member states, regions, family, and other sources of identity such as ethnic and linguistic group, and class 8(ited in :ield #==D9.>= 1fter the fall of the )&ron (urtain in $AA$ and the communist government in $AEA, the /uropean Union too several symbolic as well as practical measures to promote cultural integration in the (!ech +epublic. %owever, the development of /U involvement in cultural policy has also been a slow process. +eduction of differences in culture and identity and the promotion and creation of a common /uropean culture being her main ob5ectives, the /uropean Union has carried its role in the integration of the (!ech +epublic in some ways. The first is that, it has funded some cultural programs. The /uropean Union between $AA< and $AAA created the article $#E of the ,aastricht treaty mentioned that6 )The (ommunity and the ,ember -tates shall* promote collaboration )with third world countries. The experienced worldwide organi!ations in the sphere of culture, in particular )the group of people shall donate to the blossoming of cultures of the ),ember -tates*, )while respecting their national and regional diversity and at the same time bringing the common cultural heritage to the fore*>$(ited in Torbisco 0eus (asals, Ioint &nternational 3aw 4rogram 8#==F6$><9. ) 1ction by the society shall be intended at encouraging cooperation between ,ember -tates*, and, if necessary, supporting and supplementing their action in the following areas (ouncil of /urope, The (ommunity
>=

:ield %eather8#==D6#>F9 /U (ultural 4olicy 1nd The (reation of a (ommon /uropean &dentity (ontemporary /uropean -tudies "riffith University http6KKwww.eusan!.orgKpdfKconfAEK:ield.pdf
6"

Torbisco 0eus (asals, Ioint &nternational 3aw 4rogram. 8#==F6$><9 Gro " rights as h man rights4 a liberal a""roach to m ltic lt ralism. 4ublished by -pringer. http6KKboo s.google.comKboo sNidO,i=/-dy1"-=(SpgO41$><SlpgO41$><SdqO Q##(ommunityRshallRcontributeRtoRtheRfloweringRofRculturesRofRthe Q##SsourceOblSotsO+w@%:W:"57SsigOlx/:!Gx7/&;Fe"#eGW4q,t<"IxwShlOenSeiOuevF-e<sGo aGPMa4>cnI;1SsaOXSoiOboo PresultSctOresultSresnumO$

>=

shall ta e cultural aspects into account in its action under other provisions of this Treaty* (ited in Torbisco 0eus (asals, Ioint &nternational 3aw 4rogram 8#==F6$><9. The /uropean Union gave financial support to the (!ech +epublic. &n addition, the country has been very successful in participating in (ulture #===, as shown by the number of applications and grant awards. The year #==$ was the first year (!ech organi!ations participated in international cultural pro5ects of (ulture #=== 4rogram. When compared to other countries, the (!ech +epublic too a greater part in the )selected pro5ects of #==$ cultural activity*># (ited in /li_ a Tomalov[ 8Iune #==F6>9. There was also support received by the pro5ect )leaders and co-organi!ers*>< The /uropean Union has supported the adoption of initiatives, which include a /uropean Union 8/U9 passport, a /U driving license, a /U emergency health card, /( border signs and a /U flag, and the financing of a /U TH channel to promote Jthe /uropean message'. These have all influence cultural integration in the (!ech +epublic a member of the /uropean Union 8:ield #==D9. /./.1 T'e Role o& t'e No"9Go8e5"%e"tal O5:a"!+at!o"$ ;NGO$<. 0on-profit ma ing governmental organi!ations have also helped in improving the provision of information to foreigners, as well as the provision of public service officers. There is also the continuous development of social and legal advisory services for foreigners. This includes the provision of assistance in communication with authorities, supporting education, language s ills and other qualifications of foreigners. They also help in the 4romotion of competition of foreigners in the labor mar et, developing the cultural and social life of foreigners by promoting relationships of foreigners and their communities with (!ech citi!ens, psychological assistance concerning the integration of foreigners, building and developing the activities of community and multicultural centers, and supporting tolerance and human co-existence. &n #==@, $# million (!ech crowns
>#

/li_ a Tomalov[ 8Iune #==F6>9 The cultural integration of (// countries. The impact of /uropean cultural programs and cultural networ s on cultural cooperation in the new member states http6KKwww.ceeisaconf.ut.eeKorb.awKclassOfileKactionOpreviewKidO$FF>A>Ktomalova.doc
><

8ibid6>9

>$

were earmar ed from the state budget for the implementation of these pro5ects. This amount was divided among the ministries concerned. &n #==@, several tens of pro5ects were supported. -ome ministries allocated to pro5ects determined for foreigners' integration more resources from their respective budgets. 1s non-profit ma ing non-governmental organi!ation, 4eople in 0eed's educational program )Hariants* are focuses on implementing principles of intercultural 8&/9 and global development education 8"2/9 into the (!ech educational system. The current curriculum requires that these topics be presented in classes and lessons. however, they are not yet represented well enough. +eally, intercultural 8&/9 and global development education 8"2/9 topics exceed the field of school education and are viewed as crucial and interesting for professionals in many other areas>>. The Hariants program is another nongovernmental organi!ation, which provides professional training to teachers, students of pedagogy and academic professionals, and professional groups interested in &/ and "2/. The educational activities performed under the Hariants program caters for the needs of employees in public administration, 3abor 7ffices, children's homes and reformatories, asylum and refugee camps, school inspectors, policemen and 5ournalists>@ The familiarity and understanding of experts from other pro5ects and activities of 4eople enrich the &/ and "2/ topics in 0eed, especially in the field social wor ers and coordinators of development and humanitarian pro5ects abroad. The Hariants program also involve in other pro5ects for 4eople in 0eed such as 4olis, 7ne World in -chools, conducting sociological research, preparing a boo of memories of +oma holocaust survivors, and partnering in pro5ects with other organi!ations. >F

>>

Hariant pro5ect6 ,ission -tatement 2009-03-30 Url6http6KKwww.varianty.c!Kindex/n.php http6KKwww.varianty.c!KenglishKactivities.php >@ . 8&bid9

>F

8&bid9

United 0ations &nternational %uman +ights &nstruments %+&K(7+/K$K1dd.D$K+ev.# $E Iuly #==<

>#

The /thnic :riendly /mployers is a non-governmental organi!ation that was developed under the auspices of first deputy governor of the south ,oravian region, &gn. ,ilan Hencli , and the mayor of the statutory city ;rno, ,r. +oman 7nder a. The /uropean Union Transition :aculty 4rogram finances this program>D. 1s a principle ob5ective of the program, it tries as much as possible in the equal treatment of ethnically different citi!ens. &t also contributes in the creation of a non-discriminatory wor ing environment, helping to deconstruct pre5udices against other ethnics or groups such as the gypsies. The (!ech ,obility (enter 8(,(9 is also an organi!ation that belongs to the /uropean 0etwor of more than #== ,obility (enters at the service of mobile researchers in <# /uropean countries. 1s one of it ob5ectives, it provides information for visas and other requirements to settle in the (!ech +epublic .
>E

1nother innovation pro5ect, which started in ,ay #==D, is the 7rgani!ation for 1id for +efugees, /uropean (ontact "roup and -ofia>A. This pro5ect is funded by ,inistry of 3abor and -ocial 1ffairs of (!ech +epublic as a part of program for the )support of integration of foreigners*. The target groups are female foreigners and migrants living in (!ech +epublic, coming from different social and cultural bac grounds. The main activities of these pro5ects are sociological in-depth interviews, autobiography diaries and multi-cultural groups as well as self-experienced wor shops. The pro5ect is focused on the integration of foreigners and migrants issue in relation to gender perspective. The main goal is to find out about female migrant's daily experiences and their attitudes and (!ech women as well6 gender roles, position of nowadays women in private and public spheres, to get now their experiences from their own country of origin as well as from host country that is the (!ech +epublic. 1s a way of encouraging integration, the pro5ect supports )free time activities of young children. 3i e, sport, culture, music, art, language
>D

The /thnic :riendly /mployers 8#AK =@K#==E9 http6KKwww.ethnic-friendly.euKview.phpNna!evclan uOhow-to-obtain-the-ethnic-friedly-employer brandScisloclan uO#==E=@===> >E The (!ech ,obility (enter 8(,(9 8#DK=>K#==A9 http6KKwww.avcr.c!KenKostatni.phpN&2O$#FSmO> :urther readings http6KKwww.euraxess.c! >A 7rgani!ation for 1id to +efugees, /uropean (ontact "roup and -ofia 8#==@9 http6KKwww.opu.c!Kindex.phpNoptionOcomPcontentStas OblogcategorySidO#S&temid#@SngOen .

><

etc. :ollowing the courses for adults up 8requalification or qualification courses*9, helping in )translations and validations of diplomas or other documents* 8birth certificate, marriage certificate etc.9, giving )information about legal*, administration*, the socio-cultural system of (!ech society, giving )personal assistance to foreigners when assisting in negotiations with (!ech authorities in individual cases, supporting when moving and furnishing integration or rental flats'.@= -ta_a W[vit ovs [, director of the ;ritish (ouncil's for 4artnership and 4ro5ects says, )The ;ritish (ouncil's function throughout the $AA=s was to promote and support the /nglish language*@$. (ited in ;ro`ov[ 3ucie 8Thursday =<.Ianuary #==E9 that in the year #=== its pro5ect activities in areas other than /nglish language and ;ritish studies began and that after some time they stopped supporting /nglish 3anguage teaching and )mainly concerned with the administration of ;ritish language examinations and language courses for the public and companies*,@# :rance has traditionally rich cultural and social ties with the (!ech +epublic for so many years today. &n addition, these ties have existed for more than $#= years. &n $EE<, the :rance 1lliance was established in 4aris with the aim of developing and propagating :rench 3anguage and culture. Three years later, its first branch in (entral /uropean was established in 4rague. The :rench 1lliance increased its importance in the (!ech +epublic. &n addition, by $A<E, it had D# branches throughout the country. The branch of the :rench 1lliance in 4rague was later renamed the :rench &nstitute in $AA= and today represent a central crossroads for (!ech-:rench cultural exchange. )The :rench &nstitute in 4rague offers a good number of courses )for more than >=== people interested in studying one of the principal languages used by the /uropean Union administration in ;russels*@< cited 3ucie ;ro`ov[, 8Thursday =<. Ianuary #==E9 li e, the #=th century art
@=

74U 8#==@9 &ntegration of disadvantaged groups of migrants http6KKwww.opu.c!Kindex.phpN optionOcomPcontentStas OviewSidO$E<S&temidO#@SlangOen

@$

;ro`ov[ 3ucie Ianuary < #==E. :oreign institutes in the (!ech +epublic. 3ucie ;ro`ov[, 8Thursday =<. Ianuary #==E9.:oreign institutes in the (!ech +epublic http6KKwww.c!ech.c!KenKcurrent-affairsKwor -and-studyKforeign-institutes-in-the-c!ech-republic :urther reading. www.britishco ncil.org-czechre" blic .(Retrie5ed March +1 +11/3. @# 8ibid9 @< ;ro`ov[ 3ucie Thursday =<. Ianuary #==E :oreign institutes in the (!ech +epublic

>>

literature, and :rench film. -tudents also carry out theatre pro5ects as well as writing dramas and acting out the dramas themselves. The :rench also, provides combines language course with a coo ery class taught by a :rench chef from one 4rague's best restaurants, ma ing the students to have an imaginary trip to :rance and its culture not 5ust being on paper, the screen or on stage but practical.@> :rom the wor of the above mentioned institutions in the integration of the population there have being some significant of the integration of both the (!ech society with the immigrant and the refugee population, seen form the next chapter.

CHAPTER THREE DIMENSIONS OF GLOBALIZATION IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC "iddens ma es us to understand that that even though the dimensions of globali!ation )are connected in various ways, neither of them can be explained exhaustively in terms of the other* "iddens 8$AA=6D=9. -o, from this perspective, the different dimensions of globali!ation in the (!ech +epublic would be discussed independently. but eeping in mind that the cause of one dimension leads to the cause another dimension. The following dimensions of globali!ation are said to be present in the (!ech +epublic. 0.. CULTURAL DIMENSIONS. +it!er defines globali!ation of culture ) as the transnational expansion common codes and practices 8heterogeneity9 or as a process in which many global and local cultural inputs interact to create a ind of pastiche or blend, leading to a variety of cultural
http6KKwww.c!ech.c!KenKcurrent-affairsKwor -and-studyKforeign-institutes-in-the-c!ech-republic :urther reading. www.if".cz .
@>

8ibid9

http6KKwww.c!ech.c!KenKcurrent-affairsKwor -and-studyKforeign-institutes-in-the-c!ech-republic :urther reading. www.britishco ncil.org-czechre" blic.

>@

hybrids 8homogeneity9* +it!er 8#==<6@<A9. (ultural homogeneity according to +it!er is some form of cultural imperialism. That is, when there is the growing of the national influence of a particular culture a given area. Ta ing the (!ech +epublic as our case study, where do put the effects of globali!ation on our cultureN &s the culture growing in a homogenous or heterogeneous characterN &n addition, if the culture the culture is growing in a homogeneous character, is it a form of cultural imperialism or notN The first answer to the question is that. yes, the (!ech culture is growing in a homogenous character. 1nd secondly, the (!ech cultural homogeneity is not a form of cultural imperialism because of the various liberal ways the government is trying to encourage the integration of foreigners, and the use of other languages in public places li e trams and buses and the introduction of other cultural inputs li e different language courses in the school curriculum for the (!echs. 7n the other hand, the (!ech culture can be said to be growing a form of cultural imperialism. This is because, when a foreigner who appears in the country in 5ust few days and is as ed with force to spea the (!ech language in the foreign police that deals with foreigners, then, it can be assumed to be a form of cultural imperialism. O" Val(e$ a") I)e"t!t#. "lobali!ation has led to changes in cultural values and norms in the (!ech +epublic. "iddens ma es us to understand that )a society's cultures constitutes both tangible aspects- the belief, ideas and values which form the context of culture and tangible aspects-the ob5ects, symbols or technology which represent the content*. )Halues and norms wor together to shape how members of a culture behave within their surroundings* "iddens 8#==$6##-#<9. ,any norms such as premarital sex, abortion, cohabitation that were loo ed with a negative eye are now being ta en for granted in the lives of some (!echs. Han de Gaa 8$AED6 @9 ma es us to understand that there have been interrelated demographic changes and essential mechanisms in cultural integration in the (!ech +epublic. That there has been a decline in fertility due to four factors, which include. 1 change from the golden age of marriage to the dawn of cohabitation. 1lso, change from an era of the ing-child with parents, to that of the ing pair with a child, a

>F

change from preventive contraception. to self-fulfilling conception. 1nd finally, a change from single families towards pluralistic families and households 8ibid6 $$9. There is a change in the self-identity of most (!echs with the advent of the phenomenon of globali!ation. "iddens 8$AA$9 says that in the post-traditional order, self-identity is not inherited or static. rather, it is becoming a reflexive pro5ect \ an endeavor that we are continuously wor ing and reflecting on. What is "iddens saying hereN %e tells us that with the advance in modernity there is a change in self-identity. Today in the (!ech +epublic, the way some people loo or identify them selves is different when compared to the past generations. )&dentity relates to the understandings people hold about who they are and what is meaningful to them. li e gender, sexual, orientation, nationality or ethnicity and social class* "iddens 8#==#6#A9. :or "iddens, tracing the changes in selfidentity from traditional to modern societies, we can see a shift away from the fixed inherited factors that previously guided identity formation. The (!ech +epublic is experiencing this identity shift because of the factors of globali!ation li e migration, communication and trade. ;efore the era of globali!ation, the existed, local independent distinctive, well defined, strong and culturally sustaining connections between geographical place and cultural experience li e one's own community, gender, sexual orientation and social class. This is because of it fragile nature, people always tried to preserve it from being destroyed. ,oreover, with the advent of the phenomenon of globali!ation these identities are constantly being disappearing. Today some (!echs feel good as /uropean Union members not as before when they had to thin more as (!echs@@. 3u e_ also mentioned that a survey carried by the (enter for +esearch of 4ublic 7pinion in the 7ctober #==D showed that almost a half of all (!echs 8>AQ9 are proud to be citi!ens of the (!ech +epublic. ,oreover, the level of pride decreases with the level of wealth@F The president of the (!ech +epublic mentioned that the period of post socialism has come li e a dream to the (!ech citi!ens because this period has brought with it )both
@@

2omini 3u e_ Ianuary #Eth, #==A ,ost (!echs feel /U allegiance http6KKbohemica.comKc!echupdateK#==AK5anK<$># @F 8ibid9 Ianuary #nd, #==E %alf of (!echs are proud to be (!echs

>D

surprises and mistrust* Haclav %avel 8-eptember $$, #===9.@D %e also mentioned that when they had a split in )politics* problems where not seen as they are seen today. These problems are now having effects on the )politics, values and ideas* 8ibid9@E of the people. The president also added that, the creation of large supermar ets have led to the lost of identity in the (!ech +epublic. )&n the early days of post-(ommunism, small stores emerged on the streets, which developed into Jcrossroads of life and human contact'. %uge supermar ets have created a loss of identity* 8ibid9 and local ties between the (!echs. -immel states that there is now )the propondence of ob5ective over ]individual^ sub5ective culture that developed during the nineteenth century L and from all states. That the wealth of ob5ective culture increases, but the individual mind can reach the forms and content of its own development only distancing itself still further from that culture and developing its own much slower pace* -immel 8$A=DK$ADE9. -immel is tal ing about the dying of sub5ect individual culture over ob5ective culture. /xamples of ob5ective culture include. means of transport, product of science, technology, language, arts, legal system, moral codes and ideas. Today, due to the advent of globali!ation, there is a suppression of the (!ech culture over other cultures in many respects li es, 0.../ O" Eat!": Ha-!t$. The (!ech by their tradition prepared their meals at home and so going to eat out in restaurants was not common among them and was considered something of a threat. %owever, with the coming up of fast food restaurants li e the ,c2onald, the G:(s, there is now a rapid change in the (!ech eating habits especially among the young generations. %owever, this is slowly changing as a more western life-style is adopted by the younger generation 82omini 3u e_ #==<3. +it!er 8#===9 tal s of the rise of new means of consumption li e ,c2onalds and other shopping malls li e mega malls cyber, super malls, and cruise lines theme par s, have
@D

Iane +. /lgass -eptember $$, #===. -ymposium focuses on globali!ation issues http6KKwww.ur.umich.eduK===$K-ep$$P==KA.htm 6R$4 htt"4--www. r. mich.ed -111.-Se"..711-/.htm @E 8ibid9

>E

changed the eating habits of people. Weber referred rationali!ation as the organi!ation of social and economic life according to the principles of efficiency and on the basis of technical nowledge 8cited in +it!er #==<6$<#-$>#9. %e saw rationality to be a necessary tool for competent operation of organi!ations. ;ut he however feared that increased rationali!ation could result in increased control over individual action, stifling charisma and tradition, and giving man 5ust few alternatives to chose what, how and when a person can carry out duties. The features of rationality are seen in the (!ech +epublic when trying to loo at the fast-food restaurants. 0ow instead of people to be served on the tables by the front-of- house staff, the customers find themselves standing in cues to have their food from tills. &n addition, they even go as far as cleaning their tables after meals. The development of fast food restaurants has turned to include the customers in the line of production. This is because, the customers have no other alternatives rather than ma ing sure, they fill their stomachs. %ere, they are held to rules applied by the fast-food restaurants. 0...0 O" La":(a:e.

-cheff 8$AF@9 mentioned that change in language usage is usually considered an indicator of cultural integration if the principal language in the community differs from that of the immigrants' native language. 3anguage is able to become )the ob5ective repository* of huge )accumulations of meaning and experience, which it can then preserve in time and transmit to following generationsL* 3anguage also helps in typifying )experiences, allowing people to* consider them under wide range of )categories in terms of which they have meaning not only to themselves but also to fellowmen* cited in ;erger and 3uc mann 8$AFF6<@-<A9. (ultural integration has been achieved to a certain degree in the (!ech +epublic because presently, there are many refugees and immigrants able to spea the (!ech language. Iust li e some (!echs who are also interested in studying other languages apart from the (!ech language li e /nglish language, :rench, "erman and others. 0...1 O" Fa%!l# A") Fa%!l# L!&e "lobali!ation has led to a change in the family life of some (!echs. The most noticeable of it is the change in family formation. There is the intensive postponement of family >A

formation. :ertility rates have fallen to very low levels, in particular among young women and between $AA@ and #==@ the total fertility rates dropped below the Jlowestlow' threshold of $.<. 3ess traditional union forms, especially unmarried cohabitation, have become widespread and marriages have been progressively delayed or even foregone by many younger men and women. (onsequently, the proportion of extramarital births has increased rapidly, surpassing <<Q in #==F. 2ivorce rates, which were high during the socialist era, have further increased. The rapid diffusion of modern contraception, particularly the pill, has contributed to a more careful and cautious planning of family formation and to a steady fall in the number of induced abortions 8/urostat, #==D9.@A "iddens 8$AE>9 ma es us to understand that system integration is a )face to face* F= contact while social integration is the integration with people physically absent. This is cited in ;arbara 1. ,is!tal 8#===9. That is, the integration of people either through the telephones or &nternet. This aspect & believe is true because the (!echs through the use of televisions and the internet they are able to see how other nations 8for example 1mericans9 are integrating and so have influence them to integrate to with other nationalities living in the country and even out of the country. 4rominent areas were social integration witnessed in the (!ech +epublic is in the universities. Through the formation of exchange programs between universities, each year students from many nationalities come in to the country with varied cultures, and but by the end of the semester, some of the (!ech students ma e new friends with these foreign students. This is a form of integration. The increase in the number of churches has also led to an increase in the level of integration in the (!ech. This is because, here there is no limit to the type of national or culture to visit or attend these churches. ,oreover, when people come together, they are forced to share some ideas that ma e integration a bit possible.
@A

http6KKwww.oecd.orgKdataoecdK@#K@>K<A@AEDAF.ppt ;arbara 1. ,is!tal 8#===9 ;arbara 1. ,is!tal.#===.&nformality6 social theory and contemporary practice 4ublished by +outledge 6rl4 htt"4--www.inde"endent.co. %-arts#entertainment-boo%s-re5iews-boo%#of#a#lifetime#the#"oetics#of# s"ace#by#gaston#bachelard#.82*+.+.html 4ublished6 #==A-=>-#>
F=

@=

0...2

O" D5e$$!":.

The (!echs before $E@= had traditional costumes called ) ro5e* in (!ech. These costumes are elaborately decorated with bright, lively colors and symbols such as hearts, bluebirds, doves, daisies, tulips, and poppies, and were worn in the villages for festive occasions such as -undays, weddings and holidays, and sometimes for ordinary days as well. ,any costume designs originated from feudal ages, when oppressed peasants created elaborate costumes to express their individuality. These costumes were signs of status and nationality, since differences in geographic location influenced differences in costume design and decoration. With the coming up of the globali!ation, there is now a change in the way of dressing. -ome of the (!echs now dress very casually. What we now see is where people turn to copy other cultures. This is because the (!echs normally frown on shabby or unruly clothing and disregard for appearance. ;ut presently, many (!ech have turned to copy other cultures li e for example the 1merican culture where 5eans and sports shoes are wore often than their usual traditional costumes. (onsequently, there is now a disappearance of the (!ech culture dominated by other cultures li e the 1merican culture. %owever, even though with the advancement of different dressing attires, many (!echs still own a set of traditional clothing that they wear on special days 4at 8$AEA6 <D9. 0...3 O" C!8!l So !et# &n addition, the building of civil society has helped in building bac the minds of some (!echs who lost their trust and interest in public life during the communist era. The growth of civil society in the country has also provided opportunities for a broad segment of the population to participate in governmental elections and to watch government at wor at close quarters +ueschemeyer 8$AAE6@<9. 1n example of civil society is the feminist movement. True 8#==<9 says after the fall of the communist government in the (!ech +epublic there has been an expression of new national identities including feminist identities. &n their desires to Jreturn to /urope' in $AEA and $AA=, the (!echs citi!ens did not identify themselves with an undifferentiated Jwest'. +ather, they identified themselves specifically with a set of western masculinities femininities. Their selective

@$

adoption of these gendered identities has brought both new opportunities and forms of empowerment as well as widespread new inequalities and insecurities li e, crime. "iddens also say the modern world with it growth of abstract system in everyday life has led to the )sequestration of experiences*. That is a situation where by people are force to see repeated experiences in their lives li e either )madness, criminality, sic ness and death. sexuality. and nature* "iddens 8$AA$6$>A,$@F9. Today in the (!ech +epublic, there has been an increase in the rate of criminality in the country. There has also been an increase in the rate of sexual immorality in the country. 1 great number of youths who have either received wrong ideas from friends or the internet have fallen in to drugs and the eventual out come has been frustrated, sic ness and deaths. The (!ech statistical office shows that there has been an increase crime The table below shows the figures for crime rates in the (!ech +epublic between the periods of #==<-#==F. Ta-le .. J($t! e a") C5!%e. So(5 e: M!"!$t5# o& J($t! e o& t'e C+e ' Re,(-l! ;/==3<.3. C5!%e$ Co%%!tte) /==0 /==1 4ersons prosecuted9 8incl. cases settled in shortened preparatory 4roceedings9 $$= E=E $=E =F$ 4ersons accused A@A#= A>><= 4ersons convicted, total9 FF$<$ FE>># :emales E$== E##A Iuveniles <@@E <#A< -entence to &mprisonment ADAD $= $A# 4robation order <@FDF <F$F$

/==2 $=E$== A@DFD FD@F$ EA<D <=FA $==DE <F==F

/==3 $$= <<A ADEE= FA>>@ AA<E #DD< AAAD <EF@D

:rom the table above, it shows there has been an increase in the crime rates between the year #==< and #==F from $$=E=E to $$=<<A. -howing an increase of @<$ in the number of people prosecuted in cases settled in shortened preparatory proceedings. The number of persons sentenced to imprisonment has also increased between the periods of #==< to #==F from ADAD to AAAD.There has also been an increase in crimes committed by females
F$

,inistry of Iustice of the (!ech +epublic \ www.5ustice.c!.

@#

within the year #==< to #==F from E$== to AA<E, showing a very high number of number females involve in crime within this period. 0./ SOCIO9ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS 0./.. o" La-o5 "lobali!ation has had a significant impact in the labor mar et in the (!ech +epublic. The increase in trade and technological change has led to a fall in the number of low s illed or uns illed wor ers in the labor department in the country. &n addition, this is causing wage inequality between wor ers. There is also a fall in the bargaining power of labor due to its free mobility and has led to an increase of taxes. An 2005B foreigners too up nearly >=Q of the new 5obs created in the (!ech +epublicF#. &n the last five years alone, the number of immigrant wor ers has however doubled to nearly <F#,=== by the end of #==E.This has made most of the (!ech to be some how negative about the increase in the number of immigrant wor ers in the country. The survey carried out by -(( agency for ,: 20/That only about #AQ of (!echs are satisfied with their 5ob and their salary while E#Q of (!ech people li e their 5ob but not satisfied with this pay. F< 0././ o" To(5!$%. +it!er says, ),obility means an unending string of choices, and each choice has a measure of uncertainty associated with it* +it!er 8#==<6@D>9. There is actually uncertainty on most tourists who come to the (!ech +epublic because, most often than not, some tourists who come in to the country do not now what lies ahead of them. 1s a fact, most of them are often involved in either accidents or being reaped off by pic poc ets. %owever, globali!ation has let to the growth of the tourism industry in the (!ech +epublic. :rom the year #==F survey carried out by the (!ech statistical 7ffice showed the tourism industry employed #>=,=== wor ers. The industry raised a total gross
F#

Ioellen 4erry 1pril #E, #==A The (!ech +epublic 4ays for &mmigrants to "o %ome Unemployed "uest Wor ers and Their Gids +eceive (ash and a 7ne-Way Tic et as the (ountry :ights http6KKonline.ws5.comKarticleK-;$#>=EDFF=#AD<F$@$$.html F< 1;( 4rague -tatistics.#==>-#==A ,ost (!ech people li e their 5ob -eptember > http6KKwww.abcprague.comKcategoryKstatisticsK

@<

domestic product of AE.AF> billion crowns, which added a <.=Q to the country's "24. &n #==F, foreign tourists spent $$E.@A> billion crowns. "iving a #>Q increase when compared to the year #==<.while traveling within the country, the (!echs spent AE.# billion crowns and this led to a @Q in the "24. &ncome from incoming and domestic tourism in #==F, that is money spent within the country, totaled #$F.E billion crowns

;auman 8$AAE9 sees globali!ation terms of a )space air*. That globali!ation has an influence in the movement of people. &n addition, this movement has led to the formation of )vagabonds*. This explanation can be related to the (!ech +epublic. There are so many foreigners who left their countries to the (!ech +epublic either because of political crisis or for the search of greener pastures. &n addition, coming to the (!ech +epublic either because of the lac of required s ills or language barrier, some of them have become 5obless, frustrated and wayward. ;auman also ma es us to understand that there are some people who )cannot be quite sure whereL they stand at the moment and even less can be sure their present standing will see the light of the next day* (ited in +it!er 8#==<6@D>9. +it!er says, )"lobali!ation is bringing with it the world spread of nothingness*. +it!er 8#==<6@DF9 %e defines nothing as )centrally 8generally9 conceived and controlled forms 8largely9 devoid of most distinctive content* +it!er 8#==<6@D@9. %ere he refers to present day globali!ation processes to be inherently homogeni!ing, with the lac of generic content, lac of personal or local ties, timeless, dehumani!ing and unenchanted. :rom the above-mentioned understanding of the term globali!ation according to +it!er, it can be said that there is the lac a generic of content in the (!ech +epublic. This is because, in the past, there was the presence of human relationship between people at home, 5obsites and either at either public place. :or example trying to have a loan implied meeting with a ban er. %owever, with today's world, a computer program can easily award a loan. 1lso, in the past, there was the presence of enchantment, quality and magic in the way food was being prepared but today, with the growth of technology and the

@>

development of fast food restaurants and the use of microwaves, there is a gradual lost of enchantment, quality and magic in food preparation in the (!ech +epublic. There has been a fall in uniqueness in departmental stores in the (!ech +epublic. &n the past, during the communist era supermar ets or departmental stores li e the "U, departmental shop had local shores and goods, which ept customers at heart and made close to their traditional roots by selling to them this local commodities. %owever, after the fall of the communist government and the eventual collapse of the "um department shop, there has been a change in the uniqueness of departmental stores. There is now a fall of local ties between the super mar ets and the customers. 0ow what most super mar ets offer to the public is not what the consumers actually want be what the supermar ets believe will yield them more profits. 0././ O" Fo5e!:" I"8e$t%e"t. There has been a growth in the economy as a result of higher foreign trade investment, industrial production and household spending. 1lso, the coming of foreign industries has not only helped the (!ech +epublic to increase investment but had also led to capital flight by foreign investors bac to their home countries. 7ften instead of ploughing bac the profits to the companies, the investors decide to flight the profits to their home countries. The entry of the (!ech +epublic to the /uropean Union has increased pressure on the ability of the (!ech population in the face of increased competition from multinational /uropean countries. The (!ech +epublic is now faced with the pressure of increasing its internal capacity in the field of education, cultural openness and amenities so as to meet the /U standard 0./.0 O" Glo-al F!"a" !al Ma5>et "lobali!ation has led to the development of nowledge in the economy of the (!ech +epublic. (astells 8#==$6@#9 mentioned that, when there is productivity and competition,

@@

there is the possibility of the production of nowledge and information for production purposes. :or example, the (!ech after the fall of the communist government and the rise of the democratic government, faced with competition from the west and rest of the world, she was forced to develop the nowledge of nowing that to privati!e the state owned companies will profit the country. &n addition, trying to liberate both prices and trade will help to encourage foreign investment and growth in the economy. 0aomi Glein 8#==$6 $AF9 has suggested that, 'brand builders are the new primary producers in our socalled nowledge economy' F>8(ited in -mith, ,.G and -mith, ,. #==#9. )7ne of the ey elements that eep companies as multinationals rather than trans-national is the extent to which they loo to 'outsource' products, components and services* 8ibid9. &n addition, due to the price and trade liberali!ation of price and trade in the (!ech +epublic in on Ianuary $AA$, many companies have now been able to locate in the (!ech +epublic. ,inister 2yba said, two years ago there were no private shops in the (!ech lands, but now, about F=-D= percent of retail, trade, and services are bac in the hands of private entrepreneurs 82yba in charter DD, :ebruary $Ath $AA<9F@. This shows there has been a growth in trade. 1fter the fall of the (ommunism in $AEA, the minister of finance of the federal government Haclav Glaus became president. Under his economic policy, he privati!ed the state-owned industries and the country became a modern-free economy, regulating the stoc exchange. );y the end of $AA@ over E= percent of the economy was privati!ed* 8Wu!ows i$AAE6 AA9. 4rivati!ation process has gone to shambles because there has been an insignificant regulation. &n addition, unscrupulous individuals have stolen most of the state-owned property. ,any ban s have shut down, the loss of peoples' savings causing deep disenchantment. %owever, it is one of the greatest benefits of globali!ation in the (!ech +epublic. This is because there has been an increase in the international flow of capital income.
F>

-mith, ,. G. and -mith, ,. 8#==#9 '"lobali!ation' the encyclo"edia of informal ed cation, www.infed.orgKbiblioKglobali!ation.htm. F@ Garel 2yba :ebruary $A, $AA< 1n Update on 4rivati!ation in the (!ech +epublic6 The /conomic Transformation 1fter the -plit 6rl4 htt"4--www.cceia.org-reso rces-" blications-"ri5atization7"ro9ect

@F

Gi5lstra says, )The (!ech +epublic has ta en the mantle as the premier transition economy of the new democracies. 7ver the pass three years of intense economic reforms, the (!ech has created the largest mar et economy in the regionL ;y setting the example for their neighbors the (!ech republic has en5oyed increasing foreign investment in a region which is highly competitive for these critical capital infusions* 8Gi5lstra $AA@9. &n addition, as a result of privati!ation, the (!echs were able to own shares in the companies if and only if they were able to afford as little as a thousand (!ech crowns. Gi5lstra said privati!ation has come in the country first )through one time vouchers* offered to the (!ech people for came primarily through one-time vouchers given to (!ech citi!ens at an insignificant cost. ,ore than two third of the citi!ens entrusted their vouchers to newly created investment fund, that grew to over six hundred during the process* 8Gi5lstra $AA@9.FF 1s a result of this economic boom, the (!ech +epublic has been able to pay its prior debts and thus has more surpluses though this gained momentum from the high tax rate in the country. The (!ech national ban has followed a tight monetary polices that has tied the (!ech crown to foreign currency which today has been a success. :or example in #==F, $ "reat ;ritish pound was equal to >= (!ech crowns but today one "reat ;ritish crown is equal to #A or <= (!ech crowns. The (!ech ban ing sector has grown extremely during the past five years. :or example, during the communist era, the (!ech +epublic had four ban s employing $A=== wor ers. Today there are over @= ban s 8of which >= percent are foreign owned9 and @F=== employers. This dramatic increase has been influenced by globali!ation 8U- department of treasury report <=th Iune $AA>9. "lobali!ation has led to growing competition between firms in the (!ech +epublic. This is good because it has helped to increase production, efficiency and profits. &n addition, increase (!ech mar ets li e "ermany has led to the speciali!ation and improvement in

FF

(!ech +epublic6 1 (ase ,ode 2raft. -pecial +eport ,r. Gees W&I3-T+1 80etherland9 ,ay $AA@. Url6 http6KKwww.friends-partners.orgKoldfriendsKeconomicsKc!ech.rep.case.study.html

@D

the division of labor within the corporations. 1ll these have led to an increase in wages and living standards among the wor ers. 0./.1 O" E)( at!o"

"lobali!ation has led to seculari!ation, increasing numbers of young people enrolled in secondary and tertiary education and growing emancipation and labor participation of women in the (!ech +epublic 83esthaeghe$AA@6 #$\##9. The %uman 2evelopment 8U02+9 report for a survey conducted between the year #==< and #==@ shows that AAQ of the adult population 8that is, percentage of population over $@ years of age9 is literate. this, showing a fall in the illiteracy rate. &t has also helped to ma e education more wor oriented. That is there is now a guarantee of a person having a 5ob after school completion. The state is also assuming more power in education governance. There has been an increase in educational standards, increase in public expenditure on education than in any government activity. &n addition, the extension of university studies by the creation of exchange programs between universities. The table and graph below shows some figures on the increase in the rate of literate persons as the years pass by. Ta-le 0./.T'e E)( at!o"al Le8el$ -et?ee" Yea5$ .771 @/==2 Yea5$ #==@ #==> #==< #==# #==$ #=== $AAA $AAE $AAD $AAF $AA@ $AA> Total E)( at!o" $=.> A.A A.F A.@ E.D E.F E.> D.A D.A D.E D.@ D.E .=1 Pe5 e"ta:e$ $= A.@ A.# A.$ E.< E.#F E.=D D.@A D.@A D.@ D.# D.@ 77.6.

@E

F!::0./ Pe5$o"$ ?!t' U"!8e5$!t# o5 H!:'e5 P5o&e$$!o"al S 'ool E)( at!o" .2 .= 2 =

/= =2 /= =1 /= =0 /= =/ /= =. /= == .7 77 .7 76 .7 74 .7 73 .7 72 .7 71

Le8el o& E)( at!o"

Yea5$ e)( at!o" ,e5 e"ta:e$

So(5 e: T'e C+e ' $tat!$t! al o&&! e ;/==3<34 1s seen from the table and graph above there has been a mar increase in the level of education in the (!ech +epublic from D.E percent in $AA> to $= percent in the year #==@.

0./.2

O" Sta")a5)$ O& L!8!":

1ccording to the statistics carried out by /urostat, the -tatistical 7ffice of /uropean (ommunities, the (!ech +epublic was seen getting closer to the standard of living of the older member states of the /uropean Union. /urostat made a comparison of the "ross 2omestic 4roduct 8"249 per inhabitant expressed in 4urchasing 4ower -tandards 844-9 in the /U countries. :rom the average of the /uropean Union, #D are considered to be $== 4urchasing 4ower -tandards 844-9. 1nd when the figures were calculated, it showed that the (!ech +epublic has improve
FD

The (!ech statistical office 8#==F9 The /ducational 3evels between ?ears $AA> \#==@ http6KKwww.c!so.c!KcsuK#==Eedicniplan.nsfKeng apitolaK$>$<-=E--$<

@A

its ran from D> 44- 8that is #FQ below the average9 in #==@ to DA 44- 8#$Q below the average9 in #==F.FE %owever, globali!ation has let to a mar distinction between the rich and the poor in the (!ech +epublic. This is what called the )winners* and the )losers* by ;auman 8$AAE6EE9. %e said what is acclaimed as )globali!ation* 8ibid9 is geared to the tourists dreams and desires. &n addition, that globali!ation is leading to )the transformation of many others in to vagabonds* cited in +it!er 8#==<6@D>9. The (!ech -tatistical 7ffice -urvey between the years #=== and #==E shows that there has been an increase in the number of worthless people or lunatics in the (!ech +epublic. This numbers have increased as a result to poverty, frustration drug and insanity. 0./.3 O" Healt' There has been an improvement health in the (!ech +epublic. This is because, the government imposition of a must-have health insurance policy for every o wor er in the in the country it has helped to increase easy treatment. /ven though this policy has not included the unemployed, the government is trying to ma e it becomes beneficial to all. The ,inistry of health is always improving but however, the pace of improvement is quite slow in the area of non-communicable diseasesFA li e circulatory system, neoplasm diseases that leads to high rate of deaths. The lifestyle-related ris factors common in the country are particularly, smo ing, unhealthy diet and inadequate physical activity. The long-term health program adopted by the government has helped in the reduction of the total rate of smo ing in the country, even though the youths are still more involved in it. There has also been a decrease in the number of communicable diseases 8outbrea s diseases9 because of compulsory vaccination programs carried out by the government 1lso with the help the provision of new opportunities as well as challenges by the /uropean Union to the (!ech +epublic, has helped in the improvement of the health situation.
FE

The standard of living in the (!ech +epublic grows Iun #A, #==D http6KKwww.abcprague.comK#==DK=FK#AKthe-standard-of-living-in-the-c!ech-republic-grows FA The (!ech +epublic. %ealth and 2evelopment http6KKwww.who.intKentityKcountryfocusKcooperationPstrategyKccsbriefPc!echPrepublicPen.pdf.

F=

0./.4

O" Te '"olo:#

There has also been an expansion of the transport system in the country and there is now a shrin ing of distances between the (!ech +epublic and the world at large. This shrin ing distance was referred to ,arx Garl 8$AD<9 in the text "rundrise as the )annihilation of space and time*. %avery 8$AEA9 called it )time space compression*. ,eanwhile "iddens 8$AA=9 decided to contradict it by referring it to be )time space distanciation*. Through the use of use of the &nternet and televisions, distant images are now brought right close to the most immediate restricted places 8that is, the interiors9 in the (!ech and out of the (!ech +epublic. 1s a result, this has created increase in employment and the living standard of the people. 1ccording to the connectivity scorecard of Waverman #==E, it shows that the (!ech +epublic has significantly higher levels of business hardware and software spending per capita and broadband penetration. -he is in the lists of $F countries of 'innovation-driven' economies, achieving a score of <.D$, and it has been included in the innovation-driven economies as a consequence of its membership in the /uropean Union. (onnectivity is explained by 4rofessor 3eonard Waverman, of the 3ondon ;usiness -chool as the bunch of road and rail networ , corresponding s ills, software and up to date usage that ma es communications networ s the ey driver of production and economic growth, is the center of attention of a distinctive study.D= 0./.6 O" T5a"$,o5t a") Co%%("! at!o". "iddens 8$AA=9 says globali!ation has led to an increase in permeability of people in the national borders through trade, tourism or electronically systems. This aspect is seen in the (!ech +epublic. 7n the part of transport, there has also been an expansion of the land and air transport system. 1ccording to the ministry of transport yearboo of #==D, there has been an increase in the total length of the state and regional roads form @>,A=A ilometers in the year #==# to @>,@AA ilo meters in the year #==F. That is, an increase of

D=

1lma ;uelva :ebruary $>, #==A (onnectivity -corecard #==A sees &(T as tool for battling recession http6KKwww.philstar.comK1rticle.aspxNarticle&dO>>==F<Spublication-ub(ategory&dOD< 8+etrieved ,ay $.#==A9

F$

@= ilo meters in the total length of the state and regional roads constructed within this period. The (!ech statistical office #==D alludes there has been an increase in communications. :or example, there has been an increase in the number of telephone lines in use. The new lines increased from <,#$D,<== in the year #==@ to $#.$@ million in the year #==F for mobile cellular, an increase of radio broadcast stations of 1, <$, :, <=> and $D short waves and about $@= television broadcast stations plus $,><> repeaters, $.D million &nternet hosts and <.@ million &nternet users. 0./.7 O" Wo%e". 2ue to the development of the computer system, it has led to an increase in the number of women in the wor force. "iving them the opportunity to grow to top positions and this leading to the old traditional system where women where exploited and giving them the idea that a woman's place was limited to the house. 0ow women are able to arrange themselves at home as mothers and housewives and at 5obsites as wor ers. The (!ech statistical 7ffice for the year #==E shows that >F.@ percent of women are employed as against the men with F=.= percentD$ this number shows a large increase in the number of employed women. "lobali!ation has let to the involvement of the (!ech +epublic with other international communities. 2uring the communist regime, the (!ech +epublic was bloc ed from other countries through restriction to migration. 0evertheless, after the fall of the communist government, the country has come out of the isolation problem. The (!echs )are no longer isolated from the global communist. but are becoming integrated within it* "iddens 8#==F6@D9.

D$

/mployment rate <rd quarter #==E 3abor :orce -urvey http6KKvdb.c!so.c!KvdbvoKenKtabdetail.5spNcislotabOH-4-Q#=@=AP$ 8+etrieved # ,ay #==A9

F#

0.0 ENVIRONMENTAL DIMENSIONS. &t is nown that, almost two third of the (!ech population, live in areas of intense air and water pollution.D#The northwest ;ohemia and northern ,oravia are area more affect by pollution and this is leading to some many health diseases li e cancer. "iddens 8$AA=9 sees globali!ation to be more associated with ris . +is li e the )manufactured* ones we cannot control. Therefore, he termed the present era a )5uggernaut*'. 1 5uggernaut was described as. a large swift )vehicle* with a big engine, which collectively, there is the possible of man to control it, but after a certain level, man will be unable to run this )vehicle*. &n addition, any attempt by man to force his control on this )vehicle* will lead man to be crushed by this )vehicle*. That there are some times "g (7# equivalent Type of compound :luorinated compounds, total %ydrofluorocarbons 8%:(s9

#=== #==# #==< #==> #==@ #==F EEA.DA $,<##.$D $,D$$.E> $,>><.AE $,>@$.#= #,DFF.#$ FD>.<# $,=A#.>$ $,<><.A> $,#$@.== $,#E=.@@ #,@D<.AA

4erfluorocarbons 84:(s9 A.>@ $D.A$ #E.F> #=.AE $<.DD <=.<< -ulphur hexafluoride 8-:F9 #=F.=# #$$.E@ <<A.#F #=E.== $@F.EE $F$.A= the vehicle seems to be o . but there are times when it bring some problems man cannot see before hand or control and these problems are often very undesirable and damaging. &n addition, he therefore concludes that. as long as man lives in the modern era, he shall never be able to live, a secured life because the area man is now occupying is full of ris y elements "iddens 8$AA=6$<A9. Today in the (!ech +epublic, there is there development of both institutionali!ed ris s and environmental ris s, which are both un nown and un nown. 1n increase in the number of number of industrial plants, transport networ , housing infrastructures have in the country has led to the destruction of the natural vegetation and an increase in the level of green house gases in the atmosphere. The table below shows the level of greenhouse gases produced from the industries. Ta-le 0.0 Potential Emissions of Industrial Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases

D#

http6KKwww.who.intKentityKcountryfocusKcooperationPstrategyKccsbriefPc!echPrepublicPen.pdf.

F<

So(5 e: T'e C+e ' $tat!$t! al O&&! eD< :rom the table above it shows that there has been an increase the level of in the level of fluorinated compounds in the atmosphere from EEA.DA in the year #=== to #DFF.#$ in the year #==D. The increase in the number of fluorinated compounds has come as a result of the increase in the use of hydro fluorocarbons 8%:(s9 elements li e refrigerators, and air conditioning equipment. The presence of hydrogen in the appliances leads to the emission of green houses gases in to the atmosphere even though of a less harmful effect. 4:(s, compounds contain carbon, fluorine, and are very volatile. These gases have come mostly from the industries are helping in the depletion of the o!one. 0.1. POLITICAL DIMENSIONS 0.1.. I"te5$tate$ Co""e t!o"$. 3ash and Urry 8$AED, $AA>9 said the feature of globali!ation is that it helps in bringing more inter-state connections and a decrease in effects of the state policy, the development of increase trans-national communication, and activities, an increase in a huge flow of commodities and cultural products and the world wide spread of western-style consumerism. The reference point of this intense interstate connection can be said to be the (!ech +epublic. &mmediately after the fall of the ;erlin wall, there has been an increase in inter-state connections between the (!ech +epublic and other western countries li e "ermany :rance, United Gingdom. The (!echs have now started consuming the western products which in the past where some how restricted due to socialist policy. 0.1./ O" State So8e5e!:"t#. "iddens ma es readers to understand that )there is no the earth's surface, except of the polar region* "iddens 8$AA=6D$9 that stands to attest that it is not been ruled by either )one state or another* 8ibid9. &n addition, that the present day countries )have a more or
D<

The (!ech statistical 7ffice E 7ctober #==E. 4otential emissions of industrial fluorinated greenhouse gases. http6KKwww.c!so.c!KcsuK#==Eedicniplan.nsfKeng apitolaK$=n$-=E-#==E-=<==

F>

less successful monopoly control of the means of violence within their own territories* 8ibid9 That is, countries now matter how big they are, cannot totally control the means of violence in their own countries. &n addition, no matter how a big a country's )economic power*, and )industrial corporation are they cannot establish themselves as political entities which rule a given territorial area* 8ibid9. 4olitically, the (!echs have lost some of their sovereign powers as a result of the influence of globali!ation. This is, because the (!echs can no longer ta e any strong decisions on their own because there is now a common /uropean foreign policy that they need to follow. :or example, during the &raq war, the (!ech +epublic could not decide on her own to support the United -tates of 1merica or to oppose the war. /verything was left in the hands of the /uropean Union to decide. 1nd when (!ech +epublic finally decided to support the U-, she received great criticisms from the pioneer members of the /uropean Union li e "ermany and :rance who even 5eopardi!ed (!ech's entry in to the in #==>. The (!ech +epublic entered the /U on the $st of ,ay #==>. With its features of a )common mar et and free movement of wor ers, union citi!ens and their family members*, the free search for 5ob, free access to )public employment services and procedures relating to remuneration and redundancy* 8ibid9. There was a change in the employment act. Within this act, )wor ers and union citi!ens* are free to move with their families. This act has brought much pressure on the (!ech citi!ens who are now face with much competition from multinational corporations and the huge immigrant labor coming in to the country. The (!ech +epublic is now faced with the pressure of increasing its internal capacity in the field of education, cultural openness and amenities so as to meet the /U standards ;arber 8$AA@9 tal ing on globali!ation he based his thought on a single political entity which he called the ),c-world* or the growth of a single political orientation that is increasingly pervasive throughout the world* cited in +it!er 8#==<6@D=9. The thoughts of ;arber may be of relevant to the (!ech political democracy which told is trying by all

F@

means to meet same standards of other political democratic countries in the world li e the United -tates of 1merica.

CHAPTER FOUR
FINDINGSA RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION
This chapter summari!es the ma5or findings of the study. &t represents the current ways used to influence cultural integration in the (!ech +epublic. That is, the role of the United 0ations, the government, the /uropean Union, the 0on- "overnmental 7rgani!ations 80"79, and other international bodies li e the ;ritish (ouncil and the :rench 1lliance. (onclusions are then drawn from the findings. &t further reveals the constraints and consequences of globali!ation on cultural integration on the (!ech +epublic, as well as advance proposals, which if implemented would encourage cultural integration in the (!ech +epublic in a greater degree. 1.. FINDINGS.

FF

The finding reveals the extent to which the ob5ectives of the study have been achieved. (ulture forms the basis of every human society in the world and the (!ech +epublic is no exception because culture helps in the display of identity. When different cultural groups come together, there is always a need for the cultural groups to have a common focus such as, wor ing together for the development of the economy. 1nd this focus can only be achieved through the process of cultural integration. This confirms the assertion that cultural integration is one of the basis through which the (!echs as a nation can live in harmony with other nationalities in the country. The culture of the (!ech +epublic includes. acts, food and dance festivals. These cultural products provide fertile ground for the integration of other cultures. %owever, this process has been hindered because of some reasons. The first problem the (!echs face towards cultural integration is that the (!echs have had almost no personal experience from life in a multiethnic society, and so the immigrants are always seen as a threat to both the citi!ens and the state authorities. 1ccording to the public opinion surveys carried out during the $AA=s by the ministry of interior of the (!ech +epublic, more than D@Q of the respondents were of the opinion that )there are too many foreigners*D> in the (!ech +epublic. &n addition, these views were among older people, less educated people, wor ing class and among less-oriented people from smaller towns and Hillages. 1 close loo at the (!echs when it comes to their regards to national and ethnic

minorities, they turn to accept -lova s, Iews and 4oles than the "ypsies, Hietnamese and (hinese. They loo at them to be a threat to their lives. This is because there will be an increase of criminality, fear of 5ob loss due to increased unemployment and fear that they will not be able to adapt into their culture. :urthermore, an increase in the number of the national minorities will mean a loss of traditional behavior of the (!ech culture 8&bid,9D@.
D>

Radka Havlova. The Role of Civil Society in Overcoming Cultural Differences and Promoting Intercultural Awareness and Tolerance in the Czech Republic. (Born Langhammerova) University of Economics Prague, Czech Republic. (Accessed 24/04/2009) http6KK#=A.E@.$#A.$<#KsearchN qOcache6 2+yA4I; 3 =I6 www.istr.orgKconferencesKcapetownKvolumeKhavlova.pdfRpublicRopinionRsurvey, R$AA=,RbyRtheRministryRofRinteriorRofRtheRc!echRrepublic.ScdO$ShlOenSctOcln
D@

8ibid9

FD

This survey also revealed that more then >EQ (!echs perceive immigrants and refugees negatively and more than F@Q of the respondents support a harder immigration policy and restrictions of immigrants in the (!ech +epublic. ,ore than @@Q of (!echs refuse the building of a refugee camps close to their homes. 1ll these hinder integration. %owever, the same survey reveals that at the same time more than F=Q of the respondents were against racism and over F@Q of the respondents considered themselves tolerant towards national and ethnic minorities )if they are able to adapt to their life style.*DF This attitude is also seen even in the state authorities. There are very strict to immigrants and asylum see ers in the country. 1nother hindrance to cultural integration on the part of the immigrants, foreigners and the refugees is that the (!ech legal system defines national minorities in the 1ct 0o. #D<K#==$ (oll. With reference to this 1ct, an assemblage of people must accomplish some characteristics to be considered a national minority. That is, having permanent residence and citi!enship in the (!ech +epublic. 1lso, having common ethnic and cultural language, which is different from the ma5ority of the state.DD %aving a common wish to be considered a national minority to protect and develop their own identity, cultural traditions and language. 1nd a long-term, firm and permanent relation to the territory of the (!ech +epublic and the people who live her* 1ll these hinder cultural integration not 5ust to the new comers but also to those who have settled in the country for some time. This is because most often than not, the immigrants see the conditions as an exam they need to pass before they can be considered (!ech national minorities. Therefore, they turn to be lu e-warm about the whole process and therefore isolate themselves from things that will ma e them to come together. /ven though integration has been ta ing place in the (!ech +epublic, there have been some ethnic groups that have been facing some discrimination. :or example, the -lova s are preferred more by the (!echs than other national minorities. There is also a good
DF

8ibid9

DD

+ad a %avlova .The +ole of (ivil -ociety in 7vercoming (ultural 2ifferences and 4romoting &ntercultural 46 @8born 3anghammerova9 University of /conomics 4rague, (!ech +epublic 8accessed on #$K=<K#==A9. http6KKwww.c!so.c!6E==@KsldbrwinKowaKgt=#Nx5a!y O(Waxu!emiO$axtypO$.
1wareness and Tolerance in the (!ech +epublic :urther readings. www.mvcr.c!.

FE

integration process between the (!echs and the Hietnamese who own street vendors and sell very cheap and low quality goods. %ere the (!ech society considers them to be hard wor ing and so, have a good relation with them. /ven though in the past, #==$ census proof most "ypsies prefer to be regarded as )(!echs* or ),oravians* but the (!echs still do not have a good conception about them because of their )inadaptable* life styles, high crime rate and their generally passive attitude to wor and dependence on the state social security system. -lova s are allowed to use their language in education than other national minorities li e the gypsies language. The gypsy children where sent to schools called Jspecial schools' separate from the (!ech children. This, problem has greatly hindered integration between the (!ech children and the gypsy children. There are numerous intercultural problems in the (!ech +epublic that come mainly from lac of nowledge and interest of the general public as well as media and politicians in the situation of ethnic and national minorities in the (!ech +epublic. ,ost of the (!echs are not concerned about national minorities and because of this, the (!echs turn to be intolerance, xenophobia and racist towards foreigners thus hindering cultural integration. -taffan W. says the lac of a common language or common concept of world images has led to the misinterpretation of each other's action or message, misunderstanding and unintended action consequences and it is hampering coordination or efficiency by force perception and belief of the actors. -taffan W 8$AA>6<9 What is reali!ed is that what ever techniques the /uropean Union want to develop in reducing cultural and national identities will most often prove to be not rewarding. This is because, as stated by -oeters )The impact of cultural policies in reducing national attachments and furthering a sense of /U or /uropean identity necessarily ta es time. (ore cultural differences are developed during childhood, and change only very slowly*.DE 1nother fact is that, even though with the presence of organi!ations involved in integration between the (!ech and the immigrants' societies, they still do not have any
DE

:ield %eather. 8#===6#>@9. /U (ultural 4olicy 1nd The (reation of a (ommon /uropean &dentity. http6KKwww.eusan!.orgKpdfKconfAEK:ield.pdf

FA

special methodology of dealing with this vulnerable group intended for their integration and participation in the new democratic society. This is because they use only basic social wor methodology to influence integration. 1./ RECOMMENDATIONS. The result of the study indicates vividly that culture forms the bac bone of most countries in the world and the (!ech +epublic is no exemption. (ulture provides subsistence goods and services, and items of trade as well as other cultural benefits, food and medicinal plants to human beings. %owever, the advent of globali!ation has led to destruction or unsustainable management and gradual extinction of some cultural products in the (!ech +epublic. &t is therefore of vital importance that some measures be ta en to improve on the present situation of cultural integration in the country. To achieve this goal, cooperation is needed from the government, the (!echs, the immigrants, foreign institutions and 0on-"overnmental 7rgani!ations interested in cultural integration. 1bderrahman, %assi, and "iovanna and -torti say, )With the advent of the information technology, teaching seems to be one of the factors that determine development and prosperity in modern day societies. Teaching is also one of those important factors, which help in for maintaining togetherness between people and countries 81bderrahman et al #==D9.DA -o in order to encourage cultural integration in the (!ech +epublic, the government can decide to increase the number of international students coming in to the country each year for exchange programs. This is because the presence of international students on university campuses is profitable for both the host institution and the domestic students. %ere there will be a great diversity of culture and integration will be reali!ed within a short period. &n addition, in order to reduce the rate of lost of cultural products between cultures, the government can through the ministry of culture organi!e some policies li e language

DA

%assi ,1bderrahman,, and, -torti "iovanna. :nco raging C lt ral Di5ersity in the Sag enay Region of ; ebec. 4ublished by, the &nternational Iournal of 2iversity in 7rgani!ations, (ommunities and 0ations. Holume D, &ssue >, pp.@$-@E

D=

training. support for immigrants' culture. negotiating support for religious practices, support for sporting activities that will help to facilitate cultural integration. The government can organi!e training in the host country's language for the young and adults' populations of the immigrants. :or mutual integration, the government can also facilitate the native population in learning the language8s9 of immigrant communities. The (!echs in order to cooperate with the, immigrants and the refugee populations, they can be educated on having a community spirit. That is, trying to wor together with other nationalities either at their 5ob sites or in public places. They can also be trained on aspects of cultural tolerance. +eligion as an aspect of cultural identity helps in promoting cultural integration. Thus, in order to encourage cultural integration in the (!ech +epublic, the country can try to tal with immigrants living in the country, provide them with sites of places of worship, and accept their special religious practices. This is because when these places of worship are set up, there is a greater possibility of integration because religion does not discriminate when it comes to race. Therefore, there will be the easy conveyance of diverged cultural groups, which will come together very easily. &t should coordinate the different country's cultures found in the country in order to eliminate the barriers in leadership styles, communication models, personnel system, performance appraisals, and social security benefits. 1s a way of encouraging exchange of views and integration, the ministry of culture, can occasionally send invitations to different cultural groups for competition and pri!e giving ceremonies for creativity. &n addition, if the host country's culture is effectively integrated with cultures of other minorities within the country, it could help in the development of other sectors of the country li e the economy and politics. That is, there could be an increase in the sale of cultural products, which will help to increase the country's "ross 2omestic 4roduct of

D$

the country. 1nd also an increase in the strength of the military through the recruitment of the foreigners in the army 1.0 Co" l($!o". The (!ech society in the #=th century by is very nature is so complex. /ven though there is the a lower level of interactive integration, 8a situation whereby the host country accepts, tolerate and include the immigrant population in the primary relationships and social networ s of the society9, trying to ac nowledge the absence of cultural integration in the (!ech +epublic will some how not be true to a greater extend. (ultural integration here does not only mean a face- to- face contacts li e in schools, the labor mar et venues for public events. (ultural integration also involves the media and the &nternet. 1fter all said and done, the question that needs to be as ed is. is cultural integration visible in the (!ech +epublicN &f yes, it is of any importance to the (!ech +epublicN &f we try to answer this question by ma ing reference to the $AD=s and $AE=s the answer will obviously be no, there was there absence of cultural integration in the (!ech +epublic. %owever, ta ing a close loo at the (!ech +epublic in the $AA=s and the present day, the answer will virtually be yes. cultural integration is a necessary characteristic in the (!ech society and of importance. The most visible element of cultural integration in the (!ech +epublic is seen with the growth of positive perception of the (!echs towards foreigners, the increase in intercultural cooperation through the opening of the borders under the /uropean Union and the schengen. ,indful of all governmental and other non-government organi!ational efforts to encourage integration, there has not really been a greater success in this field between the (!ech society and foreigners. %owever, today cultural integration is visible in some particular fields and has brought so much development in the country as alluded in afore mentioned chapters.

D#

BIBLIOGRAPHY Printed Sources 1ppadurai, 1r5un.$AAD. Modernity at $arge4 C lt ral Dimensions of Globalization. ,inneapolis ,06 University of ,innesota 4ress. 1rmand. ,attelart. #===. )etwor%ing the <orld, $DA>-#===, trans. 3i! (arey-3ibbrecht and Iames 1. (ohen. ,innesota. University of ,innesota 4ress. ;auman, Wygmunt .$AAE. Modernity and the =oloca st. AthacaB ;ew 'or0: ?ornell
&ni4ersity @ress. Cec0B &lrich."999. DWhat is Globalization?E

(ambridge6 4olity 4ress.

;ec , Ulrich. #===. The >ra5e )ew world of wor%. (ambridge6 University 4ress. ;erger, 4eter, and 3uc mann, Thomas. $AFF. The Social Constr ction of Reality6 "arden (ity, 0.?.6 1nchor. ;ergeson, 1lbert. ;ourdieu, 4ierre. $ADD. ? tline of a Theory of Practice. (ambridge University 4ress, 3ondon ;eynon, Iohn, and 2un erley, /ds. #===. Globalization4 The Reader. 3ondon6 1thlone 4ress. ;usch, 1ndreas. #===.@ 6n"ac%ing the Globalization Debate4 a""roaches! e5idence and data@! in (olin %ay and 2avid ,arsh 8eds9 2emystifying "lobali!ation. 3ondon, ;asingsto e6 4algrave. 4.#$->E

D<

(astells, ,. $AAFb.The Rise of the )etwor% Society. 7xford and ,alden, ,ass. ;lac well 4ublishers. (astells, ,.#==$. J&nformation technology and global ca"italism@ in W. %utton and 1. 2eutsch, G. et al. 8$AFF9 &nternational Political Comm nities 80ew ?or 6 1nchor ;oo s edition6 "arden (ity 2ur heim, /mile 8$EAD, $A@$9. S icide4 ' St dy in Sociology. I. -paulding, S ". -impson, Trans. 0ew ?or 6 The :ree 4ress. :ara!mand 1li, 4in ows i Iac . #==F. %andboo of "lobali!ation, "overnance, and 4ublic 1dministration. (+( 4ress. :arley, I./.$AA@. Ma9ority#Minority Relations, <rd /d. /nglewood (liffs, and 0I6 4rentice-%all. "eert!, (lifford. $AD<. The inter"retation of c lt res. 0ew ?or 6 ;asic. "eorge, +it!er.#==D. The >lac%well :ncyclo"edia of sociology. Holume && (. ;lac well 4ublishing 3td. "iddens, 1nthony.$ADA. Central Problems on social Theory: Actions, Structure and
Contradiction in Social Analysis. Cer0eley: &ni4ersity of ?alifornia @ress.

"iddens, 1nthony. $AE>. The constit tion of Society4 ? tline of the Theory of Str ct ration. >er%eley4 &ni4ersity of ?alifornia @ress. "iddens, 1nthony. $AA=. The ConseA ences of Modernity. -tanford, (alif.6 -tanford University 4ress. "iddens, 1nthony. $AA$. Modernity and Self &dentity4 Self and Society in the $ate Modern 'ge. -tanford, (alif.6 -tanford University 4ress. "iddens, 1nthony. #==#. Sociology. >th edition. (ambridge. 4olity publishing. "iddens, 1nthony. #==<. R naway <orld4 =ow Globalization &s Resha"ing ? r $i5es. (ambridge. 4olity publishing "iddens, 1nthony. #==F. Sociology. @th edition. (ambridge. 4olity publishing "ordon, ,. 1.$AF>. 'ssimilation in 'merican life4 The role of race! religion and national origin, 0ew ?or , 7xford University 4ress,

D>

%aas, /rnst ;. $A@E. The 6niting of : ro"e6 Political Social and :conomy Borces! ./,1# ./,2 -tanford6 -tanford University 4ress. %abermas, Iurgen. $AEDb. The Philoso"hical Disco rse of Modernity4 Twel5e $ect res. (ambridge ,ass6 ,&T 4ress. %arvey, 2avid. $AEA. The Condition of Post#Modernity4 'n :nA iry in to the ?rigins of C lt ral Change. 7xford6 ;lac well. %eld, 2avid and ,c"rew, 1nthony, /ds. #===. The "lobal Transformations +eader6 an introduction to the globali!ation 2ebate. ,alden ,16 4olity 4ress. Iit a, +ychtarV ov[. #===. 2emographic transition or demographic shoc in recent population development in the (!ech +epublicN University of (arolina. 0o. $, pp. EA-$=#. 3echner : and ;oli I. #==>. The globalization reader /dition6 #, illustrated 4ublished by Wiley-;lac well, >@> pages. 3esthaeghe, +on. $AA@. The second demogra"hic transition in <estern co ntries4 'n inter"retation. &n6 Garen 7. ,ason and 1n-,agritt Iensen 8eds.96 "ender and family change in industriali!ed countries. (larendon 4ress, 7xford, pp. $D-F#. 3oc wood, 2.$AF>. J-ocial integration and system integration', in Wollschan, G. and %irsch, W. 8eds.9, /xplorations in Social Change, 3ondon, +outledge and Gegan. 3uhmann, 0. $ADA, Tr st and Power, 0ew ?or 6 Iohn Wiley 3uhmann, 0i las. $AE#d. The Differentiation of Society. 0ew ?or 6 (olumbian University 4ress. ,alcolm, Walters. #==$. Globalization. #nd edition. Taylor and :rancis. +outledge, 0ew ?or . ,arx Garl. $A@D-$A@E. The Gr ndrisse4 Bo ndations of the CritiA e of Political :conomy. 0ew ?or 6 +andom house. ,arx, Garl. $ADD. Selected <ritings, ed. 2avid ,c3ellan. 3ondon6 7xford University 4ress. ,ichael, Heseth and 3ouis, Uchitelle. #==#. The +ise of the "lobal /conomy6 The +ise of the "lobal /conomy. Taylor and :rancis, +outledge, 0ew ?or .

D@

,is!tal ;arbara 1.#===. &nformality4 social theory and contem"orary "ractice. 4ublished by +outledge, #F@ pages 7'+our e G.% and Williamson, I.", #===6 <hen did globalization beginN 0ational ;ureau of /conomic +esearch, Wor ing 4aper. WDF<#, 1pril, (ambridge, ,1. 4arsons, Talcott. $A@$. The -ocial -ystem. "lencoe, &&&. :ree 4ress. 4at, ,artin. $AEA. (!echoslova (ulture6 +ecipes, %istory, and :ol 1rts. 4enfield 4ress. +indfuss, +onald +. $AA$. The yo ng ad lt years4 di5ersity! str ct ral change! and fertility! Demogra"hy. #E8>96 >A<\@$#. +it!er, "eorge.$AA<c.The ,c2onaldi!ation of society6 an investigation into the changing character of contemporary social life. Thousand 7a s6 4ine :orge 4ress. +it!er, "eorge. #===. -ociological Theory. ,c"raw- %ill6 0ew ?or . +it!er, "eorge and I.2ouglas. #==<. Sociological Theory. -ixth edition, 4ublisher, ;oston ,c"raw +obertson, +oland. $AA#. "lobali!ation6 -ocial Theory and "lobal (ulture. 3ondon6 sage. +ocher, "uy. +ueschemeyer, 2ietrich, +ueschemeyer, ,arilyn, Wittroc ;5brn. $AAE. Partici"ation and Democracy :ast and <est4 Com"arisons and &nter"retations. 4ublished by, ,./. -harpe. 1rmon , 0? -enelle, +obert.$AAF. CThe new c lt ral "olicy of the : ro"ean 6nion@ in 3eonce, >e%emans 8ed9, (ulture6 ;uilding -tone for /urope #==#, (ollege of /urope, /uropean &nteruniversity 4ress, ;russels. -immel "eorg.$=ADK$AED. The Philoso"hy of Money. Tom ;ottomore and 2avid :risby 8eds. and trans.9. 3ondon6 +outledge and Gegan 4aul. -mith, 1dam. $ADD. 1n &nquiry into the 0ature and (auses of the Wealth of 0ations. 0ew ?or 6 +andom %ouse, ,odern 3ibrary edition. -tiglit!, Ioseph, /. #==<. Globalization and &ts Discontents. W.W. 0orton 4ublishers S (o.

DF

-tomp a, 4. 8$AAA9. Tr st. (ambridge6 (ambridge University 4ress. The /conomist. #==#c. Globalization# Ma%ing Sense of an &ntegrating <orld. 3ondon, UG6 /conomist ;oo s. Tony, -chirato. Ien, Webb, /brary. #==<. Understanding globali!ation. 4ublished by -age6 3ondon. True, Iacqui. #==<. Genders! Globalization! and Post#socialism4 The Czech Re" blic after Comm nism. 0ew ?or 6 (olumbia University 4ress. Wade +. $AAF. JGlobalization in ; estion@ (ambridge polity. Wallerstein, &mmanuel .$AAE. )The +ise and :uture 2emise of World system 1nalysis* +eview. Walters, ,alcolm. #==$. "lobali!ation.#nd edition +outledge 4ublishers. Wal!er, ,ichael. $AD=. ?bligations4 :ssays on Disobedience, <ar and Citizenshi". (larion, 0ew ?or . Wetterholm, -taffan.$AA>. 0ational (ultures and /uropean &ntegration6 /xploratory /ssay on (ultural 2iversity and (ommon 4olices. 7xford 4ressing /ngland. Wetterholm, -taffan 8$AA>9, JWhy is cultural diversity a political problemN 1 discussion of cultural barriers to political integration', in -taffan Wetterholm 8ed.9, )ational C lt res and : ro"ean &ntegration, ;erg, 7xford, pp. F@-E#. Wu!ows i, +obert. $AAE. 4olitical change in /astern /urope since $AEA6 prospects for liberal democracy and a mar et economy. Westport, (onn.6 4raeger. Internet Sources ;ourne /ric. ,arch >.$AA<. 4ost-soviet world yields &$$ treatment for /urope's gypsies. :urther reading. http6KKwww.geocities.comKU4atrinKpostsoviet.htm 8+etrieved Ianuary #$. #==A9 ;osswic , W. and %ec mann, :., &ntegration and access to social rights of migrants4 The contrib tion of local and regional a thorities, (onceptual framewor draft, ;amberg, #==F :urther reading. http6KKwww.eurofound.europa.euKpubdocsK#==FK##KenK$Kef=F##en.pdf %assi, 1bderrahman and -torti "iovanna. 8<-F Iuly #==D9. :nco raging C lt ral Di5ersity in the Sag enay Region of ; ebec. 4ublished by, the

DD

&nternational Iournal of 2iversity in 7rgani!ations, (ommunities and 0ations. Holume D, &ssue >, p.@$-@E. :urther reading. http6KKi5d.cgpublisher.comKproductKpub.#AKprod.@<A 8+etrieved ,arch $# #==A9 3arson -imeon and 0issen ;ruce. 8$AED6#A9. Theories of the labor movement. 4ublished by Wayne -tate University 4ress, <A@ pages. :urther reading http6KKboo s.google.comKboo sN idOH77t5T>F>(,(SpgO41#ASlpgO41#ASdqO Q##constantlyRexpandingRmar etRforRitsRproductsRchasesRtheRbourge oisieRover Q##SsourceOblSotsO":G> "b - SsigO>w0$s:ulw$$0@d&WGt?&Ts( MuccShlOenSeiObbvF-f7-:?UPMalxr%I;1SsaOXSoiOboo PresultSct OresultSresnumO$ 8 +etrieved ,arch $#. #==A9 ,ac2onald Gevin . #==#. The culture of critique6 'n :5ol tionary 'nalysis of Dewish &n5ol5ement in Twentieth#Cent ry intellect al and Political Mo5ements. 4ublished by 4raeger in $AA>. reissued by $st boo s in #==#. :urther reading. http6KKwww.scribd.comKdocK>=@$A#>K(ulture-7f(ritique-1n-/volutionary-1nalysis-of-Iewish-&nvolvement-in-#=th(entury-&ntellectual-and-YdocumentPmetadata 8 +etrieved #@1pril #==A9 ,a!lish ;ruce < Ianuary #==<. ?ale "lobal. $oo%ing at =istory in the $ight of Globalization. :urther reading. http6KKyaleglobal.yale.eduKdisplay.articleNidOD=# 8+etrieved ,arch #=. #==A9 +o!ume , ,artin.#==>. The Biction of =armonized Safety. :urther reading http6KKwww.migrationonline.c!Ke-libraryKNxO#$DAE#> 8+etrieved #$ ,arch #==A9 -mith, ,. G. and -mith, ,. 8#==#9 '"lobali!ation' the encyclo"edia of informal ed cation, :urther reading. www.infed.orgKbiblioKglobali!ation.htm 88+etrieved ,arch #=. #==A9 -to es, 4aul. 1.#==>. ):rom "overnment to the ,anagement of (omplexity6 The (ybernetics of "overnance*. 1 4aper presented to the ,etaphorum on (ybernetics and "overnance, University of -underland, 1pril <=th-,ay $st. 1lma ;uelva :ebruary $>, #==A (onnectivity -corecard #==A sees &(T as tool for battling recession

DE

:urther reading. http6KKwww.philstar.comK1rticle.aspxN article&dO>>==F<Spublication-ub(ategory&dOD< 8+etrieved ## 1pril #==A9

1sylum 1ct 81mendment of the 1ct 0o. <#@K$AAA (oll., on 1sylum and 1mendment to 1ct 0o. #E<K$AA$ (oll., on the 4olice of the (!ech +epublic, as amended by 1ct 0o. #K#==# (oll., 1ct 0o. #$DK#==# (oll., 1ct 0o. <#=K#==# (oll. and 1ct 0o. @$AK#==#9 ](!ech +epublic^. $ Ianuary #==<, available online in U0%(+ +efworld at6 http6KKwww.unhcr.orgKrefworldKdocidK<aeFbF$==.html ]accessed $ ,ay #==A^

;arbara 1. ,is!tal 8#===9 ;arbara 1. ,is!tal.#===.&nformality6 social theory and contemporary practice 4ublished by +outledge :urther reading. http6KKwww.independent.co.u Karts-entertainmentKboo sKreviewsKboo -ofa-lifetime-the-poetics-of-space-by-gaston-bachelard-$FD<#$#.html 4ublished6 #==A-=>-#> ;ro`ov[ 3ucie Thursday =<. Ianuary #==E :oreign institutes in the (!ech +epublic :urther reading. http6KKwww.c!ech.c!KenKcurrent-affairsKwor -and-studyKforeign-institutesin-the-c!ech-republic www.if".cz . (!ech presidency of the council of the /U. &ntegration of foreigners in the (!ech +epublic 8#==A6#9 :urther readings www.eu#==A.c! http6KKwww.c!so.c!KcsuKci!inci.nsfK apitolaKci!PpocetPci!incu http6KKwww.mpsv.c!Ksearch.php 2usan 2rbohlav, ,ilada %ora ova, /va Ians a 8-eptember #==@6$9. (urrent &mmigration 2ebates in /urope6 1 4ublication of the /uropean ,igration 2ialogue :urther reading http6KKwww.migpolgroup.comKmultiattachmentsK#AF$K2ocument0ameK/, 2P(!echP#==@.pdf /mployment rate <rd quarter #==E 3abor :orce -urvey http6KKvdb.c!so.c!KvdbvoKenKtabdetail.5spNcislotabOH-4-Q#=@=AP$ 8+etrieved # ,ay #==A9 /uropean -ocial &ntegration. :ebruary #==>.;estell-0r.K7der 0o #=$. :urther reading www.w!-berlin.de or http6KKs ylla.w!b.euKpdfK#==>Ki=>-#=$.pdf.

DA

/urostat.#==D. "24 per inhabitant in #==F. /urostat 0ews +elease A=-#==D, #E Iune #==D. http6KKepp.eurostat.ec.europa.euKportalKpageN 4agedO$=A=, <==D=FE#, $=A=P<<=DF@DF andP dadOportal and schemaO47+T13. :ield %eather. 8#===6#>@9. /U (ultural 4olicy 1nd The (reation of a (ommon /uropean &dentity. :urther reading http6KKwww.eusan!.orgKpdfKconfAEK:ield.pdf8+etrieved 2ecember $>.#==E9 :ield %eather. 8#==D6#>F9 /U (ultural 4olicy 1nd The (reation of a (ommon /uropean &dentity (ontemporary /uropean -tudies "riffith University. :urther reading http6KKwww.eusan!.orgKpdfKconfAEK:ield.pdf %ec mann and -chnapper 8#==<6$=9 The &ntegration of &mmigrants in /uropean -ocieties. :urther reading http6KKboo s.google.comKboo sN idOlAyTt(1nMWw(SpgO41>FSlpgO41>FSdqOaddingRsingleRelement sRorRpartialRstructuresRtoRanRexistingRstructureSsourceOwebSotsOG3 4igf@v+<SsigO%?P!TX/q5IoIW-bnP4Wmf!7p-;>ShlOenSsaOXSoiOb oo PresultSresnumO#SctOresult 8+etrieved # ,ay #==A9 &nternational ,onetary :und, &nternational Binancial Statistics Eearboo% .///. Iane +. /lgass -eptember $$, #===. -ymposium focuses on globali!ation issues :urther reading http6KKwww.ur.umich.eduK===$K-ep$$P==KA.htm 6R$4 htt"4--www. r. mich.ed -111.-Se"..711-/.htm Iit a 2voZ[ ov[ Holume F, 0umber $, #==@, $ - $=F6DF Iournal of %ealth -ciences ,anagement and 4ublic %ealth 0ational &nstitute of %ealth and -ocial 1ffairs, "eorgia The University of -cranton, 4ennsylvania, U-1 :urther reading http6KKwww.docstoc.comKdocsK#><AF@<KIournal-%ealt%--cience-,anage,ent-4ublic-%ealt% IicV,dafr. #==F. Social Standing! and $ife Style in the Czech Re" blic. :urther reading http6KKstudie.soc.cas.c!Kindex.php<NlangOengSshwO#D= 8+etrieved ,ay #==A9 Garel 2yba :ebruary $A, $AA<

E=

1n Update on 4rivati!ation in the (!ech +epublic6 The /conomic Transformation 1fter the -plit :urther reading htt"4--www.cceia.org-reso rces-" blications-"ri5atization7"ro9ect Gees G&I3-T+1 .,ay $AA@.(!ech +epublic6 1 (ase ,ode 2raft. -pecial +eport ,r. 80etherlands9. :urther reading http6KKwww.friendspartners.orgKoldfriendsKeconomicsKc!ech.rep.case.study.html 8+etrieved 2ecember #E. #==E9 Gi5lstra, Gees.$AA@. Pri5atization in the :ast : ro"e6 Czech Re" blic! a case model. 3arson -imeon and 0issen ;ruce. 8$AED6#A9 Theories of the labor movement. 4ublished by Wayne -tate University 4ress, <A@ pages. http6KKboo s.google.comKboo sN idOH77t5T>F>(,(SpgO41#ASlpgO41#ASdqO Q##constantlyRexpandingRmar etRforRitsRproductsRchasesRtheRbourge oisieRover Q##SsourceOblSotsO":G> "b - SsigO>w0$s:ulw$$0@d&WGt?&Ts( MuccShlOenSeiObbvF-f7-:?UPMalxr%I;1SsaOXSoiOboo PresultSct OresultSresnumO$ 8+etrieved $# 1pril #==A9 3oots, /lsabe. #==#. Globalization :merging Mar%ets and the So th 'frican :conomy4 The So th 'frican Do rnal of :conomies. HolumeD=. &ssue#. 4. $#<-$<#. 3ucie ;ro`ov[, 8Thursday =< Ianuary #==E9. :oreign institutes in the (!ech +epublic :urther reading http6KKwww.c!ech.c!KenKcurrent-affairsKwor -and-studyKforeign-institutesin-the-c!ech-republic :urther reading. www.britishcouncil.orgKc!echrepublic. 2omini 3u e_ Ianuary #E, #==A ,ost (!echs feel /U allegiance http6KKbohemica.comKc!echupdateK#==AK5anK<$># ,ichael 2ear 8#==@9 (ultural &ntegration 1nd %ybridi!ation 1t The U.-.-,exico ;orderlands. vol. >A, nB $<E, #==@, p. <=$-<$E. http6KKwww.usc.eduKdeptK31-KhistoryKhistorylabK31P7sa aKenKreportsKTra nsnationalQ#=-ymposiumK1bstract-2ear.htm 8+etrieved #A 1pril #==A9 ,illet, :rederic (. )1mericani!ation* E$

:urther reading https6KKwww.msu.eduKUmillettfKamericani!ation.html 8+etrieved #K=@K#==A9 ,iroslav Gostic8#F.=F.#==D9 ,inistry of /ducation, ?outh and -ports of the (!ech +epublic :urther reading http6KKwww.msmt.c!Kindex.phpNlchanO$SlredO$ 0ye, I.-. $AFE. Central 'merican Regional &ntegration! &nternational Regionalism! Regionalism. I. -. 0ye. ;oston, 3ittle ;rown S (o. 74U 8#==@9 &ntegration of disadvantaged groups of migrants :urther reading http6KKwww.opu.c!Kindex.phpN optionOcomPcontentStas OviewSidO$E<S&temidO#@SlangOen 7rgani!ation for 1id to +efugees, /uropean (ontact "roup and -ofia 8#==@9 :urther reading http6KKwww.opu.c!Kindex.phpN optionOcomPcontentStas OblogcategorySidO#S&temid#@SngOen. +ad a %avlova .The +ole of (ivil -ociety in 7vercoming (ultural 2ifferences and 4romoting &ntercultural 1wareness and Tolerance in the (!ech +epublic 846 <98born 3anghammerova9 University of /conomics 4rague, (!ech +epublic 8accessed on #$K=<K#==A9. :urther reading http6KKwww.istr.orgKconferencesKcapetownKvolumeKhavlova.pdf , www.mvcr.c!. htt"4--www." bliceye.org-"dfs-6)doing7Re"rod cti5e7Breedoms."df 8 +etrieved $> ,arch #==A9 -cheff 8$AF@9 4ro5ect title6 4romoting +econciliation through ?outh6 &nter-ethnic #==D$=-#F htt"4--www."rayic.co. %-re"orts-State7of7'rt7Re"ort."df -tephen Taylor, 4hil 3yon $AA@ international Iournal of contemporary hospitality management. Holume6 D &ssue6 #K< page F>-FE. :urther reading http6KKwww.emeraldinsight.comK$=.$$=EK=A@AF$$A@$==E==#> 81ssessed #$K=>K#==A9 The ;ritannica encyclopedia definition of moderni!ation. :urther reading.

E#

http6KKwww.britannica.comK/;chec edKtopicK<ED<=$Kmoderni!ation 81ccessed #DK=>K#==A9 The (!ech +epublic. %ealth and 2evelopment http6KKwww.who.intKentityKcountryfocusKcooperationPstrategyKccsbriefPc!e chPrepublicPen.pdf The (!ech +epublic's Tourism -atellite 1ccount 8T-19 <$K$K#==A by &0:7-;ulletin $KA= :urther reading http6KKbulletin.c!echtourism.c!Kindex.phpNactionOshowSidO$=@F> The (!ech statistical 7ffice E 7ctober #==E. 4otential emissions of industrial fluorinated greenhouse gases. http6KKwww.c!so.c!KcsuK#==Eedicniplan.nsfKeng apitolaK$=n$-=E-#==E=<== The (!ech ,obility (enter 8(,(9 8#DK=>K#==A9 :urther reading http6KKwww.avcr.c!KenKostatni.phpN&2O$#FSmO> http6KKwww.euraxess.c! Target group and measures of integration 8#==E9 ,inistry of &nterior of the (!ech +epublic :urther reading http6KKwww.mvcr.c!KmvcrenKarticleKintegration-of-foreigners.aspxN qO?#hudW=A,gQ<2Q<2 81ssessed #>K=>K#==A9 The "locali!ation ,anifesto 8-eptember #==>6<9. http6KKwww.glocalforum.orgKmediagalleryKmedia2ownload.phpN mmOKwarehouseKdocumentsKthePglocali!ationPmanifesto.pdf.http6KK#=A.E@ .$#A.$<#KsearchNqOcache6fHUo?mcxh!/I6 www.glocalforum.orgKmediagalleryKmedia2ownload.phpQ<:mm Q<2KwarehouseKdocumentsKthePglocali!ationPmanifesto.pdfRglocali!atio nScdOFShlOenSctOcln http6KKwww.glocalforum.orgKmediagalleryKmedia 2ownload.phpN mmOKwarehouseKdocumentsK the glocali!ation manifesto.pdf81ssessed #>K=>K#==A9. The /thnic :riendly /mployers 8#AK =@K#==E9 :urther reading
http6KKwww.ethnic-friendly.euKview.phpNna!evclan uOhow-to-obtain-the-ethnic-friedlyemployerbrandScisloclan uO#==E=@===>

The -ocial (onstruction of +eality :urther reading

http6KKen.wi ipedia.orgKwi iK 8+etrieved #< ,arch #==A9

E<

The standard of living in the (!ech +epublic grows Iun #A, #==D http6KKwww.abcprague.comK#==DK=FK#AKthe-standard-of-living-in-thec!ech-republic-grows81ssessed #K=@K#==A9. Tomalov[, /li_ a. #==F. The cultural integration of (// countries6 The impact of /uropean cultural programs and cultural networ s on cultural cooperation in the new member states. :urther reading https6KKapli ace.isvav.cvut.c!Kresult2etail.doNrow&dO+&H Q#:>E@>F=@>Q<1 8+etrieved #< Ian #==A9 Thomas 3. :riedman. #===. The 3exus and the 7live Tree. 1nchor boo s. :urther reading http6KK#=A.E@.$#A.$<#KsearchN qOcache6xacMgy$1n3gI6www.cob.s5su.eduKfruinPmKfruinnewK3exus Q#Folive.docRglolocaliation.ScdO<ShlOcsSctOcln SglOc!http6KKwww.c ob.s5su.eduKfru nPmKfruinnewK3exusSolive.doc Torbisco 0eus (asals, Ioint &nternational 3aw 4rogram. 8#==F6$><9 Gro " rights as h man rights4 a liberal a""roach to m ltic lt ralism. 4ublished by -pringer. :urther reading http6KKboo s.google.comKboo sN idO,i=/-dy1"-=(SpgO41$><SlpgO41$><SdqO Q##(ommunityRshallRcontributeRtoRtheRfloweringRofRculturesRofRthe Q##SsourceOblSotsO+w@%:W:"57SsigOlx/:!Gx7/&;Fe"#eGW4q, t<"IxwShlOenSeiOuevF-e<sGoaGPMa4>cnI;1SsaOXSoiOboo Presult SctOresultSresnumO$

Han de Gaa, 2ir I. $AED. : ro"eFs second demogra"hic transition6 4opulation ;ulletin, Hol. >#, 0o. $. :urther reading http6KKwww.demogr.mpg.deK4apersKwor shopsK=$=F#<Ppaper$A.pdf8+etrie ved ,arch #<. #==A9 Hariant pro5ect6 ,ission -tatement #==A-=<-<= :urther reading http6KKwww.varianty.c!Kindex/n.php , http6KKwww.varianty.c!KenglishKactivities.php8+etrieved $Fth ,ay #==A9

E>

Wallerstein's 8$AAE6<#9 thoughts on globali!ation :urther reading http6KKwww.sociology.emory.eduKglobali!ationKtheories=$.htm 8+etrieved

$Fth ,ay #==A9

Waverman, 3eonard. #==E.Connecti5ity Scorecard6 3ondon ;usiness -chool and economic consulting firm 3/(", commissioned by 0o ia, -iemens 0etwor s. :urther reading http6KKwww.connectivityscorecard.orgK 8+etrieved $Fth ,ay #==A9 Wolfgang ;osswic and :riedrich %ec mann 8#==F6$9&ntegration of migrants6 (ontribution of local and regional authorities /uropean :oundation for the &mprovement of 3iving and Wor ing (onditions :urther reading http6KKwww.eurofound.europa.euKpubdocsK#==FK##KenK$Kef=F##en.pdf World atlas http6KKwww.worldatlas.comKwebimageKcountrysKeuropeKc!.htm. Wwingie. A1ugust $AAA6<<9. 0ational "eography http6KK#=A.E@.$#A.$<#KsearchNqOcache6rP +WW@#F I6www.hi.com.auKgeogglobal$KpdfKglobal$P#P>.pdfRTheR0ational R"eographyRofR"lobalRinteraction.R 81ugustR$AAAScdO$=ShlOenSctOcln http6KKwww.hi.com.auKgeogglobal$KpdfKglobal$P#P>.pdf http6KKcordis.europa.euKerawatchKindex.cfmNfuseactionOorg.documentSuuidOD2ED(1F<-

ABBREVIATIONS. (,(- 8The (!ech ,obility (enter9. G:(- 8Gentuc y :ried (hic en9. /U- 8/uropean Union9. :(7- 8:oreign and (ommon Wealth 7ffice9. "2/- 8"lobal 2evelopment /ducation9.

E@

&/- 8&ntercultural9. ,/?-\ 8,inistry of /ducation, ?outh, and -ports9 ,/?4/- 8,inistry of /ducation, ?outh and 4hysical /ducation9 01T7- 80orth 1tlantic Treaty 7rgani!ation9 0"7s- 80on-"overnmental 7rgani!ations9 74U \ 87rgani!ation for 1id to +efugees9. U02+- 8%uman 2evelopment +eport9. U0- 8United 0ations9.

EF